Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation: fragile loyalties in World War II
Life in the 1930s and the limits of Stalinist civilization -- Hopes and fears: popular responses to the invasion -- Facing annihilation -- The ghost of hunger -- "More meat, milk, and bread than in the Stalinist kolkhoz": life in the de-collectivized village -- Religious revival and the Ps...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge ; New York, NY
Cambridge University Press
2018
|
| Edition: | First published |
| Series: | New studies in European history
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Rezension Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Summary: | Life in the 1930s and the limits of Stalinist civilization -- Hopes and fears: popular responses to the invasion -- Facing annihilation -- The ghost of hunger -- "More meat, milk, and bread than in the Stalinist kolkhoz": life in the de-collectivized village -- Religious revival and the Pskov Orthodox mission -- Relating to German and Soviet power -- Hopes and fears, revisited: the end and aftermath of occupation -- Conclusion "In this compelling account of life and death in a Russian province under Nazi occupation, Johannes D. Enstad challenges received wisdom about Russian patriotism during World War II. With the benefit of hindsight, we know how hopelessly destructive Germany's war against the Soviet Union was. Yet ordinary Russians witnessing the advancing German forces saw things differently. For many of them, having lived through collectivization and Stalinist terror in the 1930s, the invasion created hopes of a better life without the Bolsheviks. German policies on land and church helped sustain those hopes for parts of the population. Drawing on Soviet and German archival sources as well as eyewitness accounts, memoirs, and diaries, Enstad demonstrates the impact of Nazi rule on the mostly peasant population of northwest Russia and offers a reconsideration of the relationship between the Soviet regime and its core Russian population at this crucial moment in their history."--Provided by publisher |
| Physical Description: | xvii, 255 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781108421263 9781108431668 |
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures page viii
List of Maps ix
List of Tables x
Acknowledgments xi
Note on Translation and Transliteration xiii
Chronology of Military Events xiv
Glossary and Abbreviations xvi
Introduction i
1 Life in the 1930s and the Limits of Stalinist Civilization 18
2 Hopes and Fears: Popular Responses to the Invasion 39
3 Facing Annihilation 60
4 The Ghost of Hunger 88
5 “More meat, milk, and bread than in the Stalinist kolkhoz :
Life in the Decollectivized Village 113
6 Religious Revival and the Pskov Orthodox Mission 137
7 Relating to German and Soviet Power 162
8 Hopes and Fears, Revisited: The End and
Aftermath of Occupation 201
Conclusion 221
Bibliography 228
Index 246
vii
Bibliography
ARCHIVAL SOURCES
Author’s Private Archive
Germanova, Mania. Diary transcripts (February 1942—January 1944)
Krasavina, Anna. Moia zhis. Unpublished memoir, 1984
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Bundesarchiv, BArch (Berlin)
NS 19 (Persönlicher Stab Reichsfiihrer SS)
R 6 (Reichsministerium fiir die besetzten Ostgebiete)
R 58 (Reichssicherheitshauptamt)
R 70-SOWJETUNION (Polizeidienststellen in eingegliederten und besetzten
Gebieten)
R 90 (Reichskommisar für das Ostland)
Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv (BA-MA, Freiburg)
RH 19/III (Heeresgruppe Nord)
RH 20 (Armeen)
RH 22 (Befehlshaber rückwärtige Heeresgebiete)
RH 23 (Kommandanten rückwärtige Armeegebiete)
RH 24 (Generalkommandos)
RH 26 (Divisionen)
RW 31 (Wirtschaftsstab Ost)
Columbia University Rare Book Manuscript Library
Research Program on the USSR, Box 20
Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv noveishei istorii Novgorodskoi obiasti (GANINO)
fond 260 (Novgorodskii oblastnoi komitet KP RSFSR (1944—1991))
228
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Index
adaptation, 32, 163, 225, See also pragmatism,
calculated
agriculture. See also collectivization;
decollectivization
New Agrarian Order, 118—130, 13$
northwest Russia lack of, 11
poor conditions, 89
production quotas during occupation, 115—118,
126-129, 167
yields, 89, 115—1x8, 126-129
Aleksandr Nevskii (1938 film), 49
Aleksii, Metropolitan of Leningrad, 153
Alfeyev, 37
Andreeva, Anna, 31
Androkhnovo, 64
Anisimov, Oleg, 83, 144, 152, 166, 180, 203
antipartisan forces, 171, 173-177, 224
antisemitism, 83-84, 150—152, See also
Holocaust; Jews
