Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED): applications to crystal defects
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
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[2002]
[Boca Raton] CRC Press |
Schriftenreihe: | Monograph of the French Society of Microscopies
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Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
Beschreibung: | xii, 431 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
ISBN: | 9781138414181 2901483054 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804178825977790464 |
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adam_text | CONTENT
CONTENT
introduction 1
î - Bragg’s law 5
1.1 - Analogy with the reflection of visible light 5
1.2 - Three-dimensional description of Bragg’s law 6
1.3 - The particular case of electron diffraction 8
II - Formation of the diffraction pattern in the electron microscope 11
11.1 - Electron ray-paths in the objective lens o 11
III - Electron diffraction patterns produced by a parallel incident beam 15
111.1 - Diffraction pattern in the two-beam conditions 16
111.1.1 - A set of (hkl) lattice planes is exactly at the Bragg orientation: 16
exact two-beam conditions
111.1.1.1 - Formation of the diffraction pattern 16
I II. 1.1. 2 - Ewald sphere construction 20
111.1.1.2.1 - Relationship between the Ewald sphere construction 21
and the diffraction pattern
111.1.1.2.2 - Peculiarities of the electron diffraction phenomenon 22
IIM .2 - A set of (hkl) lattice planes is close to the Bragg orientation: near 23
two-beam conditions.
IIM .2.1 - Formation of the pattern 23
IIM .2.2 - Ewald sphere construction 26
111.1.2.3 - Characterization of the deviation parameter s 26
111.1.3 - Special cases 28
111.1.3.1 - The set parallel incident beam is not directed along the 28
optic axis of the microscope
111.1.3.2 - The set of (hkl) lattice planes is parallel to the electron 30
beam 33
IIM.4 - Application: setting (hkl) lattice planes at the exact Bragg
orientation 33
111.2 - Diffraction pattern in multi-beam conditions 33
111.2.1 - General Case 35
111.2.2 - Special case: [uvw] zone axis pattern (ZAP) 41
IV- Diffraction pattern produced by a convergent incident beam: CBED pattern 41
IV. 1 - Diffraction pattern under two-beam conditions 41
IV. 1.1 - A single set of (hkl) lattice planes is at the exact Bragg 41
orientation: exact two-beam conditions
IV. 1.1.1 - Formation of the diffraction pattern 41
IV. 1.1.2 - Ewald sphere construction 45
IV.1.2 - A set of (hkl) lattice planes is near the Bragg orientation: near 53
vii
CONTENT
two-beam conditions
IV. 1.2.1 - Formation of the diffraction pattern 53
IV. 1.2.2 - Ewald sphere construction 53
IV. 1.3 - Particular case: the set of (hkf) lattice planes is parallel to the 53
optic axis
IV. 1.4 - The incident beam is tilted with respect to the optic axis 56
IV. 1.5 - Application: setting (hkl) lattice planes at the exact Bragg 56
orientation
IV.2 - Diffraction pattern under many-beam conditions 58
IV. 2.1 - General case 58
IV. 2.1.1 - Influence of the convergence semi-angle on the number of 60
diffracted reflections
V. 2.2 - Particular case: [uvw] zone-axis pattern 61
IV. 3 - Influence of the convergence semi-angle on the CBED pattern 65
V - Diffraction pattern produced by a large-angle convergent incident beam: 67
Kossel pattern
V. 1 - Advantage of a large convergence angle 67
V.2 - Kossel patterns 68
V. 2.1 - General case 68
V.2.2 - [uvw] zone-axis Kossel pattern 71
V.2.3 - Main characteristics of the Kossel patterns 71
V. 2.3.1 - Particular case of a [uvw] zone axis Kossel pattern 78
V. 2.4 - Detail of the superimposition of the deficiency and excess lines 78
V. 3 - Limiting value of the convergence semi-angle 81
