Introduction to geographic information systems:
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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New York, NY
McGraw-Hill Education
[2019]
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| Ausgabe: | Ninth edition, international student edition |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xv, 444 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781260092585 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Chang, Kang-tsung |d 1943- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1016262434 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to geographic information systems |c Kang-tsung Chang, University of Idaho |
| 250 | |a Ninth edition, international student edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b McGraw-Hill Education |c [2019] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2019 | |
| 300 | |a xv, 444 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804178952525185024 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xiv
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 GIS 2
1.1.1 Components of a GIS 3
1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 3
1.1.3 GIS Software Products 4
Box LI A List of Commercial and Free and Open
Source GIS Packages 5
BoxUArcGIS 5
1.2 Elements of GIS 6
1.2.1 Geospatial Data 6
1.2.2 Data Acquisition 8
1.2.3 Attribute Data Management 8
1.2.4 Data Display 8
1.2.5 Data Exploration 9
1.2.6 Data Analysis 9
1.3 Applications of GIS 10
Box 1.3 A List of GIS Applications 11
Box 1.4 Precision Farming 12
Box 1.5 Location-Based Services and Social
Networking 12
1.4 Integration of GIS, Web 2.0, and Mobile
Technology 12
1.4.1 Web Mapping 13
1.4.2 Mashup Mapping 13
1.4.3 Collaborative Web Mapping 13
1.4.4 Volunteered Geographic Information 14
1.4.5 Geosocial Data Exploration 14
1.5 Organization of This Book 14
1.6 Concepts and Practice 15
Key Concepts and Terms 15
Review Questions 16
Applications: Introduction 17
Task 1 Introduction to ArcCatalog 17
Task 2 Introduction to ArcMap 18
Challenge Task 20
References 20
CHAPTER 2
Coordinate Systems 22
2.1 Geographic Coordinate System 23
2.1.1 Approximation of the Earth 24
2.1.2 Datum 25
2.1.3 NAD27 and NAD83 25
Box 2.1 Datum Accuracy 26
2.1.4 WGS84 27
2.2 Map Projections 27
Box 2.2 How to Measure Distances on the
Earths Surface 27
2.2.1 Types of Map Projections 28
2.2.2 Map Projection Parameters 29
2.3 Commonly Used Map Projections 31
2.3.1 Transverse Mercator 31
2.3.2 Lambert Conformal Conic 32
2.3.3 Albers Equal-Area Conic 32
iv
Contents
v
2.3.4 Equidistant Conic 33
2.3.5 Web Mercator 33
2.4 Projected Coordinate Systems 33
Box 2,3 Map Scale 33
2.4.1 The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid
System 34
2.4.2 The Universal Polar Stereographic Grid
System 35
2.4.3 The State Plane Coordinate System 35
2.4.4 The Public Land Survey System 36
2.5 Options for Coordinate Systems in GIS 37
2.5.1 Projection File 37
2.5.2 Predefined Coordinate Systems 37
Box 2.4 A Projection File Example 38
2.5.3 On-the-Fly Projection 38
Box 2.5 GIS Tools for Working With
Coordinate Systems 39
Key Concepts and Terms 39
Review Questions 41
Applications: Coordinate Systems 41
Task 1 Project from a Geographic to a Projected
Coordinate System 42
Task 2 Import a Coordinate System 43
Task 3 Project Using a Predefined
Coordinate System 43
Task 4 Reproject a Coordinate System 44
