Coming out of communism: the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe
Gespeichert in:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York
New York University
[2018]
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 333 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781479876631 9781479851485 |
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COMING OUT OF COMMUNISM
/ O'DWYER, CONORYYD1972-YYEAUTHOR
: 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
THE BENEFITS OF BACKLASH : THE DIVERGENT TRAJECTORIES OF LGBT-RIGHTS
ACTIVISM AFTER COMMUNISM
EU ENLARGEMENT AND LGBT RIGHTS : "RETURNING TO EUROPE" AND DISCOVERING A
NEW WORLD
HOW THE HARD RIGHT "EUROPEANIZED" HOMOSEXUALITY : AN ANALYSIS OF PARTY
RHETORIC AND THE MEDIA DISCOURSE
ACTIVISM BEFORE EU LEVERAGE : POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 1980S-1997
ACTIVISM UNDER EU LEVERAGE : POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 1998-2004
ACTIVISM AFTER EU LEVERAGE : POLAND AND THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 2004-2012
EXPLORING ALTERNATIVE TRAJECTORIES : HUNGARY, SLOVAKIA, AND ROMANIA
CONCLUSION. LEVERAGE, VISIBILITY, AND MOVEMENT SUCCESS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
APPENDIX
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
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INDEX
abortion, 72,145, 224, 292ni23,294028;
banning of, 148, 295031; restrictions on,
123; retrenchment of policy on, 225-26
ACCEPT, 206-15, 266075, 2930138
accession, EU, 77-78,142; blocking of,
36; candidates for, 43; consequences
of, 273069; of Czech Republic, 138;
as disruptive, 42; domestic politics
of homosexuality shaped by, 3-4;
homosexuality shaped by, 3-4; of
Hungary, 179; Hungary during, 176-82;
party competition weakened by, 62; of
Poland, 65,138-39; policy change after,
54-56; preaccession, postaccession
and, 30,34; pressures of, 109; proximity
to, as variable, 46,47, 54; requirements
for, 38-41; of Romania, 203; Roma-
nia during, 207-11; of Slovakia, 192;
Slovakia during, 193-98; timing and
implementation of, 28-29; transnation-
al pressures associated with, 218
acquis communautaire, 38-41,113
activism: after communism, 218; Czech
compared to Polish, 16, 29-30, 60-64,
86,109-10, 227; demobilization of, 200;
linking the transnational and domestic
determinants of, 17-23; national reach
of, 128-29; perennial challenges of, 168;
robustness of, 220-21; in Romania,
203-4,209; self-help as, 104; in terms
of citizenship, 8; trajectories of, 171-72;
transnational pressures boosting, 23;
variations in, 5-6. See also apolitical
activism; feminist activism; local activ-
ism; organization of activism; queer
activism; transnational activism
activist groups, 30-31; cooperation
between, 113,121,141; educational
funds access blocked for, 68; financial
resources of, 45,98-99,104-7, no;
naming of, 115; rivalry between, 122;
self-help as orientation of, 22, 88-90
activists: allies for, 19-20; framing by,
101-2; institutional structures built by,
85-86; interviews with, 29; mapping
network of, 256-62; solidarity among, 5
adoption, 167, 297mo6; Hromadas
position regarding, 136-37,164-65; by
same-sex partnerships, 38
age, of consent for sex, 90, 96,176,179-80
Alexandrowicz, Przemyslaw, 71
Alliance of Families (AoF), 213-14
Alliance of Free Democrats-Hungarian
Liberals Party (SZDSZ), 177,183,186,
188, 235, 296084
alliances: beteeen LGBT and feminist
groups, 122; building of, 97; of hard
right, 25-26
allies, 114,179, 236; of activists, 19-20;
attracting of, 4, 57; availability of, 141;
at highest levels of national politics,
36-37; mobilizing structures built
through experience as, 222; resonance,
solidarity and, 22; visibility, solidarity
and, 58,145, 228
All-Poland Association of Lambda Groups
(Ogolnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Grup
Lambda), 104-9
319
320 I INDEX
All-Poland Youth (MW), 65,70,76-77,
119,28m2
Amnesty international, 37
Anania, Bartolomeu, 209
antidiscrimination framework:
abolishing of, 147; of Hungary, 180,
188; of Romania, 40
antidiscrimination policy, 39, 55, 67-68,
117,133-34; adopting of, 113; EU norms
about, 34; Hungary adoption of, 179,
187; of Romania, 209; in Slovakia, 197;
support for, 177, 267ns
antidiscrimination protections, 9, 22,
28,36-37,49,174; in labor code, 111;
neglecting of, 133
antidiscrimination reforms, 63-64,133
antigay: LPR rhetoric as, 66-71;
mobilization as, 109; political parties
as, 1-2; rhetoric of, 31; terminology
of, 10; violence as, 26, 228
anti-genderism, 225, 298nm
anti-gypsy movement, 76-77, 82
anti-immigrant politics, 237
anti-Union parties, 62-63
AoF. See Alliance of Families
apolitical activism, 4, 87,10s, 118
Association for the Republic-Republican
Party of Czechoslovakia (SPR-RSC), 75
Ayoub, Phillip, 6, 20, 41-42, 56,149,220,
222
backlash: benefits of, 30-31; character of,
172; consequences of, 3-4; framing
contests created by, 57; of hard right,
5,9,16-18,30, 42,57, 83,171,185-86,
215,219; organization of activism from,
23-28; as political, 145; potential harm
from, 265046; as preceding external
leverage, 203-4; reinforcing of, 144;
social movements boosted by, 228;
