Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej: Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
2018
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Na stronie tytułowej i okładce znak graficzny Straży Granicznej. |
| Beschreibung: | 439 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten (teils farbig) 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788380984165 8380984161 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej |b Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |c Artur Ochał ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |c 2018 | |
| 300 | |a 439 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten (teils farbig) |c 30 cm | ||
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| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1924-1939 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1918-1939) / Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza | |
| 653 | 2 | |a Polska | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1901-2000 | |
| 653 | 4 | |a 1918-1939 | |
| 653 | 6 | |a Opracowanie | |
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1924-1939 |A z |
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| 710 | 2 | |a Instytut Pamięci Narodowej |b Glowna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |0 (DE-588)5521938-X |4 isb | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804178932973436928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Wprowadzenie............................................................ 7
Wykuwanie Granic II Rzeczypospolitej.................................. 11
Walki o Lwow i w Galicji Wschodniej................................. 14
Konflikt polsko-litewski............................................ 25
Wojna polsko-rosyjska (1919-1921)................................... 40
Ochrona granicy wschodniej 1919-1924 .................................. 58
Na wschodnich rubiezach................................................ 90
Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (1924-1939)............................... 93
Granica polsko-radziecka........................................114
Granica polsko-litewska........................................ 149
Granica polsko-totewska.........................................164
Na granicy polsko-rumunskiej................................... 174
Na granicy polsko-niemieckiej.................................. 184
Granica polsko-w^gierska....................................... 192
Sfuzby KOP.............................................................200
Kawaleria KOP...................................................203
Stuzba t^cznosci KOP............................................217
Saperzy KOP.....................................................236
Zandarmeria KOP.................................................250
Inne stuzby KOP.................................................268
Na co dzien i od swi^ta.........................................286
Na straznicy i w koszarach......................................289
Od swi^ta.......................................................344
Zotnierze KOP...................................................372
Wojenny czas...........................................................398
Wojenna pozoga..................................................401
Zotnierskie losy................................................423
Summary................................................................436
SUMMARY
The Border Protection Corps (Polish: Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza - KOP) was a special
military formation that protected and defended the Polish eastern frontier against attacks
from the Soviet diversionary troops and Lithuanian militia and combated smuggling from
Lithuania, Germany and Romania in the years 1924-1939.
Its establishment resulted from the complicated situation throughout the eastern bor-
derlands of the II Republic of Poland that despite the ratified Polish-Soviet Treaty of Riga
(18 March 1921) were severely affected by Soviet diversionary activities and common
banditry. Although the official borders were delineated and the relations established, the
Soviet Russia was far from abandoning its global expansion plans and pursued a policy of
destabilising the situation in Poland. Escalating the internal conflicts and stirring up an-
ti-Polish national minorities compromised the position of Poland in the international area.
The eastern frontier of Poland was exposed to continuous risk since it was both easy
to pass and extremely difficult to secure. Between March 1921 and April 1924 as many as
259 criminal attacks inspired by the Russians took place. The targets included Polish free-
holder settlements, manors, manses, transport facilities, police and military stations and
even the borderland towns. The people were robbed, deprived of their property and live-
stock. Rape and murders were common. The plunderers and diversionary groups withdrew
into the Soviet Union to get support and prepare for subsequent attacks. The impunity of
the Soviet diversion demonstrated the instability and helplessness of the eastern border-
lines administration. These campaigns coincided with the recognition of the Polish eastern
frontier by the Conference of Ambassadors in March 1923 and signing the protocol on its
final delineation in July 1924.
The Polish and Lithuanian borderlands faced similar disturbances. Unstable diplomatic
relations and lack of delineated borderline encouraged military incidents, inspired in most
cases by the Lithuanian authorities. Pro-Lithuanian Belarusian troops involved in the an-
ti-Polish guerrilla operated in the forest complexes of the Biafystok and Grodno Districts.