Antonova, Nina, 49, 125
Army Group North, Wehrmacht (Heeresgruppe
Nord). See also specific units
administrative structure, 11
civilian casualties, 191—192, 198
number of POWs in, 90
response to famine, 98
atrocities
partisan response to Soviet, 214
partisan terrorism, 185—190
Red Army, 213
Russian antipartisan units, 173-175
atrocities, German. See also Holocaust
counterinsurgency campaign, 190-194
dismissed as propaganda, 50—51, 61-62,
87
during invasion, 55-58
during occupation, 39, 59, 86-87, I27 131
during retreat, 210
executions of subversive officials, 169
mass murders, 59-74, 221
seen as side effect of war, 87
Backe, Herbert, 99
Bauer, Raymond A., 33
Belarus, 83, 226
Belebelka district, 187
Benigsen, Georgii, 146, 156
Bessonov, Nikolai, 70
black market, 108—111, 224
Bolshevik revolution, 2, 111—112, See also
Stalinism
Bolsheviks. See also partisan insurgency;
Red Army; Soviets; Stalinism
appeal of, 3 5
attacks on religion, 25-26, 30, 137
disloyalty among, 180, 214
Germans seen as end to, 8, 16, 33—34, 37-38,
52, 115-118, 177-179, 202-203, 224
Bolshie Grivy, 55
Borisova, Nadezhda, 125
Borshchovo, 42, 79, 104, 107
brothels, 101-102
Bychkovo, 174
byvshie liudi, 177
cannibalism, 92
Chashcha, 128
chastushki, 24
Cherniakovichi, 73
children
baptisms, 150, 153, 156
Jews, 80
massacres, 64, 69, 186, 189, 192
orphanages, 80, 143
response to clergy, 158-159
schools, 142-143
starvation, 92-93, 99
Chudovo, 75
Chudskoe ozero (Lake Peipus), 9, 67, 127
cities. See urban areas
civilian deaths. See also atrocities; Holocaust
bombings, 42
children, 64, 69, 186, 189, 192
24 6
Index
247
clergy. See also Russian Orthodox Church
calculated pragmatism, 224
charity efforts, 143-145
cooperation with Germans, 146—148, 160
dekulakization, 25, 141
makeup of, 141
popular reception of, 154—156
praise of Germans, 224
salaries, 142
silence on Holocaust, 150-152
youth response to, 158-159
clothing shortages, 29, 76, 134
collaboration
clergy and church laypeople, 149
identification of Jews, 84
implications of term, 162
collectivization. See also dekulakization
consequences of, 37
cultural destruction, 25—26
decollectivization, 48-49, 113-136
during occupation, 118-130
grievances against, 33-34
hope in Germans for end to, 8,16, 33—34,
37-38, 115-118, 177, 202-203, 223-224
kolkhoz conditions, 23—25
poor agricultural conditions, 89
reestablishment after occupation, 216-217,
219, 227
resistance to, 18-20, 24, 31—32
as serfdom, 21
spontaneous decollectivization during
invasion, 48-49
Communists. See Bolsheviks, See Soviets
concentration camps, 64, 78
conscription, 42, 184
decollectivization. See also collectivization
difficulty working land due to forced labor
requirements, 130-13 5
German response to, 114
New Agrarian Order, 118—130, 135
popular attitudes toward, 115-118, 223
spontaneous, 48-49, 113-114
Dedovichi district, 187—188
dehumanization, 62
dekulakization
of clergy, 25, 141
consequences of, 21—23, 37 13 $
postoccupation local governance, 16 5—16 6
resistance to, 31—32
support for Germans, 177
Demiansk, 9, 75, 208
deportation. See also dekulakization
during German retreat, 210
to Germany for forced labor, 113,130-131, 224
Great Terror, 30-31
of POWs, 75
resistance to, 31—32
of Roma by Germans, 66
Didenko, Valentina, 50
disabled people, 16, 59-60, 70-74, 8i, 223
district {raion or uezd) governance, 163
Dmitriev, Nikolai, 25, 79
Dno, 51, 105, 108, 121, 126
double consciousness, 18, 37
Dulag 140, 76
Durbrovka, 65
Eastern Wall, 209
economic conditions. See also collectivization;
decollectivization; starvation
agricultural yields, 89, 115—118, 126—129
close to front lines, 89—98, 132, 223
German food policy, 16, 90-95, 99
improvements during German occupation,
no, 113-115
labor shortages, 100, 124
limits of German control, 224
material motivations for cooperation with
Germans, 16, 176-177, 198
New Agrarian Order, 118-130, 135, 223
occupation market conditions, 108—in
postwar, 216-218
prewar, 28, 37-38
education, 142-143, 203
Efimov, Sergii, 144
Eigensinn, 163, 166
18th Army (German), 72, 85, 91, 97-98
elites
effect of collectivization on, 21, 26
evacuation of, 46
Soviet, 180
Stalinist, 28, 35
Ermolov, Igor, 178
Esfir, Aleksandra, 42
Estonians, in northwest Russia, 96-97, 170-171
ethnic discrimination. See also Holocaust; Jews;
Roma
antisemitism, 83-84, 150-152
famine relief efforts, 88, 95-97
policies of annihilation, 221
POW releases, 82
security force recruiting, 169—171
targeting of Roma, 69-70
“Euthanasia” program, 70-74
evacuations
due to famine, 96-98
during invasion, 46-47, 222
of elites, 44-46, 61, 89
executions disguised as, 71, 77
248
Index
evacuations (cont.)
