A history of Russia:
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | A HISTORY OF RUSSIA
/ RIASANOVSKY, NICHOLAS V.YYQ(NICHOLAS VALENTINE)YYD1923-2011YYEAUTHOR
: 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
PART I. KIEVAN RUS
INTRODUCTION: THE LANDS AND PEOPLES OF THE EURASIAN PLAIN
A POLITICAL OUTLINE, C882-1240
INSTITUTIONS, ECONOMY, SOCIETY
RELIGION AND CULTURE
PART II. APPANAGE RUSSIA
INTRODUCTION
MONGOL RULE
LORD NOVGOROD THE GREAT
THE SOUTHWEST AND THE NORTHEAST
THE RISE OF MOSCOW
INSTITUTIONS, ECONOMY, SOCIETY
RELIGION AND CULTURE
LITHUANIA, POLAND, AND RUSSIA
PART III. MUSCOVITE RUSSIA
IVAN THE TERRIBLE, 1533-84
THE TIME OF TROUBLES
THE EARLY ROMANOVS, 1613-82
INSTITUTIONS, ECONOMY, SOCIETY
RELIGION AND CULTURE
PART IV. IMPERIAL RUSSIA
PETER THE GREAT, 1682-1725
FROM PETER THE GREAT TO CATHERINE THE GREAT, 1725-1762
CATHERINE THE GREAT, 1762-96, AND PAUL, 1796-1801
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
ALEXANDER I, 1801-25
NICHOLAS I, 1825-55
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY BEFORE THE GREAT REFORMS
RUSSIAN CULTURE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
ALEXANDER II, 1855-81
ALEXANDER III, 1881-94, AND NICHOLAS II TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1905
NICHOLAS II IN THE ERA OF REVOLUTION AND REFORM, 1905-17
ECONOMY AND SOCIETY FROM THE GREAT REFORMS TO 1917
RUSSIAN CULTURE FROM THE GREAT REFORMS TO 1917
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1917
PART V. SOVIET RUSSIA
REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA, 1917-1928
THE STALIN REVOLUTION, 1928-1939
THE SOVIET UNION AND THE WORLD, 1921-45
STALIN S LAST YEARS, 1945-53
POLITICS AND ECONOMY AFTER STALIN, 1953-85
SOVIET SOCIETY, 1917-1985
SOVIET CULTURE, 1917-1985
GLASNOST, PERESTROIKA, AND THE END OF THE SOVIET UNION, 1985-91
PART VI. THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
POLITICS AFTER COMMUNISM: YELTSIN AND PUTIN
ECONOMY, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE AFTER COMMUNISM
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Contents
Maps x
Illustrations xit
New to the Ninth Edition xvii
Preface to the Ninth Edition xviii
Parti KIEVAN RUS
1 Introduction: The Lands and Peoples of the Eurasian Plain 3
2 A Political Outline, c. 882-1240 10
3 Institutions, Economy, Society 24
4 Religion and Culture 32
Part II APPANAGE RUSSIA
5 Appanage Russia: Introduction 43
6 Mongol Rule 47
7 Lord Novgorod the Great 54
8 The Southwest and the Northeast 64
9 The Rise of Moscow 70
10 Institutions, Economy, Society 85
11 Religion and Culture 93
12 Lithuania, Poland, and Russia 105
PartHI MUSCOVITE RUSSIA
13 Ivan the Terrible, 1533—84 113
14 The Time of Troubles 128
vii
viii
CONTENTS
15 The Early Romanovs, 1613-82 145
16 Institutions, Economy, Society 156
17 Religion and Culture 167
PartIV IMPERIAL RUSSIA
18 Peter the Great, 1682-1725 185
19 From Peter the Great to Catherine the Great, 1725-1762: Catherine I,
Peter II, Anne, Ivan VI, Elizabeth, and Peter III 210
20 Catherine the Great, 1762-96, and Paul, 1796-1801 222
21 Economy and Society in the Eighteenth Century 242
22 Russian Culture in the Eighteenth Century 250
23 Alexander I, 1801—25 265
24 Nicholas I, 1825-55 285
25 Economy and Society before the Great Reforms 301
26 Russian Culture in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 309
27 Alexander II, 1855 —81 326
28 Alexander III, 1881-94, and Nicholas II to the Revolution of 190 5 348
29 Nicholas II in the Era of Revolution and Reform, 1905—17 363
30 Economy and Society from the Great Reforms to 1917 383
31 Russian Culture from the Great Reforms to the Revolutions of
1917 400
32 The Revolutions of 1917 423
Part V SOVIET RUSSIA
33 Revolutionary Russia, 1917-28 439
34 The Stalin Revolution, 1928-39 465
35 The Soviet Union and the World, 1921-45 482
36 Stalins Last Years, 1945-53 501
37 Politics and Economy after Stalin, 1953-85 511
38 Soviet Society, 1917-85 535
39 Soviet Culture, 1917-85 552
40 Glasnost, Perestroika, and the End of the Soviet Union, 1985 -91 566
CONTENTS
ix
Part VI RUSSIAN FEDERATION
41 Politics after Communism; Yeltsin and Putin 587
42 Economy, Society, and Culture after Communism 626
Appendix: Russian Rulers AT
Bibliography: Select Readings in English BT
Index IT
Index
Abaza, Alexander, 349
Abkhazia, 618
Abkhazians, rights in Georgia, 575
Abo, Treaty of, 221
Abramovich, Roman, 628
Academy of Arts, creation of, 260
Academy of Sciences, 260
Acmeists, 410
Adashev, Alexei, 117,123
Administrative reforms, of Peter I, 200-203
Admiralty building, St. Petersburg, 318
Adolescent, The (Fonvizin), 259
Adrianople, Treaty of, 292-93
Adzharians, rights in Georgia, 575
Aehrenthal, Count Alois von, 377
Afghanistan: and competition between
Russia and Great Britain, 357, 376-77;
departure of Soviet army from, 579; 1979
invasion of, 534
Age of Reason, 260; and doctrine of Official
Nationality, 287-88
Agrarian economy: of eighteenth century,
243—44
Agrarian Party, 597
Agriculture: after Second World War,
504; in Appanage Russia, 86-89; and
collectivization, 472-75; and communes
after Great Reforms, 385-86; during
Khrushchev era, 521-23; Kievan Rus,
27-28, 29; in mid-nineteenth century, 304-6;
in Muscovite state, 161
Aigun, Treaty of, 346
Akhmatova, Anna, 410, 411 (figure), 557, 558
Aksakov, Ivan, 333
Aksakov, Konstantin, 309, 321, 322
Aksakov, Sergei, 310
Akunin, Boris, 653, 654
Alaska: sale to United States, 345; settlements
in, 233, 258, 274
Albania, 532; communism after Second World
War, 507
Alcohol consumption, in Soviet society,
542, 567, 569
Alexander I: constitution proposed to,
271-73; contradictory traits of, 265-68;
coronation medal of, 269 (figure); and
Decembrist movement, 283-84; desire to
abolish serfdom and autocracy, 269-70;
early life and ascension to throne, 265-68;
and European, alliances after Napoleon,
279-80; Europe during reign of, 280
(figure); expansion of empire, 273-74; and
expansion of empire, 273-74; foreign policy
of, 278-81; ideals of discipline and order,
281-82; liberalism and reforms of, 268-73;
mysterious death of, 268; and Napoleon s
invasion of Russia, 274-78; portrait, 266
(figure); quote, 265; turn to piety and
mysticism, 282-83
Alexander II, 327 (figure); assassination of,
341; Congress of Berlin, 344; conquest of
Central Asia, 346—47; emancipation of
the serfs, 327-31; emerging radicalism
in Russia, 338—41; evaluating Great
Reforms of, 336-38; Great Reforms,
332-35; international relations, 341-47;
and national imperialism, 345-47;
Nicholas I and Great Reforms of, 300;
policies toward Poland, 336; reaction to
Great Reforms, 335-36, 348-49; the
revolutionary movement in Russia, 338-41;
speeches by, 326; traits and background of,
326-27, 337-38
Alexander III, 348-53; in 1889, 350 (figure);
church schools and, 402; counterreforms
of, 349-51; progressive economic measures,
352-53; rejection of political reform, 348-49
Alexander of Battenberg, 357
Alexandra, wife of Nicholas II, 381-82, 382
(figure); background and ideology of, 353;
death of, 446; letter of February 1917, 424
Alexievich, Svetlana, 603
1-1
1-2
INDEX
Alexis (son of Peter I), 206
Alexis (tsar), 147-48,186
Algirdas, 106, 107
Alisa, 657
Allegories, as expression of ideas, 252 (figure)
Allegory of Mathematics/ 252 (figure)
Alliance of the Three Emperors, 357
Alliances: Kievan matrimonial alliances, 19
All-Russian Union for Women s Equality, 398
All-Union Association of Proletarian
Writers, 558
All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, 558
Alphabet, Peter I s reform of, 251
Ambartsumian, Viktor, 556
Ambrosii, Archbishop of Novgorod, 210
Amnesty International, 606, 607, 608
Andropov, Iurii Vladimirovich, 519
Andrusova, Treaty of, 155
Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 407, 408
Anne, Empress of Russia, 212-13, 218
Annensky, Innokentii, 410
Anpilov, Viktor, 640
Anti-Comintern Pact, 487
Apology of a Madman (Chaadaev), 320
Apotheosis of Groundlessness (Shestov), 420
Apotheosis of War, painting, 412
Appanage Russia: architecture in, 98-99;
characteristics of, 43-46; economy of,
86-87; education in, 103; and expansion
of Russian northeast, 68—69; family life
in, 91-92; feudalism in, 87-89; from
1240 (figure), 44; hagiography in, 98;
icon painting in, 100-103; influence of
church in, 94—95; intellectual life in,
95-96; landholding practices, 88-89; Lord
Novgorod the Great, 54-63, 55 (figure);
popular culture in, 104; preservation of arts
and culture in, 93-94; and rise of Moscow,
76, 78; role of princely rulers in, 85-86;
social life and order in, 89-91
Arakcheev, Alexei, 281-82
Archangel, 446
Archbishop: in Novgorod, 59, 62
Architecture: baroque style of, 179-80;
Cathedral of the Assumption, 101 (figure);
of churches in appanage period, 94, 98-99;
and eighteenth-century culture, 259-60; in
the first half of the nineteenth century, 318;
Kievan Rus, 38-41, 39 (figure); of Kremlin,
99-100; in Muscovite state, 178—79; and
Soviet culture 1917-1985, 561-62, 562
(figure)
Aristocracy: see Gentry class