Their operations were primarily targeted at the Poles inhabiting the border areas, owners
of manor estates and large agricultural holdings. The authorities continued to lose con-
trol from week to week, especially as the very few police forces were sent to protect the
transport routes, bridges and railways. Despite the efforts taken to secure the borders by
the dislocation of additional police forces, the situation did not change and this called for
the use of military troops. Suppressing the Lithuanian borderlands was relatively easy, al-
lm
though the pacification of the Polish-Soviet frontier areas required more effort. In July and
August 1924, the scale and size of the events forced the state authorities to introduce im-
mediate modifications to the border protection system—i.e. to establish a special military
formation. A meeting of the Council of Ministers dedicated to safety issues in the eastern
borderlands was held on 21-22 August 1924 in Spata. During this meeting, on the request
of the Minister of Military Affairs, Major General Wtadystaw Sikorski, it was decided to
establish the Border Protection Corps as a centralised and independent military formation,
although commanded directly by the Ministry of the Interior.
The KOP was established by the Ministry of Military Affairs and consisted of professional
officers, non-commissioned officers and privates in national service. The order to form the
KOP in order to protect the frontiers with the Soviet Russia, Lithuania and Latvia was an-
nounced on 12 September 1924. Several days later, orders and instructions specifying the
organisational and headquarters structure, formation units and their duties was announced.
The new formation established to protect the political frontier of Poland acted as a per-
manent executive body of a military nature. During peacetime, the KOP was subordinated
to the Ministry of Interior, whereas when mobilised due to military threat the principles
of its operation were specified by the President. The process of creating the KOP units was
divided into three stages, during which the following were to be established: the forma-
tion command, five brigade headquarters, thirty six infantry battalions and thirty cavalry
squadrons. The first stage, commenced on 20 September, included the formation of the
following based on the military units: the KOP headquarters in Warsaw and three brigade
headquarters, ten infantry battalions and ten cavalry squadrons to protect the frontier
sections at the greatest risk. Upon the official handover of the KOP troops (since 20 Octo-
ber), they were sent to the frontier, where the soldiers began their service immediately. By
December 1924, the following units had been formed: 1. KOP Brigade in Zdotbunow com-
manded by Colonel Stanistaw Powroznicki and responsible for the Volyn protection: 2. KOP
Brigade in Baranowicze commanded by Colonel Jozef Olszyna-Wilczyhski, protecting the
frontier line within the Nowogrodek Voivodeship; 3. KOP Brigade in Wilejka, commanded
by Colonel Kazimierz Rumsza and protecting the border between Rakow locality (south)
and Polish-Soviet-Latvian tripoint (north). In 1925 some additional units subordinated
to the 1. KOP Brigade were established, which however led to major splits between the
ministries. These resulted from the poor organisational capacity of the army. Finally, it was
agreed to form two other brigades necessary to secure the border with the Soviet Union.
The initial work on establishing the structure and principles of operation of the KOP in-
telligence was commenced at the turn of 1924 and 1925. A draft structure for the KOP
intelligence was approved on 3 February 1925.
The second stage was launched in February 1 925 and comprised the formation of:
4. KOP Brigade in Czortkow commanded by Colonel Wtodzimierz Maxymowicz-Raczynski.
The brigade was ordered to secure the frontier in the Tarnopol Voivodeship; 5. KOP Brigade
in tachwa commanded by Colonel Stefan Wrzalinski and protecting the frontier in the Pole-
sie Voivodeship. Due to organisational and financial difficulties, both brigades were sent to
the border areas as late as in early April 1925. This enabled the manning and closing of the
frontier with the Soviet Union and in turn effective counteraction of diversionary activities
and common criminal activity. The third stage comprised of a reorganisation of the KOP
structure ordered by the Prime Minister Aleksander Skrzynski in 1926. Upon the relocation
of certain units towards north and formation of the new ones, the 6. KOP Brigade in Vilnius
commanded by Colonel Stefan Pastawski was created. This brigade protected the Polish
and Lithuanian border since 15 March 1926.