from partisan zones, 188
German retreat, 209-210, 225
of Jews, 61—62
evasionism, 194, 199, 225—226
Everyday Stalinism (Fitzpatrick), 226
famine. See starvation
farms. See agriculture; collectivization
Fedorov, Aleksei, 23, 44, 125, 165, 179, 216
Fedorov, Viktor, 47
Feldkommandanturen, 11
Feldman, Mark, 79
Filipovshchina, 66, 68-69
Finns, 96
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 34, 226
five-year plans, 18, 29
Galiaeva, Regina, 79-80
Gatchina, 80, 204
Gdov, 75, 81, 127, 153, 210
Gdov district, 20, 52
General Plan East, 95
genocide. See disabled people; Holocaust; Jews;
Roma
Genrikh, Iakov, 81
Germanova, Mariia, 52, 211
Germans. See also atrocities, German; invasion,
German; occupation, German
deportation of Russians for forced labor, 113,
130-131, 224
economic view of northwest Russia, 11, 16
food policy, 16, 90-95, 99
helping of Jews, 80-81
impact of atrocities on Russian attitudes,
86-87, I27 I3I
loss of support from Russians, 17
mass murders committed by, 59-74, 221
policies of annihilation, 2, xi, 60, 68, 74, 88,
95, 99, hi, 221
propaganda caricatures of, 49—50, 61
religious revival facilitated by, 16, 157, 160,
224
seen as liberators, 8, 16, 33—34, 37—38,
51-55, 58, 62, 113, 115-118, 121-124,
I35 177-179, 202-203, 223-224
sexual relationships with, 101—102
Grankovskaia, Roza, 81
Great Terror, 22, 29-31, 178
Goring, Hermann, 99
Gypsies. See Roma
handicapped people, 223
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, 33
Helibeck, Jochen, 7
Hilfiwillige (Hiwis), 82, 100
Himmler, Heinrich, 68
Hitler, Adolf
arming of non-Germans, 169
counterinsurgency orders, 190—191
Eastern Wall, 209
Mein Kampfi 204
policies of annihilation, 2, 68, 75, 99
religious propagandists, 139
wariness of Vlasov, 204, 227
Holler, Martin, 67
Holocaust
Jews treated as partisans, 68
limited impact on popular mood, 223
in northwest Russia, 59-65, 221
role of Russian auxiliary police, 172
silence of Orthodox priests, 150-152
survival efforts, 77-82
Hosking, Geoffrey, 226
hunger. See starvation
Idritsa district, 149, 172-173, 209
Ilin, Valentina, 168
industrialization, 27-29, 34-37, See also
collectivization
Ingrian Finns, 96
Inkeles, Alex, 3 3
intelligentsia, 35—36
invasion, German. See also occupation, German
evacuations in face of, 44—49, 58
experiences, 40-42
hope for liberation from Bolsheviks, 8, 16,
33-34» 37-38» 51-55» 58, 62, 113,
115-118, 121-124, 135, 177-179,
202—203, 223-224
Jewish evacuations in face of, 61—62
looting during, 55-56
reactions to, 58
Russian fears of, 39, 49-51, 5 5—59
Soviet dismantling of adminstration apparatus,
163
spontaneous decollectivization during, 48-49
Ionov, Aleksii
agricultural quotas during occupation, 115
denial of accusations of collaboration against
Pskov Mission, 146
popular views of religion, 157-159
relief efforts, 144
religious education in schools, 142
Soviet destruction of churches, 141
Izhorians, 96
Jagdkommando, 174
Jews. See also Holocaust
children, 80
Index
249
dismissal of rumors of murders as propaganda,
50-51, 61-62
during occupation, 16
evacuations of, 61-62
food rations for, 63
forced labor, 62
help from non-Jews, 79—81
Leningrad, 79
local attacks on, 48
northwest Russia, 12, 60—61
POWs, 76, 80
Pskov, 79
starvation, 107
survival efforts of, 77—82
treatment by Russian non-Jews, 62, 82-84,
166
Kalinin region, 9, 218
karateliy 175
Karov, Dmitrii
anti-Soviet stance of Christians,
17S
brothels, 101
church as neutral ground, 150
German occupation, 113
mass murder of Jews, 83
partisans, 174
POWs, 177
Red Army atrocities, 213
welcome of Germans, 52
Kashchenko mental hospital, 71
Keitel, Wilhelm, 91
Khordikainen, Iulia, 91
Khorev, Vladimir, 192-193
khutora, 21
Kiiian, Jürgen, 192
Kingisepp, 147, 178, 195
Kingisepp district, 165
Kirov, Sergei, 29
Kisel, 20
Klein, Rafail, 80
Kleptsy, 48
Kofman, Zinaida, 107
Kokarev, Vladimir, 46—47, 132
kolkhozes. See also collectivization
adaptation to, 32
conditions on, 23—25, 89
decollectivization, 48—49, 113—136
early wartime attitudes, 40
establishment, 19—21
evacuation during invasion, 44-49, 58
governance during occupation, 163-169
hope in Germans for end to, 8, 16, 33-34,
37-38, 115-118, 177, 202-203, 223-224
New Agrarian Order, 118-130, 135
reestablishment after occupation, 216-217,
219, 227
resistance to, 31—32
Kolmovo mental hospital, 70
Kopore, 177
Kotkin, Stephen, 34-35
Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization 7
Kotly district, 178
Krasavina, Anna, 101, 197
Krasnoe Selo, 147
Krasnogvardeisk, 147
Krasnogvardeisk district, 71, 121, 165
Krasnye Gory, 42, 103, 105, 107
Krasnyi Bor, 55, 97
Krasukha, 192
Kudever, 156
kulaks. See also collectivization
clergy, 25, 141
liquidation of, 21-23, 37, 135
in postoccupation local governance, 165—166
resistance to deportation, 31—32
support for Germans, 177
labor. See also collectivization
conditions, 132—133, 136
as dehumanization tactic, 62
Hiwis, 82, 100
prostitution, 101-102
shortages, 124
labor camps, 65, 75, 13 3-13 5
labor, forced
construction of Eastern Wall, 209
deportations, 113, 130-131, 224
impact on agriculture, 130-13 5
Jews, 62
labor camps, 65, 75, 133—135