Task 5 Reproject a Raster 44
Challenge Task 45
References 45
CHAPTER 3
Vector Data Model 46
3.1 Representation of Spatial Features 47
Box 3.1 Specifications of Spatial Features by
Google, OpenStreetMap, and GeoJSON 48
3.2 Topology 49
3.2.1 TIGER 49
Box 3.2 Adjacency and Incidence 50
3.2.2 Importance of Topology 51
3.3 Georelational Data Model 52
3.3.1 The Coverage 52
3.3.2 Coverage Data Structure 52
3.3.3 The Shapefile 54
3.4 Object-Based Data Model 55
3.4.1 Classes and Class Relationships 55
3.4.2 Interface 56
3.4.3 The Geodatabase 56
Box 3.3 A rcObjects and A rcGIS 51
Box 3.4 Topology or No Topology 58
3.4.4 Topology Rules 58
3.4.5 Advantages of the Geodatabase 59
Box 3.5 NHDinGEO 59
3.5 Representation of Composite Features 60
3.5.1 TINs 60
3.5.2 Regions 61
3.5.3 Routes 63
Key Concepts and Terms 64
Review Questions 65
Applications: Vector Data Model 66
Task 1 Examine the Data File Structure of Coverage
and Shapefile 66
Task 2 Create File Geodatabase, Feature Dataset,
and Feature Class 67
Task 3 Convert a Shapefile to a Personal
Geodatabase Feature Class 68
Task 4 Examine Polylines with Measures 68
Task 5 View Regions and Routes 69
Task 6 View TIN 69
Challenge Task 69
References 70
CHAPTER 4
Raster Data Model 71
4.1 Elements of the Raster Data Model 72
4.1.1 Cell Value 73
4.1.2 Cell Size 73
4.1.3 Cell Depth 73
4.1.4 Raster Bands 73
4.1.5 Spatial Reference 73
Box 4.1 Data Volumes of High Resolution
(SPOT 5) and Very High Resolution (1KONOS)
Satellite Images 74
4.2 Satellite Images 75
4.2.1 Landsat 75
4.2.2 SPOT 76
4.2.3 Digital Globe 77
4.2.4 Sentinel 77
4.2.5 Terra Satellite 77
4.3 Digital Elevation Models 77
Box 4.2 An Example of a Digital Elevation
Model 77
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Contents
4.3.1 Optical Sensors 78
4.3.2 InSAR 78
4.3.3 LiDAR 78
4.4 Other Types of Raster Data 79
4.4.1 Digital Orthophotos 79
4.4.2 Land Cover Data 80
4.4.3 Bi-Level Scanned Files 80
4.4.4 Digital Raster Graphics 80
4.4.5 Graphic Files 80
4.4.6 GIS Software-Specific Raster Data 80
4.5 Raster Data Structure 81
4.5.1 Cell-by-Cell Encoding 81
4.5.2 Run-Length Encoding 82
4.5.3 Quadtree 82
4.5.4 Header File 83
Box 4.3 A Header File Example 84
4.6 Raster Data Compression 84
Box 4.4 A Simple Wavelet Example: The Haar
Wavelet 85
4.7 Data Conversion and Integration 86
4.7.1 Rasterization 86
4.7.2 Vectorization 86
4.7.3 Integration of Raster and Vector Data 87
Box 4.5 Digital Earth 87
Key Concepts and Terms 88
Review Questions 88
Applications: Raster Data Model 89
Task 1 View and Import DEM Data 89
Task 2 View a Satellite Image 90
Task 3 View a Land Cover Image 90
Task 4 Convert Vector Data to Raster Data 90
Challenge Task 91
References 91
CHAPTER 5
GIS Data Acquisition 93
5.1 Existing GIS Data 94
5.1.1 Spatial Data Infrastructure, Clearinghouse, and
Geoportal 94
5.1.2 U.S. Geological Survey 94
Box 5.1 Data Formats for USGS Products 95
5.1.3 National Aeronautics and Space
Administration 96
5.1.4 U.S. Census Bureau 97
5.1.5 Natural Resources Conservation Service 97
5.1.6 Examples of Statewide, Metropolitan, and
County-Level Data 97
5.1.7 GIS Data from Other Sources 98
Box 5.2 LiDAR Data Sources 98
5.2 Metadata 99
5.3 Conversion of Existing Data 99
5.3.1 Direct Translation 99
5.3.2 Neutral Format 100
5.4 Creation of New Data 100
5.4.1 Remotely Sensed Data 101
5.4.2 Survey Data 101
5.4.3 GPS Data 102
Box 5.3 An Example of GPS Data 103