During peacetime, the formation protected the frontier and ensured safety in the bor-
derland, whereas during warfare it cooperated with the military troops and was involved in
the mobilisation and concentration of the army. The KOP performed the following duties:
securing border signs and equipment against wilful or incidental damage; securing the
State revenues for customs fees (tariff protection): preventing illegal entry by the foreign
authorities and bodies and by any non-authorised persons as well as carrying anti-Polish
materials: prosecution of hostile and anti-state activity as well as controlling the spread of
infectious disease.
The KOP also carried out charitable and social activities for the local communities (in-
cluding healthcare and education) aimed at strengthening the Polish statehood and boost-
ing the inhabitants affiliation to Poland. These activities enabled them to win the people
over and to support economic development, tackle poverty and activate the borderland
communities to enhance their quality of life. The staff of the KOP border posts spontane-
ously supported the locals in fighting against adverse weather and the effects of natural
disasters, among others fires and floods. The field kitchens gave food to rural children: the
doctors provided the sick with necessary medical assistance and care and the veterinarians
offered free livestock assistance. The KOP soldiers organised state and church holidays as
well as sports, educational and cultural events—i.e. amateur theatre performances and
touring cinema shows.
The structure of the formation was based on military principles (headquarters,
brigades, battalions and squadrons of cavalry). The KOP commander was the head of all
detachments of the formation and during peacetime was subordinated to the minister of
interior in terms of border protection and borderland safety. Headquarters and staff of the
KOP commander were divided into the following sections: general, operations and train-
ing and information. The headquarters also consisted of departments (offices since 1925)
for the following services: ordnance, communications, engineering, health, veterinary and
justice and commissariat headquarters. The KOP brigade commanders had the powers of
independent brigade commanders and were directly subordinated to the KOP commander.
In addition, the brigade headquarters comprised of staff and departments for commissar-
iat, ordnance and communications. In 1925, the veterinary, justice (liquidated in 1927)
and ministry departments were established. Due to significant differences in the lengths
of the protected frontier sections and related difficulties in effective command, in autumn
1927 demi-brigade headquarters were formed in two brigades (3. and 6.), followed by
appointing an instruction officer at the headquarters of the 5. KOP Brigade. The basic KOP
units were the battalions intended for direct frontier protection, which ensured borderland
and administrative safety on an independent basis. The commanders were responsible for
the entrusted frontier section, training soldiers and detachments as well as food supply and
materials management in the units. The battalion consisted of 3-4 border companies (their
number depended on the length of the frontier sections), a communications and machine
gun squad. The main effort lay with the border companies that were usually divided into
three platoons. The KOP units on the eastern border were grouped in three lines: the first
consisted of guardhouses and border posts along the frontier; the second included the
border company headquarters, border platoons and reserves. The third line consisted in
battalion reserves (machine gun platoons) and KOP cavalry squadrons.
The cavalry squadrons, established in the years 1924-1926, enhanced the pursuit
capacity of the KOP. These squadrons acted as reserve units cooperating with the battalions
in sealing off the escape routes of the diversionary groups and smugglers. Since July 1927,
the structure of a cavalry squadron comprised two platoons (4 sections in each). In 1926,
the Central KOP Infantry Professional NCO School in Ostrôg and Central KOP Professional
NCO School of Cavalry in Niewirkowo were established and the NCO schools were created
in the brigades. These were replaced by the KOP School Battalion in 1 928 and relocated
to Osowiec. The KOP Military Police Battalion formed in 1927 consisted in a variable
number of platoons (one in each brigade or regiment) and KOP Military Police posts (at
each battalion). In 1929, the KOP structure was reorganised: the demi-brigades and the
instruction officer at the 5. KOP Brigade were liquidated, followed by the establishment of
new brigades ( Wilno and ’Grodno ) and four regiment headquarters (‘Gtçbokie’, ‘Wilej-
■
ka , ‘Wotozyn’ and ‘Czortkôw’). The reserve battalions were extended by school companies
in the form of NCO schools in the individual brigades. In 1930, the headquarters of the
new KOP regiment ( Sarny’) was created and the KOP School Battalion was replaced by the
KOP s Central NCO School Osowiec .
