Belarus under Lukashenka: adaptive authoritarianism
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London ; New York
Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
2019
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| Schriftenreihe: | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies
124 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 194 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780415855273 |
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Contents
A cknowledgements vi
Abbreviations vii
1 Introduction 1
2 Adaptive authoritarianism: A conceptual framework 12
3 Personalization of power under Lukashenka: Institutions 31
4 Personalization of power under Lukashenka: Elites 49
5 Ruling Belarus: Public consent and policy adaptation 63
6 Ruling Belarus: State coercion and pre-empting democracy 87
7 Challenging adaptive authoritarianism: Players 107
8 Challenging adaptive authoritarianism: Tactics 123
9 Conclusion 145
Appendix A: Economic indicators under Lukashenka 153
Appendix B: Official presidential election results 154
Appendix C: Official House of Representatives election results 156
Bibliography 159
Index 185
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Index
Abkhazia 126
academic attention 2-3
adaptability 29
adaptive authoritarianism 2, 12-30, 47,
49, 54, 82, 85, 141, 145, 151-2; chal-
lenging non-democratic regimes 24-8;
consolidation 84, 87; continuity
through change 3; effectiveness of
29-30; features 13; flexibility 147-8;
implementing non-democratic rule
20^1; incentives 148; and legitimacy
17-20; non-democratic regimes 13-7;
particularistic use of state resources
67; personalist rule 14-5; personaliza-
tion of power 61-2; populist appeal
63-4
administrative detention 104
administrative resources: abuse of 23;
definition 23
Adradzhenne (Renaissance) 5
agent control 47
agents provocateur 95, 128
agricultural sector 32, 75
Amkodor 47
Anisim, Alena 96
anti-corruption campaigns 59, 72
anti-corruption commission 65
anti-elite rhetoric 64, 65, 84, 147
anti-parasite tax 141
anti-tsarist uprisings, 1863-64 5
appointment powers 41
Arab Spring 27
August Putsch, 1991 6, 32
authoritarian evolution 30n2
authoritarianism, definition 30nl
authoritarian pre-emption 22-3, 35, 105
balance of payments crisis 68
Baizer, H. 24
Barshcheuski, Liavon 127, 128
Belarus: context 2-10; history 3-10;
origins of name 4; paradoxes 1
Belarusian Agrarian Party 35, 95
Belarusian Assembly of Democratic
NGOs 116-7
Belarusian Associations of Resources
Centres 117
Belarusian Congress of Democratic
Trade Union 119
Belarusian Democratic Bloc 6
Belarusian economic miracle 73, 74
Belarusian Independent Bloc 120
Belarusian Language Society 96
Belarusian Left Party 48n5, 95, 113, 124,
126, 129
Belarusian Party of Labour 98, 120,
122nl
Belarusian Party of Workers 114, 122nl
Belarusian Patriotic Party 96
Belarusian People’s Republic 5
Belarusian Popular Front 6, 7, 32, 79-80,
112- 3, 115, 120-1, 124-5, 127, 128,
129, 138
Belarusian Republican Youth Union 72,
100, 118
Belarusian Social Democratic Hramada
113- 4, 120
Belarusian Social Democratic Party
(Hramada) 114, 124
Belarusian Social Democratic Party (PA)
90, 95, 98, 113-4, 120, 126
Belarusian Social Democratic Party of
Popular Accord 113
Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 5-6,
6-7, 21, 32, 49, 80
Belarusian Studies 2
Belarusian Women’s Party 98, 114
Belarusification 5, 145
186 Index
Belarusization 125
Belavezha Accords 6, 7
Belaya Rus’ 39-40, 56, 72, 101
BelTechExport 47
Beltransgaz 46
Bialiatski, Ales 90
Birch, S. 110
Brest Church Union 4
broadcast media 102-3
Brooker, P. 16, 22
BSSR Supreme Soviet 6-7, 32-3, 34
Bulakhau, Dzmitry 51
bureaucratic neopatrimonialism 16, 17
bureaucratic norms 12, 28
businessmen, freedom to operate 47
candidate registration 93-^t, 96
capital punishment 139
catch-all parties 109-10
Catholicism 4, 5
censorship 94, 102
Central Election Commission 41, 89, 97