Box 5.4 GPS Tracker 104
Box 5.5 GPS and OpenStreetMap 104
Box 5.6 Positional Accuracy of GPS Units and GPS-
Enabled Mobile Phones 105
5.4.4 Text Files with x- ^-Coordinates 106
5.4.5 Digitizing Using a Digitizing Table 106
5.4.6 Scanning 107
5.4.7 On-Screen Digitizing 110
5.4.8 Importance of Source Maps 110
Key Concepts and Terms 111
Review Questions 112
Applications: GIS Data Acquisition 112
Task 1 Download USGS DEM 113
Task 2 Digitize On-Screen 113
Task 3 Add XY Data 114
Task 4 Download KML File and Display It in
Google Earth 115
Challenge Task 115
References 115
CHAPTER 6
Geometric Transformation 117
6.1 Geometric Transformation 118
6.1.1 Map-to-Map and Image-to-Map
Transformation 118
6.1.2 Transformation Methods 118
6.1.3 Affine Transformation 119
6.1.4 Control Points 120
Box 6.1 Estimation of Transformation
Coefficients 121
Box 6.2 Output from an Affine
Transformation 122
Contents
vii
6.2 Root Mean Square (RMS) Error 122
Box 6.3 RMS from an Affine Transformation 123
6.3 Interpretation of RMS Errors on Digitized
Maps 121
6.4 Resampling of Pixel Values 125
6.4.1 Resampling Methods 125
Box 6.4 Computation for Bilinear
Interpolation 126
6.4.2 Other Uses of Resampling 126
Box 6.5 Pyramiding in Image Processing 127
Key Concepts and Terms 127
Review Questions 127
Applications: Geometric Transformation 128
Task 1 Georeference and Rectify a Scanned
Map 128
Task 2 Vectorize Raster Lines 129
Task 3 Perform Image-to-Map Transformation 130
Challenge Task 132
References 132
CHAPTER 7
Spatial Data Accuracy
and Quality 133
1.1 Location Errors 134
7.1.1 Location Errors Using Secondary Data
Sources 134
1.1.2 Causes of Digitizing Errors 134
7.1.3 Location Errors Using Primary Data
Sources 135
12 Spatial Data Accuracy Standards 135
7.3 Topological Errors 136
Box 7.1 National Standard for Spatial Data
Accuracy Statistic 136
7.3.1 Topological Errors with Spatial Features 137
7.3.2 Topological Errors between Layers 138
7.4 Topological Editing 139
7.4.1 Cluster Tolerance 139
Box 7.2 Topological Editing in GIS 139
7.4.2 Editing Using Map Topology 140
7.4.3 Editing Using Topology Rules 140
7.5 Nontopological Editing 140
7.5.1 Editing Existing Features 140
IS.2 Creating Features from Existing Features 141
1.6 Other Editing Operations 142
7.6.1 Edgematching 142
1.62 Line Generalization and Smoothing 142
Key Concepts and Terms 144
Review Questions 144
Applications: Spatial Data Accuracy and Quality 145
Task 1 Edit a Shapefile 145
Task 2 Use Cluster Tolerance to Fix Digitizing
Errors Between Two Shapefiles 146
Task 3 Use Topology Rule to Fix Dangles 147
Task 4 Use Topology Rule to Ensure Two Polygon
Layers Covering Each Other 149
Challenge Task 150
References 150
CHAPTER 8
Attribute Data Management 151
8.1 Attribute Data in GIS 153
8.1.1 Types of Attribute Tables 153
8.1.2 Database Management 153
8.1.3 Types of Attribute Data 154
Box 8.1 Selection of Numeric Data Type 154
Box 8.2 What Is BLOB? 154
8.2 The Relational Model 155
8.2.1 SSURGO: A Relational Database
Example 157
8.2.2 Normalization 157
8.2.3 Types of Relationships 160
8.3 Joins, Relates, and Relationship Classes 162
8.3.1 Joins 162
8.3.2 Relates 162
8.3.3 Relationship Classes 162
8.4 Spatial Join 162
8.5 Attribute Data Entry 163
8.5.1 Field Definition 163
8.5.2 Methods of Data Entry 163
8.5.3 Attribute Data Verification 164
8.6 Manipulation of Fields and Attribute Data 164
8.6.1 Adding and Deleting Fields 164