1929 was a year of reorganising the intelligence along with the establishment of in-
formation departments in the headquarters and KOP intelligence outposts located in the
borderlands. These were subordinated to the two eastern military branches of the Division
II of the Border Guard Service—i.e. No. 1 in Vilnius and No. 5 in Lwow. In 1932, the In-
dependent Intelligence Department was replaced with the Border Guard Service Division
as the central KOP intelligence outpost. In 1933 it was transformed into the KOP Intelli-
gence Headquarters directly subordinated to the commander of the formation and the
KOP structure was extended with two eastern military branches of Division II of the Border
Guard Service. In these years, the KOP intelligence was involved in so-called superficial
intelligence and offensive counter intelligence against the territory of the Soviet Union and
Lithuania in the borderline area and anti-smuggling intelligence.
In 1937, three brigades (‘Wilno’, ‘Nowogrddek’ and ‘Wotyn’) and the headquarters
of the ‘Czortkôw’ KOP Regiment were liquidated and replaced with some new regiments:
‘Wilno’, ‘Snow’ and ‘Zdotbunow’ and two reserve battalions (‘Berezwecz’ and ‘Wilejka’).
KOP artillery detachments—i.e. KOP light artillery battalion ‘Czortkôw’ as well as ‘Kleck’
and ‘Osowiec’ batteries—were formed. The last changes to the KOP structure took place in
1939 and resulted directly from takeover of the Polish and Hungarian frontier protection
by this formation. At the turn of February and March 1939, the ‘Suwatki’ KOP Battalion
was liquidated and the protected section of the Polish - German frontier handed over to the
Border Guard. At the end of 1 928 the ‘Karpaty’ KOP Regiment was formed (‘Stole’, ‘Do-
lma’ and ‘Worochta’/’Delatyn’ battalions), followed by establishing the ‘Karpaty’ 2. KOP
Regiment (‘Komahcza’ and ‘Dukla’ battalions) in 1939. The ‘Sarny’ KOP Regiment was
extended by the ‘Matynsk’ Battalion in March of the same year. The units of this regiment
took up the fortification line over the Sluch River.
The KOP was supposed to be a special formation, and so its soldiers were subject to
a special selection process, primarily from the western counties of Poland. The nationality
structure was 80% Poles and 20% minorities (1 5% Germans and Czechs, app. 3% Belaru-
sians and Ukrainians and 2% Jews). It was undesired and inexpedient to recruit the land-
less, industrial and mine workers, anyone with a criminal record or prosecuted for illegal
border crossing, crimes against state or property, returnees from the Soviet Russia (after
1922) and people with families there, as well as the married men who found it harder to
bear service in harsh borderland conditions. The preferred soldiers were young peasants
with literacy skills however this approach resulted in forcing the soldiers to undergo educa-
tion after the first recruitments. In 1933, due to special nature of the formation and service
requirements, it was postulated to decrease the percentage of illiterates allotted to join
the KOP down to 10%. Finally, in 1 936, the following solution for the KOP infantry was
proposed: 30% semi-educated, 55% literate and 1 5% semi-illiterate and illiterate men.
Proper selection of the KOP soldiers was ensured by the county recruitment head-
quarters, which allocated the selected recruits to the infantry or cavalry regiments. After
six months of training, the infantry soldiers were relocated to the KOP for further military
service, whereas the cavalry soldiers were allotted to the KOP after the completion of an
annual training in the cavalry regiments. Each battalion and squadron had its own per-
manent regiments that allocated the new recruits. During the training in the regiments,
the soldiers were obliged to learn drills and how to use a weapon and combat equipment
in the infantry team or cavalry section. Allocation to the KOP marked the beginning of
a long training period aiming at integrating the platoon and the company (squadron) and
preparing for border service. The KOP soldiers were supposed to possess the following
features: courage, resolution, solidarity and fellowship as well as devotion and observance
of law. With regard to the infantry soldiers, after six months and upon recruitment of the
next contingent, the soldiers from the oldest half-year of military service were relocated
to the border companies or as duty officers in the other detachments in place of the ones
discharged to the reserves. The most valuable soldiers remained in the KOP as the re-enlist-
ed NCOs. From this group the candidates for professional officers were selected. The main
selection criteria included high moral standards, proper training and physical abilities. The
ones who achieved the most outstanding results during their service were allowed to take
the warrant officer exams.