Armenia, 453; 1988 earthquake, 580;
establishment of Soviet government in, 446
Armenians: Armenian Church, 355; crisis in
Nagorno-Karabakh, 573; settlement of in
annexed territories, 233
Army: reforms of Peter 1,198-99
Arteli, 243
Artisans, status in appanage era, 90
Artisans, status in eighteenth century, 247
Arts: destruction of non-conformist, 564;
in the first half of the nineteenth century,
318; Kievan Rus, 38-41, 38 (figure); in
postcommunist era, 649-58; and Soviet
culture 1917-1985, 560—64; visual arts in
Muscovite state, 178-80
Arts and culture: effects of Mongol conquest,
93-94; icon painting, 102 (figure); icon
painting, origins and development of,
100-103
Asher, Abraham, 372
Asia: Nicholas II and, 359—62; post-Second
World War era in, 509
Assemblies of the Nobility, 231
Assembly of Russian Factory Workers, and
revolution of 1905, 365-66
Assembly of the land, in reign of Ivan
IV, 117
Astrakhan: rebellions against Peter I, 194—95;
and Turkish-Crimean attack of 1869,123
Astrakhan, Russian conquest of, 118-19
Astronomy: in first half of nineteenth
century, 312
Atlantic Charter, 494
Atlantic Defense Pact, 508
Atomic Energy Commission, 506
Austria: and Crimean War, 298—99; and
eighteenth-century foreign policy, 220; and
eighteenth-century partitions of Poland,
238; European alliances after Napoleon,
279; mutual defense and cooperation,
295-96; and Russo-Turkish wars, 234;
Straits Convention, 296; Three Emperors7
League, 34243
Austria-Hungary: relations 1905-1914,
376-77; relations after Congress of Berlin,
357-59
Autocracy: and aftermath of Congress of
Vienna, 279; Alexander I and desire to
abolish, 269-70; challenges posed by
aristocracy, 210-11; challenges posed
by Supreme Privy Council, 212—13; and
doctrine of Official Nationality, 287438;
in final years of monarchy, 348-49; impact
of Mongol rule, 53; in Muscovite state,
156-57, 173-75; and Nicholas II, 355-56;
nineteenth-century adherence to, 353—54;
and reign of Nicholas I, 288—90; and
INDEX
1-3
rise of Muscovite state, 85-86; roots in
legends and doctrines, 97-98; Temporary
Regulations of 1881, 349, 355, 356; in wake
of Time of Troubles, 142,144
Avars, 7
Avvakum, 167,169,171;
autobiography of, 177
Azeff, Evno, 373
Azerbaijan: establishment of Soviet
government in, 446
Azerbaijanis: crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh, 573
Azov: cossack conquest of, 146-A7
Azov Campaign, of Peter 1,196
Babel, Isaak, 557, 558, 564
Baburova, Anastasia, 607
Baehr, Stephen, 214
Bagration, Prince Peter, 275, 277
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 557, 564
Baku industrial region, 390
Bakunin, Mikhail, 322, 323, 324-25, 340, 416
Balabanov, Alexei, 653
Balakirev, Milii, 412
Balkans: conflicts of 1912 and 1913, 374;
Congress of Berlin, 344; German campaign
in, 489; interests in, 1905-1914, 377;
rebellions of 1875, 343, 344 (figure)
Ballets Russes, 413
Balmont, Konstantin, 410
Baltic region: efforts of Ivan IV to conquer,
119—20; and eighteenth-century economy,
242; and eighteenth-century trade, 245;
national uprisings in Gorbachev era, 573-
74; revolution of 1905 in, 366-67; in Second
World War, 489
Barber of Siberia (Mikhalkov), 654
Barclay de Tolly, Prince Michael, 275
Baroque style: of architecture, 179-80
Barshchina, 243, 246, 305
Basil, Archbishop of Novgorod, 62
Bassin, Mark, 419
Bathory, Stephen, 153
Battleship Potemkin, rebellion of, 366
Beccaria, Cesare, 226-27
Belarus: relationship in postcommunist
era, 615
Belgrade, Treaty of, 221
Belinsky, Vissarion, 309, 322, 323-24, 324
(figure), 338
Bellingshausen, Faddei, 312-13
Belorussians: and collapse of Kievan state, 45;
declaration of sovereignty, 575
Bely, Andrei, 410, 557, 558
Benckendorff, Count, 290
Benois, Alexander, 404, 410, 421
Berdyaev, Nikolai, 647
Berezovsky, Boris, 599, 612, 628
Beria, Lavrentii, 511, 512, 512 (figure)
Berlin: blockade by Soviets, 508-9
Berlin, Congress of: international relations
after, 357-59; results of, 344
Beslan, school occupation in, 612
Bestuzhev-Riumin, Alexei, 220
Bestuzhev-Riumin, Konstantin, 403
Betskoy, Ivan, 254
Biology: in first half of nineteenth century,
312; in last half of nineteenth century, 404
Biron, Ernst-Johann, 213
Bironism, 213
Bismarck, Otto von, 342
Black Hundreds, right-wing gangs, 366,
368, 418
Black Repartition, revolutionary group, 341
Black Sea: access after Russo-Turkish wars,
233, 234; construction of ports in eighteenth
century, 245; Russian and Ukrainian control
of fleet, 575; trade in mid-nineteenth
century, 303
Blok, Alexander, 410, 557
Bloody Sunday, and revolution of 1905,
365-66
Bobrikov, Nikolai, 356
Bogoliubsky, Andrei, 67
Bolotnikov Revolt, 136-38
Bolshevik revolution: cultural views and
leadership, 552-53; events of autumn 1917,
435-37; life and background of Lenin,
439^1. see also Revolution of October 1917
Bolsheviks: attitude toward peasants, 536-37;
before 1917, 417; democratic centralism of
party, 479; formation of, 365; paradigms of
social change, 535; reaction of provisional
government to, 430; reasons for victory,
453-55; and union movement, 395
Bonnell, Victoria, 629
Book of Poverty and Wealth,
The (Pososhkov), 258
Books: allegories in, 252 (figure); first
appearance of, 177; increasing publication
of in eighteenth century, 254; introduction
of Russian publishers, 251
Borenstein, Eliot, 650, 653
Boretskaia, Martha, 91-92
Boris Godunov (Mussorgsky), 128,132, 315,413
Borodin, Alexander, 412
Borodino, Battle of, 276-77
Bosnia, rebellion of 1875, 343
Botkin, Vasilii, 322
Bourgeois experts : disappearance of,
535-36; trials of, 471-72
1-4
INDEX
Boyar duma, and Muscovite autocracy,
157-58
Boyars, 2A-26; boyar duma, 157-58; conflicts
with Ivan IV, 122-23,126; in Galicia and
Volynia, 66; and landholding practices,
88-89; Novgorod as boyar republic,
59-60, 61; role in appanage-era society,
90; role in Muscovite state, 86; and Vasilii
Shuisky, 142
Boyhood (Tolstoy), 407
Breslauer, George, 591
Brest-Litovsk, 445
Brezhnev, Leonid, 518 (figure); era of, 516-19;
and era of stagnation, 517; and golden
age of Soviet elite, 540; quote, 511
Brezhnev Doctrine, 532—33
Brigadier, The (Fonvizin), 259
Briusov, Valerii, 410, 558
Brodsky, Iosif, 560
Bronze Horseman (Pushkin), 315, 316
Brother (Balabanov), 653
Brother 2 (Balabanov), 654
Brotherhood of Cyril and Methodius, 294
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky), 406
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 532
Bubonic plague: economic costs to Russia, 87
Bucharest, Treaty of, 274
Budenny, Marshall Semen, 497
Bugaev, Boris, 410
Bukharin, Nikolai, 478; around 1917, 461
(figure); policy debates in revolutionary
Russia, 462, 464; quote, 465-66
Bulavin, Konrad, 195
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 557, 558
Bulganin, Nikolai, 512 (figure), 528-29
Bulgaria: collapse of communism in, 573-79
Bulgaria, and Congress of Berlin, 344, 357
Bunge, Nikolai, 352-53, 392
Bunin, Ivan, 560
Bureaucracy, growth after 1991, 611
Burnt by the Sun (Mikhalkov), 654
Bush, George W., 621, 622, 623
Bushkovitch, Paul, 191
Butashevich-Petrashevsky, Mikhail, 325
Bykov, V, 626
By liny epic poetry, 36
Byzantine Rite Catholics, origins of, 153
Byzantium: and Christianization of Kievan
state, 16-17, 34-35; and rise of Moscow, 79;
and rise of the Kievan state, 13,14
California, Russian settlements in, 274
Canonization of saints: in appanage
period, 95
Captain s Daughter, A (Pushkin), 315
Carter, Jimmy, 534
Castro, Fidel, 569 (figure)
Cathedral of St. Dmitrii in Vladimir, 39
(figure)
Cathedral of St. Sophia, Kiev, 40
Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow, 101
(figure)
Cathedral of the Intercession of the Holy
Mother of God, construction of, 119
Cathedral of the Intercession of the Virgin,
178-79,179 (figure)
Catherine I, 211-12
Catherine II ( the Great): ascension to
the throne, 217-18; attitude toward
freemasonry, 262; combining liberalism
and conservatism, 230, 239; consolidation
of position, 226; cultural and educational
initiatives of, 254—55; education of
grandson Alexander, 267; and emergence
of critical intelligentsia, 261; evaluating
reign of, 239-40; on horseback, 225 (figure);
impact of French Revolution on, 263;
initiatives in popular education, 254-55;
Legislative Commission, 226-28; literature
during the reign of, 259; lovers of, 225-26;
Nakaz (Instruction), 222, 226-27; personality
traits, 224-25, 239-40; Pugachev s rebellion,
228-30; reforms; reforms of gentry, 230-32;
Russo-Turkish wars, 233-35; strengthening
of serfdom, 231-32, 239; war, empire, and
diplomacy, 232-33; youth and marriage of,
222, 224; youthful resourcefulness of, 224
Caucasus: opposition to imperial authority
in, 308; revolution of 1905 in, 366—67;
territorial gains in 1829, 292
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 532, 569 (figure), 578
Cement (Gladkov), 469
Central Asia: Anglo-Russian tension over,
357; conquest of by Alexander II, 346-47;
independence movements in, 452; Nicholas
II and, 359-62; treatment of nationalities
in, 549
Chaadaev, Peter, 185, 309, 320
Chagall, Marc, 413, 560
