Verfügbarkeit: Human temperature control

Human temperature control: a quantitative approach

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Wissler, Eugene (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin Springer [2018]
Schlagworte:	Körpertemperatur Wärmeübertragung Mathematisches Modell Thermoregulation
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	xiv, 425 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9783662573952

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MARC


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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	CONTENTS 1 ANIMAL HEAT AND THERMAL REGULATION ................................................. 1 1.1 EARLY HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: DEVELOPMENT OF TOOLS FOR STUDYING H EAT.................................................................................................... 2 1.2 NATURE OF ANIMAL H EAT..................................................................... 4 1.3 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY................................................................... 6 1.4 NINETEENTH CENTURY THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY ....................................... 7 1.5 EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY............................... 8 1.6 QUANTITATIVE THERMAL PHYSIOLOGY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY .... 10 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 14 2 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY........................................................................... 17 2.1 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ................................................ 17 2.2 HEAT (ENTHALPY) OF CHEMICAL REACTION ........................................... 19 2.3 APPLICATION OF THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS TO HUMAN BEINGS................................................................................................. 20 2.4 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS EXPRESSED IN PHYSIOLOGICAL TERM S.................................................................................................. 23 2.5 RATE OF METABOLIC HEAT GENERATION DERIVED FROM OXYGEN CONSUMPTION R ATE............................................................................. 24 2.6 CALORIMETRY........................................................................................ 25 2.6.1 BOMB CALORIMETERS ............................................................ 26 2.6.2 MAMMALIAN CALORIMETERS .................................................. 27 2.6.3 HEAT SINK CALORIMETER ....................................................... 28 2.6.4 GRADIENT CALORIMETER.......................................................... 30 2.6.5 CONVECTION CALORIMETER..................................................... 31 2.6.6 PARTITIONAL CALORIMETER....................................................... 32 2.6.7 BATH CALORIMETER ................................................................ 35 2.7 FUNDAMENTAL MEASUREMENTS............................................................. 36 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 38 3 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT .................................................................... 41 3.1 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR CEREBRAL TEMPERATURE .................................... 42 3.2 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR ARTERIAL TEMPERATURE...................................... 45 3.3 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR ESOPHAGEAL TEMPERATURE ............................... 46 3.4 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR RECTAL TEMPERATURE ........................................ 48 3.5 EMPIRICAL DATA FOR TYMPANIC TEMPERATURE.................................. 51 3.6 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIFFERENT CORE TEMPERATURES ................... 52 3.7 A SIMPLE MODEL FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF PERFUSED TISSUE .......... 53 3.8 VARIATION OF BLOOD FLOW IN THE ESOPHAGUS AND RECTUM ............ 59 3.9 DETERMINATION OF ARTERIAL TEMPERATURE FROM ESOPHAGEAL TEMPERATURE..................................................................................... 62 3.10 TESTING THE MODEL BY COMPARING RECTAL TEMPERATURE COMPUTED FOR A GIVEN ESOPHAGEAL TEMPERATURE WITH MEASURED RECTAL TEMPERATURE..................................................................................... 63 3.11 CEREBRAL TEMPERATURE ..................................................................... 69 3.12 AN INTERESTING APPLICATION OF THE MODEL: AFTER-DROP IN CORE TEMPERATURE FOLLOWING IMMERSION IN COLD W ATER...................... 71 3.13 SKIN TEMPERATURE............................................................................ 71 3.14 MEAN BODY TEMPERATURE................................................................ 73 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 73 4 CIRCULATION................................................................................................. 77 4.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM................................. 77 4.2 PHYSICAL MECHANICS OF BLOOD F LOW .............................................. 79 4.2.1 THE HEART AND VASCULAR SYSTEM ..................................... 79 4.2.2 CONTINUITY EQUATIONS AND MECHANICAL ENERGY BALANCES............................................................................ 82 4.2.3 NON-NEWTONIAN CHARACTER OF BLOOD .............................. 84 4.2.4 VARIATIONS OF BLOOD PRESSURE WITHIN THE B ODY ............. 88 4.2.5 VASCULAR COMPLIANCE AND THE MUSCLE PUM P ................. 88 4.3 MEASURING BLOOD F LOW ................................................................... 91 4.3.1 PLETHYSMOGRAPHY: MEASURING BLOOD FLOW BY VOLUME CHANGE................................................................ 92 4.3.2 FICKS PRINCIPLE................................................................. 94 4.3.3 MEASURING CARDIAC OUTPUT .............................................. 95 4.3.4 THERMAL DILUTION.............................................................. 