8.6.2 Classification of Attribute Data 164
8.6.3 Computation of Attribute Data 165
Key Concepts and Terms 165
Review Questions 166
Applications: Attribute Data Management 166
Task 1 Use Validation Rule for Entering Attribute
Data 167
Task 2 Join Tables 168
viii
Contents
Task 3 Relate Tables 168
Task 4 Create New Attribute by Data
Classification 168
Task 5 Use Advanced Method for Attribute Data
Classification 169
Task 6 Create New Attribute by Data
Computation 170
Task 7 Create Relationship Class 170
Challenge Task 171
References 171
CHAPTER 9
Data Display and Cartography 112
9.1 Cartographic Representation 174
9.1.1 Spatial Features and Map Symbols 174
9.1.2 Use of Color 175
Box 9.1 Choice of Map Symbols in Google My
Maps 175
9.1.3 Data Classification 176
9.1.4 Generalization 177
9.2 Types of Quantitative Maps 178
Box 9.2 Locating Dots on a Dot Map 180
Box 9.3 Mapping Derived and Absolute
Values 180
9.3 Typography 181
9.3.1 Type Variations 181
9.3.2 Selection of Type Variations 182
9.3.3 Placement of Text in the Map Body 183
Box 9.4 Options for Dynamic Labeling 184
9.4 Map Design 186
9.4.1 Layout 186
Box 9.5 Better Mapping Campaign 187
9.4.2 Visual Hierarchy 189
9.5 Animated Maps 190
9.6 Map Production 191
Box 9.6 Working with Soft-Copy Maps 192
Box 9.7 A Web Tool for Making
Color Maps 193
Key Concepts and Terms 193
Review Questions 194
Applications: Data Display and Cartography 195
Task 1 Make a Choropleth Map 195
Task 2 Use Graduated Symbols, Line Symbols,
Highway Shield Symbols, and Text
Symbols 198
Task 3 Label Streams 200
Challenge Task 201
References 202
CHAPTER 10
Data Exploration 204
10.1 Data Exploration 205
Box 10.1 Data Visualization and Visual
Analytics 205
10.1.1 Descriptive Statistics 206
Box 10.2 Descriptive Statistics 206
10.1.2 Graphs 207
10.1.3 Dynamic Graphs 210
10.2 Map-Based Data Manipulation 210
10.2.1 Data Classification 210
Box 10.3 Geovisualization and Geovisual
Analytics 211
10.2.2 Spatial Aggregation 211
10.2.3 Map Comparison 212
10.3 Attribute Data Query 213
10.3.1 SQL (Structured Query Language) 213
Box 10.4 SQL for Attribute Data Query 213
10.3.2 Query Expressions 214
10.3.3 Type of Operation 216
10.3.4 Examples of Query Operations 216
10.3.5 Relational Database Query 217
10.4 Spatial Data Query 217
10.4.1 Feature Selection by Graphic 218
10.4.2 Feature Selection by Spatial
Relationship 219
Box 10.5 Spatial Query and Spatial Join Tools in
ArcGIS 219
10.4.3 Combining Attribute and Spatial Data
Queries 220
10.5 Raster Data Query 220
10.5.1 Query by Cell Value 220
10.5.2 Query by Select Features 221
Key Concepts and Terms 221
Review Questions 222
Applications: Data Exploration 222
Task 1 Select Features by Location 223
Task 2 Make Dynamic Chart 223
Task 3 Query Attribute Data from a Joint Table 224
Task 4 Query Attribute Data from a Relational
Database 224
Contents
ix
Task 5 Combine Spatial and Attribute Data
Queries 225
Task 6 Perform Spatial Join 226
Task 7 Query Raster Data 221
Challenge Task 221
References 228
CHAPTER 1 1
Vector Data Analysis
11.1 Buffering 230
11.1.1 Variations in Buffering 230
Box 11.1 Riparian Buffer Width 231
11.1.2 Applications of Buffering 232
Box 11.2 Buffer Zones for Analysis of Food
Deserts 233
Box 11.3 Buffer Zones as indicators of Positional
Accuracy 233
11.2 Overlay 233
11.2.1 Feature Type and Overlay 234
11.2.2 Overlay Methods 234
Box 11.4 Difference between Overlay and Spatial