against transnational norms, 6-8;
visibility produced by, 56, 227. See also
extraparliamentary backlash
B^czkowski, Tomasz, 149,153
Badgett, M. V. Lee, 9
Bannon, Stephen, 244
Barany, Zoltán, 233
Benova-FlaSikova, Monika, 199
Biedron, Robert, 117,119,161, 240,
282032
Black Monday protests, 224, 226
Bob, Clifford, 20, 214, 222
boomerang model, 19-20
Bosia, Michael, 11
Bretl, Jan, 164-65
Brzek, Antonín, 88,90, 96-97
Budapest Pride March, 180-82,185
Butler, Judith, 7
Buttiglione, Rocco, 37, 26;ni9
Caeusescu, Nicolae, 204,2920123
Campaign Against Homophobia (KPH),
10,16,19, 68,112-19, 266075,287054;
lawsuit brought by, 71-72; structure of,
151-52; tensions within, 122
Caplovif, DuSan, 199
Carnogursky, Jan, 196-97
Catholic Church, 5, 69,174, 212, 223;
identification with Polish identity,
93-94; of Poland, 63-64,108; political
ascendance of, 109
Catholicism, 76, 91, 271032
Christian Democratic Movement, Slova-
kia (KDH), 191-202
Christian-Democratic parties, 25-26,37,
60, 63,75, 290047
Christian Democratic Union-
Czechoslovak People’s Party, Czech
Republic (KDU-CSL), 135-38,165
Christian Democrats, Hungary (KDNP),
173-74,177
Christian National Union, 63
citizenship, 8,33,141
Citizens Militia, 92-93
Civic Circles movement, 178,183
Civic Democratic Party (ODS), 76
INDEX I 321
Civic Platform party (PO), 64 i44 i5°
155-56
civil society, 5-6; legacy of, 221;
organizations of, 98-99,107-8;
weakness of, 17,168,171
CNCD. See National Council for
Combatting Discrimination
CoE. See Council of Europe
Cold War, 33
collective action, 4-5, 226-27; sustaining
of, 7,22; tactics for, 294022
collective action cycles, 222-23
communism, 1; activism after, 218; col-
lapse of, 2-4, 9, 21-22, 86, 219; power
shift in, 33; social movements similar-
ity during collapse of, 233. See also
legacies of communism
Communist Party, 61, 88, 95
comparative politics, 3, 5-6, 219-20, 249
compliance, reward for, 40, 44
conditionality, 19, 26-29, 231; absence of,
86, 205; pressure of, 42; use of, 40,133
conservatism, 63-64, 76,135,158
content analysis, 5, 59-60,77-82
corruption, 66, 74, 92, 293ni38
Council of Europe (CoE), 29, 35
counterframing, 60-64, 77-82, 208
credibility: counterframing and, 60-64;
of EU norms, 54,134; of frames, 21, 57,
59; of NGOs, 45; visibility, resonance
and, 141
criminalization, of homosexuality, 1, 27,
49» 202, 205-6, 227
Croatia, 14, 229-30, 29802
CSL. See Czechoslovak People’s Party
culture of restraint, 218, 231
Czech hard right, 74-77, 86,142-43
Czechoslovak People’s Party (CSL), 75
Czech Republic, 2; activism in, compared
to Poland, 16, 29-30, 60-64, 86,
109-10, 227; EU accession of, 138;
financial austerity in, 127; homo-
sexuality in late-communist, 87-90;
homosexuality visibility in, 82; LGBT
groups by primary orientation in, 169;
links with Slovak activism, 190; organi-
zation of activism in, 94-104,109-10,
122-32; state co-optation in, 163
Defense of Marriage Act, 272053
deinstitutionalization, 123,127-29,143,
163
D’Emilio, John, 8
demobilization, 5-6,143,163,170, 200
Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy
Demokratycznej) (SLD), 117,123,150,
158-59
democratization, 218, 220,265^6, 27in3i
depoliticization, of LGBT issues, 199
Dmowski, Roman, 63-64, 69
Drom, Lungo, 236-37, 297n88
Duda, Andrzej, 241
economic development, 239; attitudes
towards homosexuality influenced by,
41-42; as lagging, 55; levels of, 48; liv-
ing standards raised by, 48; religiosity,
communist legacies and, 51
economic modernization, 44, 51
electoral mobilization, 4, 77, 86,144,
236; attempt at, 96-97; shift away
from, 102
employment discrimination, 36
Employment Framework Directive, 36
Encamación, Omar, 227, 230, 238
Endecja (National Democracy move-
ment), 69
enlargement: of EU, 35-40; waves of, 43,
267027
ENP. See European Neighborhood Policy
environmentalism, 48
EP. See European Parliament
Equality Foundation (Fundacja
Równoáci), 150-51,153, 286n39
EU See European Union
European Agreements (1991), 18, 38-39
322 | INDEX
European Charter of Human Rights, 18,
232
European Council, 38-39
European Forum of LGBT Christian
Groups, 37
Europeanization, 5,17,28-29, 219-20; of
homosexuality, 59, 73-74; literatures
on, 20; theory of, 134-35,144
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP),
43 51
European Parliament (EP), 18, 36,111,142,
236
European Pride Organizers Forum, 37
European Social Charter, 34
European Social Fund, 118
European Union (EU): antidiscrimina-
tion policy norms of, 34; enlargement
of, 35-40; European Council criterion
for membership in, 38-39; funding
of, 113-19,125-26; pressure from, 180,
193; Russia’s relationship with, 43;
standards of, aligned with Pride, 150;
threat to norms of, 214-15; violation
of norms of, 145, 207
European Union Charter of Fundamental
Rights, 36-37. 73
EuroPride festival, 2, 29,153-54,187,
287n62
Euroskepticism, 62, 65, 71, 76,114,192, 237,
270n28, 28in6
evolution, 67
external incentives, 18-19, 40,134-35,
193; POS reshaped by, 55; social
learning and, 44, 268n49; structure
of, 45
external leverage, 6, 20-21, 34, 220;
absence of, 206; backlash as preced-
ing, 203-4; importance of, 30-31,
170-72; influence of, 263n6; interac-
