Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
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| Other Authors: | , |
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Bar Hill
Oxford Archaeology East
2018
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| Series: | East Anglian Archaeology
164 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | x, 224 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781907588105 1907588108 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk |c by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bar Hill |b Oxford Archaeology East |c 2018 | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents
List of Figures v
List of Tables vii
Contributors viii
Acknowledgements viii
Abbreviations ix
Summary/Resume/Zusammenfassung ix
Chapter 1. Introduction
I. General Background 1
II. Geology and Topography 1
III. Archaeological and Historical Background 1
IV. Evaluation and Excavation Programme,
Strategy and Methodology 5
V. Research Aims 10
VI. Site Phasing and Other Matters 10
VII. Storage and Curation 11
Chapter 2. The Archaeological Sequence
I. Period 1: Before the Roman Town 13
II. Period 2.1: The Town’s Foundation and Early
Development (mid/late 1 st to early/mid 2nd
centuries AD) 13
III. Period 2.2: Expansion: The Middle Roman
Town (mid 2nd to early/mid 3rd centuries AD) 23
IV. Period 2.3: The Later Roman Town: A Period of
Decline? (mid 3rd to mid/late 4th centuries AD) 46
V. Period 2.4: The Town’s Final Years (late 4th
to early 5th centuries AD) 61
VI. Late Iron Age and Roman Settlements in the
Town’s Northern Hinterland (WIX021,
WTL010 and BYG030) 63
Chapter 3. The Finds
I. Coins, by Nina Crummy 73
II. Metalwork, by Christine Howard-Davis 79
III. Metalworking Debris, by Peter Boardman 91
IV. Glass, by Stephen Wadeson 95
V. Romano-British Pottery, by Alice Lyons, with
contributions by Kay Hartley, Gwladys Monteil,
Val Rigby, Roger Tomlin, Stephen Wadeson
and David Williams 95
VI. Ceramic Building Material, by Rob Atkins
and Dan Stansbie 145
VII. Fired Clay, by Carole Fletcher and Rob Atkins 146
VIII. Mortar and Opus Signinum, by Rob Atkins 146
IX. Wall Plaster, by Rob Atkins 147
X. Miscellaneous Objects, by Christine
Howard-Davis 147
XI. Stone Objects, by Ruth Shaffrey 147
XII. Worked Bone and Antler, by Christine
Howard-Davis 150
Chapter 4. The Zooarchaeological and
Botanical Evidence
I. Human Skeletal Remains, by Zoe Ui Choileain 156
II. Animal Bone, by Chris Faine 157
III. Charred Plant Macrofossils and Other
Remains, by Rachel Fosberry 167
IV. Mollusca, by Rachel Fosberry 175
Chapter 5. Discussion and Conclusions
I. Suffolk’s Roman Small Towns 177
II. Roman Wixoe 177
III. The Town’s Changing Character 184
IV. The Hinterland 192
V. Conclusions 197
Appendices
Appendix 1: Wixoe (WIX022) Catalogue of Roman
Coins, by Nina Crummy 198
Appendix 2: Notes on the Roman Pottery from Minor
Sites, by Edward Biddulph and Alice Lyons 203
Appendix 3: Roman Pottery Fabrics, by Alice Lyons 205
Appendix 4: Roman Pottery Forms, by Alice Lyons 207
Bibliography 209
Index, by Sue Vaughan 220
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 Location of the pipeline, showing Wixoe
Roman town site (WIX022) in relation to
nearby Roman roads, burials, possible
buildings and finds spots as understood
before the excavations 2
Fig. 1.2 Wixoe Roman town excavation (Site
WIX022) overlying geophysical survey,
with cropmark evidence and location of
evaluation trenches 6
Fig. 1.3 Wixoe Roman town excavation (Site
WIX022) overlying geophysical survey
interpretation (after Baldwin 2009, fig. 3a,
with additions) and cropmarks, showing
known buildings and burials 7
Fig. 2.1 Period 2.1 : Early Roman phase plan 12
Fig. 2.2 Period 2.1 : Area 1, with detail plan of dog
burial 1397 14
Fig. 2.3 Period 2.1: Pit Group 1 and Period 2.2