lack of resistance to, 135
local, 113, 131-13 3
negative impact on mood, 224
Lake Ilmen, 40, 67, 93
Lake Ladoga, 208
Lake Peipus (Chudskoe ozero)y 9, 67, 127
Lake Samro, 105-106
Lake Seliger, 9
land reform, 118-130, 135, 223, See also
decollectivization
Latvians, in northwest Russia, 97, 170
Lüdtke, Alf, 163
Leibovich, Vladimir, 80
Leningrad
evacuation of, 47
Great Terror, 30
Jews in, 79
siege of, 2, 11, 88, 208
Leningrad region, 9, 31, 45, 75
250
Index
lethal injections, 71, 73
letter writing, 53-54
Liady district, 66, 165
Lithuanians, in northwest Russia, 170
Liuban, 55, 72, 133, 147
local government, 163—169, 198
Lohse, Hinrich, 68
Lomagin, Nikita, 176
looting, 48-49, 55-56, in
Lovat River, 9
loyalties
fragility, 180, 201-202, 219, 226-227
limited pro-German, 1
Russian patriotism, 15
Luftwaffe, 132
Luga
anti-German mood, 204
antipartisan units, 174
bombing of, 42
famine in, 105, 107
forced labor by Jews, 62
partisan sympathies, 195
relief efforts, 143
Luga district, 104, 216
Luga region, 23, 31, 42, 44
Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization
(Kotkin), 7
Makarevo, 72
Malaia Vishera, 217
Malaia Vyra, 76
Malashenek, Zinaida, 64
Masarskii, Leonid, 62
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 204
mentally disabled people, 59-60, 70-74, 81,
See also disabled people
Merevo, 23, 132, 165
Merridale, Catherine, 5
Mezhnik, 53
Miasnoi Bor, 93
Milodezh, 31
Mironov, Boris, 125
missionaries. See Pskov Orthodox Mission
mobilization, 39-44, 124, 222
Moglino, 64
Moglino concentration camp, 78
Mogutovo, 70
Molchanov, Vasilii, 133, 160
Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del (NKVD/
People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs),
22, 29-31
Nazis. See Germans
Nevdachina, Nadezhda, 30
Nevel, 63, 214
Nevel district, 75
New Agrarian Order, n8—i^oy 135, 223,
See also decollectivization
New Economic Policy, 19
Nikiforov, Mikhail, 1
Nikolaeva, Tamara, 79
Nikolskoe, 71
Nikulkino, 23
Nivki, 192
NKVD (People’s Commissariat of Internal
Affairs/Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh
del)y 22, 29-31
northwest Russia
attacks on religion, 25—26
demographics, 96
early wartime attitudes, 40-42, 58
evacuation during invasion, 44-49, 58
famine in, 88-112
geography and demographics, 9-12, 21
Holocaust in, 59—65, 221
Jewish population of, 60-61, 82
Jews in, 48
local governance during occupation, 163-169,
176-177, 224
occupation administration, 11—12
popular political attitudes, 89, 111-112,
221-227
prewar grain procurement crises, 19—20
prewar Stalinism in, 15
Novgorod
bombing of, 42
evacuation of, 47
Kolmovo mental hospital, 70
occupation of, 101
partisans near, 189
postwar popular mood, 218
Novgorod district, 20, 41, 48
Novorzhev, 69, 77, 125, 174, 197
Novosele district, 19, 25, 189
nursing homes, 73
Obedkov, Aleksandr, 25
occupation, German. See also invasion, German
aftermath, 211-219
common narrative, 221
communal farms during, 118-130
end of, 201-202, 208-211, 219, 227
enforcement of agricultural quotas during
occupation, 115-118, 126-129, 167
historical sources, 12-15
impact of atrocities on popular attitudes,
86-87, 127, 131
initial response to, 15
limits of German control, 128-129, 166-169,
224
Index
251
overview, 2—4
power structure, 16, 163-164
Soviet power in, 162
support based in material needs, 16, 176—177,
198
support for, 5
territory under, 9—11
trade during, 109-111
troops to civilians ratio, 91
Old Believers, 178
old people, 73
Operation Barbarossa, 90, 190
Opochka
dekulakization, 32
Jews in, 62-63, 65 82
POWs from, 85
Opochka district, 1, 19, 142
Oredezh, 46
Oredezh district, 54
Organisation Todt, 132
Orthodox Church. See Russian Orthodox
Church
Orthodox Mission in the Liberated Regions of
Russia. See Pskov Orthodox Mission
Ortskommandanturen, 11
Osarbeiter, 130-131
Osmino district, 106, 165
Ostarbeiter, 130-131
Ostrov, 144, 174
Ostrov district, 20, 65, 189
Overy, Richard, 4
Pale of Settlement, 60, 82
Palkino district, 19, 31, 45
partisan insurgency
antipartisan forces, 171, 173—177, 224
auxiliary police and, 173
calculated pragmatism towards, 194—198
conscription, 184
emergence of, 16, 181-182
expansion of, 182-183, 225
German counterinsurgency campaign,
190-194
Jews treated as, 68
looting by, 106, 128, 183
partisan zones, 18 6-18 8
POW stories, 8 5
propaganda, 227
relationship with clergy, 148-150
reputed association of Roma with, 67-69
response to Soviet atrocities, 214
successes, 208—209
sympathizers, 149, 180, 192-194, 225
targets of, 176
terrorism, 185-190, 198
patriotism, Russian
anti-German, 4—3, 16, 206
anti-Soviet, 15-16, 177-179
calculated pragmatism, 6
church, 224
at end of occupation, 211-213
evaluation of, 226—227
German exploitation of, 202—204
impact of POW stories, 8 5—87
letter writing, 5 3-5 4
mobilization and, 39—42
response to occupation, 15
role of religion, 16, 152—153, 157, 160, 224
Soviet identity and, 227
Pavlovsk (Slutsk), 65, 91, 93, 157
Pavlovsk (Slutsk) district, 165
peasantry. See also collectivization; popular
mood; pragmatism, calculated
anti-Soviet attitudes, 7-9, 17-26, 31-34,
37-38, 41-42.