charismatic demagoguery 64
Charter’97 117-8, 118, 118-9, 129
Chernobyl catastrophe 79
Chernobyl Path march 139, 140-1
China 56, 76-7; Belt and Road
Initiative 77
Christian Party-Belarusian Popular Front
98
Chyhir, Mikhail 40, 51, 89-90, 131
Chyzh, Iuryi 47
circumvention: of the executive 40-1;
of judiciary 42; of parliament 34,
34-8
civic associations 112, 117-8
civic initiatives 117-8
civic nationalism 79, 82
civic opposition 111, 116-9
civic organizations 101
civil disobedience 140
civil society 12, 28, 100, 101, 110-2, 116,
127-8, 145-6
civil society organizations 99, 116, 149
clientelism 20-1, 49
clients 49
Clinton, Bill 103
closed autocracies 18
Coalition of the Six 138
coercion 88, 104, 107
coercive capacity 22-3, 29
cohesion, state 22
collective action 27
colour revolutions, the 26, 88, 91, 145
commandeering: the executive 41; judi-
ciary 43; parliament 39-40
Committee for State Control 41, 55
Commonwealth of Independent States
6, 74
communist-era elites 51-2
Communist Party of Belarus 6, 38, 39,
48n5, 95, 113
competitive authoritarianism 29, 97, 106,
145, 148
competitive electoral authoritarianism 18
Congress of Democratic Forces 8, 113,
130, 133
Conservative Christian Party 112
consolidated democracy 28, 145-6
constitution 7, 31; change 35, 37-8;
before Lukashenka 32-3
Constitution, 1994 40, 42, 47, 146;
adoption 33; Article 100 33, 40; draft-
ing 32-3; final version 33
Constitution, 1996 41, 44
Constitution Act 7
constitutional coup 37
Constitutional Court 32, 33, 34, 42, 47;
appointments 43;
circumvention of 42;
commandeering 43; subordination of
42-3
constructive opposition 114
consumer society 147
contentious politics 27, 111,
137-41
continuity through change 3
Coordinating Council of Democratic
Forces 120, 131
Coordinating Council of Individual
Entrepreneurs 119
corruption 7, 53, 57, 59, 60; managed
71-2
Council of Europe 35, 130
Council of Ministers 7, 32, 40, 47;
circumvention of 41;
subordination of 41
Council of the Republic 114; nomina-
tions 39
councils, local 44
Crimea, Russian annexation of 9, 77, 83
Criminal Code 100
criminal prosecutions, politically moti-
vated 89-90
crisis, 1996 7
currency crisis, 2014 9
Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan,
and Russia 9, 69
Index 187
Dashkevich, Zmitser 90, 128
decision-making process 41
decree, rule by 35, 40
democracy 87; consolidated 28, 145-6;
curtailed 145-6; lack of 99; lip service
to 47; standards 12; trapping of 146
Democratic Centrist Coalition 120
democratic credibility 17-8
democratic institutions 14
democratic legitimation 17-9
democratic transition 3
democratization 28, 29, 85; failure of
150; pre-emption 88; third wave 12
demographics 65-6; opposition 107-8
demonstrations 139-41, 143
dependence, chains of 49
deputies 38; independent 109; loyalty to
Lukashenka 39; non-party candidates
39; recruitment policy 51
Diamond, L. 142
disappearances 88, 89, 139
discretionary budgets 53
discretionary power, state 22
disguised dictatorships 14
disloyalty, punishment of 61
diversity, state-sanctioned 24, 93, 106, 147
Domash, Siamion 116-7, 129, 133
Donbas conflict 1, 9-10, 77
double dependence 74
dynamic authoritarianism 30n2
Dzmitryieu, Andrei 128
Eastern Partnership (EaP) 9, 135
eastern Slavic identity 80-1
Economic Court 43
economic crisis, 2011 9, 64, 68, 70, 72,
73, 84
economic growth 9, 72, 74
economic indicators 153
economic liberalization 45, 77, 85, 151
economic modernization 58
economic nationalists 56, 71
economic policy, trends 45
economic politicization 20
economic society 12
education 6, 69, 70
egalitarian nationalism 19-20
Egypt 27
Eke, S. 6
election commissions 93
election results 154-5
elections 18, 25, 34; 1990 6; 1994 7, 33,
50-2, 62n3, 64, 65, 79, 84, 154; 1995
34-5; 2000 7-8, 93, 131, 137, 156;
2001 8, 26, 82, 84, 90, 95-6, 101, 107,
114, 116, 119, 120, 127, 133, 134-5,
154; 2004 120, 137; 2006 8, 84, 95-6,
97, 111, 113, 114, 116, 117, 133, 147,
154; 2008 67, 91, 103, 133, 134, 138;