tion of, and domestic determinants
of LGBT mobilization, 24; as passive
and active, 193; policy diffusion and,
40-42; proxies for, 53; role of, in
adoption of LGBT rights, 41-45; shift
in, of POS, 23; source of, 140-41;
warning of, 143
extraparliamentary backlash, 27,172,178,
188, 215
Facebook, 167
Panel, Jiff, 133,2850103
feminism, 67,125,283^8; framing of
homosexuality and, 90; marginaliza-
tion of, 130; as threat, 224
feminist activism, 117,121-25
Fico, Robert, 199
Fidesz party, 26,76,174,178-85, 233,
290047, 296n77
financial resources: of activist groups, 45,
98-99,104-7, no; dilution of, 233; of
KPH, 117-19; in Slovakia, 201-2; of
SOHO, 99,102; vulnerability caused
by, 170
FKGP. See Smallholders party, Hungary
flexibility, 103
foreign policy, 62
framing, 226; by activists, 101-2; as criti-
cal, 57-58; EU, of LGBT rights, x; of
homosexuality, 58,78,82,124,173,
218; POS, mobilizing structures and,
86-94; of Pride, 148-49; strategies of,
149-50. See also credibility; legacy
framing; morality frame; resonance;
salience; therapy framing
framing contests, 4, 21-22, 27, 59;
backlash creating, 57; components
of, 231; as internal, 115,125; between
norms, 111-12; polarization of, 32;
resonance gained through, 25,141;
as resonant, 235, 285ni03; salience
from, 77-78
Friedman, Elisabeth Jay, 238
friendship networks, 4, 22, 89,92,116
Fundacja Rownosci (Equality Founda-
tion), 150-51,153, 286n39
fundamentalism, 204, 218
INDEX I 323
Ganymedes Movement (Hnutie Gany-
medes), 97,190-91,196, 278070
Gay and Lesbian League (Gay a lesbicka
liga) (GLL), 122,130-32,133-38,
164-66, 288n83
Gay Help, 97
Gay Initiative (Gay inciativa) (GI), 122,
127-31,133-38,162-66
Gay Klub, 97-98,101
Gazeta Wyborcza, 79-82,154, 2750114,
2750115
gender: family and, 64; homosexual-
ity and, 131; norms of, 124; policies
surrounding, 73; roles of, 78. See also
anti-genderism
gender equality, 48
gender identity, 180
gender talk, 78-79
GI. See Gay Initiative
Giertych, Roman, 65, 67-68, 72,147-48,
270029, 271030
Gizynski, Zbigniew, 150
G-League (G-Liga), 129-30,138
GLL. See Gay and Lesbian League
Gombrowicz, Witold, 148
Gould, John, 199
Gowin, Jaroslaw, 224
Graff, Agnieszka, 78-79, 94
Greater Romania party (PRM), 204-8,
292ni27
Greskovits, Bela, 183
Grodzka, Anna, 159,161
Gronkiewicz-Waltz, Hanna, 217, 287062
group identity, 232
Grupa Inicjatywna ds. Zwi^zkow Part-
nerskich (Initiative for Registered
Partnerships), 152-53
Grzymala-Busse, Anna, 62-63
gypsy criminality, 231, 235
Gyurcsany, Ferenc, 183
hard right: access to power of, 141; alliance
of, 25-26; backlash of, 5, 9,16-18, 30,
42, 57, 74,171,185-86, 219; composition
and character of, 59-60; mobiliza-
tion of, 60-64, 77-78; mobilizing
structures, transnational norms and
backlash of, 215; political relevance of,
23-27; pressures from, 112; seat share
in national parliamentary elections, 61,
177; social movements influenced by
backlash of, 83; threatening discourse
from, 115, 236-37. See also Czech hard
right; Hungarian hard right; Polish
hard right; Romanian hard right;
Slovak hard right
hate speech, 46, 234
Háttér group, 176,178-80,182,187
Havel, Vaclav, 96,137, 27609, 278058
Helsinki Committee, 206
Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights,
29, 37
HIV/AIDS, 28imi2; epidemic of, 8, 58,
87-88,110, 264020; prevention for,
89-92, 99,104,106-8,115,116,129,135,
166,175,190, 28omo8; sufferers of,
23; treatment centers for, 139; used as
threat, 93
Hnutie Ganymedes (Ganymedes Move-
ment), 97,190-91,196, 278070
Holzhacker, Ronald, 179
Homerosz, 175-76
homophobia, 2, 46,117,142,218,2750121;
comparison of media articles contain-
ing term of, 81; disapproval compared
to, 150; fighting against, 283054; of
Islam, 27; of PiS, 71-72; politiciza-
tion of, 219; in Romania, 208. See also
political homophobia
homosexual agenda, 59, 219
homosexuality: attitudes towards, as
independent variable, 47-48, 239,
264n28; attitudes towards, influenced
by economic development, 41-42;
attitudes towards, in Western Europe
and postcommunist Europe, 13;
324
INDEX
homosexuality (cont)
communist legacies influence on,
48-49; comparison of media articles
containing term of, 80; as confined
to the private sphere, 175; criminal-
ization of, 1, 27, 49, 202, 205-6, 227;
demonizing of, 26; EU accession
shaping domestic politics of, 3-4;
Europeanization of, 59, 73-74; femi-
nism and perspective on, 90; framing
of, 58, 78, 82,124,173, 218; image of,
in society, 106; in late-communist
Czech Republic, 87-90; in late-
communist Poland, 90-94; legality
of, 111; medicalization of, 58, 89-93,
110; morality frame of, 21-22, 85-86,
90-93,110; perceptions of, 11; as
political issue, 41,109,141,186, 205,
219; politicization of, 32, 57, 212, 225;
psychology and, in Czech Republic,
87-88; public opinion data on, 241,
263ns, 297n96; race, nationality and,
65; rise in salience of, 80-82,185,
2750109; in schools, 8, 68,168; as
social pathology, 71; stigmatizing of,
202, 272047; sympathies towards, 94,
284074; taboos about, 31, 35-36,108,
192; in terms of culture and gender,
131; therapy frame of, 21-22, 85-86,
102; as violation of freedom, 72,147;
visibility of, in Czech Republic, 82;
visibility of, in media, 77,114