VI - Diffraction pattern produced by a large-angle convergent beam: LACBED 83
patterns
VI. 1 - Formation of bright- and dark-field LACBED patterns 83
VI. 1.1 - Two-beam conditions 83
VI. 1.1.1 - Bright-field pattern 86
VI. 1.1.2 - Dark-field pattern 90
VL1.2 - [uvw] zone-axis pattern 90
VI.2 - Effect of the specimen height 93
VI.3 - Minimum specimen height 97
VI.4 - Variation of the deviation parameter s 100
VI.5 - Effect of the probe size S 100
VI.6 - Formation of the shadow image 104
VI.6.1 - Size of the illuminated area 106
VI.6.2 - Minimum size of the illuminated area 106
VI.6.3 - Magnification of the shadow image 107
VI.6.4 - Shift of the shadow image in bright- and dark-field LACBED 109
patterns
VI.6.5 - Rotation of the shadow image 112
Vl.6.6 - Resolution of the shadow image 114
VI.6.7 - Focus of the shadow image and of the line pattern 115
VI.7 - Angular filtering of LACBED patterns 118
VI.8 - Effect of the temperature on LACBED patterns 123
VI.9 - Effect of a specimen tilt 126
VI. 10 - Effect of a specimen deformation 126
VI. 11 - Effect of a variation of the lattice parameters 131
VI. 12 - Effect of the accelerating voltage 133
VI.13 - Effect of the specimen thickness 134
VI. 14 - Analogy with bend-contour patterns 136
VI. 15 - Analogy with Kikuchi patterns 140
viii
CONTENT
VI. 15,1 - Indices of the Kikuchi lines 144
VI. 15.2 - Properties of Kikuchi lines 144
VI. 15.3 - Interest of Kikuchi lines 148
VII - Diffracted and transmitted intensities 149
VII. 1 - Generalities 149
VH.2 - Kinematical theory under two-beam conditions 150
Vll.2.1 - Effect of the deviation parameter s on the diffracted 151
intensity lg
VI1.2.2 - Effect of the thickness t on the diffracted intensity lg 153
VI1.3 - Dynamical theory under two-beam conditions 155
VII.3.1 - Effect of the deviation parameter s on the diffracted 156
intensity lg
VII.3.2 - Effect of the thickness t on the diffracted intensities lg 158
Vli.3.3 - Complementarity of the transmitted and diffracted 158
intensities
VII.3.4 - Effect of absorption on the transmitted and diffracted 159
intensities.
VI1.4 - Comparison of the kinematical and dynamical theories 159
VII.5 - Appearance of the excess and deficiency lines 163
VII.5.1 - Effect of the extinction distance on the excess and 165
deficiency lines
VII.5.2 - Effect of the specimen thickness on the excess and 165
deficiency lines
VI1.5.2.1 - CBED and Koss el patterns 165
Vll.5.2.2 - LACBED patterns 170
VI1.5.3 - Angular width of the excess and deficiency lines 170
VII.5.4 - Dynamical and quasi-kinematical lines 171
VII. 6 - Dynamical Interactions 173
VII.6.1 - Interactions under two-beam conditions 173
VII.6.1.1 - Parallel incident beam 173
VII.6.1.2 - Convergent Incident beam 173
VII.6.1.3 - Large-angle convergent beam: Kossel 174
patterns
VII. 6.2 - Many-beam interactions 176
Vll.6.2.1 - Three-beam patterns 176
Vll.6.2.2 - Multi-beam patterns 177
Vll.6.2.3 - LACBED patterns 181
VIII - Experimental methods 185
VI11.1 - Operating principle of magnetic lenses 185
VIII. 1.1 - Focused, under-focused and over-focused lenses 187
VIII.1.2 - Condenser-objective lens 187
VIII. 1.3 - Description of the nanoprobe and microprobe0 modes 188
VI11.2 - General description of the microscope 189
VIII.2.1 - Description of the condenser 192
VIII.2.1.2 - Effect of the first condenser 192
VIII.2.1.2- Effect of the second condenser 193
VIII. 2.1.2.1 - Effect of the aperture of the second condenser 196
Effect of the size of the aperture 196
Effect of the centring of the aperture 198
VIII.2.2 - Angular scanning 198
Vlll.2.3 - Complete description of the formation of the image and 201
diffraction pattern
ix
CONTENT
VIII.2.4 - Aberrations 201
VIII.2.4.1 - Spherical aberration 201