Chancelleries, 200; in Muscovite policy, 160
Chancery, use by Nicholas I, 289-90
Charles XII of Sweden, and Great Northern
War, 193-97
Charques, Richard, 265
Charter to the Nobility of 1785, 231, 240, 268
Charter to the Towns, 240, 268
Chebyshev, Pafnutii, 403
Chechen war, 595-96, 601, 612—13
Chechnya, 618
Chechnya, and national security, 612-13
INDEX
1-5
Cheka, police force, 443
Chekhov, Anton, 409
Cheliabinsk, discovery of mass graves near, 580
Chemistry: in first half of nineteenth century,
312; in last half of nineteenth century, 403
Chernenko, Konstantin, 519
Chemiaev, General Mikhail, 343
Chernobyl, nuclear reactor explosion, 570
Chernomyrdin, Victor, 598, 600
Chernov, Viktor, 417, 446
Chemyshevsky, Nikolai, 338, 400, 409, 416, 440
Chiang Kai-shek, 485, 486, 487, 509
Chicherin, Georgii, 483-84, 485
Childhood (Tolstoy), 407
China: communist victory in, 509; nineteenth-
century acquisition of territory from, 346;
relations in 1920s, 485; relations in 1930s,
486, 487; renewed conflict in 1960, 516,
531-32
Chinese Eastern Railway, 360, 392
Cholera epidemic of 1830, 290
Chosen Council, of Ivan IV, 117, 122, 123
Christianization: in Kievan Rus, 15-18,19;
33-35
Chronicle of Novgorod, The, 54, 62
Chronicles, historical and literary, 37
Chto Delat (What is to be Done) political-
artistic collective, 643-44
Chubais, Anatolii, 590; 600
Chuikov, Vasilii, 492
Church: appanage-era teachings on women,
92; calls for reform, 169—70; church schools
in nineteenth century, 402; confiscation
of properties in Poland, 336; Council of
a Hundred Chapters, 118; Council of
Florence, 76; and frontier settlement, 86;
influence in appanage period, 94-95; and
intellectual life in medieval Russia, 95-96;
in Kievan Rus society, 30, 33-35; lives of
clergy in eighteenth century, 247; and
Mongol rule, 53; Muscovite-era teachings
on women, 175; possessors vs. non-
possessors, 96—97; in postcommunist
era, 645—49, 646 (figure), 648 (figure);
prominence in Muscovite state, 168-69;
reforms of Peter I, 201—3; religious
schism in Muscovite state, 169—73; role
in literacy and education, 176; role in rise
of Muscovite state, 83; and sculpture in
appanage era, 103; and Soviet society 1917-
1985, 536, 542^43; and Time of Troubles,
139^40; tsar s Palm Sunday ritual, 157;
view of women in Kievan Rus, 31
Churches: architecture of in appanage period,
98—99; architecture of in Kievan Rus, 39-40,
39 (figure); Cathedral of the Assumption,
101 (figure)
Churchill, Winston, 492, 494-95, 507
Cimmerians, 5
Civil service, and reforms of Peter I, 204-5
Civil society: and urbanization, 396—99
Civil war, 445—50, 449 (figure)
Clergy: decline in eighteenth century, 247
Clinton, Bill, 620, 621-22
Clinton, Hillary, 625
Cohen, Stephen, 621
Cold War: and last years of Iosif Stalin, 504-9
Collectivization: initiation of, 472-75; during
Khrushchev era, 522-23; and Soviet society,
537-38
Collegiate administration: introduced by
Peter I, 200; reformed by Alexander I, 270
Colonalism, vision of in Asia, 359
Colton, Timothy, 589, 593
Cominform, 508
Comintern, 484
Commerce: and economic reforms of Peter
I, 203-4:; and economy of Appanage Russia,
87; and economy of Muscovite state, 161-
62; foreign influence on, 182; Kievan Rus,
26-29; in mid-nineteenth century, 302—3;
reforms of Catherine II, 232; sixteenth-
century trade with England, 121
Commission for the Establishment of Popular
Schools, 254-55
Committee of Ministers, in reign of Nicholas
I, 288
Committee to Protect Journalists, 607
Commonwealth of Independent States,
583, 615
Commune, peasant: after Great
Reforms, 385-86, 387 (figure); and land
redistribution, 374;
Communism: and building a new society, 457;
dissent among communists, 459; in Europe
after Second World War, 507; transition
from socialism, 522; war communism of
revolutionary Russia, 455—57
Communist Information Bureau, 508
Communist Party, as social institution, 550-51
Communist Party of the Russian Federation,
593, 597
Concert of Europe, 279
Confederation of Targowica, 236-37
Confession, A (Tolstoy), 408
Congress of People s Deputies, 571, 595
Conquest, Robert, 479
Conscriptions, by Peter I, 199
Conservatism: from Great Reforms to
1917, 418
1-6
INDEX
Constantinople: conquest by Turks, 76
Constituent Assembly, first meeting of, 443-44
Constitution: proposed to Alexander I, 271-72
Constitutional Charter of the Russian Empire
(Novosiltsev), 273
Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets),
364, 366, 368; and first Duma, 370; role in
provisional government, 425; and second
Duma, 371; in the third Duma, 372
Constitutionalism: and aftermath of Congress
of Vienna, 279
Constitutional monarchy: and October 1905
manifesto, 368
Constitution of 1936, quoted, 480-81
Consumer goods, increased availability in
1960s, 518
Continental blockade, 1812, 275
Convention of Berlin, 295
Corruption, of postcommunist era, 594,
611-12, 636
Cossacks: changes by Catherine II, 231;
incursion into India, 241; origins of, 130;
rebellion against early Romanovs, 148-50;
in seventeenth-century Ukraine, 153-55;
and Time of Troubles, 140
Council of a Hundred Chapters, 118
Council of Florence, 76
Council of People s Commissars, 439, 444
Council of State, created by Alexander I, 272
Craft industry, and eighteenth-century
peasantry, 243
Crime, in postcommunist era, 635-36
Crimea: accession into Russian Federation,
618; after Russo-Turkish wars, 234; 1783
annexation of, 233; Ukrainian sovereignty
over, 575
Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 406
Crimean Tatars: and rise of Moscow, 78-79;
Turkish-Crimean attack of 1869, 124
Crimean War, 296-99; and emancipation
of serfs, 328-29; and foreign policy of
Alexander II, 344; map, 298
Crummey, Donald, 164
Cuban missile crisis, 516
Cui, Caesar, 412
Cultural exchanges, and liberalization of
society after Stalin, 527
Cultural revolution, of Soviet society, 541
Culture: characteristics of Muscovite state,
167-68; etiquette manual by Peter I,
253; introduction of newspapers and
periodicals, 254
Culture, eighteenth-century: dynamism of,
250-51; education, 251—57; intellectual life,
260—64; literature, 258—60; science, 257-58
Culture, from the Great Reforms to
1917: the arts, 411-14; education, 401-3;
gender, questions of, 419; ideologies and
social thought, 415-18; literature, 404—11;
modernism, 413; nationality, questions
of, 419—20; popular culture, 422; religion,
questions of, 420-21; science and scholarship,
403-4; silver age, 411-14; vitality of, 401
Culture, in first half of nineteenth century:
the arts, 318; education, 310-12; golden
age of, 309-10; ideas and ideologies,
318—25; literature, 313—18; science and
scholarship, 312-13
Culture, in postcommunist era: fostering
traditional values, 642
Culture, Soviet era, 1917-1985: Bolshevik
views on culture, 552-53; education,
science, and scholarship, 553—57; literature
and the arts, 557-64; modernism, 557,
560, 561 (figure); non-conformity and
dissidence, 564-65
Cultures and people, 5-9, 7 (figure); early
migrations (figure), 8; Novgorod, 61-63
Czartoryski, Adam, 268—70, 273, 294, 308
Czech Legion, 446
Czechoslovakia: collapse of communism
in, 578—79; demonstrations of 1953, 528;
and foreign policy of 1930s, 486; German
annexation of, 488; Prague Spring, 532-33
Czech Republic: relationship in
postcommunist era, 619
Dagestan, 601, 618
Daily Kopeck Gazette, March 1917, 423
Danilevsky, Nikolai, 418
Dashkova, Catherine, 257
Davies, Norman, 336
Davies, R. W., 479
Day of the Oprichnik (Sorokin), 652
Dead Souls (Gogol), 317
Death and a Little Love (Marinina), 651 (figure)
Decembrist rebellion, 283-84; and
emancipation of serfs, 328; reaction of
Nicholas I: 288
Declaration on War Aims, 1917, 429
Delianov, Ivan, 349
Democracy: assembly of the land, in
reign of Ivan IV, 117; and land reforms of
Alexander III, 351; legacy of Novgorod,
54, 58-60, 61; and postcommunist political
order, 588; and revolution, 426, 434;
support for in postcommunist era, 638—39;
views of Bolsheviks on, 440. 444
Democratic centralism, of Bolshevik party, 479
Demon, A (Lermontov), 316
INDEX
1-7
Demons (Dostoevsky), 406
Denikin, Anton, 446-47, 455
Denmark: Great Northern War, 193-97;
parition of Livonia, 120
Depression of 1900, 392
Derzhavin, Gavriil, 259
Détente: and Helsinki conference of 1975, 531;
launch of, 517
Diaghilev, Sergei, 410, 413
Diderot, Denis, 228
Diplomacy: and Helsinki conference of 1975,
531; and international relations after Stalin,
527-34; nuclear nonproliferation agreement
of 1968, 531; in the reign of Catherine II,
232-33; in Second World War, 49^-96. see
also Foreign policy
Dissidence, 564-65, 643-44
Dissolution of Soviet Union: attempted
coup of August 1991,582-83, 589, 590
(figure); background of, 566-67, 584-85;
and discovery of mass graves, 580; effect
of worsening economy, 580; final crisis,
579-83; impact of eastern Europe on, 578-
79; independent states of the former Soviet
Union, 584 (figure); nationalism and, 572-77
Diversity of empire s population, 233, 306-8,
548—50; after imperial expansion, 247-48.