2010 9, 57, 67, 88, 90, 91, 94, 97-8,
104, 107, 111, 122n2, 123, 125, 127,
132, 133, 140, 148, 155; 2012 39, 94,
120, 138; 2015 9-10, 58, 64, 68, 73, 85,
90, 91, 93, 94, 95-6, 98, 104, 113, 114,
125, 128, 132, 133-4, 135, 138, 155;
2016 10, 94, 96, 134; advance voting
94; alternative 131; alternative candi-
dates 19; boycotting 137-9; campaign
disruption 94; campaigning 132-4;
candidate registration 93-4, 96; cen-
sorship 94; competition 19; depoliti-
cized 39; elite bargaining 134-5; local
government 44; Mahileu group 60;
manipulation of 96; opposition parti-
cipation 131-7; opposition support
base 107-8; post-election protests
135-7; pre-emptive authoritarianism
93-8; results 97-8; siloviki 59-60;
turnout 35
electoral authoritarianism 13, 17—9, 20,
23, 25, 28, 29, 97, 105, 106, 121,
131-7, 141, 145, 148, 150
electoral code 93~4
electoral fraud 64, 92-3, 97-8;
referendum, 2004 37, 38, 97
electoral legitimacy 64, 96, 105, 130,
132, 150
electoral processes 31
electoral revolutions 26
electoral support 21
electoral system 33
elite bargaining 25-6, 134-5
elites: access to 61; boundaries 60;
BSSR 32, 49; communist-era 51-2;
economic nationalists 56; electoral
bargaining 134-5; factions 50;
Mahileu group 50, 52-3; new 54-9;
patron-client relationships 49-62;
post-Soviet 50-2; rotation of 57-9;
Russian lobby 53-4; siloviki 50, 53,
53-4, 56, 57; technocrats 55-6;
Viktar Lukashenka’s
faction 56-7
energy supplies 8, 75, 76
Engel, U. 15
entrepreneurs 72, 84
environmental concerns 140
Erdmann, G. 15
188 Index
Eurasian Economic Union 9, 69, 72,
75, 77
European Belarus 117, 118
European Coalition 120
European March, 2007 140
European People’s Party 121
European Union: awareness raising 118;
Eastern Partnership 77; Eastern
Partnership (EaP) summit 9; expan-
sion 2, 76; relations with 9, 58, 76, 77,
78, 85, 92, 125, 126, 135, 151; sanc-
tions 92
executive, the 40; circumvention of 401;
commandeering 41;
subordination of 41
expansion 76
expediency 13
exports 75
extrajudicial killings 104, 148
Federation of Trade Unions of Belarus
101, 119
financial crisis, 2014 73
Finkevich, Artur 128
Fisher, W.lll
floating voters 63, 66
Foreign Affairs, Ministry of 77
foreign policy 139
For Freedom’ campaign 116
For the Free Development of
Enterprise 119
Freedom Day 139, 141
freedom of association and assembly
98-101
freedom of expression and
communication 101-4
Gazprom 46
GDP 45, 67
Gel’man, V. 108
geopolitical orientation 78
Georgia 26
global financial crisis, 2008 68, 70, 135
golden share, the 45
Gorbachev, Mikhail 6
governance, neopatrimonialism 15
government organized NGOs 92,
100-1,106,111
government policies 73-84,
84-5, 147
governors 43, 44, 48n6
graffiti 140
Great Northern War 4
Great Patriotic War 6, 80
Haidukevich, Siarhei 95-6, 114, 122n2
Haiduk, K. 71
Hale, H. 20
Hanchar, Viktar 51, 131; death of 88-9
Hancharyk, Uladzimir 8, 26, 107, 119,
129, 133, 134-5
Haradzets state farm 53, 62n2
healthcare 69, 70
hegemonic electoral authoritarianism 18
higher education 70
high intensity coercion 22
Hot Autumn of 1999 91
Hot Spring of 2000 91
Hot Springs 139
House of Representatives: 3rd
convocation 757; 4th convocation 757;
5th convocation 158; 6th convocation
158; elections, 2000 7-8, 93, 131,
137, 156
Hubarevich, Iuri 128
human rights 118, 122
hybrid authoritarian regimes 14
Ianukevich, Aliaksei 127
ideological legitimacy 82
Ideology Departments 102
income inequality 67-8, 70
incomes, average 68
independence 2, 6-7, 12
Independence Day concert,
July 2008 80
independent expression 102
Independent Institute of Socio-Economic
and Political Studies 64, 86nl
individual benefits, award of 49
industrialization 6
industrial lobby 32
industry, state enterprise support 75
inequality 67-8, 70
inflation rates 69
information, alternative sources
of 104
Internal Affairs, Ministry of 53
interviews 1 ln3
Investigations Committee 57-8
Ioffe, G 65, 68
IRI 120, 122n7
Jarolimek, S. 103
journalists, persecution 89, 102