homosexual propaganda, 77, 81-82,112,
123,148
HOS. See Movement for Civic Freedom
HRHO. See Movement for the Equality of
Homosexual Citizens
Hromada, JiH, 89,96,100,103,125-29,167,
279091, 284076; position regarding
adoption rights, 136-37,164-65
Hungarian Civil Liberties Union, 187
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF),
173-74
Hungarian Democratic Union, 208-9
Hungarian hard right, 177,182-83
Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MlfiP),
i74 176-78
Hungarian LGBT Alliance, 187
Hungarian Ombudsman for Fundamental
Rights, 187
Hungarian Socialist party (MSZP), 173,
183,186,188
Hungary, 5,24, 26-27; as an analogue
for Czech activism, 172-73; antidis-
crimination framework of, 180,188;
antidiscrimination policy adopted by,
179; attendance at Prides in, 181; coali-
tion of MSZP and SZDSZ, 183; during
EU accession, 176-82; EU accession
of, 179; LGBT groups by primary
orientation in, 187; mobilization of,
177,182-83; policy gains in, 173; preac-
cession in, 173-76; self-help groups in,
175; violence in, 183-84
HZDS. See Movement for a Democratic
Slovakia
ICSE. See International Committee for
Sexual Equality
identity politics, 124,186, 283048
IGCLN-Poland. See International Lesbian
and Gay Culture Network in Poland
ILGA-Europe. See International Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex
Association
illiberalism, 208
immediate protective surround, 4,18, 25,
112, 263n7; defense of, 245; threat to,
173,177,193,195,200, 207, 214, 221,
244
Inglehart, Ronald, 48, 49
Iniciativa Inakosf (Otherness Initiative)
(01), 196-97
Initiative for Registered Partnerships
(Grupa Inicjatywna ds. Zwi^zkow
Partnerskich), 152-53
INDEX
325
Innes, Abby, 62-63
institutionalization of activism,
22-23, 101» io4 105» 17° 236,
2741194
International Committee for Sexual
Equality (ICSE), 35-36, 89
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA-
Europe), 36,118
International Lesbian and Gay Culture
Network in Poland (IGCLN-Poland),
113,120-22,125-26
Janos, Andrew, 84
Jasiewicz, Krzysztof, 65
Jasper, James, 18
Jobbik party, 26,178,183-85, 233
Jojart, Paula, 197
Jurek, Marek, 142,150
Kaczynski, Jarosfaw, 72-73, 84, 241
Kaczynski, Lech, 73,145-46,156
KDH. See Christian Democratic
Movement, Slovakia
KDNP. See Christian Democrats,
Hungary
KDU-CSL. See Christian Democratic
Union-Czechoslovak Peoples Party,
Czech Republic
Keck, Margaret, 19-20, 220
Klaus, Vaclav, 76,165, 288n90
Kollman, Kelly, 19, 33,134
Kostrzewa, Yga, 142
Kotlihski, Roman, 159
KPH. See Campaign Against Ho-
mophobia
Kfiz, Jifi, 95
Krzeminski, Ireneusz, 91,117-18
labor code, 133; antidiscrimination
protections in, 111; controversial
changes to, 54
Lambda Budapest, 175-76
Lambda groups, 88-89, 95-98,101,
276ni7, 28on96. See also All-Poland
Association of Lambda Groups
Lambda Warsaw, 106-7, n3 116-21,
287n54
Law and Justice Party (PiS), 60, 63, 75,
76, 270029, 273076; collapse of, 144;
homophobia of, 71-72; LPR relation-
ship with, 70-74,155; values protected
by, 73
League of Polish Families (LPR), 60, 75,
119,150, 27on29, 271042; antigay rheto-
ric of, 66-71; collapse of, 144; electoral
success of, 64-65; as extremists, 64-70;
PiS relationship with, 70-74
legacies of communism, 5-6,14, 36, 51,
77,102,164; economic development,
religiosity and, 51; influence of, on
homosexuality, 48-49; overcoming
negative, 53; in Romania, 202-3
legacy framing, 58-59,110
legal rights: organization of activism, so-
cial attitudes and, 11-17; transnational
pressures, sexual citizenship and, 32;
variation in, 38
Legierski, Kristian, 16
Leszkowicz, Pawel, 154
“Let Them See Us” campaign, 117-20
LGBT movement: Czech groups, by
primary orientation, 169; depolitici-
zation of, 199; Hungarian groups, by
primary orientation, 187; informality
of networks of, 116; interaction of
EU external leverage and domestic
determinants of mobilization of, 24;
organization of, 26-27; Polish groups,
by primary orientation, 169; as pro-
fessionalized, 213; Romanian groups,
by primary orientation, 214; Slova-
kian groups, by primary orientation,
202; terminology of, 9-10, 263m;
threat to, 71; visibility of issues for,
112, 120-21
326 | INDEX
LGBT rights, 24,39, 243-45; acceptance
of, 59; activism for, 3; adoption of,
driven by social learning, 43-44; cross-
national index of, 12,15; EU framing
of, 186; expansion of, 154; external
leverage role in adoption of, 41-45;
NGOs for, 2, 6; party competition
surrounding, 161; promoting of, 33;
religion in society influence on, 49-50;
retrenchment of, 203, 238; as signature
issue, 155; social attitudes compared to,
14; transnational and domestic deter-
minants of, 52; variation of, over time,
21; in Western and Eastern Europe, 13
LGBT rights periphery, 9,31,227, 237, 243
local activism, 4, 86, 94-95,97,101-2,
104-6,109-10
Long, Scott, 87-88,98,126-27,174-76, 206
Lorencova, Viera, 195
LPR. See League of Polish Families
Lunacek, Ulrike, 153
Manifa, 144, 224, 226
Marches of Difference, Slovakia, 195
March of Life and Family, 225
Marcinkiewicz, Kazimierz, 72,147
marriage, defining of, 174,185,188-89, 212
martial law, 91, 223
McAdam, Doug, 226-27
MCF. See Roma Alliance Party
McGarry, Aidan, 232