burden of forced labor, 130—13 5
decollectivization, 48—49, 113—136
demographics, 21
evacuation during invasion, 44—49, 58
fears of Stalinism, 201-202, 219
Germans seen as liberators by, 8, 16, 33—34,
37-38, 51-55. 58, 62, 113, 115-118,
12i—124» 135. 177“I79 202-203,
223—224
gulf between partisans and, 187—188
labor shortages, 124
loss of faith in German liberation, 202-206
of northwest Russia, 9-11
passive resistance, 127-129
Red Army, 40—42
resistance to collectivization, 18—20, 24, 31—32
Russian Orthodox Church, 136
spontaneous decollectivization, 49
in unoccupied Russia, 215, 217-219
urban migration, 26, 3 5
village governance, 163-169
wartime experiences, 2
Pechory, 57, 62-63
Pelgora, 25
Petrova, Aleksandra, 132
Petrova, Anna, 42, 47, 79
Pirozhkova, Vera
anti-Soviet attitude, 3 5-3 6
decollectivization, 114, 121
Germans as liberators, 3 3
on Red Army, 44, 48
treatment of POWs, 86
welcome of Germans, 54-55
Pliussa district, 20, 45
Poddore district, 174, 192
Index
252
Poddube, 217
Podgoshchi, 147
Poliakova, Olimpiada
collaboration of former Communists, 180—181
famine, 91-92, 104
forced labor deportations, 131
initial lack of concern of Jews, 51, 61
loss of faith in German liberation, 203
murders of elderly, 73
police, auxiliary, 169—177, 214, 224
politsai, 175
Pomerane, 97
popular mood. See also loyalties; patriotism,
Russian
aftermath of occupation, 214—219, 221
ambiguity, 58
anti-Soviet, 35—36, 221—227
collectivization, 40
decollectivization, 115—118
difficulty of resistance, 222
fear of partisans, 185—190
fear of Soviet return, 201—202, 219
impact of German propaganda, 215, 217—219
partisan sympathies, 149, 192—194, 225
party reports, 41
patriotism, 16
Pskov Orthodox Mission, 153-160
Red Army, 211—213
return of Bolshevism, 211—213
toward local governance, r 76-177
toward local police services, 175
popular mood, toward Germans
agricultural quotas, 115—118
agricultural quotas during occupation, 115—118,
126—129, 167
ambiguity, 58
calculated pragmatism, 6, 37, 194—198
during invasion, 40-42, 51—55
forced labor mobilization, 135
impact of atrocities, 86—87, 127, 131, 223
limited impact of starvation on, 89, in-112
limits to, 1
local governance, 163—169
loss of faith in liberation, 202-206
positive views of, 8, 33—34, 51-55, 62, 113,
121-124, 177—179
reaction to impending German retreat,
209—210, 219, 224
religious revival, 157, 160, 224
resentment, 224
Russian national identity, 16
starvation seen as result of war, 16, 223
treatment of POWs, 84-86
turning point, 201, 219
Porkhov, 65, 103, 126
Porkhov district, 192
postrevisionism, 7
postwar years, 215—219
power, relating to. See also pragmatism,
calculated
calculated pragmatism, 6, 16, 37, 194-199
ideological motivations, 177—181, 198—199
local officials, 163—169, 198
material motivations, 16, 176-177, 198
overview, 162—163, 224—225
partisan movement, 181—194, 198—199
police services, 169—175, 198
POWs (prisoners of war). See prisoners of war
(POWs)
pragmatism, calculated
of clergy, 224
navigation of power structure, 16, 37, 194—199,
225—226
performative Stalinism, 8
religious displays as, 159
response to collectivization, 16, 33—34
support of German occupation, 6, 37
turning point, 219
Pravoslavnyi Khristianin (publication), 152
priests. See clergy
prisoners of war (POWs)
anti-Sovietism, 177—178
charity efforts, 144
conditions of camps, 57, 75—77, 85, 223
during occupation, 16
Jewish, 76, 80
Nazi mass murder of, 60, 74-77
Nazi policies of annihilation, 2
numbers, 89
popular views of treatment of, 84—86
releases, 82
survival efforts of, 81—82
propaganda
agitprop, 41
anti-German, 49—50, 61, 85, 217—218
antisemitic, 83
atrocities dismissed as, 50-51, 61—62, 87
clergy as German, 146—148
impact of German on anti-Soviet attitudes,
202-203, 2.15, 217—219
partisan, 227
portrayal of partisans, 181
POWs used as anti-German, 8 5
situation at front, 208
Soviet at end of occupation, 212
prostitution, 101—102
“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” 83, 151
Pskov
anupartisan terrorism, 174
community politics, 168
Index
2-53
evacuation of, 47-48
fall of, 44
fear of returning Soviets, 213
German “pacification” operation, 57—58
grievances against collectivization, 3 3
Jews in, 62, 64, 78-79
mental hospital in, 73
occupation, 35
POW camps, 85
prewar conditions, 28
retreat from, 48
Roma in, 80
trade in, no
Pskov Orthodox Mission. See also Russian
Orthodox Church
antisemitism, 150-152
assistance to POWs, 81
efforts of, 141-145
famine and, 91
origins, 137-141
patriotism of, 16
political roles, 145-153, 160-161
popular response, 153-161
Pskov region, 23, 25, 104
psychiatric patients, 70—74, See also disabled
people
Pushkin
fell of, 44
femine in, 91-93, 103
murder of Jews in, 63-64
nursing home, 73
Pushkinskie Gory district, 20, 142
Pustoshka, 176
Pustoshka district, 209
rationing, 27, 91, 99, in, See also starvation
Red Army. See also prisoners of war (POWs)
lack of confidence in, 43-44
peasant attitudes toward, 40-42
people’s fear of, 227
poor state of, 47—48
popular reception after occupation, 211-213
