Introducing quantitative methods: a practical guide
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London
Red Globe Press
2019
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext http://www.springer.com/ Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
Beschreibung: | xxv, 360 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25.4 cm x 17.8 cm |
ISBN: | 9781137487216 1137487216 |
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adam_text | Contents
Contents viii
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xviii
About the Author xx
Authors Acknowledgements xxi
Publishers Acknowledgements xxii
Introduction xxiii
1 The Research Question 1
1.1 WHY IS A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION IMPORTANT? 2
1.2 WHAT MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION? 2
1.3 WHICH RESEARCH QUESTIONS ARE PARTICULARLY SUITABLE
FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH? 5
1.4 GOING FURTHER: EPISTEMOLOGY 6
1.5 HOW TO FIND A RESEARCH QUESTION 6
1.5.1 Replicating findings 7
1.5.2 Developing new questions 8
1.6 DEVELOPING YOUR OWN QUESTION 9
1.7 PLANNING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT 11
A SHORT SUMMARY 12
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 12
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 13
2 Basic Concepts of Empirical Research 14
2.1 WHAT IS A VARIABLE? 15
2.2 IN WHAT WAY CAN VARIABLES BE MEASURED? 17
2.2.1 Nominal scale data 17
2.2.2 Ordinal scale data 18
2.2.3 Interval scale data 19
2.2.4 Ratio scale data 20
2.3 MEASURE OR INDICATOR? 21
2.4 WHAT IS MEASURED: ASSOCIATIONS AND EFFECTS 22
2.4.1 Causal associations 22
2.4.2 Non-causal associations 23
2.5 WHAT IS MEASURED: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GROUPS 23
2.6 WHAT KIND OF VARIABLES CAN BE MEASURED? 24
2.6.1 Control 25
2.6.2 Going further: Placebo effects and double-blind studies 28
2.6.3 Random allocation 29
2.7 EXPERIMENTS AND QUASI-EXPERIMENTS 29
viii
Contents
IX
2.8 TYPES OF RESULTS 32
2.9 ETHICAL RESEARCH 35
2.9.1 Ethics guidelines 36
2.9.2 Ethical research practice 39
2.10 HYPOTHESES 40
2.10.1 Hypotheses and effects 40
2.10.2 Hypotheses and differences 41
2.10.3 Hypotheses and associations 42
2.10.4 Null hypothesis 42
2.11 IMPROVING RESEARCH QUALITY: RELIABILITY 43
2.12 IMPROVING RESEARCH QUALITY: VALIDITY 46
2.12.1 Going further: Construct underrepresentation and construct-
irrelevant variance 48
2.13 FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE: OPERATIONALISATION 49
A SHORT SUMMARY 51
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 52
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 52
3 Data Collection 55
3.1 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DATA 56
3.1.1 Secondary data 56
3.1.2 Primary data 58
3.2 DECIDING ON VARIABLES AND CONDITIONS 59
3.3 DEVELOPING MATERIAL 60
3.3.1 Making your material accessible 63
3.3.2 How to elicit responses 64
3.3.3 Rating scales 68
3.3.4 Semantic differential 71
3.4 DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONS 72
3.5 PROCEDURAL QUESTIONS 74
3.6 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, COMPREHENSIVELY EXHAUSTIVE 75
3.6.1 Mutually exclusive 75
3.6.2 Comprehensively exhaustive 77
3.7 AVOIDING BIAS 77
3.8 RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS: SAMPLING 79
3.8.1 Sample size 80
3.8.2 Sample composition 81
3.9 RECRUITING PARTICIPANTS: MAKING RESEARCH ACCESSIBLE 85
3.10 ALLOCATING PARTICIPANTS TO CONDITIONS 85
3.10.1 Randomisation 85
3.10.2 Order and sequence effects 88
3.11 PILOT STUDIES 88
3.12 RELIABILITY TESTING 89
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 91
A SHORT SUMMARY 92
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 93
x Contents
4 Basic Mathematics 95
4.1 LARGER THAN, LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO SIGNS 96
4.2 PERCENTAGES AND PERCENT POINTS 97
4.3 DECIMAL POINTS 100
4.4 ROUNDING 101
4.4.1 Rounding in Excel 102
4.4.2 Rounding in SPSS 102
4.5 FRACTIONS AND RATIOS 103
4.6 SIGMA 103
4.7 RANGE 104
4.8 POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ABSOLUTE NUMBERS 105