96 4.3.5 CLEARANCE OF A RADIOACTIVE TRACER ................................. 98 4.3.6 NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY ............................................ 98 4.3.7 ULTRASONIC IMAGING........................................................... 102 4.3.8 LASER-DOPPLER IMAGING.................................................... 102 4.3.9 CHEMICAL BLOCKING OF NEURAL PATHWAYS ........................ 103 4.4 EVALUATING WHOLE-BODY CARDIOVASCULAR PERFORMANCE ................ 103 4.4.1 OXYGEN UPTAKE AS A FUNCTION OF WORK R ATE ................. 104 4.4.2 CARDIAC OUTPUT AND ARTERIAL-VENOUS OXYGEN DIFFERENCE ......................................................................... 106 4.5 MUSCLE BLOOD F LOW ........................................................................ 112 4.5.1 STEADY-STATE BLOOD FLOW IN ACTIVE MUSCLE AS A FUNCTION OF OXYGEN UPTAKE DURING EXERCISE ............... 114 4.5.2 TRANSIENT CHANGES IN MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW .................... 119 4.5.3 EFFECT OF THERMAL FACTORS ON ACTIVE MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ....................................................................... 121 4.5.4 EFFECT OF THERMAL FACTORS ON INACTIVE MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ....................................................................... 123 4.6 SKIN BLOOD F LOW ............................................................................. 125 4.6.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR SKIN BLOOD FLOW ....................... 127 4.6.2 SKIN BLOOD FLOW BASED ON FOUR POSTULATES .................. 130 4.6.3 A QUANTITATIVE MODEL FOR SKIN BLOOD FLOW .................. 134 4.6.4 COMBINING AVD, CVCL, AND CVCM TO C O M P U TE ^ ....................................................................... 134 4.6.5 EFFECT OF CENTRAL AND MEAN SKIN TEMPERATURES ON ACTIVE VASODILATION, A V D ........................................ 139 4.6.6 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ACTIVE CUTANEOUS VASODILATION...................................................................... 141 4.6.7 EFFECT OF AGE ON ACTIVE VASODILATION............................ 150 4.6.8 EFFECT OF SKIN TEMPERATURE ON CUTANEOUS VASCULAR CONDUCTANCES, CVCM AND CVCL ................. 151 4.6.9 EFFECT OF TS ON SKIN BLOOD FLOW (CVCL)..................... 153 4.6.10 EFFECT OF AGE ON CVCL ................................................... 154 4.6.11 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON C VCL............................................ 154 4.6.12 CUTANEOUS VASOCONSTRICTION (CVCM): THE REFLEX EFFECT OF F S ON SKIN BLOOD FLOW ................................... 154 4.6.13 EFFECT OF AGE ON REFLEX VASOCONSTRICTION ..................... 156 4.6.14 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CVCM ........................................... 157 4.6.15 REGIONAL VARIATION OF SKIN BLOOD FLOW ........................ 158 4.7 SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW .................................................................. 161 4.7.1 STEADY-STATE APPLICATION OF FICKS PRINCIPLE TO MEASURE HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW ......................................... 161 4.7.2 TRANSIENT-STATE SINGLE-COMPARTMENT M ETHOD ............... 162 4.7.3 TRANSIENT-STATE TWO-COMPARTMENT M ODEL .................... 163 4.7.4 EVALUATION OF PLASMA VOLUME ........................................ 168 4.7.5 EVALUATION OF HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW ................................. 168 4.7.6 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, EXERCISE, FITNESS, AND AGE ON HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW ................................................... 169 4.8 BLOOD FLOW IN ADIPOSE TISSUE...................................................... 171 4.9 DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT DURING EXERCISE IN H EAT ............ 175 4.10 ARTERIOVENOUS ANASTOMOSES .......................................................... 176 4.11 COLD INDUCED VASODILATION ............................................................. 179 4.12 CONTROL OF VENOUS BLOOD FLOW AND COUNTERCURRENT HEAT TRANSFER................................................................................... 183 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING.................................................. 185 XII CONTENTS 5 SW EATING...................................................................................................... 197 5.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.................................................................... 197 5.2 EMPIRICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... 198 5.3 CENTRAL TEMPERATURE AND SWEATING ............................................... 200 5.4 SKIN TEMPERATURE AND SWEATING.................................................... 202 5.5 EFFECT OF HEAT ADAPTATION AND FITNESS ON SWEATING.................... 204 5.6 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON SWEATING...................................................... 208 5.7 HIDROMEIOSIS: THE EFFECT OF SKIN WETTEDNESS ON SWEAT RATE. . . 210 5.8 OTHER FACTORS THAT AFFECT SWEATING.............................................. 216 5.9 BENZINGERS QUANTITATIVE M ODEL.................................................... 218 5.10 EARLY QUANTITATIVE MODELS DEVELOPED AT THE PIERCE FOUNDATION....................................................................................... 219 5.11 SUBSEQUENT QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF SWEATING ............................. 221 5.12 AN ALTERNATIVE SIMPLIFIED STEADY-STATE M ODEL............................ 222 5.13 DETERMINATION OF SR0 ..................................................................... 224 5.14 INITIATION OF SWEATING WITH EXERCISE ............................................. 227 5.15 EFFECT OF RAPIDLY DECREASING SKIN TEMPERATURE ON SWEATING. . . 229 5.16 CONCLUDING REMARKS ...................................................................... 233 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 233 6 SHIVERING..................................................................................................... 