Pit Group 4, Area 1 16
Fig. 2.4 Period 2.1: Area la and Area 2 (southern
part) 18
Fig. 2.5 Period 2.1: Area 2 (central part) 20
Fig. 2.6 Period 2.1: Building 1 (Phase 1) 21
Fig. 2.7 Period 2.1: Building 1 (Phase 2) 22
v
Fig. 2.8 Period 2.2: Middle Roman phase plan 24 Fig. 3.9 Copper alloy statuette 86
Fig. 2.9 Period 2.2: Area 1 25 Fig. 3.10 Personal and domestic ironwork: various 88
Fig. 2.10 Period 2.2: Pit Group 2, Area 1 27 Fig. 3.11 Domestic ironwork: blades 89
Fig. 2.11 Period 2.2: Kiln/oven 1633, Area 1 29 Fig. 3.12 Iron tools 89
Fig. 2.12 Period 2.2: Pit 1047/1081 (Pit Group 7, Fig. 3.13 Structural ironwork 90
Area 1) 31 Fig. 3.14 Lead objects 92
Fig. 2.13 Period 2.2: Possible latrine pit 1245 Fig. 3.15 Romano-British pottery: Amphora 106
(Pit Group 7, Area 1) 32 Fig. 3.16 Romano-British pottery: Beakers 107
Fig. 2.14 Period 2.2: Areas la and 2 (southern part) 34 Fig. 3.17 Romano-British pottery: Cups/
Fig. 2.15 Period 2.2: Pits 1899, 1964, 1966 and Bowls/Vase 108
ditch 1968 (Enclosure 2, Area 2) 36 Fig. 3.18 Romano-British pottery: Dishes 109
Fig. 2.16 Period 2.2: Area 2 (northern part) 38 Fig. 3.19 Romano-British pottery: Flagons 110
Fig. 2.17 Period 2.2: Building 1 (Phases 3 and 4), Fig. 3.20 Romano-British pottery: Grey ware
Area 2 39 stamps 111
Fig. 2.18 Period 2.2: Building 1: Sections across Fig. 3.21 Romano-British pottery: Jars 112
post-pits 40 Fig. 3.22 Romano-British pottery: Jars 113
Fig. 2.19 Period 2.2: Building 3, Area 2 42 Fig. 3.23 Romano-British pottery: Lid 113
Fig. 2.20 Period 2.2: Building 3. Selected sections 43 Fig. 3.24 Romano-British pottery: Latest Roman 113
Fig. 2.21 Period 2.2: Building 5, Area 2 44 Fig. 3.25 Romano-British pottery: Storage jars 114
Fig. 2.22 Period 2.2: Pit 2248 and burial 2258, Fig. 3.26 Romano-British pottery: Killed vessel 114
Area 2 45 Fig. 3.27 Romano-British pottery: Drilled neck 115
Fig. 2.23 Periods 2.3-2.4: Late Roman phase plan 47 Fig. 3.28 Romano-British pottery: Post-firing base
Fig. 2.24 Period 2.3: Areas la and 2 (southern part) 48 holes 115
Fig. 2.25 Period 2.3: Town ditch (Area 2) 49 Fig. 3.29 Romano-British pottery: Trimmed 116
Fig. 2.26 Period 2.3: Burial 1393 (Area 2) 50 Fig. 3.30 Romano-British pottery: Counters 116
Fig. 2.27 Periods 2.3---2.4: Area 1, showing Fig. 3.31 Romano-British pottery: Graffiti 117
Building 7 and ‘dark earth’ layers 52 Fig. 3.32 Romano-British pottery: Pre-fired incised
Fig. 2.28 Period 2.3: Building 7 and associated name 117
features (Area 1) 53 Fig. 3.33 Romano-British pottery: Mortaria 119
Fig. 2.29 Period 2.3: Kiln/fumace 1337 (Area 1) 55 Fig. 3.34 Romano-British pottery: Mortaria 120
Fig. 2.30 Period 2.3: Area 2 (northern part) 58 Fig. 3.35 Romano-British pottery: Stamped and
Fig. 2.31 Period 2.3: Road 3 (Area 2) 59 repaired mortaria 122
Fig. 2.32 Period 2.3: Building 1 (Phase 5), Area 2 60 Fig. 3.36 Chronological distribution of decorated
Fig. 2.33 Site WIX021: Farmsteads 1 and 2 in and stamped samian ware 125
relation to cropmark features, Roman Fig. 3.37 Samian functional categories represented
pottery from fieldwalking and in each phase 128
magnetometer survey 62 Fig. 3.38 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 2.34 Site WIX021: Plan of southern part of Samian 130
Farmstead 1 63 Fig. 3.39 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 2.35 Site WIX021: Plan of middle part of Samian 131
Farmstead 1 64 Fig. 3.40 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 2.36 Site W1X021: Plan of northern part of Samian 133
Farmstead 1 65 Fig. 3.41 Romano-British pottery. Decorated
Fig. 2.37 Site WIX021: Farmstead 2 67 Samian 134
Fig. 2.38 Site WTL010: Farmsteads 3a and 3b 68 Fig. 3.42 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 2.39 Site WTL010: Detail plan of Farmsteads Samian 135
