A student's guide to atomic physics:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2018
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Student's guide series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xvii, 274 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781108446310 1108446310 9781107188730 1107188733 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a A student's guide to atomic physics |c Mark Fox, University of Sheffield |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface page xi
Symbols xiv
Quantum Numbers xvii
Part I Fundamental Principles 1
1 Preliminary Concepts 3
1.1 Quantized Energy States in Atoms 3
1.2 Ionization States and Spectroscopic Notation 5
L3 Ground States and Excited States 7
1.4 Atomic Spectroscopy 10
1.5 Spectroscopic Energy Units and Atomic Databases 14
1.6 Energy Scales in Atoms 17
Exercises 19
2 Hydrogen 20
2.1 The Bohr Model of Hydrogen 20
2.2 The Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom 26
2.3 Degeneracy and Spin 36
2.4 Hydrogen-Like Atoms 37
Exercises 38
3 Radiative Transitions 40
3.1 Classical Theories of Radiating Dipoles 40
3.2 Quantum Theory of Radiative Transitions 42
3.3 Electric Dipole (El) Transitions 43
3.4 Selection Rules for El Transitions 45
3.5 Higher-Order Transitions 48
3.6 Radiative Lifetimes 49
vii
Contents
viii
3.7 The Width and Shape of Spectral Lines 50
3.8 Natural Broadening 51
3.9 Collision (Pressure) Broadening 53
3.10 Doppler Broadening 53
3.11 Voigt Line Shapes 56
3.12 Converting between Line Widths in Frequency and Wavelength
Units 56
Exercises 57
4 The Shell Model and Alkali Spectra 60
4.1 The Central-Field Approximation 60
4.2 The Shell Model and the Periodic Table 64
4.3 Justification of the Shell Model 70
4.4 Experimental Evidence for the Shell Model 71
4.5 Alkali Metals 77
Exercises 82
5 Angular Momentum 84
5.1 Conservation of Angular Momentum 84
5.2 Types of Angular Momentum 85
5.3 Addition of Angular Momentum 92
5.4 Spin-Orbit Coupling 93
5.5 Angular Momentum Coupling in Single-Electron Atoms 93
5.6 Angular Momentum Coupling in Multi-Electron Atoms 94
5.7 LS Coupling 95
5.8 Electric-Dipole Selection Rules in the LS Coupling Limit 97
5.9 Hund’s Rules 99
5.10 jj Coupling 102
Exercises 103
6 Helium and Exchange Symmetry 106
6.1 Exchange S ymmetry 106
6.2 Helium Wave Functions 107
6.3 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 110
6.4 The Hamiltonian for Helium 111
6.5 The Helium Term Diagram 114
6.6 Optical Spectra of Divalent Metals 117
Exercises 118
7 Fine Structure and Nuclear Effects 119
7.1 Orbital Magnetic Dipoles 119
Contents
IX
7.2 Spin Magnetism 121
7.3 Spin-Orbit Coupling 122
7.4 Evaluation of the Spin-Orbit Energy for Hydrogen 127
7.5 Spin-Orbit Coupling in Alkali Atoms 129
7.6 Spin-Orbit Coupling in Many-Electron Atoms 132
7.7 Fine Structure in X-Ray Spectra 133
7.8 Nuclear Effects in Atoms 134
Exercises 138
8 External Fields: The Zeeman and Stark Effects 141
8.1 Magnetic Fields 141
8.2 The Concept of “Good” Quantum Numbers 152
8.3 Nuclear Effects 153
8.4 Electric Fields 154
Exercises 158
Part II Applications of Atomic Physics 161
9 Stimulated Emission and Lasers 163
9.1 Stimulated Emission 163
9.2 Population Inversion 166
9.3 Optical Amplification 168
9.4 Principles of Laser Oscillation 170
9.5 Four-Level Lasers 173
9.6 The Helium-Neon Laser 176
9.7 Three-Level Lasers 178
9.8 Classification of Lasers 180
Exercises 181
10 Cold Atoms 184
10.1 Introduction 184
10.2 Gas Temperatures 185
10.3 Doppler Cooling 186
10.4 Optical Molasses and Magneto-Optical Traps 191
10.5 Experimental Considerations 192
10.6 Cooling below the Doppler Limit 193
10.7 Bose-Einstein Condensation 194
Exercises 200
11 Atomic Physics Applied to the Solid State 202
11.1 Solid-State Spectroscopy 203
11.2 Semiconductors 206
Contents
x
11.3 Solid-State Hydrogenic Systems 214
11.4 Quantum-Confined Semiconductor Structures 217
11.5 Ions Doped in Crystals 220
Exercises 223
12 Atomic Physics in Astronomy 226
12.1 Astrophysical Environments 226
12.2 Astrophy sical Spectra 228
12.3 Information Gained from Analysis of Astrophysical Spectra 237
12.4 Hydrogen Spectra 240
12.5 Helium Spectra 244
Exercises 246
Appendix A The Reduced Mass 248
Appendix B Mathematical Solutions for the Hydrogen
Schrodinger Equation 251
Appendix C Helium Energy Integrals 256
Appendix D Perturbation Theory of the Stark Effect 259
Appendix E Laser Dynamics 264
References 267
Index 269
Titles in the Student s Guide series tackle important and challenging topics in
physics by adopting a plain language approach to explain fundamental ideas
in a clear and accessible way. Written and designed specifically for students,
numerous exercises and worked examples are presented throughout the text
to enhance the reader s understanding of the key concepts.
The books in this series cover a wide range of subjects within the university
physics curriculum. Many of the titles offer supplementary online resources
such as podcasts, worked solutions, and simulations.
This concise and accessible book provides a detailed introduction to the fundamental
principles of atomic physics at an undergraduate level. Concepts are explained in an
intuitive way, and the book assumes only a basic knowledge of quantum mechanics and
electromagnetism. With a compact format specifically designed for students, the first
part of the book covers the key principles of the subject, including quantum theory of the
hydrogen atom, radiative transitions, the shell model of multi-electron atoms, spin-orbit
coupling, and the effects of external fields. The second part provides an introduction to
four key applications of atomic physics: lasers, cold atoms, solid-state spectroscopy, and
astrophysics. This highly pedagogical text includes worked examples and end-of-chapter
problems to allow students to test their knowledge, as well as numerous diagrams of key
concepts, making it perfect for undergraduate students looking for a succinct primer on
the concepts and applications of atomic physics.
► Worked examples and solutions throughout allow practise in calculating experimentally
measurable quantities
► Physical intuition is highlighted which allows students to get a clear understanding of
the physical processes happening within atoms
► Written in clear, simple language this is an accessible and pedagogical resource
For more information and other books in the series:
^ www.cambridge.org/ASGT
Cover image: courtesy of Getty Images iStock.com/Eerik
The image shows the Aurora Borealis. The green light is
generated by the 558 nm electric-quadrupole transition
of the oxygen atoms in the atmosphere.
Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.cambridge.org
ISBN 978-1-
781107
07-18873-0
188730
|
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