see also Empire
Dmitrii Donskoi, 73-74, 75
Dmitrii (son of Ivan IV): death of, 131-32; the
First False Dmitrii, 133-36, 133 (figure);
Second False Dmitrii, 137-38,139
Dobroliubov, Nikolai, 338, 416
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 559
Dolgoruky, Prince Ivan, 212
Domostroi (Domestic Order, treatise on), 165-
66, 167, 174
Donskoi, Dmitrii, 73—74, 75
Dorpat, Estonia, 194
Dostoevsky, Fedor, 405-6, 405 (figure);
comments on Russians in Asia, 346; on
Pushkin, 316
Double agents, emergence of, 373
Drama: in eighteenth century, 259; in the first
half of the nineteenth century, 318. see also
Theater
Drevliane, 12—13
Druzhina, 24-26, 27
Dubcek, Alexander, 532
Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 595-96
Duma: creation of first, 367—68; creation
of provisional government, February
1917, 425; the first two Dumas, 370-71;
during First World War, 379, 381; and the
Fundamental Laws of Nicholas II, 368-69;
revival of name by Boris Yeltsin, 595; third
and fourth Dumas, 371-72
Durova, Nadezhda, 307
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 443
Eastern Catholic church, formation of, 153
Economic development: after Second World
War, 503—4; after Stalin era, 515—16, 520-25;
importance to cohesion of Soviet Union,
572; liberalization in 1960s, 524
Economic reforms: of Catherine II, 232; and
emancipation of the serfs, 328; of late
nineteenth century, 352-53; New Economic
Policy of Bolsheviks, 459—60; under
Nicholas II, 356; of Peter I, 203^; shock
therapy of 1992, 590-93
Economy: agrarian economy of eighteenth
century, 243-44; depression of 1900, 392;
and final dissolution of Soviet Union,
580; financial crisis of 1998, 600; imperial
expansion and, 242-43; Kievan Rus, 26—29;
of Muscovite state, 161-64; Novgorod,
58—61; oil and gas boom of 1998-2008, 633;
prior to Great Reforms of Alexander
II, 301-2; protests of 1990s, 593; reforms
proposed by Gorbachev, 581 ; and rise of
Moscow, 81, 86—87; shock therapy of
1992, 590-93; stagnation of 1980s, 567-69;
upward mobility in 1960s, 518-19; upward
mobility in 1960s and 1970s, 524
Economy, in postcommunist era: dismantling
of economic structures, 626—27; financial
collapse of 1998, 628-29; free trade, 631
(figure); people s veche in Moscow, 1992,
629 (figure); recovery and uncertainty, 633-
34; and social experience, 635-37; wealth
and poverty, 627-33
Education: access of workers to, 539; in
appanage era, 103; and counterreforms of
Alexander III, 349-50; in eighteenth century,
251—57; in first half of nineteenth century,
310-12; from Great Reforms to 1917, 401-3;
importance to cohesion of Soviet Union,
572; initiatives of Peter I, 251-53; initiatives
in eighteenth century, 254—55; Kievan Rus,
38-^1; in Muscovite state, 176; prioritization
by Alexander I, 271; promotion by Catherine
II, 232, 239; reforms of Petr Stolypin, 374;
religious education, 255; restrictions in reign
of Nicholas I, 291-92; and Soviet culture
1917-1985,553—55; university disturbances of
1860s, 335; University of Moscow, founding
of, 253—54; University Statute of 1863, 337;
University Statute of 1884, 350; of women in
eighteenth century, 256—57
1-8
INDEX
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 482
Einstein, Albert, 555
Eisenstein, Sergei, 564
Ekaterinburg, 446
Eklof, Ben, 402
Electoral laws: changes to Duma, June 1907,
371-72; enacted by Vladimir Putin, 609
Electrification, and Communism, 635; and
Stalin Revolution, 469
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 213, 214-16, 215
(figure); visit to Moscow 1742, 210
Elizabeth I of England: letter from Ivan
IV, 173
Emancipation of Labor group, 364
Emancipation of the serfs, 327-31
Empire: annexation of Georgia, 274; ethnic
nationalism within, 307-8; expansion in
North America, 274; expansion of 1801-
1812, 273-74; and national imperialism,
345-47; nationalism and assimilation,
375-76; and the reign of Catherine II,
232-33; Russia s emergence as, 118-20,
150—55,152 (figure); social and ethnic
diversity of, 306-8; and Treaty of
Bucharest, 274. see also Nationalities
Engel, Barbara, 546
Engels, Friedrich: quote, 439
England: sixteenth-century trade with, 121
Enlightenment era: Enlightenment liberalism,
319; influence on lives of women, 249;
interest of Catherine II in, 224, 226, 239
Erlich, Paul, 404
Ermak, 120
Erofeyev, Viktor, 650
Esenin, Sergei, 410, 558
Estonia: national uprising in 1988-1990,
573-74
Estonia, and Great Northern War, 194
Estonians: conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57
Ethnic nationalism: in early twentieth
century, 398; and imperial patriotism, 307—8
Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 314—15
Eurasian school of Russian history, 51-52
Europe: 1801-1856, 280 (figure); aftermath
of Second World War, 495; alliances after
Napoleon, 279-80; Central Europe in
1803 and 1812, 276 (figure); at close of the
eighteenth century, 223 (figure); Congress
of Vienna, 278-79; eastern European
communist states, 507; eastern Europe
and dissolution of Soviet Union, 578-79;
Holy Alliance, 279; and international
relations after Stalin, 527-34; Ivan IV
and outreach to, 120-21; notions of
enlightened authority, 214; relationships
in postcommunist era, 619; Russia as part
of, 619—20; uprisings against communist
regimes, 526
European Union, 619
Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (Gogol), 317
Expeditions: eighteenth-century scientific,
258; scientific expeditions of nineteenth
century, 312-13
Fables, in Russian literature, 313-14
Factories: eighteenth-century expansion of
industry, 244
False Peter, 137
Family life: in appanage era, 91-92; and
economic struggles of 1990s, 632-33; in
Muscovite state, 165-66,175; of peasants
after Great Reforms, 386-87; in Soviet
society 1917-1985, 545
Famine: of 1891-1892, 364, 389; of 1921-
1922, 458, 460; during Time of Troubles,
132-33; Ukraine, 1932-1933, 472-73
Fashions, among rising working class, 394
(figure)
Fathers and Children (Turgenev), 405
Federation Council, 595
Fedotov, George, 33
Ferdinand, Archduke Francis, 377
Fet, Afanasii, 409
Feudalism: in Appanage Russia, 87-89
Film: and postcommunist Russia, 653-54; and
Soviet culture 1917-1985, 563, 564
Financial corruption, of postcommunist era,
594, 611-12, 636
Financial reforms: of Alexander II, 334; of
Peter I, 203-4
Finland: armistice of 1944, 494; attempted
Russification of, 356; as autonomous grand
duchy, 274; eighteenth-century wars with
Sweden over, 221; and Great Northern War,
196; national independence movement,
451; relationship after end of Second World
War, 506; treaty of friendship with, 528;
war of 1939-1940, 489
Finno-Ugric tribes: in Novgorod region, 55
Finns: conflicts with Novgorodian princes, 57
First World War: foundations of involvement,
377; and provisional government of 1917,
428; Russia in, 378-82, 380 (figure)
Fischer, George, 333
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 468
Five-Year Plans, 470 (figure), First Five-Year
Plan, 468-69, 470-71, 537; Second Five-Year
Plan, 474-76; Third Five-Year Plan, 474—76;
Fourth Five-Year Plan, 503-4; Seven-Year
INDEX
1-9
Plan, 520; Eighth Five-Year Plan, 523; Ninth
and Tenth Five-Year Plans, 523-24; Sixth
Five-Year Plan, 520; and peasantry, 539
Flier, Michael, 157
Florence, Council of, 76
Florovsky, George, 363
Folklore: eighteenth-century interest in, 256
Fonvizin, Denis, 259
Foreign policy: after Congress of Berlin,
357-59; after Napoleon s invasion, 278-81;
after Stalin, 527-34; of Alexander I, 273-74;
of Alexander II, 341-47; Concert of
Europe, 279; Congress of Vienna, 278—79;
of Emperor Paul, 241; First World War,
378-82; fundamental issues of in eighteenth
century, 232; 1979 invasion of Afghanistan,
534; in mid-eighteenth century, 219-21; of
Mikhail Gorbachev, 578-79; of Nicholas
II between 1905 and 1914, 376-77; of
Nikita Khrushchev, 516, 530; nuclear
nonproliferation agreement of 1968, 531;
in postcommunist era, 614-15, 618-25; in
1930s, 485-87; in the 1920s, 483—85; from
1938 to 1941, 487—89. see also Soviet Union
and the world
Fort Ross, California, 274
Foundations of Leninism, The (Stalin), 467
Fountain of Bakhchisarai, The (Pushkin), 314
France: Cold War relationship with, 506; and
Crimean War, 297-99; cultural influence in
eighteenth century, 251; and eighteenth-
century foreign policy, 220; European
alliances after Napoleon, 279; and foreign
policy of 1930s, 486-87; intervention in civil
war, 447; and nineteenth-century foreign
policy, 273—74; policies of Emperor Paul
toward, 241; policy of Catherine II toward,
232; relations 1905-1914, 376—77; relations
after Congress of Berlin, 357—59; revolution
of 1848, 295—96; and Spanish Civil War,
487; Straits Convention, 296; wartime
diplomacy with, 494
Frederick II of Prussia, 216—17, 236
Frederikshamn, Peace Treaty of, 274
Free Economic Society, 244, 254, 261
Freemasonry, popularity in eighteenth
century, 261-62, 263
Freeze, Gregory, 247
French language, use by eighteenth-century
Russian elite, 251
French Revolution of 1789, 232
Frontier settlement: role of church in, 86
Frost, David, interview with Vladimir
Putin, 619
Fuller, William, 299
Futurism: in literature, 411; in
painting, 413
Fydor (son of Ivan IV), 130—32
Fyodorov, Ivan, 177
Gagarin, Iurii A., 555
Gaidar, Yegor, 590
Galich, 64-65
Galicia, 64^-66; map, 65
Galkin, Alexander, 635
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 575
Gapon, Father Georgii, 365-66
Ge, Nikolai, 412
Gediminas, 105—6
Gender: in appanage era, 91—92; in Muscovite
state, 164^-66; questions of in late
nineteenth century, 419; in Soviet society
1917-1985, 543—47, 544 (figure), sec also
Women
General strike of 1905, 367
Genghis Khan: life of, 47-48
Gentry class: abolishment of compulsory
service, 219; after emancipation of the serfs,
384—85; challenges posed to autocracy,
210—11; Charter to the Nobility of 1785, 231;
and counterreforms of Alexander III, 351;
disappearance of, 535—36; dominance of in
eighteenth century, 246; and emancipation
of the serfs, 329; Emperor Paul s reforms
of, 240-^tl; exclusive academies for, 254;
in mid-eighteenth century, 218—19; as
nineteenth-century landlords, 304—6;
portrayl in literature, 310; reforms of
Catherine II, 230—32; renunciation of
privilege by Tver gentry, 335-36; and serf
labor, 162-63; social divisions of, 246; and
state service, 204-5, 219
Gentry Nest, A (Turgenev), 405
Gentry Nest, A (Turgenev), 310
Geography, 3-5; and eighteenth-century
expeditions, 258; and rise of Moscow, 81
George, Lloyd, 485
Georgia, 548; 1801 annexation of, 274; defeat