239 6.1 EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ............................................................ 239 6.2 EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS FOR QUASI-STEADY-STATE SHIVERING........... 244 6.3 EFFECT OF RAPID SKIN COOLING ........................................................ 249 6.4 EFFECT OF RAPID CORE COOLING........................................................ 251 6.5 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON SHIVERING..................................................... 252 6.6 EFFECT OF GENDER AND AGE ON SHIVERING ....................................... 254 6.7 COLD ADAPTATION.............................................................................. 257 6.8 DISTRIBUTION OF SHIVERING METABOLISM .......................................... 259 6.9 FATIGUE.............................................................................................. 259 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 262 7 TEM PERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE B ODY ................................................. 265 7.1 FOURIERS LAW: HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION .............................. 265 7.2 STEADY-STATE HEAT TRANSFER IN A CYLINDRICAL SOLID ....................... 266 7.3 THERMAL RESISTANCE......................................................................... 268 7.4 PENNES MODEL FOR HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PERFUSED TISSUE ............. 270 7.5 FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR COMPUTING STEADY-STATE TEMPERATURES IN AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC CYLINDER WITH PERFUSION.................................................................................. 271 7.6 FINITE-DIFFERENCE METHOD FOR COMPUTING TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE IN AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC CYLINDER WITH PERFUSION....................... 275 7.7 TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE IN A PERFUSED CIRCULAR CYLINDER WITHOUT AXIAL SYMMETRY ............................................................... 281 7.8 ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD TEMPERATURES .................................... 283 7.9 OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE.................................................................. 284 7.10 CLOSING REMARKS............................................................................. 286 APPENDIX: THE THOMAS ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING A TRIDIAGONAL SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS................................................................................... 286 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 287 8 C LOTHING...................................................................................................... 289 8.1 PROPERTIES OF DRY CLOTHING............................................................... 290 8.1.1 SENSIBLE HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH DRY FABRIC ................... 290 8.2 HEATED HUMAN MANIKINS.................................................................. 295 8.2.1 INTERPRETATION OF THERMAL RESISTANCES OF GARMENTS. . . . 297 8.3 EFFECT OF WIND AND WALKING ON WHOLE-BODY THERMAL RESISTANCE.......................................................................................... 297 8.4 REGIONAL GROSS THERMAL RESISTANCES.............................................. 300 8.4.1 REGIONAL INTRINSIC THERMAL RESISTANCES ........................... 301 8.5 PROPERTIES OF WET CLOTHING .............................................................. 301 8.5.1 ENERGY TRANSPORT IN MOIST FABRIC .................................... 303 8.5.2 WATER TRANSPORT BY DIFFUSION IN A MOIST GARMENT. . . . 307 8.5.3 TRANSPORT OF FREE W ATER .................................................... 308 8.5.4 THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF WICKING ...................................... 311 8.5.5 EFFECT OF SURFACE AND VISCOUS FORCES ACTING ON FLUID IN A HORIZONTAL CAPILLARY.................................... 312 8.5.6 EFFECT OF SURFACE, VISCOUS, AND GRAVITATIONAL FORCES.. . . 313 8.5.7 EFFECT OF WATER TRANSPORT BY DIFFUSION OF VAPOR ON ENERGY TRANSPORT IN MOIST FABRIC OR BATTING ............. 315 8.6 EFFECT OF CLOTHING ON EVAPORATIVE COOLING.................................... 316 8.7 ANALYSIS OF STEADY-STATE WATER AND ENERGY TRANSPORT IN A LOCALLY WET FABRIC.................................................................... 318 8.8 ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENT-STATE WATER AND ENERGY TRANSPORT IN A MOIST GARMENT........................................................................... 324 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING ............................................... 333 9 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FROM THE SKIN AND CLOTHING ........................ 337 9.1 TRANSPORT PHENOMENA....................................................................... 337 9.1.1 HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION ............................................ 338 9.1.2 FICK*S FIRST LAW OF DIFFUSION ........................................... 338 9.2 SIMILARITY CONSIDERATIONS AND DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS.................... 340 9.2.1 DETERMINING CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR HUMANS USING A M ANIKIN ........................................... 341 9.3 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIMENSIONLESS GROUPS FOR FORCED AND FREE CONVECTION......................................................................... 342 9.3.1 FORCED CONVECTION............................................................. 342 9.3.2 FREE CONVECTION ................................................................. 343 9.3.3 LOCAL VARIATION OF HC FOR FORCED CONVECTION .................. 344 9.4 MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS: ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER.............................................................................................. 346 9.4.1 LEWIS RELATIONSHIP.............................................................. 