MDF. See Hungarian Democratic Forum
Meiiar, Vladimir, 192-94,196,198
media, 29, 60, 79-80; attention from, 57,
75,121,181-82,234-35; comparison of
articles containing term homophobia
in, 81; comparison of articles contain-
ing term homosexuality, 80; visibility
of homosexuality in, 77,114
medicalization, of homosexuality, 58,
89-93, no
memory communities, 22
Meyer, David, 221-22
MIÉP. See Hungarian Justice and Life
Party
minority groups, 23,140-41, 296n67
Mizielinska, Joanna, 10,114
Mladâfronta dues, 79-82, 88
Mlodziez Wszechpolska. See All-Poland
Youth
mobilization: as antigay, 109; of Czech
Republic, 57; decrease in, 215; of hard
right, 60-64, 77-78,116,177; of Hun-
garian hard right, 177,182-83; of Polish
hard right, 113-16,123; of Polish LGBT
movement, 55, 57; at Prides, 150-51
mobilization cycle, 27, 85
mobilizing structures, 6-7, 9; built
through experience as allies, 222;
development of, 94; examples of, 89;
at national level, 191; POS, framing
and, 86-94; strength of, 18,112, 214;
transnational norms, backlash of hard
right and, 215
MONAR. See Youth Movement against
Drug Addiction
moral codes, 22, 65
morality frame, 21-22, 85-86,90-93, no,
138, 277045; abandoning of, 113; rein-
forcing of, 108
moral shock, 18,221-22, 265046
Moravcsik, Andrew, 39
Moric, Vifazoslav, 194
Mothers Against Drunk Driving, 222
movement-building, 26,115; components
of, 153; dimensions of, 172; examples
of, 221-22; through Pride parades/
marches, 120,144-45; In Romania, 197,
207; in Slovakia, 189
Movement for a Democratic Slovakia
(HZDS), 192,194, 291078
Movement for Civic Freedom (HOS), 96
Movement for the Equality of Homosexu-
al Citizens (HRHO), 96-98
Movement for Tolerance, 95,103
MSZP. See Hungarian Socialist party
INDEX I 327
Mudde, Cas, 25,174,191, 207, 2741199
Müller, Tímea, 186
Museion group, 191, 291^94
Mussolini, Benito, 204
MW. See All-Poland Youth
Nachescu, Voichita, 208
National Center for the Support of
Health, 100
National Council for Combatting Dis-
crimination (CNCD), 213
National Democracy movement
(Endecja), 69
National Democratic Party (Stronnictwo
Narodowo-Demokratyczne), 69
national identity, 62,155, 223, 271^2; reli-
gion and, 69-70; threat to, 22, 58
nationalism, 62-63, 76,192, 271^7;
anti-Semitism, xenophobia and, 64; as
exclusionary, 69; as homophobic, 148
National Liberal Party, Romania, 208-9
National Office of AIDS Prevention, 93
nativism, 63-64
Ne¿as, Petr, 167
neo-Nazi groups, 76, 2711137
Network of European LGBT Families As-
sociations, 37
New Right, 7-8
“new Victorianism,” 7-8, 218
NGOs. See nongovernmental organiza-
tions
Niemiec, Szymon, 121,142
NIMBY. See Not in My Backyard
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs):
as brokers, 44,113; EU and, 42, 45;
funding for, 113; for LGBT rights, 2, 6;
as multi-issue, 37. See also specific types
norm brokers, 112-14,124
norm diffusion, 20,170. See also transna-
tional norm diffusion
norm fit, 19,126,157
norm opponents, 20, 220
Not in My Backyard (NIMBY), 18
Nowak, Arkadiusz, 108
Nowicka, Wanda, 159
Obama, Barack, 244
ODS. See Civic Democratic Party
Ogblnopolskie Stowarzyszenie Grup
Lambda (All-Poland Association of
Lambda Groups), 104-5
OI. See Otherness Initiative
Open Society Foundations, 37,181, 232
Operation Hyacinth, 49, 92-93, 269n64
opponents: advocates compared to, 20-21;
network of, 139. See also norm
opponents
Orb an, Viktor, 174, 296077
Orbis publishing, 100,115,127,129
organization. See activism
organization of activism, 3-7, 82-83,172,
189; from backlash, 23-28; compari-
son of, 28,143; in Czech Republic,
94-104,109-10,122-32; development
of, 234; EU leverage and, 111-12; hard
right backlash influence on, 185-86;
mechanisms affecting, 22; opening
up of, 97; in Poland, 104-10,122-23;
in Romania, 214-15; in Slovakia, 199-
202; social attitudes, legal rights and,
11-17; transformative consequences
from, 111-12
Organization of Associations of Homo-
sexual Citizens in Czechoslovakia
(SOHO), 97-104,115,124-29,190,
278n69 279074, 279^1
Orthodox Church, Romania, 204-9, 212
Ostolski, Adam, 69-70
Otherness Initiative (Iniciativa Inakost’)
(OI), 196-97* 200
Owczarzak, Jill, 93
Palikot, Janusz, 156-60, 287n68, 287^1
Palko, Vladimir, 197
Pankowski, Rafal, 65, 27^142
parenting rights, 46,165,168
328 | INDEX
party competition: EU accession weaken-
ing, 62; surrounding LGBT rights, 161
Party for Freedom, 27
Party of Social Democracy of Romania
(PDSR), 204-8, 2920127
party systems: development of, 60-62,
74-75; reorganization of, 198
PDSR, See Party of Social Democracy of
Romania
pedophilia, 66,71,185
periodization, 26,34
Petrova, Tsveta, 17, 221
Pi§ta, Stanislaw, 154, 217
Pirn Fortuyn List, 27
pink lists, 190
PiS. See Law and Justice Party
Platform for Equality, Recognition, and
Diversity (PROUD), 164,167-68
Plenipotentiary for the Equal Status of
Men and Women, 73,147,225
PO. See Civic Platform party
Poland, 26-27, 49 242; activism in, com-
pared to Czech Republic, 16, 29-30,
60-64, 86,109-10, 227; anti-genderism
in, 225; Catholic Church of, 63-64,
108; EU accession of, 19, 65,138-39;
freedom in, 91; hard right of, 63-64;
homosexuality in late-communist, 90-
94; interwar state of, 69; LGBT groups