of Mensheviks in, 452; establishment of
Soviet government in, 446; Gori, town
of, 466; national uprising of 1989, 575;
relationship in postcommunist era,
615, 618—19; Russian-Georgian war,
618-19
German Democratic Republic (East
Germany), creation of, 508; collapse of
communism in, 578—79
Germans: German philosophy of nineteenth
century, 319-20, 338, 339; settlement of in
annexed territories, 233
1-10
INDEX
Germany: Anti-Comintern Pact, 487; 1941
attack on Soviet Union, 489—90; creation of
Federal Republic, 508; German-Soviet Non-
Aggression Treaty, 488; influence during
reign of Empress Anne, 213; 1917 peace
treaty, 445; post-Second World War division
of, 508; relations 1905-1914, 376^77;
relations after Congress of Berlin, 357-59;
relations in 1920s, 484-85; and Spanish
Civil War, 487; Three Emperors League,
342—43; treatment of Russian civilians in
wartime, 498
Gerschenkron, Alexander, 390
Gershenzon, Mikhail, 400
Gessen, Masha, 603
Giers, Nikolai, 357, 358
Gippius, Zinaida, 410
Gladkov, Fedor, 469
Glasnost: ability of communist regimes to
survive, 578; and censorship, 570; and
economic acceleration, 569; effect of
Chernobyl on, 570; and emancipation of
the serfs, 329; in era of Mikhail Gorbachev,
567, 569; and final dissolution of Soviet
Union, 579, 580, 584, 585; poster from 1987,
571 (figure); and uprising in Baltic region,
573-74
Glinka, Mikhail, 318
Glinskaia, Elena, 114
Glinski, Dmitrii, 593
Glinsky, Mikhail, 114
Glinsky family, in reign of Ivan IV, 114,117
Godunov, Boris: regency of, 130-32; rule of,
132-34
Gogol, Nikolai, 315-16, 317-18, 318
Golden Horde: defined, 50; and rise of
Moscow, 78. see also Mongols
Gold standard, imposition of, 356
Golitsyn, Prince Vasilii, 186,188
Golovnin, Alexander, 337, 402
Goncharov, Ivan, 408
Goncharova, Natalia, 413
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 569 (figure);
background of Soviet collapse, 566-67,
584^85; broadening of private sector,
570; confronting economic stagnation,
567-68; early reforms, 568-69; election to
presidency, 580; and final dissolution of
Soviet Union, 579, 580-81, 583; foreign
policy of, 578-79; political reforms of,
570-72; proposed economic reforms, 581;
proposed Union Treaty, 582; quote, 566;
receipt of Nobel Peace Prize, 579; and
reform, 567-72; response to upheaval in
eastern Europe, 578
Gordon, Patrick, 189, 191
Goremykin, Ivan, 375
Gori, Georgia, 466
Gorky, Maxim (Alexei Peshkov), 409;
Marxism and God-building, 421;
quote, 439
Gorodishche, 55-56
Goths, 6-7
Governance: princely rule in Appanage
Russia, 89-90; princely rule in Galicia
and Volynia, 66; princely rule in Kievan
Rus, 24-26; princely rule in Muscovite
state, 85-86; princely rule in the Russian
northeast, 68-69; Stalin s system of, 479-81
Governing Senate, establishment by Peter
I, 200
Grabar, Igor, 404
Grachev, Pavel, 596
Graeco-Iranian culture, 6
Granovsky, Timofei, 323
Great Britain: and Crimean War, 297-99; and
eighteenth-century foreign policy, 220,
232; eighteenth-century trade with, 245;
European alliances after Napoleon, 279;
intervention in civil war, 447; relations
1905-1914, 376-77; relations in 1920s,
484-85; relations in 1930s, 487; and Russo-
Turkish wars, 234; and Spanish Civil War,
487; Straits Convention, 296; wartime
diplomacy with, 494
Great Fatherland War, 490-94
Great Northern War, 193-97; effects on
eighteenth-century economy, 242-43, 245
Great Reforms, of Alexander II, 332-35;
civil society after, 396-99; education after,
401-3; evaluating, 336-38; industrialization
after, 390-92; lives of nobility after
emancipation of serfs, 384-85; lives of
peasants after, 385-90; lives of working
class after, 392-95; reaction to, 335-36;
urbanization after, 395-96
Great Russians: and collapse of Kievan
state, 45
Great Terror, of Stalin Revolution, 476—79
Great Turn, of Stalin Revolution, 468-75,
473 (figure)
Grebenshchikov, Boris, 626, 657
Grech, Nikolai, 287
Greece: Greek War of Independence, 292;
intervention in civil war, 447; revolt against
Ottomans, 279; status after Second World
War, 507
Greek Catholic church, formation of, 153
Greeks, 6; settlement of in annexed
territories, 233
INDEX
1-11
Green movement, and Russian civil war, 455
Griboedov, Alexander, 314,318
Gromyko, Marina, 256
Grossman, Gregory, 581-82
Grozny, Chechnya, 596
Guard regiments, role in deciding
succession, 211
Gubemii, 230
Guchkov, Alexander, 372, 379; role in
provisional government, 425
Guerrier, Vladimir, 403
GULAG, 526; establishment of camps, 477-78
Gumilev, Nikolai, 410
Guro, Elena, 410
Gusinsky, Vladimir, 599, 612
Gymnasia, classical education, 402
Habsburg Empire, cooperation with, 295
Hagiography, and appanage-era literature, 98
Hague Peace Conference, 1899, 358-59
Hanson, Stephen, 517
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 319-20
Hellie, Richard, 163
Hermogen, Patriarch, 139
Hero of Our Times, A (Lermontov), 317
Herzegovina, rebellion of 1875, 343
Herzen, Alexander, 185, 310, 318-19, 323,
338, 340
Himmler, Heinrich, 498
Historical chronicles, in Kievan Rus, 37
Historical Letters (Lavrov), 416-17
Historiography: in last decades of the
empire, 404
History: teaching of in postcommunist era,
643; writing in first half of nineteenth
century, 313
History of the All-Union Communist Party,
465-66
History of the Russian State (Karamzin), 313
Hitler, Adolf: Czechoslovakia and Poland,
488; errors of, 492; Munich Agreement, 487;
offensives of 1941 and 1942, 490-94
Hoch, Steven, 306
Holy Alliance, 279
Homelessness, in postcommunist era,
630, 632 (figure)
Homosexuality, restrictions on, 545, 546,
642-43
Honecker, Erich, 569 (figure)
Hooliganism, 396, 399, 424, 641
Hopf, Ted, 527, 529
Hough, Jerry, 517
Housing, and Seven-Year Plan, 521
How Broad Is My Native Land? (song), 482
Hrushevsky, Mykhailo, 451
Humanities: in first half of nineteenth
century, 313; in last half of nineteenth
century, 404
Hungary: collapse of communism in,
578-79; nineteenth-century revolutionary
movements, 296; political upheaval in,
519; political upheavals in 1956, 529-30;
relationship in postcommunist era, 619
Huns, 7
Husak, Gustav, 569 (figure)
Iablochkov, Pavel, 403
Iaroslav Osmomysl, Prince, 65
Iaroslav the Wise, Prince, 18—20; statute of, 24
lasak, Siberian tax in furs, 151,153
Icon painting, 102 (figure); in Muscovite state,
180; origins and development of, 100-103
Ideologies, growth of in nineteenth century,
318-25
Ideologies, in postcommunist era, 637-^5, 639
(figure)
Idiot, The (Dostoevsky), 406
Ignatiev, Count Nikolai, 343
Ignatovich, Inna, 328
Igor, Prince, 12-13
Imam Shamil, 308
Imperial Academy of Sciences, founding of,
252-53
Imperial expansion: eighteenth-century
economy and, 242-43; eighteenth-century
social classes and, 247-48
Indigenization, in USSR, 453
Industrial expansion: after Great Reforms,
390—92; after Stalin era, 515-16; in
eighteenth century, 244; eight industrial
regions, 390; and growth of working class,
392-95; and lives of peasants, 388; in 1960s
and 1970s, 523
Industrialization: and increase in workers,
539; and Stalin s Five-Year Plans, 468-75;
and status of women, 545-46
Industry: in mid-nineteenth century, 303-4;
transition to socialism, 456
Inspector General (Gogol), 317, 318
Intellectual life: in medieval Russia, 95—96
Intelligentsia: development of in eighteenth
century, 260-64; rise of in first half of
nineteenth century, 309-10; and Soviet
society 1917-1985, 536
International Court of Justice at the Hague:
creation of, 359
Ioffe, Abram, 556
Iran: after end of Second World War, 506; and
competition between Russia and Great
Britain, 357
1-12
INDEX
Iranians, 5-7
Islamic State group, Russian military action
against, 622-23
Island (Lungin), 654
Israeli-Arab wars, 530
Italy: Cold War relationship with, 506;
intervention in civil war, 447; and Spanish
Civil War, 487
Iudenich, Nikolai, 446,447,455
Iuriev, Estonia, 194
Ivan III, 57-58, 76-79; seal of, 80 (figure)
Ivan IV ( the Terrible ): childhood and
early reign, 114-18; contradictions of reign,
113-14; coronation, 116; correspondence
with Andrei Kurbsky, 173; crises and
struggles, 122-25; interpretations of reign/
125-27; Kollmann on, 126; legal and
military reforms of, 117-18; marriage of,
116-17,123; outreach to western Europe,
120-21; psychological portrait of, 121
(figure); reign of terror, 124-25;
Russia as empire and global power,
118-20; Russia at the time of
(figure), 115
Ivanov, Igor, 614
Ivan Susanin, 318
Ivan VI, 213
Izvolsky, Alexander, 377
Jadid movement, 420
Jadwiga, 107
Japan: Anti-Comintern Pact, 487; efforts
to defeat in Second World War, 494;
intervention in civil war, 447; Russo-
Japanese War, 359-60,361-62
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 569 (figure)
Jassy, Treaty of, 235
Jelavich, Charles, 357
Jews: doctors plot of Stalin era, 510; in
early twentieth-century civil society, 398;
and eighteenth-century partitions of
Poland, 238-39; experience of in empire,
155, 238-39,352,355; immigration to Israel,
526; and questions of nationality, 420;
pogroms, 155, 352,449, 355; in Stalin era,
549; in Ukraine, 155; violence against in
1905 revolution, 368
Jogailo, 107,108
John of Plano Carpini, Friar, 52
John Paul II, Pope, 533
Jones, John Paul, 235
Journalism: in early twentieth-century civil
society, 399; and urbanization, 396
Journalism, and politics of Vladimir Putin,
606-7
Journey from Petersburg to Moscow
(Radishchev), 263
Judaizers, 96
July Days 1917,429-30
Kabakov, Ilya, 564,656
Kadar, Janos, 569 (figure)
Kadet: see Constitutional Democratic Party
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 613
Kaganovich, Lazar, 512 (figure), 513
Kalita, Ivan, 73
Kamenev, Lev, 444, 478
Kandinsky, Vasilii, 413
Kantemir, Antioch, 258, 260
Kapitza, Petr, 556
Kaplan, Fanny, 445
Kappeler, Andreas, 248
Karakozov, Dmitrii, 335, 337
(Karamzin), 259
Karamzin, Nikolai, 185,259, 265,313, 320
Karpovich, Michael, 220,242
Katkov, Mikhail, 418
Katyn Forest, 495
Kazan: and Turkish-Crimean attack
of 1869,123
Kazan, Russian conquest of, 118-19
Kazan Cathedral, Moscow, 318
Keenan, Edward, 156
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 486
Kerensky, Alexander, 425,430,436
Khachaturian, Aram, 563
Khalid, Adeeb, 420
Khalturin, Stepan, 393
Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 595
Khazars, 14; 7-9
Khitrovo, Bogdan, 180
Khlebnikov, Velemir, 410,411
Khmelnytsky, Hetman Bohdan, 154,154
(figure), 155
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 612, 628
Khomiakov, Alexei, 321
Khrushchev, Nikita, 515 (figure); goodwill
missions, 528-29; international relations,