The officer cadre of the formation comprised officers temporarily relocated from the
army units to join the staff and serve in the KOR and who, for the purposes of the records,
remained in their original formations. Service in the formation had to be performed by
a proven and well-trained officer cadre. The officers needed to be independent and re-
sponsible, in order to perform everyday duties without the supervision of higher ranking
commanders. Efforts were made to allocate officers with at least three years of professional
military service. The anticipated continuous service term was supposed to be less than four
years and be followed by relocation of the officers to the army. However, this limitation
only applied to the line units, since these officers could stay on duty for a longer period of
time if the interest of the formation so required (on their own request or on the request of
the KOP command).
In 1939, in the face of the forthcoming war, a certain number of the KOP units had al-
ready been called up in March. Upon relocation towards the western and southern border,
these troops strengthened the Polish defence forces along the sections at risk. In August,
during an emergency mobilisation, the KOP divisions provided the basis for reserve units
and were moved inter alia into the Independent Reserve Group ‘Narew’ and Karpaty
Army. Mobilising the KOP troops at the same time re-formed the border companies to en-
sure the continuous protection of the eastern frontier. These troops consisted primarily of
reservists with poor experience in border service and who were insufficiently armed. Dur-
ing the defensive war in 1939, the KOP soldiers heroically resisted the three invaders—i.e.
the German and Slovakian forces and the Soviet army, which treacherously attacked our
country on 17 September. They fulfilled their military duty and paid a steep price—the
nightmare of prison camps and the highest price a soldier can pay, as the victims of the
Katyn Massacre. Some of the KOP soldiers were relocated to German prison camps and
only very few of them managed to find shelter in the detention camps in Lithuania, Roma-
nia or Hungary.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Ochał, Artur ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1130806499 |
| author_facet | Ochał, Artur ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ochał, Artur ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | a o ao |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV045217089 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1055869569 (DE-599)BVBBV045217089 |
| era | Geschichte 1924-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1924-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV045217089 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:11:50Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)5521938-X |
| isbn | 9788380984165 8380984161 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030605769 |
| oclc_num | 1055869569 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 439 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten (teils farbig) 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Ochał, Artur ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)1130806499 aut Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Artur Ochał ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Warszawa Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu 2018 439 Seiten Illustrationen, Porträts, Karten (teils farbig) 30 cm txt rdacontent sti rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Na stronie tytułowej i okładce znak graficzny Straży Granicznej. Zusammenfassung auf Englisch Polen Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (DE-588)4564564-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1924-1939 gnd rswk-swf Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza Polska / Wojsko Polskie (1918-1939) / Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza Polska 1901-2000 1918-1939 Opracowanie Publikacja bogato ilustrowana Polen Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (DE-588)4564564-4 b Geschichte 1924-1939 z DE-604 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej Glowna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu (DE-588)5521938-X isb Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605769&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605769&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ochał, Artur ca. 20./21. Jh Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Polen Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (DE-588)4564564-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4564564-4 |
| title | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| title_alt | Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| title_auth | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| title_exact_search | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| title_full | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Artur Ochał ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_fullStr | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Artur Ochał ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 Artur Ochał ; Instytut Pamięci Narodowej - Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu |
| title_short | Tarcza II Rzeczypospolitej |
| title_sort | tarcza ii rzeczypospolitej korpus ochrony pogranicza 1924 1939 |
| title_sub | Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza 1924-1939 |
| topic | Polen Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza (DE-588)4564564-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polen Korpus Ochrony Pogranicza |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605769&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030605769&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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