by primary orientation in, 169; LGBT
legal framework in, 54; organization of
activism in, 104-10,122-23; Poland A
compared to Poland B, 60-64; policy
gains of, 240; results of 2011 election
by party for, 161; social and political
change in, 1-2, 4; women’s movement
in, 223-26
policy change, 84-85,128,237-45; as
dependent variable, 33-34; after EU
accession, 54-56; in Slovakia, 190
policy gains, 7, 243; building organization
compared to, 237-43; of Hungary, 173;
as measurement of change, 222; of
Poland, 240; of Romania, 203, 207, 211;
of Slovakia, 197
policy gridlock, 222
Polish Constitution, 109
Polish hard right: analysis of, 71-74; elec-
toral mobilization of, 86; mobilization
of, 115-16; origins of, 60-64
Polish National AIDS Center, 107-8
Polish Womens Congress, 224,226
political culture, 23,31-32,48
political homophobia, 10-11,69-70
political opportunity structure (POS), 4
17; as closed, 206, 230; external lever-
age and, 23, 55; framing, mobilizing
structures and, 86-94; opening of,
20-21,104-5, 223
Politics Can Be Different party, 189
Pop-Eleches, Grigore, 207
populism, 62, 63,198-99
populist radical right political parties, 25,
27, 60, 75,183,204, 244,274^9
POS. See political opportunity structure
postaccession: accession, preaccession
and, 30,34; in Hungary, 182-89;in
Romania, 211-15; in Slovakia, 198-202;
womens movement beginning in, 225
postmaterialism, 23-24,26-27,48,160
pragmatism, as activist strategy, 103,168,
182
preaccession, 87; accession, postacces-
sion and, 30,34; in Hungary, 173-76;
in Romania, 204-7; in Slovakia, 189-93
Pride parades/marches, 89,120-21,132;
absence of, 97; attacks on, 26,65,183-
84,186,188, 235, 2891197; attendance
at, 149,181; banning of, 1-2,142,146;
battle surrounding, 73; comparisons
made through, 180; counterprotestors
at, 31, 70, 230; defending of, 144-55;
framing of, 148,150; hosting of, 15-16;
mobilization at, 150-51; movement-
building through, 120,144-45;
organizing of, 103,113; in Prague,
INDEX | 329
167; registered partnerships at, 153;
in Romania, 211, 215; in Slovakia, 195,
201; violence at, 141-42,146-47* See
also Budapest Pride March; EuroPride
festival; Warsaw Equality Parade
PRM. See Greater Romania Party
process tracing, 7,15, 85,143
Procházka, Ivo, 88, 89-90, 96-97,102,
278n54
professionalization, 126,153,170; dimen-
sions of, 173; lack of, 163; in Romania,
210, 213; of SMOs, 143,151
prospect theory, 18
PROUD. See Platform for Equality, Rec-
ognition, and Diversity
proximity: to EU accession, as variable,
46, 47, 54
PSNS. See Real Slovak National party
public scandal, 205
public sociability, 102-3, 114, 124
PUNR. See Romanian National Unity
Party
Putin, Vladimir, 16, 228
QLR See Queer Leaders Forum
Quad Coalition, 75
queer activism, 114
Queer Leaders Forum (QLF), 200-201
racism, 65,142
Rada, Michal, 96
radicalism, 124
Radio Maryja, 64-65,76-77,119, 217,
270028, 27in42, 28m2
Rainbow Arch structure, 217-18, 294m
Rainbow Association for Gay Rights
(Szivárnány Társulás a Melegek
Jogaiért), 174-76,186
Rainbow Index for legal rights, 11, 43, 44,
45-47
Rainbow Mission Foundation, 179
Rakús, Alojz, 195
Real Slovak National party (PSNS), 194
registered partnerships, 2,114,117,155-56,
158-59, 264035, 279n9i, 288n9o; cam-
paign for, 103,133-38,152-57» 164,197;
enacting of, 123-26,130-31,162, 230,
288n83; at Pride, 153; rally for, 29
Regulska, Joanna, 224
religion: education on, 72,145; national
identity and, 69-70; role of, in society,
49-50
religiosity, 28, 53-54,105; data on, 48; eco-
nomic development, communist lega-
cies and, 51; measures of, 50; secular-
rational compared to traditional values
of, 23-24
Renkin, Hadly, 182,186
repression, 49, 86, 228-29; active and
passive, 141; potential for, 143, 244;
propensity for, 20; scope of, 30, 288073
resonance, 5; EU norms and, 208; of
frames, 58,130,198; of framing con-
tests, 25,141, 235, 2850103; solidarity,
allies and, 22; visibility, credibility and,
141
resource mobilization theory, 22, 238
retrenchment: of abortion policy, 225-26;
of LGBT rights, 203, 238
Reynolds, Andrew, 16, 242
Roma Alliance Party (MCF), 236
Roma movement, 180,186, 227, 231-38,
295060, 296077, 297087
Romania, 5,14, 30,172, 202-15; activism
in, 203-4; antidiscrimination frame-
work of, 40; antidiscrimination policy
of, 209; criminalization of homosexu-
ality in, 1, 27; during EU accession,
207-11; EU accession of, 203, 26306;
homophobia in, 208; legacies of com-
munism in, 202-3; LGBT groups, by
primary orientation, 214; movement-
building in, 197, 207; organization of
activism in, 214-15; postaccession in,
211-15; preaccession in, 204-7; Pride
parades/marches in, 211, 215
330 I INDEX
Romanian hard right, 204, 207
Romanian National Unity Party (PUNR),
204, 2920127
Russia, 43, 227-30, 295050
Rychetsky, Pavel, 138
Rydzyk, Tadeusz, 64-65, 217, 28in2
salience: counterframing and, 77-82; of
frames, 58-59; from framing contests,
77-78; homosexuality rise in, 80-82,
185,2750109
same-sex marriage, 7,10,167,243; as goal,
188,201; legalization of, 54, 238-39;
ruling on, 174
same-sex partnerships, 46, 66, 237-38;
adoption and, 38; enactment of, 9;
expansion of, 37-38; legalizing of, 89,
284097