530; life and background of, 513-14; and
postwar Soviet agriculture, 504; rise and
fall of, 511-16,512 (figure); and status of
women in Communist Party, 551; visit to
art exhibit, 563-64
Khuindzhi, Arkhip, 412
Khvorostinin, Prince Ivan, 182
Kiev: Cathedral of St. Sophia, 40; discovery of
mass graves near, 580
Kievan Rus: arts, architecture, and education,
38-41, 38 (figure), 39; continuity with
Russian history, 43-4:6; Christianization
INDEX
M3
of, 15-18; decline and fall, 20-21; economy
of, 26-29; and expansion of Russian
northeast, 67-69; and expansion of
Russian southwest, 64-66; foreign artistic
influences, 41; Iaroslav the Wise, 18-20;
interpreting fall of, 21-23; language
and literature in, 35-38; linguistic and
ethnic groups in, 45-46; and Novgorod,
56, 62-63; origins of, 10-12; religion and
Christianization, 33-35; response to
Mongol invasion, 49-50; rise of Kievan
state, 12-15; society in, 29-31, 30 (figure);
southwestern extensions of, 64-66; system
of princely rule in, 24-26; in 11th century
(figure), 17
Kino, 657
Kireevsky, Ivan and Petr, 321
Kirilenko, Andrei, 519
Kirillov, Vladimir, 552
Kiriyenko, Sergei, 590,600
Kirov, Sergei, 478
Kiselev, Boris, 54
Kiselev, Count Pavel, 291
Kivelson, Valerie, 156,175, 345
Klebnikov, Paul, 607
Kliuchevsky, Vasilii, 70,144,197, 404; reforms
to serfdom, 219
Kliuev, Nikolai, 410
Kochubey, Viktor, 268-70; nineteenth-century
committee to examine government and
social organization, 288-89
Kohl, Helmut, 620
Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 374—75
Kolchak, Admiral Alexander, 446-47
Kolchin, Peter, 305
Kolkhozy, collective farms, 472-75, 537-38, 539
Kollmann, Nancy Shields, 86,113,126;
institution of zemskii sobor, 159; on
mestnichestvo, or system of precedence, 164
Kollontai, Alexandra, 419, 545; first role in
Soviet government, 439-40
Komar, Vitaly, 564
Komarov, Vladimir, 556
Kondakov, Nikodim, 404
Konev, Marshall Ivan, 493, 494
Korea: Cold War and war in, 509
Kormleniia, 160, 201
Kornilov, Lavr, 430, 431, 446
Kornilov, Vladimir, 299
Korolenko, Vladimir, 409
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (Thaddeus), 238, 240
Kosovo, 621
Kostomarov, Nikolai, 145
Kosygin, Alexei, 517, 518 (figure)
Kotoshikhin, Grigorii, 182,183
Kovalev, Sergei, 596
Kovalevskaia, Sofia, 403
Kovalevsky, Alexander and Vladimir, 404
Kovalevsky, Maksim, 348
Kramskoy, Ivan, 412
Kremlin: architecture of, 99-100
Kristi, Agata, 657
Krizanic, Juraj, 182-83
Kronstadt, Father John (Ioann) of, 421
Kronstadt naval base, sailor rebellion, 458-59
Kruchenykh, Alexei, 410
Krylov, Ivan, 313-14
Kuchlavok, A., soldier, August 1917, 423-24
Kuchuk-Kainardji, Treaty of, 233
Kulaks, 390, 460, 469, 472, 476, 537
Kulikovo, battle of, 74, 94
Kurbanovsky, Alexei, 656
Kurbsky, Andrei, 123,124; correspondence
with Ivan IV, 173
Kursk, naval submarine, 613, 635
Kustodiev, Boris, 538 (figure)
Kutuzov, Prince Mikhail, 275, 277
Labor: in Kievan Rus, 30 (figure); in
eighteenth century, 247; legislation
after Great Reforms, 392-93; in mid-
nineteenth century, 303-4; progressive
reforms in late nineteenth century,
352-53; protests of urban workers against
Bolsheviks, 458; reforms of Petr Stolypin,
374; and social revolution of 1917, 433-35;
in Soviet society 1917-1985, 539-^10; strikes
of 1910, 374; strikes of late nineteenth
century, 393; and war communism, 456;
workers strike demands, 395.
Labzina, Anna, 307
Lady Macbeth of the Mtsenk District, The
(Shostokovich), 562
La Harpe, Frederick Cesare de, 267
Lake Chud, 57
Lake Peipus, 57
Land and Freedom, revolutionary
group, 341
Landau, Lev, 556
Landlords: in mid-nineteenth century, 304-h;
in Muscovite state, 163
Landsbergis, Vytautas, 574
Language and literature: effects of Mongol
conquest, 93-94; hagiography in appanage
era, 98; in Kievan Rus, 35—38; in Muscovite
state, 176—78; travel literature of appanage
period, 94
Language and national identity
movements, 345
Lapidus, Gail, 547
1-14
INDEX
Larionov, Mikhail, 413
Last Day of Pompeii, The (Briullov), 318
Latvia: national uprising in 1988-1990, 573-74
Latvians: conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57
Lavrov, Petr, 400, 416-17, 440
Laws: earliest establishment of, 19, 63; codes
in Muscovite state, 79; codifications in
reign of Nicholas I, 291; establishment of in
Kievan Rus, 24-26; Fundamental Laws of
Nicholas II, 368-69; and Great Reforms
of Alexander II, 333-34; in Kievan Rus
society, 30-31; legal reforms of Ivan IV,
117-18; Legislative Commission of 1766,
226-28; and Muscovite society, 159-60;
Ulozhenie of 1649, 158, 159, 160,162,163. sec
also Russkaia Pravda
Lay of Igor s Campaign, 43
Lay of the Destruction of the Russian Land,
93-94
Lay of the Host of Igor, 33, 37-38, 65,94
League of Nations, entry into, 485
Lebed, Aleksandr, 596
Lebedev, Petr, 403
Ledeneva, Alena, 609
Legends: and development of autocracy,
97-98
Legislative Commission: and reign of
Catherine II, 226-28
Leipzig, Battle of, 278
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: in 1917, 432 (figure);
as activist, 364—65; attempted assassination
of, 445; calls for socialist revolution, 433;
comments on Stalin, 467; 1920 drawing
of, 441 (figure); electrification, 635; exile
after July Days protests, 430; life and
background of, 439-A1; nationality policies,
453; and New Economic Policy, 459-60;
and populism, 417; power struggles
after his death, 460-62, 464; on status of
women, 545; toppled statue in Lithuania,
583 (figure), see also Revolutionary Russia,
1917-1928
Leningrad: siege of, 490
Leonov, Aleksei A., 555
Leontiev, Konstantin, 418
Leopoldovna, Anna, 213
Lermontov, Mikhail, 316-17
Leskov, Nikolai, 408-9
Letters of a Russian Traveler (Karamzin), 259
Levin, Eve, 175
Levitan, Isaak, 412
Levitsky, Dmitrii, 260, 262
LGBT life and politics, 642^3
Liapunov, Procopius, 139,140
Liashko, Nikolai, 422
Liberal authoritarianism, and Vladimir
Putin, 603
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 597, 598
Liberalism and reform: counterreforms
of Alexander III, 349-51; Decembrist
movement, 283—84; demands for during
First World War, 379-80; of economy in
1960s, 524; emancipation of the serfs,
327-31; Enlightenment liberalism, 319;
evaluating Great Reforms of Alexander
II, 336-38; Great Reforms of Alexander
II, 332-35; from Great Reforms to 1917,
417-18; growth of liberalism prior to 1905,
364; political reform under Gorbachev,
570-72; and Provisional Government
of February 1917, 426-27; and public
expression, 572-73; reaction to Great
Reforms of Alexander II, 335-36, 348-49;
in reign of Alexander I, 268-73; thaw in
Soviet society after Stalin era, 525-27.
see also Constitutional Democratic Party;
glasnos t; peres troika
Liberman, Evsei, 524
Liberum veto, 235
Life expectancy, decline in 1990s, 630, 637
Ligachev, Yegor, 568
Likhachev, Dmitri, 93,178
Limonov, Eduard, 640
Linguistics, in Soviet era, 556-57
Literacy: among peasants after Great
Reforms, 388; in Kievan Rus, 40-41; in
Muscovite state, 176; in Novgorod, 61—62;
1920 poster promoting, 554 (figure)
Literature: and eighteenth-century culture,
258-60; in first half of nineteenth century,
313-18; influence of Western literature,
177-78; in last half of nineteenth century,
404—11; in Muscovite state, 176-78; in
postcommunist era, 649-58; sex and
violence in postcommunist, 650, 651
(figure); silver age of, 410-11; social
realism in, 558-59; and Soviet culture 1917-
1985, 557-60; village prose school of
writing, 559-60. see also Ideologies, growth
of in nineteenth century
Literature and language: in Kievan Rus,
35-38; Novgorodian texts, 61-62
Lithuania: alliance with Poland, 107, 108-10;
and eighteenth-century partitions of
Poland, 236-37, 238; and Muscovite
autocracy, 110-11; national uprising in
1988-1990, 573-74; partition of Livonia, 120;
relations with Moscow in appanage era,
107-8; toppled Lenin statue, 583 (figure)
I
INDEX
1-15
Lithuanian-Russian state, 106 (figure)
Lithuanians: conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57; evolution of Lithuanian state,
105-11; influx to Muscovite state, 181-82;
and rise of Moscow, 78
Litvinov, Maxim, 483-84, 485
Litvinov Protocol, 486
Liubavsky, Matvei, 87,107, 404
Liubimov, Iurii, 564
Living standards, increase in 1960s, 519
Livonia: Great Northern War, 194
Livonia, wars to annex, 119-29
Lobachevsky, Nikolai, 312
Local government: in Muscovite
administration, 160-61; reforms of
Catherine II, 230-31; reforms of Peter I, 201;
restrictions in late nineteenth century, 355;
zemstvo system, 332-33
Lomonosov, Mikhail, 253-54, 257-58
Lopukhina, Eudoxia, 191
Lord Novgorod the Great: see Novgorod
Loris-Melikov, Count Mikhail, 341, 349
Lublin, Union of, 108
Lukashenko, Alexander, 615
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 421, 439, 558
Lungin, Pavel, 653
Lviv, 66
Lvov, Prince Georgii, 379; role in provisional
government, 425
Lysenko, Trofim, 555
Machine Tractor Station, 537-38
Madariaga, Isabel de, 239
Magnitsky, Mikhail, 310-11
Malenkov, Georgii, 511, 512, 512 (figure), 513,
527, 528
Malevich, Kazimir, 413, 415 (figure), 560, 564
Manchuria, 509; return to China, 362; sphere
of influence in, 360-61
Mandelstam, Osip, 410, 557, 558
Manufacturing: and economic reforms of
Peter I, 203-4
Mao Zedong, 509
Maps: Appanage Russia from 1240, 44;
Balkans, 1877-1878, 344; Central Europe in
1803 and 1812, 276; contemporary Russia,
592 (figure); Crimean War 1854-1855, 298;
of early migrations, 8; Europe 1801-1856,
280; Europe at close of the eighteenth
century, 223 (figure); Europe at the time
of Peter 1,187; independent states of the
former Soviet Union, 584; Kievan Rus in
11th century, 17; Lithuanian-Russian state
after c. 1300,106; Lord Novgorod the Great,
55; Mongols in Asia 1294, 48; Mongols in
Europe 1223-1380, 48; Poland 1662-67 and
Partitions of Poland, 237; revolution and
civil war in European Russia, 1917-1922,
448; rise of Moscow 1300-1533, 72; Rostov-
Suzdal c. 1200, 67; Russia at the time of
Ivan IV, 1533-1598,115; Russia in the First
World War, 380; Russia in the Second
World War, 1939-1945, 491; Russo-Japanese
War, 360; seventeenth-century expansion
of empire, 152; territorial history of
Ukraine, 616 (figure), 617 (figure); Time of
Troubles (Smutnoe Vremia), 131; Volynia-
Galicia c. 1250, 65
Marinina, Alexandra, 651
Markelov, Stanislav, 607
Marker, Gary, 176
Marr, Nikolai, 556
Marrese, Michelle, 249
Marshall Plan, 507-8
Martin, Janet, 52
Martin, Terry, 453
Martov, Iulii, 364—65, 417
Marx, Karl, 442; quote on making history, 588
Marxism: first appearances of, 364-65; and
God-building, 421; before 1917, 417; vs.