judicial system 42
judiciary 32, 42; circumvention of 42;
commandeering 43; dismissals 43;
reforms 43; subordination of 42-3
Index 189
Justice, Ministry of 98, 99, 115
Kabiakou, Andrei 57, 58
Kachanava, Natallia 58
Kaliakin, Siarhei 96, 113, 126, 128, 134
Kanapatskaia, Hanna 96, 113
Kanapleu, Uladzimir 53, 54
Karatkevich, Tatsiana 9, 96, 107, 111,
128, 134, 135
Karpenka, Henadz, death of 106nl
Kastrychnitskaia Square protest, 2006
127
Kastusiou, Ryhor 127
Kazulin, Aliaksandr 61, 91, 96, 97, 104,
114, 126, 133
Kebich, Viachislau 6-7, 32-3, 33, 51, 59,
62nl, 65
KGB 53, 54, 100, 102, 128
Khalip, Iryna 89
khimiia 90, 140
kleptocracy 17
Kobasa, M. 44
Kopecky, P. Ill
Krasouski, Anatol 89
Kreva Act, 1385 4
Kulichkou, Aliaksandr 53
Kurapaty massacres 79, 80
Kuzio, T. 6
Kyrgyzstan 26
language 4, 5, 11, 35-6, 78, 79, 80,
82-3, 125
last dictatorship in Europe label 12
Latypau, Ural 53-4
Law on Mass Events 100
Law on Media 102
laws: legal 42; nonlegal 42
leadership, continuity in 58-9
legislature: circumvention of 34-8;
commandeering 39-40; subordination
of 38-9
legitimacy 17; challenging 25, 123,
130-1; electoral 64, 96, 105, 130, 132,
150; electoral authoritarianism 17-9;
ideological 82; non-democratic rule
17-20; parliament 130-1; performance
19-20, 22, 68, 71
Liabedzka, Anatol 96, 113, 122n7,
128, 134
Liavonau, Vasil 61
Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus 114
liberalization 8, 57, 72, 105; economic
45, 77, 85, 151; media 101-2;
political 104, 149; prices 69
Linh, Siarhei 51
Liozna 62n3
literature 2-3, 20, 28, 33, 87,
108, 109
Lithuania 6
Lithuania, Ruthenia, and Samogitia,
Grand Duchy of 4, 79
living standards 6, 65, 70, 74, 88
local government: appointments 43-4;
elections 44; personalization of power
43-4
local self-government 43
low intensity coercion 22
Lublin Treaty 4
Lukashenization 145
Lukashenka, Aliaksandr: abuse of
authority 42; agent control 41, 47;
anti-elite rhetoric 84, 147; appoint-
ment powers 41; authority 59; calls for
impeachment 37; constitutional pre-
rogatives 40; co-option of post-Soviet
elites 50-2; crisis, 1996 7; durability 1,
148; elected president 7, 33, 34, 50, 64,
65; electoral legitimacy 64, 105, 150;
elite bargaining 26; exploitation of the
national question 82-3; fifth term 10,
58, 152; first term 7, 34, 34-5, 48n2,
88-9, 130; fourth term 57, 57-9, 148;
hold on power 3; independence Day
address, 2014 83; legitimacy 17; man-
date 31; manners 61; media coverage
103; on opposition 142; paternalistic
leadership style 66; performance
legitimacy 19-20; periods of unpopu-
larity 64; personalist rule 14-5; perso-
nalization of power 31-47, 49-62, 146;
plebiscitary politics 35-8; popularity
82, 96; popular support 24, 84; popu-
list appeal 63, 64, 65-6; portrayal 85;
recruitment policy 50; regime defini-
tions 1; relations with Russia 80-1;
resilience 145; rise to national promi-
nence 34; role 60; sanctions 92; second
in command 54; second term 35, 37,
82, 141, 147; self-interest 60, 151;
skills 150-1; sons 56, 62n6; successor
56; support base 65-6, 81; support for
150—1; third term 8, 57, 70; vertical
power 32; wealth 46
Lukashenka, Dzmitry 62n6
Lukashenka, Mykalay 62n6
Lukashenka regime: definitions 1;
durability 1; electoral authoritarianism
18-9
190 Index
Lukashenka, Viktar 41, 58, 62n6, 146;
groomed as successor 56; rise of 56-7;
security agency 57-8; and Sheiman 56;
and the siloviki 57, 59-60; sphere of
influence 57
Lukonomy 46
Mahileu group 50, 52-3, 60
Makei, Uladzimir 56, 58
Makei, V. 77
malicious hooliganism 100
managed pluralism 23-4, 29, 93
market economy model 74
marketization 85
market reforms 45
Martynau, Siarhei 55
Marynich, Aliaksandr 90
Marynich, Mikhail 61, 90
mayors 44
media: and plebiscitary politics 36;
state-controlled 36
media landscape 101-A, 105
Miasnikovich, Mikhail 51-2, 57, 58,
62nl
migration, outward 72
Mikhalevich, Ales 127
Milinkevich, Aliaksandr 8, 97, 111, 117,
118, 120, 122n7, 128, 129-30, 133
Minsk 7, 39, 43, 45-6, 91, 129