Join 235
11.2.3 Overlay and Data Format 236
11.2.4 Slivers 236
11.2.5 Error Propagation in Overlay 237
Box 11.5 Error Propagation Models 238
11.2.6 Applications of Overlay 238
11.3 Distance Measurement 239
11.4 Pattern Analysis 239
Box 11.6 Distance Measures for Assessing
Positional Accuracy 240
11.4.1 Analysis of Random and Nonrandom
Patterns 240
11.4.2 Moran’s I for Measuring Spatial
Autocorrelation 242
11.4.3 G-Statistic for Measuring High/Low
Clustering 244
Box 11.7 Detection of Drug Hotspots 245
11.4.4 Applications of Pattern Analysis 245
11.5 Feature Manipulation 245
Key Concepts and Terms 241
Review Questions 249
Applications: Vector Data Analysis 249
Task 1 Perform Buffering and Overlay 249
Task 2 Overlay Multicomponent Polygons 251
Task 3 Perform Areal Interpolation 251
Task 4 Compute General and Local G-Statistics 252
Task 5 Perform Select and Clip 253
Task 6 Perform Dissolve 253
Challenge Task 254
References 255
CHAPTER 1 2
258
12. i Data Analysis Environment 259
12.2 Local Operations 259
12.2.1 Local Operations with a Single Raster 259
Box 12.1 How to Make an Analysis Mask 259
12.2.2 Reclassification 260
12.2.3 Local Operations with Multiple Rasters 260
12.2.4 Applications of Local Operations 261
Box 12.2 A Case Study of RUSLE 262
12.3 Neighborhood Operations 263
12.3.1 Neighborhood Statistics 263
12.3.2 Applications of Neighborhood
Operations 263
Box 12.3 More Examples of Neighborhood
Operations 265
12.4 Zonal Operations 265
12.4.1 Zonal Statistics 265
12.4.2 Applications of Zonal Operations 266
Box 12.4 An Application of Zonal Operations 261
12.5 Physical Distance Measure Operations 261
12.5.1 Allocation and Direction 268
12.5.2 Applications of Physical Distance Measure
Operations 268
Box 12.5 Limitations of Physical Distance
Measures 269
12.6 Other Raster Data Operations 269
12.6.1 Raster Data Management 269
12.6.2 Raster Data Extraction 270
12.6.3 Raster Data Generalization 270
12.7 Map Algebra 271
12.8 Comparison of Vector- and Raster-Based Data
Analysis 271
12.8.1 Overlay 272
12.8.2 Buffering 212
Box 12.6 A Case for Raster-Based Overlay 212
Key Concepts and Terms 273
Review Questions 273
229 Raster Data Analysis
X
Contents
Applications: Raster Data Analysis 274
Task 1 Perform a Local Operation 274
Task 2 Perform a Combine Operation 275
Task 3 Perform a Neighborhood Operation 275
Task 4 Perform a Zonal Operation 275
Task 5 Measure Physical Distances 275
Task 6 Perform Extract by Attributes and by
Mask 276
Task 7 Run Map Algebra 276
Challenge Task 277
References 277
CHAPTER 1 3
Terrain Mapping and Analysis 279
13.1 Data for Terrain Mapping and Analysis 280
13.1.1 DEM 280
13.1.2 TIN 280
13.2 Terrain Mapping 281
13.2.1 Contouring 281
13.2.2 Vertical Profiling 282
13.2.3 Hill Shading 283
Box 13.1 The Pseudoscopic Effect 284
13.2.4 Hypsometric Tinting 284
Box 13.2 A Worked Example of Computing
Relative Radiance 284
13.2.5 Perspective View 285
13.3 Slope and Aspect 287
Box 13.3 Methods of Slope Measurement in the
Field 288
13.3.1 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
Using Raster 288
Box 13.4 Conversion of D to Aspect 289
13.3.2 Computing Algorithms for Slope and Aspect
Using TIN 290
Box 13.5 A Worked Example of Computing Slope
and Aspect Using Raster 290
Box 13.6 A Worked Example of Computing Slope
and Aspect Using TIN 291
13.3.3 Factors Influencing Slope and Aspect
Measures 291
13.4 Surface Curvature 293