Vlll.2.4.1.1 - Effect of the spherical aberration on Kossel and 208
LACBED patterns
- Effect on Kossel patterns 208
- Effect of the spherical aberration on the superimposition of 208
the excess and deficiency lines
- Effect of spherical aberration on the size of the diffracted 210
area
- Effect on LACBED patterns 211
VIII. 3 - Obtaining large-angle electron diffraction patterns 211
VIII. 3.1 - Obtaining Kossel patterns 213
VIII.3.1.1 - Adjustment of the illumination conditions 213
VIII.3.1.1.1 - Beam adjustments 216
VIH.3.2 - Obtaining LACBED patterns 221
VHI.3.2.1 - Operating conditions in the image mode 221
Vlll.3.2.2 - Operating conditions in the diffraction mode 221
VIII. 3.2.2.1 - Dark-field LACBED pattern 224
VIII. 3.2.3 - Quality improvements of LACBED patterns 224
IX - LACBED variants 231
IX. 1 - Parallel techniques 232
IX. 1.1 - The eucentric LACBED technique 232
IX. 1.1.1 - Obtaining an eucentric LACBED pattern 235
IX. 1.1.1.1 - In the image mode 235
IX. 1.1.1.2 - In the diffraction mode 235
IX. 1.1.2. - Improvement of the quality of eucentric LACBED patterns 237
IX.1.2 - The CBIM technique 237
IX. 1.2.1 - Comparison of the LACBED and CBIM techniques 239
IX. 1.2.2 - Obtaining CBIM patterns 239
IX. 1.2.3 - Effects of the experimental parameters on CBIM patterns 242
IX. 1.2.3.1 - Effect of the focus of the C2 condenser 242
IX. 1.2.3.2 - Effect of the probe size S 246
IX. 1.2.3.3 - Effect of the objective aperture 246
IX.1.2.4 - Advantages and disadvantages of the CBIM technique 246
IX.1.3 - The defocus CBED technique 249
IX.1.3.1 - Obtaining a defocus CBED pattern. 249
IX.1.3.2 - Main experimental parameters 249
IX.1.4 - The bright + dark field LACBED method 252
IX.2 - Serial techniques 255
IX.2.1 - The beam-rocking method (SACP) 255
IX.2.2 - The specimen-rocking technique 258
IX.2.3 - Montage of CBED patterns 258
IX. 3 - Filtering LACBED patterns 259
IX. 3.1 - Filtering electrons 260
IX.3.1.1- Angular filtering 260
IX.3.1.2 - Energy filtering 260
IX.3.1.2.1 - Effect of energy filtering on LACBED patterns 264
IX.3.1.2.2 - Effect of energy filtering on CBIM patterns 264
X - Indexing LACBED patterns 265
X. 1 - Generalities 265
X.2 - Simulation of LACBED patterns 265
X. 2.1 - Dynamical simulations 265
X.2.2 - Kinematical simulations 268
x
CONTENT
X.3 - Conventions 268
X.4 - Indexing LACBED patterns 269
X.4.1 - Indexing [uvw] zone-axis LACBED patterns 269
X.4.1.1 - Identification of the [uvw] zone axis 274
X. 4.1.1.1 - Identification of the [uvw] zone axis from spot patterns 274
X.4.1.1.2 - Identification of the [uvw] zone axis from Kikuchi patterns. 274
X.4.2 - indexing non-zone-axis LACBED patterns 276
X.4.2.1 - Identification of the crystal orientation 278
X.5 - Trace analyses from LACBED patterns 280
X.5.1 - Identification of lines from LACBED patterns 282
X.5.1.1 - First method (method Li) 285
X.5.1.2 - Second method (method L2) 285
X.5.1.3- Derivation of the indices uU( vy and wy of the n line 285
X.5.1.4 - Application of the method L-i 290
X.5.1.5- Application of the method L2. 290
X.5.2 - Identification of planes from LACBED patterns 291
X.5.2.1 - First method P1 293
X. 5.2.2 - Second method P2 293
X. 5.3 - Advantages and disadvantages of trace analyses from LACBED 296
patterns
X. 6 - Identification of the deviation parameter s 297
XI - Characterization of crystal defects from LACBED patterns 299
XI. 1 - Characterization of point defects 299
XI. 1.1 - Crystallography of point defects 299
XI.1.2 - Effect of point defects on LACBED Patterns 300
XI.2 - Characterization of linear defects: dislocations 302
XI.2.1 - Crystallography of dislocations 302
XI. 2.1.1 - Burgers circuit 302
XI.2.2 - Identification of the Burgers vector from LACBED patterns 305