Minsk II agreements 9
Minsk summit 1
modernization 6
Movement ‘For Freedom’ 8, 99, 117,
118, 120, 125, 128, 129, 133
Mudde, C. Ill
National Academy of Sciences 51
national anthem 82
National Assembly 34, 38-9, 95
national awakening 79-80
National Bank 33, 34, 41
national economy 44-7; administrative
controls 44; lack of transparency 46;
sectors 44—5
national holiday, date of 37-8
national identity 73, 78-9; awakening
79-80
national ideology 82, 83, 85, 147-8
nationalism, egalitarian 19-20
national myths 4
national projects 78-9
National Statistical Committee 74
national symbols 79
NATO 76, 125; expansion 2
Navumau, Uladzimir 56-7
Nazi occupation 6
neopatrimonial democracy 16
neopatrimonialism 13, 15-7, 20, 28, 29,
47, 49, 50, 59, 61, 63, 146, 148, 150;
challenging 25; indicators 21; particu-
laristic use of state resources 67; ter-
minology 20-1; typography 16
new patriotism 81
newspapers 5, 102; choice 106n6; purge
102; state 103-4
NGOs 98-100, 105, 110, 111, 112, 116,
116- 7, 120
Niakliaeu, Uladzimir 90, 98, 111,
117- 8, 118
nomenklatura 32, 33, 40, 46, 51-2, 60,
61, 71
non-democratic, definition 30nl
non-democratic regimes: adaptability 29;
challenging 24-8; classification 13-7;
forms of rule 14; literature 20; neopa-
trimonialism 15-7; personalist rule
14-5; resilience 27-8
non-democratic resilience 27-8
non-democratic rule: electoral author-
itarianism 17-9; features 12-3; imple-
mentation 20-4; legitimacy 17-20;
modernization 12; performance legiti-
macy 19-20
nonlegal laws 42
non-violent protests 27
November 1996 crisis 40
off-budget specialized funds 46
oligarchic neopatrimonialism 16
oligarchs 46, 50, 67-8
Operative-Analytical Centre of the
President 57-8
opinion polls 115, 121
opportunism 13
opportunistic defection 21
opposition 7-8, 24-8, 51, 84, 107-22;
alliances and coalitions 119-20;
appearance of unity 133, 142-3; catch-
all parties 109-10; categorization
108-12; civic 116-9; civil society
110-2, 127-8; constructive 114; crush-
ing 96-7; degrees of intensity 108;
demographics 107-8; election boycotts
137-9; electoral participation 131-7;
electoral support base 107-8; elite
bargaining 134-5; funding 110; gen-
erational divisions 126-8; geopolitical
divisions 125-6; goals 108, 123;
Index 191
ideological divisions 124-5; impor-
tance of 28; infighting 123; internal
divisions 124-30, 142, 143nl, 150-1;
literature 108, 109; media coverage
103-4; mobilization 141-2; nominees
93; persecution 87, 88-92, 148-9; per-
sonal divisions 128; political 111, 112-
6; political parties 109-10, 112-6;
post-election protests 135-7; pre-
sidential candidates 111, 112, 113,
114, 117, 119, 121, 122n2, 126, 127,
128, 132, \32-4, 143; prison sentences
89-90; public associations 119; regio-
nal
129-30; splits 95; within state institu-
tions 107; tactics 123-43; taxi parties
110; united 26; youth groups 118-9
Orange contagion, containment of 88
otherness 3
Pachabut, Andrei 89
parallel political bodies 130-1
parliament 32, 47; belittling 35; cir-
cumvention of 34, 34-8; comman-
deering 39-40; legitimacy 130-1;
quorum 48nl; responsibilities 34; sub-
ordination of 38-9
parliamentarians 38-9; number of 33
parliamentary anticorruption
committee 7
parliamentary term 38
partisan elites 49
Party ‘Belarusian Christian Democracy5
98,113,125
Party of Communists of Belarus 48n5,
95, 113, 120, 126, 128
Party of Freedom and Progress 98, 113
party of power 39-40
Pastukhow, M. 42
patrimonial communism 20, 21, 49, 59
patrimonialism 15
patrimonial networks 15-6, 21
patriotism 29
patronage 20-1, 49
patronal presidentialism 16, 25-6
patron-client networks 47, 49, 60, 61, 74
patron-client relationships 17, 20-2, 29,
46, 49-62, 146, 148; benefits of 59-61,
61; clients 49; Mahileu group 50,
52- 3; new elites 54-9; patrons 49;
post-Soviet elites 50-2; siloviki 50,
53- 4; Viktar Lukashenka's faction
56-7
patrons 49
Pazniak, Zianon 7, 33, 79, 112, 131
Peftsieu, Uladzimir 47
pensions 67, 68, 70
People's Coalition 5+ 134