populism, 417
Maskhadov, Aslan, 596
Masterkova, Lidia, 564
Mathematics: in first half of nineteenth
century, 312; in last half of nineteenth
century, 403
Mayakovsky Vladimir, 410, 411, 557, 558, 564
Mazepa, Ivan, 155,195
Mechnikov, Ilya, 404
Media, and politics of Vladimir Putin, 606-7
Medicine: in last half of
nineteenth century, 404
Medvedev, Alexei, 394 (figure)
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 602, 611, 624, 634, 637
Medvedev, Roy, 565
Medvedev, Sylvester, 176
Melamid, Alexander, 564
Memoir on Ancient and Modern Russia
(Karamzin), 313, 320
Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 403
Mensheviks: before 1917, 365, 417; and events
of Bolshevik revolution, 436; and Petrograd
Soviet, 425-26; and union movement,
394-95
Menshikov, Alexander, 191-92; and reign of
Peter II, 212; role in reign of Catherine I,
211-12
Merchants, status in eighteenth century, 247
Mestnichestvo, or system of precedence, 164;
abolishment of, 150
INDEX
1-16
Metaphysics, and nineteenth-century
philosophy, 420-21
Metropolitan Platon, 255
Mettemich of Austria, 278, 279
Miakotin, Venedikt, 64
Michael (tsar), 145-48
Mikhail of Chernigov, Prince, 50
Mikhail of Tver, Prince 71-72
Michels, Georg, 170-71
Middle class: in appanage era, 90; in
postcommunist era, 634
Middle East, strategic foothold in, 623
Miege, Guy, 167
Migration of early peoples: (figure), 8
Mikhail of Chernigov, 50
Mikhail of Tver, 71-72
Mikhailov, Viacheslav, 655 (figure), 656
Mikhailovsky, Nikolai, 416,417
Mikhalkov, Nikita, 654
Military: academies established by Peter
I, 253; and Great Reforms of Alexander
II, 334; in postcommunist era, 613-14; prior
to Great Reforms of Alexander II, 301;
reforms of Ivan IV, 118; reforms of Peter
1, 198-200; reforms of Petr Stolypin, 374
Military settlements, in
nineteenth century, 282
Miliukov, Pavel (Paul), 364,404,418, 450; as
historian, 145,173,197; resignation of, 429;
role in provisional government, 425
Miliutin, Dmitrii, 334, 349
Milosevic, Slobodan, 621
Miloslavskaia, Maria, 186
Miloslavsky, Prince Ilya, 147,148
Minin, Kuzma, 140
Mining and metal industries, 244
Minsk, discovery of mass graves near, 580
Ministry of Finance, under Sergei Witte,
356,390
Minor (Nedorosl), The (Fonvizin), 259
Minority groups: see Nationalities
Miracle at the Vistula, 449
Mirijevski, Teodor Jankovic, 254-55
Mirror for Youth, A (Peter I), 253
Mirsky, Dmitrii, 317,410
Misfortune of Being Clever,
The (Griboedov), 314
Mitchell, Rebecca, 413
Mniszech, Marina, 135,137,146
Moldavia, 233-34, 292,296; Moldavian Soviet
Socialist Republic, 489
Molotov,Viacheslav, 488,511,512 (figure), 513;
opposition to softer policies in Europe, 529
Monarchies, defending legitimacy of, 279
Monasteries: and frontier settlement, 86
Mongols: in Asia 1294 (figure), 48; attitude of
Muscovite princes toward, 81-83; attitude
toward religious diversity, 53; conquest
of Russian northeast, 68; conquests in
Asia and Europe, 48-51; economic costs to
Russia, 87; end of rule, 51; in Europe 1223-
1380 (figure), 48; impact of rule, 51-53; life
of Genghis Khan, 47-48; and Novgorod,
57; and rise of Moscow, 74-79; and Russian
arts and culture, 93-94; and Russian
conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan, 118-19
Montesquieu, 226, 227; Persian Letters, 260
Montferrand, August de, 318
Morozov, Boris, 147-48
Morozov family, 391; business enterprises of,
161-62
Moscow: architectural characteristics of,
260; battle of, 1941,490; cholera epidemic
of 1830, 290; conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57-58; fire of 1547,117; grocery
store in 1991,631 (figure); icon painting,
102 (figure); icon painting of, 102-3;
industrial region, 390; Kazan Cathedral,
318; Nemetskaia sloboda neighborhood, 181
(figure), 182; origins and establishment of,
71; reign of Ivan III, 76-79; reign of Vasilii
III, 79-81; rise of, 71-76; rise of, interpreting
and explaining, 81-84; rise of 1300-1533
(figure), 72; as the Third Rome, 98, 99-100;
University of Moscow, founding of, 253-54.
see also Muscovite state
Moscow Art Theater, The, 414
Moscow State University, 562 (figure)
Moses, Archbishop of Novgorod, 62
Moskovskie Vedomosti, 253
Motherhood Medal, 546
Mstislavsky, Fedor, 138
Munich Agreement, 487
Munnich, Burkhard, 191,213,221
Muratov, Pavel, 102-3
Muratova, Kira, 653
Muxaviev, Nikita, 283
Muraviev, Nikolai, 345-46
Muscovite autocracy: and emergence of
Lithuanian state, 110-11; impact of Mongol
rule, 53; political and social aspects of, 173-
75; roots in legends and doctrines, 97-98
Muscovite princes: and boyar class, 122;
conflicts with Ivan IV, 126
Muscovite state: architecture in, 178-79,179
(figure); distinctive culture of, 167-68;
economy and society, 161-64; icon painting
in, 180; literacy and education in, 176;
literature in, 176-78; local and provincial
governance, 160-61; political and social
INDEX
1-17
thought, 173-75; political institutions and
culture, 156-61; prominence of religion in,
168-69; religious schism in, 169-73; secular
painting in, 180-81; serfdom in, 162-63;
in Time of Troubles, 129; unification of
Russia under, 85; visual arts in, 178-80;
Western influence on, 181-83; witchcraft
in, 174-75
Music: in the first half of the nineteenth
century, 318; from the Great Reforms
to 1917, 412-13; popular music in
postcommunist era, 656-57; and Soviet
culture 1917-1985, 562-63
Muslims: and questions of nationality, 420
Mussorgsky, Modest, 128, 412, 413
My Past and Thoughts (Herzen), 324
Nabokov, Vladimir, 560
Nagorno-Karabakh, crisis in, 573
Nagy, Imre, 529, 530
Nakaz (Instruction), by Catherine II, 222,
226-27
Nakhimov, Pavel, 299
Napoleon: abdication and return of, 278;
attitude of Alexander I toward, 273;
invasion of Russia, 274-78
Narodnichestvo, populism of 1870s, 339-40
Narva, and Great Northern War, 194
Naryshikina, Natalie, 186,189
Naryshkin baroque, style of architecture,
179-80
National identity: among western
borderlands in nineteenth century, 294; and
doctrine of Official Nationality, 287-88;
liberation movements in revolutionary
Russia, 450—53; questions of in late
nineteenth century, 419—20; and Second
World War, 496-97; in Soviet society
1917-1985, 548-50; in wake of Time of
Troubles, 143-44
National imperialism, 345—47
Nationalism: and assimilation in the empire,
375—76; and dissolution of Soviet Union,
572—77; and Nicholas II, 355-56; in
postcommunist era, 598, 625, 639—42
Nationalities: early twentieth-century civil
society, 398; in Soviet society, 548-50, 573.