3 a and 3b 69 Fig. 3.43 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 2.40 Site BYG030: Fannstead 4 71 Samian 137
Fig. 3.44 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
Fig. 3.1 Wixoe coin loss plotted against Reece’s Samian 138
British mean, compared with data from Fig. 3.45 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
selected sites 76 Samian 139
Fig. 3.2 Wixoe coin loss in percentage form, Fig. 3.46 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
compared with data from selected sites 77 Samian 140
Fig. 3.3 Copper alloy items of personal adornment: Fig. 3.47 Romano-British pottery: Decorated
brooches and pins 78 Samian 141
Fig. 3.4 Copper alloy items of personal adornment: Fig. 3.48 Romano-British pottery: Stamped Samian 142
bangles/bracelets and ?buckle plate 80 Fig. 3.49 Miscellaneous objects 148
Fig. 3.5 Copper alloy objects associated with Fig. 3.50 Worked stone items 149
hygiene and grooming 82 Fig. 3.51 Worked bone hairpins 152
Fig. 3.6 Copper alloy domestic objects: needles 83 Fig. 3.52 Worked bone items 154
Fig. 3.7 Copper alloy domestic objects: vessels Fig. 3.53 Miscellaneous worked antler and bone
and studs 84 items 155
Fig. 3.8 Copper alloy items associated with Fig. 4.1 Domestic mammal distribution by site
transport 86 period (NISP) 159
VI
Fig. 4.2 Domestic mammal distribution by site Fig. 4.15
period (MNI) 159
Fig. 4.3 Species distribution compared with Fig. 4.16
contemporary sites (Early Roman) 160
Fig. 4.4 Species distribution compared with Fig. 4.17
contemporary sites (Middle Roman) 160
Fig. 4.5 Species distribution compared with
contemporary sites (Late Roman) 160 Fig. 5.1
Fig. 4.6 Body part distribution for Early Roman
Fig. 4.7 cattle (Period 2.1) 161
Mandibular wear stage for the cattle
assemblage 162 Fig. 5.2
Fig. 4.8 Body part distribution for Middle Roman
cattle (Period 2.2) 162 Fig. 5.3
Fig. 4.9 Epiphyseal fusion data for Middle Roman
cattle (Period 2.2) 163 Fig. 5.4
Fig. 4.10 Size of cattle homcore 163
Fig. 4.11 Body part distribution for Late Roman Fig. 5.5
cattle (Periods 2.3-2.4) 164
Fig. 4.12 Epiphyseal fusion data for Late Roman Fig. 5.6
cattle (Periods 2.3---2.4) 164
Fig. 4.13 Body part distribution for Early Roman
sheep (Period 2.1) 164 Fig. 5.7
Fig. 4.14 Mandibular wear stage for Early and Late
Roman sheep (Periods 2.1 and 2.3-2.4) 165
Body part distribution for Middle Roman
sheep (Period 2.2) 165
Mandibular wear stage for Middle Roman
sheep (Period 2.3) 166
Body part distribution for Late Roman
sheep (Periods 2.3-2.4) 166
Wixoe in relation to surrounding Roman
small towns and major settlements, set
against the known contemporary road
network 176
Wixoe Roman town in relation to the
revised road network and its setting 179
Interpretation of Early Roman Wixoe,
showing revised road layout (Period 2.1) 180
Interpretation of Middle Roman Wixoe
(Period 2.2) 182
Interpretation of Late Roman Wixoe
(Period 2.3) 183
Comparative plans of Roman post-built
structures in relation to those found at
Wixoe 187
Wixoe Roman town in its wider setting,
using a 10km radius to represent its
hinterland (with HER sites) 189
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Suffolk HER (SHER) Roman sites within
and adjacent to Wixoe Roman town, on
eastern bank of River Stour 3
Table 1.2 Essex HER (EHER) Roman sites within
and adjacent to Wixoe Roman town, on
western bank of River Stour 4
Table 3.1 Numbers of coins from the excavation
and from metal-detector searches 73
Table 3.2 Denarii from Wixoe
Table 3.3 Composition of denarius hoards
(complete examples only) closing with
Marcus Aurelius 74
Table 3.4 Chronological distribution of ironwork
from the site 87
Table 3.5 Nails quantified by site period 90
Table 3.6 Roman pottery by site period 96
Table 3.7 Roman pottery by feature type 96
Table 3.8 Roman pottery fabric families, listed in