Box 13.7 A Worked Example of Computing Surface
Curvature 293
13.5 Raster Versus TIN 294
Key Concepts and Terms 295
Review Questions 295
Applications: Terrain Mapping and Analysis 296
Task 1 Use DEM for Terrain Mapping 296
Task 2 Derive Slope, Aspect, and Curvature from
DEM 298
Task 3 Build and Display a TIN 299
Task 4 Convert LiDAR Data to Raster 300
Challenge Task 300
References 301
CHAPTER 14
VlEWSHED AND WATERSHED
Analysis 303
14.1 Viewshed Analysis 304
14.1.1 Line-of-Sight Operation 304
14.1.2 Raster-Based Viewshed Analysis 305
14.1.3 TIN-Based Viewshed Analysis 305
14.1.4 Cumulative Viewshed 305
14.1.5 Accuracy of Viewshed Analysis 306
Box 14.1 An Application Example of Cumulative
Viewshed 306
14.2 Parameters of Viewshed Analysis 307
Box 14.2 Tools for Selecting Viewpoints 307
14.3 Applications of Viewshed Analysis 309
Box 14.3 HydroSHEDS 310
14.4 Watershed Analysis 310
14.4.1 Filled DEM 310
Box 14.4 Watershed Boundary Dataset
(WBD) 311
14.4.2 Flow Direction 311
14.4.3 Flow Accumulation 312
14.4.4 Stream Network 312
14.4.5 Stream Links 312
14.4.6 Areawide Watersheds 313
14.4.7 Point-Based Watersheds 313
Box 14.5 Snapping Pour Points 314
14.5 Factors Influencing Watershed Analysis 315
14.5.1 DEM Resolution 315
14.5.2 Flow Direction 317
14.5.3 Flow Accumulation Threshold 317
14.6 Applications of Watershed Analysis 318
Key Concepts and Terms 319
Review Questions 319
Applications: Viewsheds and Watersheds 320
Task 1. Perform Viewshed Analysis 320
Contents
xj
Task 2 Create a New Lookout Shapefile for
Viewshed Analysis 321
Task 3 Delineate Areawide Watersheds 322
Task 4 Derive Upstream Contributing Areas at
Pour Points 323
Challenge Task 324
References 324
CHAPTER 1 5
Spatial Interpolation 327
15.1 Elements of Spatial interpolation 328
15.1.1 Control Points 328
15.1.2 Type of Spatial Interpolation 328
15.2 Global Methods 329
15.2.1 Trend Surface Models 329
Box 15.1A Worked Example of Trend Surface
Analysis 330
15.2.2 Regression Models 331
15.3 Local Methods 33J
15.3.1 Thiessen Polygons 332
15.3.2 Density Estimation 333
15.3.3 inverse Distance Weighted
interpolation 334
Box 15.2 A Worked Example of Kernel Density
Estimation 335
Box 15.3 A Worked Example of Inverse Distance
Weighted Estimation 336
15.3.4 Thin-Plate Splines 336
Box 15.4 Radial Basis Functions 337
Box 15.5 A Worked Example of Thin-Plate Splines
with Tension 338
15.4 Kriging 338
15.4.1 Semivariogram 338
15.4.2 Models 340
15.4.3 Ordinary Kriging 342
15.4.4 Universal Kriging 343
15.4.5 Other Kriging Methods 343
Box 15.6 A Worked Example of Ordinary Kriging
Estimation 344
15.5 Comparison of Spatial Interpolation
Methods 345
Box 15.7 A Worked Example of Universal Kriging
Estimation 346
Key Concepts and Terms 347
Review Questions 349
Applications: Spatial Interpolation 349
Task 1 Use Trend Surface Model for Interpolation 349
Task 2 Compute Kernel Density Estimation 351
Task 3 Use IDW for Interpolation 351
Task 4 Use Ordinary Kriging for Interpolation 352
Task 5 Use Universal Kriging for Interpolation 353
Challenge Task 353
References 354
CHAPTER 1 6
Geocoding and Dynamic
Segmentation 356
16.1 Geocoding 357
16.1.1 Geocoding Reference Database 357
Box 16.1 Geocoding Historical Addresses 358
Box 16.2 Positional Accuracy of Road Networks in
TIGER/Line Files 358
Box 16.3 Updating Street Networks Using Volun-
teered Geographic Information 359
16.1.2 The Address Matching Process 359