People’s Referendum 120, 121, 134
performance legitimacy 19-20, 22, 68, 71
persecution 87, 88-92; costs of 92
personalist rule 14-5
Perspektiva 119
plebiscitary politics 35-8
pluralism 18; illusion of 95-6, 105;
managed 23-4, 29, 93, 106
Poland 4, 5
Polatsk, Principality of 4, llnl
police, excessive use of force 90-1
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 4
political advocacy 116
political business cycle 67-8, 147
political liberalization 104, 149
political opposition 111, 112-6; support
115-6
political parties: formation 110; funding
110; leadership 115; left of centre
113-4; membership 115; opposition
109-10, 112-6; organizational struc-
tures 109; regional 129; registration
98; right of centre 112-3; support
115-6,122
political prisoners 9, 10, 89-90, 91, 104,
139, 148
political reforms 85
political system 3, 12-3, 47, 123; creation
of 31, 32-3
polling data 64, 86nl
polling organizations 64
Polonization 5
population 2
postcommunist nationalism 86n8
post-election protests 135-7
post-Soviet elites: communist-era elites
51-2; co-option 50-2; Supreme Soviet
deputies 51
poverty rate 70
power: personalization of 17, 28, 31-47,
49-62, 73, 146; vertical 32, 40
pragmatism 13
pre-emptive authoritarianism 87-8,
92-104, 104, 148-9; elections 93-8;
freedom of association and assembly
98-101; freedom of expression and
communication 101-4
Preiherman, Y. 77
Presidential Administration 38, 39-^10,
40, 41, 46, 51, 54, 56, 57
192 Index
Presidential Affairs, Department for 41,
46, 48n7, 53, 55, 57
presidential model 33
presidential monarchs 14
presidential power 31
presidential putsch 37
president, status 33
preventative detentions 100
price controls 69, 72
prime minister 55, 58
print media 101-2
private sector 45, 72
privatization 147; presidential
interference 45, 45-6; reversals 66
procurator general 43
prosecutors 43
protests 139-41, 143
public associations 119
public holidays 80
public opinion 86nl
Putin, Vladimir 76, 81, 81-2
radio 102-3, 104
reconstruction 6
red directors, the 46-7
referendum, 1995 35-6
referendum, 1996 31, 35, 36-7, 40
referendum, 2004 35, 37-8, 97
referendum proposal, 1992 7
Regional Belarus 116-7
regional governors 39
renationalization 45
repression 53, 88, 104, 148
Respublika faction 8, 10
Revolution through Social Networks
campaign 140
Rus’ era 4
Russia 50, 67; annexation of Crimea 9,
77, 83; currency crisis 9; double
dependence on 74; economic crisis 68,
88; economic support from 63, 75, 76,
77, 78; energy disputes with 8; mana-
ged pluralism 23; migration to 72;
oligarchs 68; popular protest 27; pro-
paganda war 9; Putinization 152; rela-
tions with 55, 75-6, 77-8, 80-1, 81-2,
83, 84, 126, 139, 147, 151
Russia Federation 2
Russia-Georgia 126
Russian Empire 4-5
Russian Federation 33, 81, 81-2
Russian lobby 53-4
Russian Revolution 5
Russification 6, 79, 80
Ruthenian Slavs 4
Rutland, P. 3
sanctions 9, 10, 92
Sannikau, Andrei 40, 61, 90, 98, 111,
117, 126, 128
Schedler, A. 18
Security Council 41, 53, 56
security services 32, 57-8
semi-authoritarianism 13
semi-dictatorship 13
Seviarynets, Pavel 90, 119
Shakutib, Aliaksandr 47
Sheiman, Viktar 53-4, 55, 56, 57, 59,
62n3, 89
Sheremet, Pavel 89, 106n2
Shushkevich, Stanislau 6-7, 32, 33, 65
Siamashka, Uladzimir 55, 58
Sidorski, Siarhei 55, 59
silent protests 140
Silitski, V. 22, 41, 105
siloviki 50, 53, 53^1, 56, 57, 59-60, 146
Skaryna, Frantsysk 4
social contracts, informal 63, 66,
71-3, 147
social democratic movements 113-4
Social Democratic Party of Popular
Accord 95, 114
social networks 20
social parasites 10, 73, 82, 141, 143
socio-economic stability 13, 29, 71, 73,
74-8
soft Belarusization 73, 83
sources 10
South Ossetia 126
sovereignty 17, 147; defence of 63, 78-9,
81-4
sovereignty entrepreneurship 77
Soviet identity 80-1
Sovietization 6, 80
Soviet nostalgia 35-6, 78, 79
Soviet rule 5-6
Sovietskaya Belorussiya 103
Soviet Union: BSSR joins 5; dissolution
of 2, 3, 6, 6-7, 32, 79; standard of