same-sex unions: legalization of, 2;
prohibiting of, 142
schism: preventing of, 112; within social
movements, 124,162
schools: ethnic separation in, 272055;
homosexuality in, 8, 68,147,194
SDK. See Slovak Democratic Coalition
SDL. See Social Democratic party, Slo-
vakia
secret police, 49,90, 202
Section 28, 7-8, 218
Seidl, Jan, 101-3,128, 283065
Self-Defense party (SO), 64,27on28
self-expression, 23-24
self-help, 4,11, 88; as activism, 104,106; in
Hungary, 175; as orientation of activist
groups, 22, 88-90
Serbia, 229
Sessions, Jeff, 244
sexology, 87-88
sexual citizenship, 7-8,33, 218; Prides and,
144-45; transnational pressures, legal
rights and, 32
sexual minorities, 115,209, 218-19; EU
and, 38,112; individual attitudes to-
wards, 6; legal frameworks for, 46-47;
policy change benefiting, 190; policy
protections for, 43; rights for, 11; termi-
nology of, 9-10; visibility and, 232
Sielatycki, Miroslaw, 68,297095
Sikkink, Kathryn, 19-20, 220
Sladek, Miroslav, 75
Slavkovska, Eva, 194
SLD. See Democratic Left Alliance
Slovak Democratic Coalition (SDK), 193
Slovak hard right, 191,193
Slovakia, 5, 24, 26-27,172; activist
groups in, 191; antidiscrimination
policy in, 197; during EU accession,
*93-98; EU accession of, 192; LGBT
groups by primary orientation in,
202; organization of activism in,
199-202; postaccession in, 198-202;
preaccession in, 189-93; Pride pa-
rades/marches in, 195, 201; proximity
of Czech Republic and, 190; societal
closure and, 31
Slovak National Party (SNS), 191-94,
198-99,2920115
Slovenian Democratic Party, 76
Smallholders party, Hungary (FKGP), 176,
289024
Smer party, 198-99, 2920115
Smolensk airline disaster, 156,158
SMOs. See social movement organizations
SNS. See Slovak National Party
SO. See Self-Defense party
social attitudes: LGBT rights compared
against, 14; organization of activism,
legal rights and, 11-17
social change: in Poland, 1-2, 4; possibility
for, 3,7
Social Democratic party, Slovakia (SDL),
198
Social Discrimination: Lesbians, Gay Men
and Bisexuals in the CR, 125,127-28
social learning, 18,19; diffusion theorized
through, 41; external incentives and,
INDEX I 331
44, 2681149; LGBT rights adoption
driven by, 43-44; norm fit and, 157
social movement communities, 12, 85, 86,
94, 229
social movement organizations (SMOs),
4,12,19, 86, 89; absence of, 23; connec-
tions of, 139; as professionalized, 143,
151; recognition of, 94,104» no
social movements, 222; as boosted by
backlash, 83, 228; comparison of, 126;
in Czech Republic, 2; defining success
for, 31, 237-43; deinstitutionalization
of, 123,127-29; in Hungary, 172-73;
literature on, 221; rights reinforced by,
238; schism within, 124,162; similarity
between, during collapse of commu-
nism, 233; as vulnerable, 168-70
social movement theory, 12,17, 20-21,32,
89
societal openness, 23, 25, 53, 98,168
society: image of homosexuality in, 106;
religion role in, 49-50
Socio-Therapeutic Club (Prague), 88, 90,
95-97,101, 276ni7, 2771220
SOHO. See Organization of Associations
of Homosexual Citizens in Czecho-
slovakia
SOHO revue, 98-104,129,191, 27609
Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (Demo-
cratic Left Alliance) (SLD), 117,123,
150,158-59
Sokolová, Véra, 114,124-25,135, 278068,
283054
solidarity: among activists, 4; demonstra-
tion of, 15,148,153; resonance, allies
and, 22; visibility, allies and, 58,145,
228
Solidarity movement, 61-63,148, 223
Soros, George, 232
SPR-RSfi. See Association for the
Republic-Republican Party of Czecho-
slovakia
Squarcialupi Report, 36
Stabilization and Accession Process, 43
Stehlikovà, Dzamila, 166
Stonewall Riot, 8-9,148
Stronnictwo Narodowo-Demokratyczne
(National Democratic Party), 69
Structural Funds, 40
Stychin, Carl, 211
success: regarding same-sex partnerships,
237-38; social movements defini-
tion of, 31, 237-43. See also electoral
mobilization
Swiebel, Joke, 37
SZDSZ. See Alliance of Free Democrats-
Hungarian Liberals Party
Szety, Gabor, 188
Szivâmâny Tarsulàs a Meiegek Jogaiért
(Rainbow Association for Gay Rights),
174-76
Szyszkowska, Maria, 123,152
Tarrow, Sidney, 17, 221, 222
Thatcher, Margaret, 7-8
Thatcherism, 76
therapy framing, of homosexuality, 21-22,
85-86,102
Toilner, Pavel, 136
Tomczak, Jacek, 71
TR. See Your Movement
Trans-Fuzja group, 144
transnational activism, 190,193, 206, 222
transnational advocacy networks, 5-6,34,
35,138-39, 212, 214; development of, 37;
financial support from, 41-42; funding
for, 230; limits of, 227-30
transnationalization, 222
transnational norm diffusion, 3, 6, 9,
156-57» 220
transnational norms, 6-8, 215
transnational pressures: activism boosted
by, 23; associated with EU accession,
218; influence of, 45; interaction of,
and domestic politics, 12,17, 26-27;
legal rights, sexual citizenship and, 32
332 I INDEX
Treaty of Amsterdam, 18,36
Trump, Donald, 243-44
Tudor, Vadim, 204
Tusk, Donald, 161-62
Twöj Ruch. See Your Movement
Ujazdowski, Kazimierz Michal, 72
Vachudova, Milada, 39
Velvet Revolution, 88, 90, 95-96, 97,
278n58
violence, 105, 265n46, 296n63; as antigay,
26, 228; in Hungary, 183-84; at Pride,
141-42,146-47; towards Roma move-
ment, 234; against sexual minorities,
11; threat of, 146