reclamation of occupied territory, 211-219
retreat from German invasion, 44—49, 58
scorched earth policy, 57, 89, in
Red Cross, 143
refugees, famine, 103—108
Reichskommissariaten, n
relief efforts, 88, 95-97, 106-108, 143—145
religion. See also Pskov Orthodox Mission;
Russian Orthodox Church
attacks on, 25—26, 30
revival, 16, 140-141, 152-153, 157, 160, 224
resistance. See also partisan insurgency
acceptance of forced labor, 135
to agricultural quotas, 127, 167
anti-Soviet, 7-9, 17, 31-32, 41-42
to collectivization, 18-20, 24, 31-32.
implications of term, 162
of intelligentsia to Soviets, 35—36
lack of anti-German, 223
lack of anti-Soviet, 40, 222-223
passive, 127—129
state suppression of, 222-223
revisionism, 6
Roma
during occupation, 16
Nazi mass murder of, 59—60, 64, 66—70, 77,
152, 221, 223
survival efforts of, 79
treatment by Russians, 84
Rosenberg, Alfred, 95, 119
Russian Liberation Army (ROA¡Russkaia
Osvoboditelnaia Armiia), 204—206
Russian national identity. See patriotism, Russian
Russian Orthodox Church. See also Pskov
Orthodox Mission
anti-Soviet stance, 137, 152-153, 160, 178,
215
anti-Stalinism, 136
grassroots revival, 140-141
patriotism of, 16, 224, 227
political ambivalence of, 224
popular support, 224
Soviet attacks on, 25-26, 30, 137
support for New Agrarian Order, 123, 147
Savelev, Vasilii, 55, 86, 103, 105-106, hi—112,
194
Savina, Aleksandra, 23, 216
schools, 142—143, 203
Schutzstaffel (SS), 12, 57, 63, 65, 70, 73, 84, 95
scopolamine, 71
scorched earth, 45, 57, 89, hi, 209-210
SD {Sicherheitsdienst/Secxinxy Service), 144, 147,
i49, 174
Sebezh, 9, 62, 64, 105
Sebezh district, 149, 209
2nd Leningrad Partisan Brigade, 187
2nd Shock Army (Soviet), 93
self-government, 163—169, 198
Seredkino district, 25
seredniaki, 21
Shimsk district, 218
Shoah Foundation, University of Southern
California, 79
Shostakovich, Dmitrii, 157
Sicherheitsdienst (SD/Security Service), 144, 147,
i49, 174
Siverskaia, 147
254
Index
Siverskaia district, 178
667th Eastern Battalion (anti-partisan unit), 174
16th Army (German), 76, 88, 91, 99
Siantsy district, 51, 195
Sluditsy, 54
Slutsk (Pavlovsk), 91, 93, 157
Slutsk (Pavlovsk) district, 165
Smirnova, Evgeniia, 103
Sologubovka, 132
Soltsy, 108
sources, for this book, 12—15
The Soviet Citizen (Inkeles and Bauer), 33
Soviet Extraordinary Commission investigations,
67, 93
Soviets. See also Bolsheviks; Red Army
anti-Soviet attitudes, 35—36
anti-Soviet patriotism, 16, 177—179
evacuations, 89, 163, 222
identity, 4—5, 227
partisan insurgency, 214
popular fears of, 201-202, 213, 219
power during occupation, 162
POWs, 177-178
propaganda, 212, 215, 217—219
Russian Orthodox Church and, 25—26, 30,
137, 141, 152-153, 160, 178, 215
sovietization of Ukraine, 166
state violence, 178
SS (.Schutzstaffel), 12, 57, 63, 65, 70, 73, 84, 95
Stakhanov, Andrei, 29
Stakhanovitism, 29
Stalinism. See also Bolsheviks; Soviets
fears of peasants, 201—202, 222—223
Germans seen as end to, 8, 16, 33—34, 37—38,
52, 115—118, 177—179, 202—203, 224
historiography, 6—7
impact of pre-war, r 5
intelligentsia resistance to, 35—36
lack of collective resistance to, 40, 222—223
liberalization of religious policy, 150
in local government, 164, 179
Orthodox Church denunciation of, 137,
152—153, 160, 178, 215, 224
peasant resistance to, 7—9, 41-42
performative, 8
popular mood on return of, 211—2x3
Russian Orthodox Church denouncements of,
136, 152-153, 160
trade in, 108, 1 to
wartime, 2
Stalinism, prewar. See also Bolsheviks; Soviets
appeal of, 35
attacks on religion, 25—26, 137
Great Terror, 29—31, 34
impact on peasantry, 18—26, 32—34, 37—38
impact on urban life, 27—29, 34—37
peasant resistance to, 17, 31-32
peasant urbanization, 3 5
societal double consciousness, 37
Staraia Russia, 64, 76, 84, 102, 133
starosty (village elders), 163-169
starshiny (district elders), 163—164
starvation. See also prisoners of war (POWs)
agricultural quotas during occupation, 115-118
agricultural quotas under occupation, 126—129,
167
children, 92—93, 99
close to front lines, 89-98, 132, 223
of disabled patients, 70—71, 73
during invasion, 42
extent in northwest Russia, 88-89
food rations for Jews, 63
German food policy, 16, 90—95, 99
German response to, 88, 95—99, 107—108
illegal trade, 108-1x1
internment camps, 57
on kolkhoz, 23—25
labor camps, 134
labor shortages, 124, 130—135
Leningrad siege, 2,11
policies of annihilation, 2, 11, 75, 88, 95, 99,
hi
post-occupation period, 216—218
POWs, 74-77» 85, 223
preconditions, 37, 89—90
prewar, 19—20, 27—28
refugees, 103—108
relief efforts, 88, 95-97, 106-108, 143-145
scorched earth policy, 45
seen as result of war, 16, 223
survival efforts, 100—102
state violence. See also atrocities
anti-Soviet support for Germans, 178
deportation, 21—23, 30—32
effects of, 34, 37
Great Terror, 22, 29—31, 178
suppression of resistance, 222—223
against suspected collaborators, 213—215
troikas, 187
use of informant networks, 3 2
Stragorodskii, Sergii, 138
subdistrict (volost) governance, 163
T4 program, 70-74
Tailov, Georgii, 159
Taitsy, 139, 157
Tetiaeva, Tamara, 172—173
Tikhvin, 9, 178