4.9 READING EXPONENTIAL NOTATIONS 107
4.10 SCIENTIFIC NOTATION 108
4.11 SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS 110
4.12 CHANCE AND PROBABILITIES 111
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 112
A SHORT SUMMARY 113
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 114
5 Data Entry and Data Handling 117
5.1 SAFE, CONFIDENTIAL AND ETHICAL DATA MANAGEMENT 118
5.1.1 Confidential handling of participant data 118
5.1.2 Reasonable precautions to save and back up your data 119
5.2 CHOOSING SUITABLE SOFTWARE: EXCEL 120
5.2.1 The basic setup 121
5.2.2 Entering data 121
5.2.3 Sorting data 122
5.2.4 Entering a function 123
5.2.5 Copying a function to other cells 125
5.2.6 Applying a filter 126
5.3 CHOOSING SUITABLE SOFTWARE: SPSS 127
5.3.1 The data file 128
5.3.2 The syntax file 130
5.3.3 The output file 130
5.3.4 Naming and labelling a variable 131
5.3.5 Naming and labelling variable values 132
5.3.6 Applying a filter 133
5.4 PREPARING A FILE FOR DATA ENTRY 134
5.5 ENTERING DATA 135
5.5.1 Data from open questions/sentence completion 135
5.5.2 Data from single choice questions 136
5.5.3 Data from multiple choice questions 139
5.5.4 Data from ordering/ranking tasks 140
5.5.5 Data from rating scales and semantic differentials 141
5.6 CHECK FOR DATA ENTRY ERRORS AND OUTLIERS 142
5.7 CODE AND RECODE YOUR DATA 146
5.7.1 Recoding data 146
5.7.2 Calculating new variables 149
Contents xi
5.7.3 Dummy variable 150
5.7.4 Going further: Scale transformations 151
5.7.5 Taking notes, taking names 151
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 151
A SHORT SUMMARY 152
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 153
6 Basic Concepts of Data Description and Analysis 155
6.1 FREQUENCIES 156
6.2 PERCENTAGES 159
6.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 160
6.3.1 Mean 161
6.3.2 Mode 161
6.3.3 Median 163
6.3.4 Going further: Median split 163
6.4 COMPARING MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 165
6.5 MEASURES OF DISPERSION: VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION 166
6.6 PARAMETERS AND STATISTICS 169
6.6.1 Going further: Variations 174
6.7 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 175
6.8 Z-SCORES 178
6.9 SKEW AND KURTOSIS 178
6.10 SIGNIFICANCE 180
6.11 POWER 182
6.12 EFFECT SIZE 183
6.13 DEGREES OF FREEDOM 184
6.13.1 Going further: Yours or mine? Calculating effect sizes with
pooled standard deviations 185
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 186
A SHORT SUMMARY 186
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 187
7 Presentation and Illustration of Data 191
7.1 BASIC DESCRIPTIVES 192
7.2 USING TABLES EFFECTIVELY 193
7.3 VISUALISING DATA 194
7.4 CREATING A CHART 196
7.5 CHART TYPES 197
7.5.1 Column chart 197
7.5.2 Barchart 198
7.5.3 Histogram 198
7.5.4 Pie chart 199
7.5.5 Scatterplot 201
7.5.6 Line chart 201
7.6 ACCESSIBILITY OF GRAPHS 202
7.7 GOING FURTHER: SIGNIFICANCE IN TABLES 204
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 207
A SHORT SUMMARY 209
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 209
xii Contents
8 Choosing Yoiir Statistical Analysis 211
8.1 PARAMETRIC OR NON-PARAMETRIC? 212
8.2 DESCRIPTIVES IN EXCEL 213
8.2.1 Mean, median, skewness and kurtosis 213
8.2.2 Q-Q plot 214
8.3 DESCRIPTIVES IN SPSS 216
8.3.1 Mean and median 216
8.3.2 Skewness and kurtosis 216
8.3.3 Q-Q plot 216
8.4 INTERPRETING DESCRIPTIVES 216
8.4.1 Mean and median 216
8.4.2 Skewness 216
8.4.3 Kurtosis 217
8.4.4 Q-Q plot 217
8.5 OVERVIEW OF ANALYSES 219
8.6 LOOKING AT COMPARISONS OR DIFFERENCES - 220
8.6.1 One-sample t-test 220
8.6.2 Paired-samples t-test 220
8.6.3 Wilcoxon signed rank 221
8.6.4 Independent-samples t-test 221
8.6.5 Mann-Whitney U-test 222
8.7 LOOKING AT EFFECTS 222
8.7.1 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 222
8.7.2 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 224
8.7.3 Kruskal-Wallis 224
8.8 LOOKING AT RELATIONSHIPS 225
8.8.1 Chi-square test 225
8.8.2 Chi-square test of independence 225