descending order of weight (%) 97
Table 3.9 Pottery from Period 2.1: functional profile 97
Table 3.10 Period 2.1: pottery listed in descending
order of weight (%) 98
Table 3.11 Pottery from Period 2.2: functional
profile 100
Table 3.12 Period 2.2: pottery listed in descending
order of weight (%) 101
Table 3.13 Pottery from Period 2.3: functional profile 102
Table 3.14 Period 2.3: pottery listed in descending
order of weight (%) 103
Table 3.15 Period 2.4: Pottery from dark earth
layers, Area 1, Period 2.4 105
Table 3.16 The mortaria, presented in descending
order of weight (%) 118
Table 3.17 Samian fabrics represented in each phase 123
Table 3.18 Samian fabrics represented in each area 124
Table 3.19 South Gaulish samian forms (MNV) 125
Table 3.20 Les Martres-de-Veyre samian forms
(MNV) 126
Table 3.21 Lezoux samian forms (MNV) 126
Table 3.22 East Gaulish samian forms (MNV) 127
Table 3.23 Proportion of samian functional
categories in each phase 127
Table 3.24 Repaired samian vessels represented in
each phase 128
Table 3.25 Samian forms selected for repair in each
phase 129
Table 3.26 Fabrics through time: the 20 most common
fabric families listed in descending order
of representation by weight (g) 144
Table 3.27 Ceramic building material by area 145
Table 3.28 Ceramic building material by period 145
Table 3.29 Fired clay by area 146
Table 3.30 Fired clay by period 146
Table 3.31 Worked bone hairpin types present,
following Crummy 1983; Greep 1995 151
Table 4.1 Human age categories 156
Table 4.2 The inhumations 156
Table 4.3 Species distribution for the assemblage
(NISP) 158
Table 4.4 Species distribution for the assemblage
(MNI) 158
Table 4.5 Plant macrofossils and other remains
from Area 1 169
vii
Table 4.6
Table 4.7
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3
Plant macrofossils and other remains
from Area 2 171
Mollusca (hand-collected), by weight (kg) 175
Potential small towns in neighbourhood
ofWixoe 178
Number of Roman sites within 10km
of Great Chesterford and Wixoe 194
Roman settlements/farmsteads, villas and
burials recorded by Essex and Suffolk
HERs within 10km of Wixoe 195
Table A2.1 Roman pottery from Farmsteads 1 and 2
(WIX021) 203
Table A2.2 Pottery from Farmstead 3 (WTL010) 204
Table A2.3 Roman pottery from Farmstead 4
(BYG030) 204
Table A3.1 Samian fabrics listed by factory 206
Contributors
Rob Atkins
Project Officer, formerly OA East
Séverine Bézie
Illustrator, OA East
Edward Biddulph
Roman pottery specialist, OA South
Peter Boardman
Formerly metalworking debris specialist, OA East
Frances Chaloner
Formerly illustrator, OA East
Nina Crummy
Freelance finds specialist
Rachel Clarke
Post-excavation editor, OA East
Chris Faine
Formerly faunal remains specialist, OAEast
James Fairbairn
Project Officer/photographer, OA East
Carole Fletcher
Finds supervisor/specialist, OA East
Rachel Fosberry
Project Officer/Archaeobotanist, OA East
Gillian Greer
Illustrator, OA East
Rosalind Hall
Trainee illustrator
Kay Hartley
Freelance mortaria specialist
Christine Howard-Davis
Finds specialist, OA North
Alice Lyons
Roman pottery specialist, OA East
Gwladys Monteil
Freelance samian pottery specialist
Yal Rigby
Freelance pottery stamp specialist
Ruth Shaffrey
Worked stone specialist, OA South
Dan Stansbie
Formerly ceramic building materials specialist, OA
South
Roger Tomlin
Freelance graffiti specialist
Zoë Ui Choileâin
Human skeletal remains specialist, OA East
Stephen Wadeson
Finds Supervisor/specialist, OA East
Charlotte Walton
Illustrator, OA East
David Williams
Freelance amphora specialist
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Essex and Suffolk Water
for funding the project. Thanks are also extended to URS
for commissioning the excavation and especially to Nick
Finch who helped enormously with the smooth running of