visibility, 74; backlash producing, 56, 227;
credibility, resonance and, 141; goal of,
130; of homosexuality in Czech Re-
public, 82; of homosexuality in media,
77,114; importance of, 220; increasing
of, 4,197-98; lack of, 209; of LGBT
issues, 112,120-21; as resource, 31, 230-
37; solidarity, allies and, 58,145,228
Vone, Gabor, 178
Walicki, Andrzej, 69
Warsaw Equality Parade, 29,142,149,150,
182,264n32, 272n43
Weeks, Jeffrey, 7-8, 218
Weiss, Michelle, 11
Wierzejski, Wojciech, 66-67, 70,147
Wilders, Geert, 27
Wittenberg, Jason, 183
W6jcik, Julita, 217
women's movement, 16, 223-26
The Working Group for Sexual Minori-
ties, 166-67
World Values Survey (WVS), 11-12,
47-48
World War II, 156, 29on54
WVS. See World Values Survey
xenophobia, 64,142
Your Movement (Tw6j Ruch) (TR),
156-59, 240-41, 287n7i; exit polling of
voters for, in 2011 Polish election, 160;
voter support for, 160-61
Youth Movement against Drug Addiction
(MONAR), 108-9 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | O'Dwyer, Conor 1972- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1146916736 |
| author_facet | O'Dwyer, Conor 1972- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | O'Dwyer, Conor 1972- |
| author_variant | c o co |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045229024 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HQ76 |
| callnumber-raw | HQ76.5 |
| callnumber-search | HQ76.5 |
| callnumber-sort | HQ 276.5 |
| callnumber-subject | HQ - Family, Marriage, Women |
| classification_rvk | MS 3165 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1059571916 (DE-599)BVBBV045229024 |
| dewey-full | 306.76/60947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 306 - Culture and institutions |
| dewey-raw | 306.76/60947 |
| dewey-search | 306.76/60947 |
| dewey-sort | 3306.76 560947 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| era | Geschichte 1980- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1980- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostmitteleuropa Rumänien |
| id | DE-604.BV045229024 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-01T00:30:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781479876631 9781479851485 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017060993 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030617456 |
| oclc_num | 1059571916 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xiii, 333 Seiten Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | New York University |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | O'Dwyer, Conor 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1146916736 aut Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe Conor O'Dwyer New York New York University [2018] © 2018 xiii, 333 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1980- gnd rswk-swf Gay liberation movement Europe, Eastern Sexual minorities Political activity Europe, Eastern Homosexuality Europe, Eastern Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd rswk-swf LGBT (DE-588)7705503-2 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 gnd rswk-swf Ostmitteleuropa (DE-588)4075753-5 g Rumänien (DE-588)4050939-4 g LGBT (DE-588)7705503-2 s Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 s Geschichte 1980- z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-4798-7782-9 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030617456&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030617456&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030617456&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | O'Dwyer, Conor 1972- Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe Gay liberation movement Europe, Eastern Sexual minorities Political activity Europe, Eastern Homosexuality Europe, Eastern Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd LGBT (DE-588)7705503-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055707-8 (DE-588)7705503-2 (DE-588)4075753-5 (DE-588)4050939-4 |
| title | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe |
| title_auth | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe |
| title_exact_search | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe |
| title_full | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe Conor O'Dwyer |
| title_fullStr | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe Conor O'Dwyer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Coming out of communism the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe Conor O'Dwyer |
| title_short | Coming out of communism |
| title_sort | coming out of communism the emergence of lgbt activism in eastern europe |
| title_sub | the emergence of LGBT activism in Eastern Europe |
| topic | Gay liberation movement Europe, Eastern Sexual minorities Political activity Europe, Eastern Homosexuality Europe, Eastern Soziale Bewegung (DE-588)4055707-8 gnd LGBT (DE-588)7705503-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Gay liberation movement Europe, Eastern Sexual minorities Political activity Europe, Eastern Homosexuality Europe, Eastern Soziale Bewegung LGBT Ostmitteleuropa Rumänien |
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