XI.2.2.1 - Experimental identification of the Burgers vector b 307
XI. 2.2,1.1 - First example of Burgers vector identification 310
XI.2.2.1.2 - Second example of Burgers vector identification 311
XI.2.2.1.3 - Third example of Burgers vector identification 311
Xl.2.2.2 - Operating conditions for the Burgers vector identification 314
XI.2.2.2.1 - Selection of the Ah value 314
XI.2.2.2.2 - Choice of the Bragg lines 316
XI.2.2.2.3 - Choice of the probe size 316
XI.2.2.2.4 - Choice of the technique 316
XI.2.2.2.5 - Choice of the bright- or dark-field patterns 317
Xl.2.2.2.6 - A few difficulties 317
XI.2.2.3 - Applications of the LACBED technique to the 319
characterization of various types of dislocations
XL2.2.3.1 - Applications to electron-beam-sensitive crystals 319
XI.2.2.3.2 - Other applications 320
XI.2.2.4 - Advantages of the LACBED technique 320
Xl.2.3 - Identification of the dislocation line u 321
XI.3 - Characterization of planar (2D) defects 323
XI.3 1 - Characterization of stacking faults 323
XI.3.1.1 - Crystallography of stacking faults 323
XI.3.1.1.1 - Description of the stacking sequences 326
- Intrinsic stacking faults 327
- Extrinsic stacking faults 329
xi
CONTENT
Xt.3.1.2 - Identification of the fault plane 329
XI.3.1.3 - Identification of the fault vector R 329
XI.3.1.3.1 - Effect of a stacking fault on diffraction patterns 329
- Effect of absorption 333
XI.3.1.3.2 - Effect of a stacking fault on CBED patterns 334
- Identification of the fault vector R from CBED patterns 335
XI.3.1.3 3 - Effect of a stacking fault on LACBED patterns 338
XI. 1.1.3.4 - Operating conditions 340
XI.3.1.3.5 - Quantitative analysis 344
Xl.3.1.4 - Advantages of the CBED and LACBED methods with 345
respect to the conventional techniques
XI.3.2 - Characterization of partial dislocations 345
XI.3.2.1 - Crystallography of partial dislocations 345
XI.3.2.1.1 - Burgers circuit of partial dislocations 350
XI.3.2.2 - Identification of partial dislocations from LACBED patterns 350
XI.3.2.3 - Characterization of dislocation loops 355
XI.3.2.3.1 - Crystallography of dislocation loops 355
Xl.3.2.3.2 - Identification of dislocation loops from LACBED patterns 357
XI.3.3 - Characterization of antiphase boundaries (APB) 357
XI.3.3 1 - Crystallography of antiphase boundary 357
XL3.3.2 - Effect of APB on diffraction patterns 359
XI.3.3.2.1 - Effect of an APB on CBED patterns 362
XI.3.3.2.2 - Effect of an APB on LACBED patterns 362
Xl.3.4 - Characterization of grain boundaries 366
XI.3.4.1 - Crystallography of grain boundaries 366
Xl.3.4.1.1 - Particular cases 367
- Subgrain boundaries 367
- Coincidence grain boundaries 367
- Twin boundaries 368
XI.3.4.2 - Characterization of the grain boundary misorientation from 370
LACBED patterns
Xl.3.4.2.1 - Application to the measurement of the misorientation 372
of a S3 - Characterization of the grain boundary plane 376
XI.3.4.2.2 - Subgrain boundaries 376
Xl.3.4.2.2 - Near-coincidence grain boundaries 378
XI.3.5- Twins 380
Xl.3.5.1. - Dauphiné twins 380
XI.3.5.2 - Characterization of twin boundaries in ceramic 381
superconductors
Xl.3.6 - Characterization of grain boundary dislocations 385
XI .4 - Characterization of crystal defects from bend contour patterns 388
Conclusion 389
References 393
Bibliography 401
Index 426
xii
This first volume of the SF|j monographs is devoted to an important
aspect of electron diffraction. Convergent-beam diffraction is capable
of furnishing remarkably accurate crystallographic information. In this
book, written as a teaching manual, the author goes well beyond a
simple presentation of the method. The description of convergent-
beam electron diffraction and especially of LACBED, is preceded by
several preparatory chapters, in which the principles of diffraction and