16.1.3 Address Matching Options 360
16.1.4 Offset Plotting Options 360
Box 16.4 Scoring System for
Geocoding 361
16.1.5 Quality of Geocoding 361
Box 16.5 Online Geocoding Services 362
16.2 Variations of Geocoding 363
16.3 Applications of Geocoding 363
16.3.1 Location-Based Services 363
16.3.2 Business Applications 363
16.3.3 Wireless Emergency Services 364
16.3.4 Crime Mapping and Analysis 364
16.3.5 Public Health 364
16.4 Dynamic Segmentation 364
16.4.1 Routes 364
Box 16.6 Route Feature Classes 365
16.4.2 Creating Routes 365
16.4.3 Events 367
16.4.4 Creating Event Tables 36 7
16.5 Applications of Dynamic Segmentation 368
16.5.1 Data Management 368
16.5.2 Data Display 369
16.5.3 Data Query 369
16.5.4 Data Analysis 369
Key Concepts and Terms 370
Xll
Contents
Review Questions 370
Applications: Geocoding and Dynamic
Segmentation 371
Task 1 Geocode Street Addresses 371
Task 2 Display and Query Routes and
Events 372
Task 3 Analyze Two Event Layers 373
Task 4 Create a Stream Route and Analyze Slope
Along the Route 374
Task 5 Locate Cities Along an Interstate Route 375
Task 6 Check the Quality of TIGER/Line
Files 375
Challenge Task 376
References 376
CHAPTER 1 7
Least-Cost Path Analysis and
Network Analysis 378
17.1 Least-Cost Path Analysis 379
17.1.1 Source Raster 3 79
17.1.2 Cost Raster 379
Box 17.1 Cost Raster for a Site Analysis of
Pipelines 379
17.1.3 Cost Distance Measures 380
17.1.4 Deriving the Least Accumulative Cost
Path 380
17.1.5 Options for Least-Cost Path
Analysis 382
Box 17.2 Derivation of the Least Accumulative Cost
Path 383
17.2 Applications of Least-Cost Path
Analysis 384
17.3 Network 384
17.3.1 Link and Link Impedance 384
17.3.2 Junction and Turn Impedance 384
17.3.3 Restrictions 385
17.4 Assembly of a Network 385
17.4.1 Gathering Linear Features 385
17.4.2 Editing and Building Network 385
Box 17.3 Routing Network for Disabled
People 385
Box 17.4 Network Dataset 386
17.4.3 Attributing the Network Features 386
17.5 Network Analysis 387
17.5.1 Shortest Path Analysis 387
Box 17.5 Accessibility Analysis in Food Desert
Studies 389
17.5.2 Traveling Salesman Problem 389
17.5.3 Vehicle Routing Problem 389
17.5.4 Closest Facility 389
17.5.5 Allocation 390
Box 17.6 Response Time to Fires 391
17.5.6 Location-Allocation 391
Key Concepts and Terms 393
Review Questions 394
Applications: Path Analysis and Network
Applications 394
Task 1 Compute the Least Accumulative Cost
Distance 394
Task 2 Compute the Path Distance 395
Task 3 Run Shortest Path Analysis 396
Task 4 Build a Geodatabase Network Dataset 397
Task 5 Find Closest Facility 398
Task 6 Find Service Area 399
Challenge Task 399
References 400
CHAPTER 18
GIS Models and Modeling 402
18.1 Basic Elements of GIS Modeling 403
18.1.1 Classification of GIS Models 403
18.1.2 The Modeling Process 404
18.1.3 The Role of GIS in Modeling 404
Box 18.1 GIS and Location Modeling 405
18.1.4 Integration of GIS and Other Modeling
Programs 405
18.2 Binary Models 405
18.2.1 Vector-Based Method 406
18.2.2 Raster-Based Method 406
18.2.3 Applications of Binary Models 407
Box 18.2 The Conservation Reserve Program 407
18.3 Index Models 408
18.3.1 The Weighted Linear Combination
Method 408
18.3.2 Other Index Methods 409
18.3.3 Applications of the Index Model 412
Box 18.3 The Land Evaluation and Site
Assessment System 412
Contents
xiii
18.4 Regression Models 413
18.4.1 Multiple Linear Regression Models 4}3