Tosno district, 25, 40, 165
town governance, 163
Index
2.55
travel restrictions, 104-105
Trebekha, 180
troikas, 187
Troitsyna, Tamara, 46, 50, 167
Tsarist Russia, 82
Turetskii-Vladimirov, Mikhail, 62, 78
28th Army Corps (German), 72, 108
285th Security Division (German), 191
281st Security Division (German)
counterinsurgency campaign, 191
losses, 208-209
murders of Roma, 68
response to famine, 99, 105
starvation of POWs, 8 5
Ukraine
evasionism, 226
Jews in, 84
murders of Roma, 70
religion in, 140, 143
sovietization of, 166
urban areas
hunger in, 89, 108—in
intelligentsia, 35—36
looting during invasion, 48
market conditions, 108-m
peasant migration to, 26, 3 5
Stalinism and, 27—29, 34—35, 37
trade in, 108—rn
US Holocaust Memorial Museum, 74
Vasilkovichi, 66, 79
Vaulinye Gory, 64
Velikanova, Olga, 41
Velikie Luki, 9, 62, 208
village governance, 163—169, 176—177
“village idiots,” 164
Vinkourova, Vera, 128
violence- See atrocities
Vlasov, Andrei, 204-206
Vlasov movement, 179, 227
Volkhov, 106
Volkhov River, 9
Volksdeutsche, 96
Voloshovo district, 106
Volosovo district, 118, 125, 128, 147, 165
Volot district, 180, 195
von Kiichler, Georg, 96—97
von Roques, Franz, 139—140, 191
Voskresenskii, Metropolitan Sergii, 138-140
Votes, 96
Vyritsa, 63, 80
Vyskidno, 43
wages, 23, 27
Wagner, Eduard, 75
Weber, Josefine, 78
Wehrmacht. See also specific units
Army Group North, n, 90, 98, 191-192,
198
calculated pragmatism toward, 195—197, 219
counterinsurgency campaign, 190-194
food supplies, 90—91, hi
helping of Jews, 80
murder of disabled people, 70
POW recruitment, 82
response to famine, 88, 97-99, 107—108
tolerance of Russian Orthodox Church, 139
use of Russian labor, 100-101, 131-13 3
Weiner, Amir, 227
Wetzel, Erhard, 95
Winter War, 29, 44
women, 101-102
World War I, 62
youth, 211, See also children
Zagromote, 79
Zaitsevo, 165, 179
Zapishene, 167
Zherebud, 197, 216
Zverinskaia, Mariia, 23
(
Bayerisch®
Staatsbibliothek
Münch««*
J
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Enstad, Johannes Due 1983- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1064910114 |
| author_facet | Enstad, Johannes Due 1983- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Enstad, Johannes Due 1983- |
| author_variant | j d e jd jde |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045309794 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1047854020 (DE-599)GBV1023208962 |
| edition | First published |
| era | Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1939-1945 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05679nam a2200973 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV045309794</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20190513 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">181126s2018 a||| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781108421263</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-108-42126-3</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9781108431668</subfield><subfield code="c">pbk.</subfield><subfield code="9">978-1-108-43166-8</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1047854020</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV1023208962</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-M352</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-Re13</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">HIST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">h 38.10</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">q 462</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">h 80</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">h 66.1</subfield><subfield code="2">ifzs</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Enstad, Johannes Due</subfield><subfield code="d">1983-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1064910114</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation</subfield><subfield code="b">fragile loyalties in World War II</subfield><subfield code="c">Johannes Due Enstad, University of Oslo</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First published</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Cambridge ; New York, NY</subfield><subfield code="b">Cambridge University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xvii, 255 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">New studies in European history</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Life in the 1930s and the limits of Stalinist civilization -- Hopes and fears: popular responses to the invasion -- Facing annihilation -- The ghost of hunger -- "More meat, milk, and bread than in the Stalinist kolkhoz": life in the de-collectivized village -- Religious revival and the Pskov Orthodox mission -- Relating to German and Soviet power -- Hopes and fears, revisited: the end and aftermath of occupation -- Conclusion</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In this compelling account of life and death in a Russian province under Nazi occupation, Johannes D. 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| geographic | Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Deutschland |