the nature of electron-matter interactions are clearly set out. An entire
chapter is concerned with instrumentation. Another on the interpreta-
tion of diffraction patterns enables the reader to master all stages in
the process. The monograph ends with a long chapter in which nume-
rous applications concerned with the characterization of crystal defects
are examined and analysed.
The author: Jean Paul Morniroli is a Professor in the Ecole Nationale
Supérieure de Chimie of Lille: his research is performed in the
Laboratoire de Métallurgie et Génie des Matériaux, UMR CNRS 8517
of the Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille.
He is a specialist in electron diffraction.
The translator: Etienne Brès is a Professor in the Université des
Sciences et Technologies de Lille; his research is performed in the
Laboratoire de Structure et Propriétés de l Etat Solide, UPRESA
CNRS 8008 of the same University.
He is a specialist in the nanoscale characterization of biological and
synthetic nanomaterials.
CRC Press
Taylor Francis Group
an informa business
www.crcpress.com
ISBN 978-1-138-41418-1
9 781138 414181
|
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illustrated | Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:10:08Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9781138414181 2901483054 |
language | English |
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physical | xii, 431 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
publishDate | 2002 |
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record_format | marc |
series2 | Monograph of the French Society of Microscopies |
spelling | Morniroli, Jean Paul Verfasser aut Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects Jean Paul Morniroli Paris SFµ [2002] [Boca Raton] CRC Press xii, 431 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monograph of the French Society of Microscopies Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd rswk-swf Kristallstrukturanalyse (DE-588)4137204-9 gnd rswk-swf Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 s Kristallstrukturanalyse (DE-588)4137204-9 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030542198&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030542198&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
spellingShingle | Morniroli, Jean Paul Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd Kristallstrukturanalyse (DE-588)4137204-9 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4151862-7 (DE-588)4137204-9 |
title | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects |
title_auth | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects |
title_exact_search | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects |
title_full | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects Jean Paul Morniroli |
title_fullStr | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects Jean Paul Morniroli |
title_full_unstemmed | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) applications to crystal defects Jean Paul Morniroli |
title_short | Large-angle convergent-beam electron diffraction (LACBED) |
title_sort | large angle convergent beam electron diffraction lacbed applications to crystal defects |
title_sub | applications to crystal defects |
topic | Elektronenbeugung (DE-588)4151862-7 gnd Kristallstrukturanalyse (DE-588)4137204-9 gnd |
topic_facet | Elektronenbeugung Kristallstrukturanalyse |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030542198&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030542198&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT mornirolijeanpaul largeangleconvergentbeamelectrondiffractionlacbedapplicationstocrystaldefects |