living 6
spellings 11
sports complexes 46
stabilization loans 46
state benefits 69-71; reliance on 67
state enterprise support 75
state media 103-4
state-owned enterprises 45, 51
state-owned industries 46-7
Index 193
state resources, particularistic use of 21,
66, 66-7, 70
Statkevich, Mikola 90, 91, 104, 128
stereotypes 3
Stop Petrol campaign 141
strategic hedging 77
subordinates, loyalty 21
subordination: of the executive 41; of
judiciary 42-3; of parliament 38-9
subsidies 67, 75, 76
sultanism 14-5
sultanistic neopatrimonialism 16
Supreme Court 43
Supreme Soviet deputies 51
Talaka 120-1, 134
tariffs 69
tax evasion 47
taxi parties 110
technical intelligentsia 71
technocratic appointments 55-6
technocrats 57, 58, 60, 71
television 102-3; foreign 104
Tell the Truth campaign 99, 117-8,
120-1, 126, 128
territory 5
terrorism 8, 62n4, 98; Independence Day
concert, July 2008 54
The People’s Coalition 5+ 120
tourism 46
Tozik, Anatol 55, 58
trade unions 110, 119
transition paradigm 29
transliteration 11
transparency, lack of 46
travel bans 9
TRIPLE group 47
Tsikhinia, Valery 42
Tsitsiankou, Ivan 53, 62n3
Tunisia 27
Ukraine 50, 67, 152; Donbas conflict 1,
9-10, 77; Euromaidan phenomenon
27; migration to 72; oligarchs 68;
Orange Revolution 26, 88, 97, 105,
132; Russian annexation of Crimea 9,
77, 83
Ulakhovich, Mykolay 96
UNDP 72
unemployment 10, 66, 68, 69, 75, 141
Uniate Church, abolition of 5
Union of Belarusian Writers 101
Union of Left-Wing Parties 121
Union of Poles of Belarus 101
Union of Rightist Forces 126
Union State of Russia and Belarus
7-8, 75
Union Treaty, 1991 6
United Civic Party 89, 96, 113, 115,
120-1, 125, 128, 130, 138
United Democratic Forces 120, 128, 130,
134, 138
United States of America 125
urbanization 6
Vakar 5
Vashkevich, A. 42
vertical power 32, 40
vertikal 32, 40, 41, 44, 46, 47, 49, 54, 56,
59, 61, 71, 146
Viachorka, Vintsuk 127
Vilnius 4, 6, 80
virtual politics 95-6
voter turnout 35, 37, 94, 97
wages 67, 68, 70
White Rus 4
Wilson, A. 110
World Bank 74
World War One 5
World War Two 6, 80
Yarashevich, V 68
Young Belarus coalition 120
Young Front 90, 99, 118, 119, 120, 125,
128, 129
young wolves 51, 88-9
youth clan 56
youth groups 90, 112, 116, 118-9, 126
youth, the 72
Zakharenka, Iury 131; death of 88-9
Zavadski, Dmitri 89
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir 114
Zhuraukova, Halina 53
Zubr 118-9, 135
(Bayerische A
Staatebibliothek I
^ München y
This book explores the nature of the regime of Aliaksandr Lukashenka, who has ruled Belarus since 1994, and who is often characterized as ‘the last dic tator in Europe’. It discusses how Lukashenka came to power, providing a survey of politics in Belarus in early post-Soviet times, examines how power became personalized under his regime, and considers how he coerced oppo nents, whilst maintaining good popular support. The book discusses all aspects of politics, including presidential power, the ruling elites, elections, the opposition, and civil society. The author characterizes Lukashenka’s rule as ‘adaptive authoritarianism’, and demonstrates how the regime’s avoidance of any ideology, even nationalism, permits great freedom of manoeuvre, enabling pragmatic adaptation to changing circumstances. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Frear, Matthew |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1140137220 |
| author_facet | Frear, Matthew |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Frear, Matthew |
| author_variant | m f mf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045272280 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK507 |
| callnumber-raw | DK507.817 |
| callnumber-search | DK507.817 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3507.817 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | MG 82086 NK 4700 NQ 8294 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1077627516 (DE-599)BVBBV045272280 |