the project. Work was completed under the auspices of the
main contractor, Farrans, who supplied both the
machinery and the welfare facilities and were helpful
throughout. James Drummond-Murray managed the
project for OA East.
The Written Scheme of Investigation was written by
Nick Finch and Dr Jess Tipper of Suffolk County Council
monitored the archaeological works. Mike Cuddeford
generously provided details of the coins and objects metal
detected within the area of the Roman town. Jude Plouviez
kindly supplied details of the Pakenham excavation,
viii |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author2 | Clarke, Rachel 1968- Biddulph, Edward |
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| geographic | Wixoe (DE-588)1171261640 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Wixoe |
| id | DE-604.BV045190696 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:39:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781907588105 1907588108 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030579835 |
| oclc_num | 1048006592 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 |
| physical | x, 224 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| psigel | gbd_4_1811 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Oxford Archaeology East |
| record_format | marc |
| series | East Anglian Archaeology |
| series2 | East Anglian Archaeology |
| spelling | Atkins, Rob 1968- Verfasser (DE-588)14000212X aut Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke Bar Hill Oxford Archaeology East 2018 x, 224 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier East Anglian Archaeology 164 Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd rswk-swf Wixoe (DE-588)1171261640 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabungen (DE-2581)TH000008164 gbd Britannien als Provinz [Barrington p. 8 & 9] (DE-2581)TH000004033 gbd Wixoe (DE-588)1171261640 g Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 s Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s DE-604 Clarke, Rachel 1968- (DE-588)1170970761 edt Biddulph, Edward (DE-588)1022746715 ctb East Anglian Archaeology 164 (DE-604)BV000905286 164 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030579835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Atkins, Rob 1968- Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk East Anglian Archaeology Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)4076769-3 (DE-588)1171261640 |
| title | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk |
| title_auth | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk |
| title_exact_search | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk |
| title_full | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke |
| title_fullStr | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke |
| title_full_unstemmed | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk by Rob Atkins and Rachel Clarke ; with contributions by Edward Biddulph [und 16 weiteren] ; illustrations by Séverine Bézi [und 4 weiteren] ; Photographs by Frances Chaloner and James Fairbairn ; edited by Rachel Clarke |
| title_short | Excavations at Wixoe roman small town, Suffolk |
| title_sort | excavations at wixoe roman small town suffolk |
| topic | Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd Römerzeit (DE-588)4076769-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Ausgrabung Römerzeit Wixoe |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030579835&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000905286 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT atkinsrob excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk AT clarkerachel excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk AT biddulphedward excavationsatwixoeromansmalltownsuffolk |