8.8.3 Chi-square test of goodness of fit 226
8.8.4 Pearsons correlation 226
8.8.5 Spearman’s correlation 226
8.9 HOW TO READ CHAPTERS 9,10 AND 11 227
8.9.1 Data set 227
8.9.2 How to read instructions in the following chapters 228
A SHORT SUMMARY 228
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 228
9 Statistical Analyses: Looking at Differences 230
9.1 ONE-SAMPLE T-TEST 231
9.1.1 One-sample t-test in Excel 231
9.1.2 One-sample t-test in SPSS 232
9.1.3 Reporting the results of a one-sample t-test 233
9.2 WILCOXON SIGNED RANK 233
9.2.1 Wilcoxon signed rank in SPSS 234
9.2.2 Reporting the results of a Wilcoxon signed rank test 235
9.3 PAIRED-SAMPLES T-TEST 235
9.3.1 Paired-samples t-test in Excel 235
9.3.2 Paired-samples t-test in SPSS 237
9.3.3 Reporting the results of a paired-samples t-test 238
Contents xiii
9.4 INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T-TEST 238
9.4.1 Independent-samples t-test in Excel 239
9.4.2 Independent-samples t-test in SPSS 240
9.4.3 Reporting the results of an independent-samples t-test 241
9.5 MANN-WHITNEY U-TEST 241
9.5.1 Mann-Whitney U-test in Excel 242
9.5.2 Mann-Whitney U-test in SPSS 245
9.5.3 Reporting the results of a Mann-Whitney U-test 245
A SHORT SUMMARY 246
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 246
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 247
10 Statistical Analyses: Looking at Effects 249
10.1 ONE-WAY BETWEEN-PARTICIPANTS ANOVA 250
10.1.1 One-way between-participants ANOVA in Excel 250
10.1.2 One-way Between-participants ANOVA in SPSS 251
10.1.3 Reporting results 255
10.2 ONE-WAY WITHIN-PARTICIPANTS ANOVA/REPEATED MEASURES ANOVA 256
10.2.1 SPSS guidance 256
10.2.2 Reporting results 260
10.3 TWO- OR THREE-WAY BETWEEN-PARTICIPANTS ANOVA 260
10.3.1 SPSS guidance 261
10.3.2 Reporting results 263
10.4 TWO- OR THREE-WAY WITHIN-PARTICIPANTS ANOVA 263
10.4.1 . SPSS guidance 264
10.4.2 Reporting results 268
10.5 ANCOVA 269
10.5.1 SPSS guidance 270
10.5.2 Reporting results 271
10.6 KRUSKAL-WALLIS 271
10.6.1 SPSS guidance 271
10.6.2 Reporting results 271
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 272
A SHORT SUMMARY 273
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 273
11 Statistical Analyses: Looking at Associations and Relationships 275
11.1 PARAMETRIC DATA CORRELATION (PEARSON’S) 276
11.1.1 Pearsons in Excel 276
11.1.2 Pearsons in SPSS 277
11.1.3 Reporting Pearsons correlations 278
11.2 SPEARMAN’S CORRELATION 278
11.2.1 Spearman’s in Excel - 279
11.2.2 Spearman’s in SPSS 280
11.2.3 Reporting Spearman’s correlations 280
11.3 COMPARING EXPECTED VERSUS OBSERVED FREQUENCIES:
CHI-SQUARE GOÖDNESS-OF-FIT 280
11.3.1 Goodness-of-fit chi-square in Excel 280
xiv Contents
11.3.2 Goodness-of-fit chi-square in SPSS 281
11.3.3 Reporting the outcome of a goodness-of-fit chi-square test 282
11.4 COMPARING EXPECTED VERSUS OBSERVED FREQUENCIES:
TEST OF INDEPENDENCE CHI-SQUARE 282
11.4.1 Test of independence chi-square in Excel 283
11.4.2 Test of independence chi-square in SPSS 285
11.4.3 Reporting a chi-square test of independence 286
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 287
A SHORT SUMMARY 287
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 288
12 Writing Up Research 289
12.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 292
12.2 RATIONALE 293
12.3 HYPOTHESES 293
12.4 METHODS 294
12.4.1 Participants 294
12.4.2 Design 294
12.4.3 Procedures 295
12.4.4 Data analysis 295
12.5 RESULTS 295
12.6 DISCUSSION 296
12.6.1 Limitations 296
12.7 REFERENCES 297
12.8 APPENDIX 298
12.9 INTRODUCTION 298
12.10 TITLE 299
12.11 ABSTRACT 299
RESEARCH METHODS AT WORK 300
A SHORT SUMMARY 300
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 301
Appendix 1 - Standard Error of Skewness for Small Sample Sizes 302
Appendix 2 - Critical Values for Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test 303
Exercise Solutions 304
General Glossary 329
Excel Functions Glossary 339
References 350
Index 357
The writing is clear, examples easy-to-follow, and the inclusion of both SPSS and Excel is a master stroke.