18.4.2 Regression Models with Spatial Data 414
18.4.3 Logistic Regression Models 415
18.5 Process Models 416
18.5.1 Revised Universal Soil Loss
Equation 416
18.5.2 Critical Rainfall Model 417
Key Concepts and Terms 418
Review Questions 418
Applications: GIS Models and Modeling 419
Task 1 Build a Vector-Based Binary Model 419
Task 2 Build a Raster-Based Binary Model 420
Task 3 Build a Vector-Based Index Model 421
Task 4 Build a Raster-Based Index Model 422
Challenge Task 423
References 423
index 427
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- |
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| callnumber-first | G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation |
| callnumber-label | G70 |
| callnumber-raw | G70.212 |
| callnumber-search | G70.212 |
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| callnumber-subject | G - General Geography |
| classification_rvk | ST 690 RB 10038 RB 10104 RB 10208 |
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| dewey-full | 910.285 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 910 - Geography and travel |
| dewey-raw | 910.285 |
| dewey-search | 910.285 |
| dewey-sort | 3910.285 |
| dewey-tens | 910 - Geography and travel |
| discipline | Informatik Geographie |
| edition | Ninth edition, international student edition |
| format | Book |
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| language | English |
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| physical | xv, 444 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
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| publisher | McGraw-Hill Education |
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| spelling | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1016262434 aut Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang, University of Idaho Ninth edition, international student edition New York, NY McGraw-Hill Education [2019] © 2019 xv, 444 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geographic information systems Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd rswk-swf Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd rswk-swf Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 s Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030616362&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Chang, Kang-tsung 1943- Introduction to geographic information systems Geographic information systems Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016796-3 (DE-588)4261642-6 |
| title | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_auth | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_full | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang, University of Idaho |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang, University of Idaho |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to geographic information systems Kang-tsung Chang, University of Idaho |
| title_short | Introduction to geographic information systems |
| title_sort | introduction to geographic information systems |
| topic | Geographic information systems Fernerkundung (DE-588)4016796-3 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geographic information systems Fernerkundung Geoinformationssystem |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030616362&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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