| id | DE-604.BV045309794 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:14:32Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108421263 9781108431668 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030696782 |
| oclc_num | 1047854020 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-12 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xvii, 255 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | DHB_IFZ DHB_BSB_FID |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | New studies in European history |
| spelling | Enstad, Johannes Due 1983- Verfasser (DE-588)1064910114 aut Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II Johannes Due Enstad, University of Oslo First published Cambridge ; New York, NY Cambridge University Press 2018 xvii, 255 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New studies in European history Life in the 1930s and the limits of Stalinist civilization -- Hopes and fears: popular responses to the invasion -- Facing annihilation -- The ghost of hunger -- "More meat, milk, and bread than in the Stalinist kolkhoz": life in the de-collectivized village -- Religious revival and the Pskov Orthodox mission -- Relating to German and Soviet power -- Hopes and fears, revisited: the end and aftermath of occupation -- Conclusion "In this compelling account of life and death in a Russian province under Nazi occupation, Johannes D. Enstad challenges received wisdom about Russian patriotism during World War II. With the benefit of hindsight, we know how hopelessly destructive Germany's war against the Soviet Union was. Yet ordinary Russians witnessing the advancing German forces saw things differently. For many of them, having lived through collectivization and Stalinist terror in the 1930s, the invasion created hopes of a better life without the Bolsheviks. German policies on land and church helped sustain those hopes for parts of the population. Drawing on Soviet and German archival sources as well as eyewitness accounts, memoirs, and diaries, Enstad demonstrates the impact of Nazi rule on the mostly peasant population of northwest Russia and offers a reconsideration of the relationship between the Soviet regime and its core Russian population at this crucial moment in their history."--Provided by publisher Geschichte 1939-1945 gnd rswk-swf Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd rswk-swf Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd rswk-swf Besatzungspolitik (DE-588)4005975-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Germany Heer History World War, 1939-1945 Soviet Union German occupation, 1941-1944 Soviet Union, Northwestern Peasants Social conditions Germany / Heer / History / World War, 1939-1945 Peasants / Soviet Union, Northwestern / Social conditions / 20th century World War, 1939-1945 / Soviet Union, Northwestern Soviet Union / History / German occupation, 1941-1944 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 s Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 s Besatzungspolitik (DE-588)4005975-3 s Geschichte 1939-1945 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/1b7330b61f5a4cc6abfec80551c99be3 rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 69 (2021), 3, S. 512-514 Rezension http://www.sehepunkte.de/2019/12/33084.html rezensiert in: sehepunkte 19 (2019), Nr. 12 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030696782&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030696782&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030696782&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Enstad, Johannes Due 1983- Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Besatzungspolitik (DE-588)4005975-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4006020-2 (DE-588)4079167-1 (DE-588)4005975-3 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4011882-4 |
| title | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II |
| title_auth | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II |
| title_exact_search | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II |
| title_full | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II Johannes Due Enstad, University of Oslo |
| title_fullStr | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II Johannes Due Enstad, University of Oslo |
| title_full_unstemmed | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation fragile loyalties in World War II Johannes Due Enstad, University of Oslo |
| title_short | Soviet Russians under Nazi occupation |
| title_sort | soviet russians under nazi occupation fragile loyalties in world war ii |
| title_sub | fragile loyalties in World War II |
| topic | Besetzung (DE-588)4006020-2 gnd Zweiter Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079167-1 gnd Besatzungspolitik (DE-588)4005975-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Besetzung Zweiter Weltkrieg Besatzungspolitik Sowjetunion Deutschland |
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