346 XIV CONTENTS 9.5 RADIANT HEAT TRANSFER ....................................................................... 353 9.6 EVALUATION OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR HUMAN BEINGS. . . 356 9.6.1 WHOLE-BODY COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIATION........................... 358 9.6.2 REGIONAL COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIATION ................................. 360 9.6.3 WHOLE-BODY FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR HUMAN SUBJECTS ...................................... 361 9.6.4 WHOLE-BODY FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS MEASURED USING MANIKINS ........................... 362 9.6.5 REGIONAL COEFFICIENTS FOR FORCED CONVECTION ................. 366 9.6.6 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS......................................................................... 367 9.6.7 EFFECT OF CLOTHING ON HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FORCED CONVECTION ....................................................... 373 9.6.8 WHOLE-BODY HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FREE CONVECTION.......................................................................... 374 9.6.9 REGIONAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FREE CONVECTION.......................................................................... 375 9.6.10 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR MIXED CONVECTION .......... 376 9.6.11 HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR IMMERSION IN WATER. . . . 376 9.7 MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FORCED CONVECTION: ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER.................................................... 377 9.8 WHOLE-BODY MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR FORCED CONVECTION......................................................................................... 378 9.8.1 EFFECT OF ORIENTATION .......................................................... 380 9.8.2 REGIONAL MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS ............................... 381 9.8.3 MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR CLOTHED SUBJECTS ............ 381 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 381 10 THE DEVELOPMENT OF A M ATHEM ATICAL HUM AN THERM AL MODEL. . . . 385 10.1 GEOMETRY OF A HUMAN THERMAL M ODEL ........................................ 385 10.2 COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES............................................ 387 10.3 MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN WHOLE-BODY COMPOSITION .................... 388 10.3.1 WATER M ASS....................................................................... 388 10.3.2 B ONE .................................................................................. 389 10.3.3 SKELETAL M USCLE ................................................................ 390 10.3.4 F A T...................................................................................... 390 10.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.......................................................................... 405 10.5 METABOLIC HEAT GENERATION ............................................................ 405 10.5.1 RESTING METABOLIC R ATE ................................................... 405 10.5.2 METABOLIC RATE DURING EXERCISE..................................... 407 10.6 RESPIRATORY HEAT L OSS .................................................................... 408 10.7 SOLAR RADIANT HEATING..................................................................... 410 10.7.1 DIRECT AND DIFFUSE SOLAR RADIATION................................. 411 10.8 VALIDATION OF A HUMAN THERMAL M ODEL........................................ 416 REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTARY READING .................................................. 422
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publisher	Springer
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spelling	Wissler, Eugene Verfasser aut Human temperature control a quantitative approach Eugene H. Wissler Berlin Springer [2018] © 2018 xiv, 425 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Körpertemperatur (DE-588)4031602-6 gnd rswk-swf Wärmeübertragung (DE-588)4064211-2 gnd rswk-swf Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd rswk-swf Thermoregulation (DE-588)4117204-8 gnd rswk-swf Körpertemperatur (DE-588)4031602-6 s Wärmeübertragung (DE-588)4064211-2 s Thermoregulation (DE-588)4117204-8 s Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-3-662-57397-6 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030498512&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Wissler, Eugene Human temperature control a quantitative approach Körpertemperatur (DE-588)4031602-6 gnd Wärmeübertragung (DE-588)4064211-2 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Thermoregulation (DE-588)4117204-8 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4031602-6 (DE-588)4064211-2 (DE-588)4114528-8 (DE-588)4117204-8
title	Human temperature control a quantitative approach
title_auth	Human temperature control a quantitative approach
title_exact_search	Human temperature control a quantitative approach
title_full	Human temperature control a quantitative approach Eugene H. Wissler
title_fullStr	Human temperature control a quantitative approach Eugene H. Wissler
title_full_unstemmed	Human temperature control a quantitative approach Eugene H. Wissler
title_short	Human temperature control
title_sort	human temperature control a quantitative approach
title_sub	a quantitative approach
topic	Körpertemperatur (DE-588)4031602-6 gnd Wärmeübertragung (DE-588)4064211-2 gnd Mathematisches Modell (DE-588)4114528-8 gnd Thermoregulation (DE-588)4117204-8 gnd
topic_facet	Körpertemperatur Wärmeübertragung Mathematisches Modell Thermoregulation
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030498512&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT wisslereugene humantemperaturecontrolaquantitativeapproach

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