| dewey-full | 947.8086 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.8086 |
| dewey-search | 947.8086 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.8086 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1994- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1994- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Belarus Politics and government 1991- Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Belarus Politics and government 1991- Belarus |
| id | DE-604.BV045272280 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-25T11:09:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780415855273 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 018019875 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030660019 |
| oclc_num | 1077627516 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-29 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 DE-739 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | viii, 194 Seiten |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20191218 |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group |
| record_format | marc |
| series | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies |
| series2 | BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies |
| spelling | Frear, Matthew (DE-588)1140137220 aut Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism Matthew Frear London ; New York Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group 2019 viii, 194 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies 124 Includes bibliographical references and index Lukashenko, Aleksandr 1954- Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr R. 1954- (DE-588)123402107 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1994- gnd rswk-swf Authoritarianism Belarus Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Belarus Politics and government 1991- Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 gnd rswk-swf Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr R. 1954- (DE-588)123402107 p Belarus (DE-588)4079143-9 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Geschichte 1994- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-203-73791-0 BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies 124 (DE-604)BV014873661 124 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Frear, Matthew Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism BASEES/Routledge series on Russian and East European studies Lukashenko, Aleksandr 1954- Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr R. 1954- (DE-588)123402107 gnd Authoritarianism Belarus Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)123402107 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4079143-9 |
| title | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism |
| title_auth | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism |
| title_exact_search | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism |
| title_full | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism Matthew Frear |
| title_fullStr | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism Matthew Frear |
| title_full_unstemmed | Belarus under Lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism Matthew Frear |
| title_short | Belarus under Lukashenka |
| title_sort | belarus under lukashenka adaptive authoritarianism |
| title_sub | adaptive authoritarianism |
| topic | Lukashenko, Aleksandr 1954- Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr R. 1954- (DE-588)123402107 gnd Authoritarianism Belarus Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Lukashenko, Aleksandr 1954- Lukašėnka, Aljaksandr R. 1954- Authoritarianism Belarus Politik Belarus Politics and government 1991- Belarus |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030660019&sequence=000007&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014873661 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT frearmatthew belarusunderlukashenkaadaptiveauthoritarianism |