Most importantly, Aidley puts the research question - not analytical techniques - at the heart of the book
and guides her readers through the application of methods to gain meaningful insight.’ - Jackie Carter,
Professor in Statistical Literacy, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, University of Manchester, UK
This book guides students through the whole research process from identifying research questions
suitable for quantitative inquiry through rigorous statistical analysis to writing up the project. It is this
holistic approach that differentiates Daniela Aidley’s book from other books on quantitative methods.
- Mikko Arevuo, Head of Postgraduate Management programmes, Regent’s University London, UK
‘Dr Aidley’s knowledge and enthusiasm are evident on every page, and encourage the student to explore
rather than fear the intimidating topic of conducting quantitative research. This is the text I wish I’d had as
an undergraduate psychology major.’ - Jacqueline Ralston, Adjunct Instructor, Psychology, Central New
Mexico Community College, USA
This refreshing new textbook offers a clear and approachable introduction to quantitative methods, using
a project-based approach and examples In both SPSS and Excel. The author’s extensive knowledge and
succinct writing style guide you through the process of undertaking a quantitative research project step
by step, from developing a good research question and preparing data for analysis to explaining how
to present data in different situations, avoid bias, and write up results and reports. Showcasing a wide
range of helpful learning features as well as useful resources online, you are encouraged to follow practice
analyses as you go. This book also offers a chapter dedicated to basic mathematics that will equip you
with the skills required to understand the statistical analyses in the book.
Key features include:
• A concise and accessible grounding in quantitative methods, statistics and mathematics, whatever
your prior knowledge.
• Quantitative methods explained in the context of doing a practical project.
• Extensive guidance on how to conduct analyses using both SPSS and Excel.
• Engaging pedagogical features in every chapter to maximise understanding, including chapter
objectives and summaries, ‘Review and Reflect’ questions, ‘Look Out!’ boxes to guide you through
challenging sections, ‘Check Your Understanding’ exercises accompanied by solutions at the back of
the book, and an Excel functions glossary.
• A companion website containing a wealth of additional resources for lecturers and students, such as
worksheets, SPSS and Excel data sets and examples, template participant information sheets and
consent forms, and project checklists.
Introducing Quantitative Methods is the ideal core text for students in social science and business
departments taking introductory modules on quantitative methods, research methods or statistics at
undergraduate or postgraduate level. It also acts as a guide for your own quantitative research project,
making each stage doable and enjoyable.
Daniela Aidley is a Professor of Business Psychology at the Applied University Westküste, Heide,
Germany.
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genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
id | DE-604.BV045259113 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:13:04Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781137487216 1137487216 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030647093 |
oclc_num | 1065740730 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-522 DE-1050 |
owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-522 DE-1050 |
physical | xxv, 360 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25.4 cm x 17.8 cm |
publishDate | 2019 |
publishDateSearch | 2019 |
publishDateSort | 2019 |
publisher | Red Globe Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Aidley, Daniela (DE-588)1172894167 aut Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide Daniela Aidley London Red Globe Press 2019 xxv, 360 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme 25.4 cm x 17.8 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd rswk-swf SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd rswk-swf EXCEL (DE-588)4138932-3 gnd rswk-swf Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd rswk-swf JMB ; BISAC Subject Heading Excel average data analysis inferential statistics quantitative research research methods research project statistics JHBC ; BIC subject category JMB ; BIC subject category (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 s Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 s SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 s EXCEL (DE-588)4138932-3 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781137487223 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9781137487230 X:MVB text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=1709761ab4a84323a367f4c771c6f3d4&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext X:MVB http://www.springer.com/ Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030647093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030647093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | Aidley, Daniela Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd EXCEL (DE-588)4138932-3 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4196864-5 (DE-588)4056588-9 (DE-588)4138932-3 (DE-588)4232139-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
title | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide |
title_auth | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide |
title_exact_search | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide |
title_full | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide Daniela Aidley |
title_fullStr | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide Daniela Aidley |
title_full_unstemmed | Introducing quantitative methods a practical guide Daniela Aidley |
title_short | Introducing quantitative methods |
title_sort | introducing quantitative methods a practical guide |
title_sub | a practical guide |
topic | Anwendung (DE-588)4196864-5 gnd SPSS (DE-588)4056588-9 gnd EXCEL (DE-588)4138932-3 gnd Quantitative Methode (DE-588)4232139-6 gnd |
topic_facet | Anwendung SPSS EXCEL Quantitative Methode Lehrbuch |
url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=1709761ab4a84323a367f4c771c6f3d4&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://www.springer.com/ http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030647093&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030647093&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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