see also Empire
National Salvation Front, 593
National security, in postcommunist era,
612-13
Naval Academy, St. Petersburg, 251
Navalny, Alexei, 608
Navarino, Battle of, 292
Navy: reforms of Peter 1,199-200
Nechaev, Sergei, 340
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 383, 409
Nelidov, Alexander, 377
Nemetskaia sloboda neighborhood, 181 (figure),
182; visits of Peter 1,190-91
Nemtsov, Boris, 600, 607, 608
Neolithic Age, 5
Nevsky, Prince Alexander, 57
Nevsky, Prince Daniil, 71
Nevsky, Prince Iurii, 71—72
Nevsky prospect, St. Petersburg, 1901, 397
(figure)
New Economic Policy (NEP), 459—60; and the
Stalin Revolution, 469-70
Newspapers: from Great Reforms to
1917, 422; publishing of earliest, 251; at
University of Moscow in 1756, 253
Nicholas I: analysis of reign, 300; ascension
to the throne, 284; conduct of state affairs,
288-90; contributions to education, 312;
Crimean War, 296-99; death of, 299; Europe
during reign of, 280 (figure); legal reforms,
290-91; and Official Nationality doctrine,
287-88; quote, 285; reaction to European
revolutionary movements, 293-96;
reforms of prostitution, 307; restrictions
imposed in final years, 291—92; traits and
characteristics of, 285-87; in uniform of
Polish army, 286 (figure)
Nicholas II: in 1903, 354 (figure); abdication
of, 425; in Asia, 359-62; authoritarianism
and nationalism, 355—56; background
and ideology of, 353-54; blessing troops,
358 (figure); canonization of, 354; death
of, 446; economy and infrastructure, 356;
empire and nations, 375-76; the first two
Dumas, 370-71; First World War, 378-82;
Fundamental Laws, 368—69; international
relations, 1905-1914, 376—77; international
relations, 358—59; policies of Petr Stolypin,
372—75; reaction to protests of February
1917, 424; reaction to violent right-wing
gangs, 368; relationship with Grigorii
Rasputin, 381—82, 382 (figure); revolution
of 1905, 365-68; Russo-Japanese War,
359-60, 361—62; third and fourth Dumas,
371-72
Night Watch, 654
Nihilism: from Great Reforms to 1917,
415-16; and revolutionary movements of
1870s, 339-40
Nijinsky, Vaslav, 414 (figure)
Nikitin, Afanasii, 94
Nikon, Patriarch, 169-71,171 (figure)
Nikonian Chronicle, 70
1-18
INDEX
NKVD, and police persecution of
Stalin era, 478
Nobility: after emancipation of the serfs,
384-85; challenges posed to autocracy, 210-11;
Charter to the Nobility of 1785,231,240
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
and politics of Vladimir Putin, 607-8
Non-possessors, 96-97
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
508,619,620-21
Northern Workers Union, 393
North Korea, creation of, 509
Nose, The (Gogol), 317
Notes from the House of the Dead
(Dostoevsky), 406
Notes of a Madman (Gogol), 317
Novels, in second half of nineteenth century,
404-9
Novgorod, 54-63; acquisition by Moscow,
77; culture, 61-63; historical evolution of,
55-58; map, 55; political, economic, and
social institutions, 58-61
Novikov, Nikolai, 262 (figure), 263
Novikov, Timur, 656
Novosiltsev, Nikolai, 268-70,273
Novotny, Antonin, 532
Nowak, Andrzej, 110
Nuclear nonproliferation agreement
of 1968,531
Nystadt, Treaty of, 196
Obama, Barack, 624-25
Oblomov (Goncharov), 408
Obrok, 243,246,305
Octobrists, 368,370, 372
Odessa, as trading center, 245
Odoevsky, Prince Vladimir, 319
Official Nationality, doctrine of, 287-88,
300, 311-12; decline in late nineteenth
century, 348-49; and emancipation of
serfs, 328
Oganovsky, Nikolai, 384
Okhrana, secret police, 379
Okudzhava, Bulat, 560,563
Old Believers: merchant and industrial
families among, 391; persecution of,
171-72,202,213
Olearius, Adam, 156,167
Oleg, Prince, 12
Olesha, Iurii, 557, 558, 559
Olga, Princess, 13,15
Oligarchs, of postcommunist era, 600,601,
611-12, 628
Oligarchy, and reign of Empress Anne,
212-13
On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), 226-27
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 560
On the Duties of a Human Being and a
Citizen, 255
On the Eve (Turgenev), 405
Oprichnina, 123-24,125,126; 127
Oriental studies, advent of, 313
Orlov, Alexei, 218; Russo-Turkish wars, 233
Orlov, Grigorii, 226
Ossetia, 618
Ossetians, rights in Georgia, 575
Ostrogoths, 6-7
Ostromirovo Gospel, 62
Ostrovsky, Alexander, 409
Ostrowski, David, 51,53
Other Russia, The, 608
Otrepiev, Grigorii, 134
Ottoman Empire: agreements to maintain,
297,298; Balkan rebellions of 1875,
343; campaign of Peter I against, 192;
concessions in Treaty of Adrianople, 1829,
292-93; conflicts with Byzantium, 76;
confrontation at Pruth River, 195-96; and
European balance of power, 293; Russian
assistance against Egypt, 294—95; Russo-
Turkish war of 1877,343-44; Treaty of
Belgrade, 221; victories of Catherine II
against, 232-33; war with Catherine II,
233-35
Pacification of revolutionary movements,
1906-1911,372-74
Painting: in the first half of the nineteenth
century, 318; from the Great Reforms
to 1917,411-12,413; icon painting,
102 (figure); icon painting, origins and
development of, 100-103; icon painting in
Muscovite state, 180; portrait painting, 260;
modernism, 413; in postcommunist era,
656; secular painting in Muscovite state,
180-81
Paleolithic Age, 5
Panin, Nikita, 232
Pan-Slavism: and Balkan rebellions of 1870s,
343; from Great Reforms to 1917,418
Paris, Treaty of, 299
Paskevich, Ivan, 294,308
Passazh, Nevsky prospect, St. Petersburg,
1901,397 (figure)
Pasternak, Boris, 557,558
Patriarch Alexis II, 577 (figure), 645
Patriarch Tikhon, 542
Paul, Emperor of Russia, 240-41; and
character of Alexander 1,267
INDEX
1-19
Paulus, Marshall Friedrich, 493
Pauper s allotment, and emancipation of
the serfs, 329
Pavlensky, Petr, 644
Pavlov, Ivan, 404
Pavlov-Silvansky, Nikolai, 88-89
Peasant Land Bank, 352, 389
Peasantry: attempts to pacify after 1905,
372,374; and collectivization, 472-75;
and counterreforms of Alexander III, 351;
imposition of land captains, 351; in Kievan
Rus, 29-31; lives after Great Reforms,
385-90; in mid-nineteenth century, 304-6;
occupational alternatives, 243; peasant
communes, 331, 385-86; 1934 poster
depicting, 480 (figure); potential role in
revolution, 440; revolts against Bolsheviks,
458; social divisions of, 245-46; and social
order in appanage era, 90-91; and Soviet
society 1917-1985,536-39; in Time of
Troubles, 129-39. see also serfdom
Pechenegs, 14,15
Peking, Treaty of, 346
Pelevin, Viktor, 650, 652
Peoples and cultures, 5-9, 7 (figure); map of
early migrations, 8
People s Will, revolutionary group, 341, 349
Pereiaslav treaty, 154
Perestroika; Baltic uprisings as threat to, 574;
in era of Mikhail Gorbachev, 567,569, 578;
and final dissolution of Soviet Union, 584
Peresvetov, Ivan, 173
Performing arts: emergence of, 260; and
Soviet culture 1917-1985, 563
Periodicals: introduction of in eighteenth
century, 254
Perov, Vasilii, 412
Perovskaia, Sofia, 341
Persia: after end of Second World War, 506;
British and Russian spheres of influence,
376; Russo-Persian War of 1826-1828, 292;
Russo-Persian War of 1804 to 1813,274
Persian Campaign, of Peter 1,196
Pestel, Pavel, 283,284
Peter I ( the Great): administrative reforms
of, 200-203; advisers to, 191-92; changes to
reforms of, 218-19; church reforms, 201-3;
commemorating victories of, 198 (figure);
conceptualizing reforms of, 197-98,
202-3; designating successors to, 206,211;
economic and financial reforms of, 203-4;
educational initiatives of, 251-53; etiquette
manual by, 253; Europe at the time of, 187
(figure); evaluating reign of, 207-9; Great
Northern War, 193-97; imperial ambitions
and accomplishments of, 196-97; military
reforms, 198-200; Pogodin s description
of, 208-9; portrait, 188 (figure); quoted,
185; rebellions against, 193; sister Sophia s
regency, 186,188-89; social and cultural
reforms of, 204-5; Streltsy rebellion against,
192-93; transformative historical role of,
185-86; travel to Europe, 192-93; youth and
character of, 189-91
Peter II, 211,212
Peter III, 216-18,217 (figure), 219; marriage
of, 222
Petrashevtsy, ideological movement, 325; and
emancipation of serfs, 328
Petrograd: during First World War, 379. see
also St Petersburg
Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers
Deputies: in February 1917,425-26; Order
No. 1, 426
Petrov, Vasilii, 312
Petrushevskaya, Lyudmila, 650, 652
Philaret, Metropolitan, 146
Philosophical Letter (Chaadaev), 320
Philosophy: in first half of nineteenth century,
319-20; from Great Reforms to 1917,
420-21
Physics: in first half of nineteenth century,
312; in last half of nineteenth century, 403
Physiology: in last half of nineteenth
century, 404
Pilsudski, Josef, 447-48, 450
Pipes, Richard, 282
Pirogov, Nikolai, 404
Pisarev, Dmitrii, 338, 415
Plague: see bubonic plague
Platonov, Andrei, 557
Platonov, Sergei, 85,404; on Time of
Troubles, 128,135,142,144
Plehve, Viacheslav, 355, 356, 365
Plekhanov, Georgii, 364
Pliny the Elder, 9
Plokhy, Serhii, 155
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 349, 355,402
Podgomy, Nikolai, 518 (figure)
Poetry: epic poetry in Kievan Rus, 36-37; in
second half of nineteenth century, 409
Pogodin, Mikhail, 208-9,292,313;
ideology of Official Nationality,
320; quoted, 3
Pogroms: explanation of Nicholas II for,
368; in nineteenth century, 352,355; in
seventeenth-century, 155; in Soviet-Polish
war, 449
Pokrovskaya, Maria, 423
Pokrovsky, Mikhail, 113, 556
1-20
INDEX
Poland: aftermath of Second World War, 495,
496; alliance with Lithuania, 107,108-10;
collapse of communism in, 578-79; at
Congress of Vienna, 278-79; conquest of
Smolensk, 145; Constitution of 1791, 236;
economic impacts of partition, 242-43; and
eighteenth-century foreign policy, 220;
eighteenth-century partitions of, 232, 233,
235-39,237 (figure); and the First False
Dmitrii, 134; German invasion of, 488;
Great Northern War, 193-97; industrial
region, 390; influence of Polish culture,
108; influx of Poles to Muscovite state,
181-82; national uprising of 1794, 238;
Organic Statute of 1832, 294; partition
of Livonia, 120; peace treaty of 1618,
146; political instability in eighteenth
century, 235-36; political upheavals in
1956, 529-30; progress toward freedom,
532; rebellion of 1863, 336; Red Army
occupation of, 489; relationship in
postcommunist era, 619; revolution of
1905 in, 366-67; and Russian Time of
Troubles, 138-39,140; Russification in
1870s, 345; Russification of under Nicholas
I, 293-94; and the Second False Dmitrii,
138; Solidarity movement, 533-34;
Soviet-Polish war, 447-49; territory of
1662-67,237 (figure)
Police persecution: Bironism, 213; and Great
Terror of Stalin era, 477-78
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 108-10,
235-36
Political culture: Bironism and police
persecution, 213; détente, launch of,
517; of eighteenth-century Poland,
235-36; European notions of enlightened
authority, 214; narodnichestvo, populism of
1870s, 339-40; optimism vs. pessimism, 422;
postcommunist political order, 588; and
rise of Moscow, 81-83; zemstvo system of
local government, 332-33
Politkovskaya, Anna, 607
Polovtsy, 19-20
Poltava, battle of, 195
Poltava (Pushkin), 315
Poniatowski, Stanislaw, 226,236
Poor Folk (Dostoevsky), 405-6
Poor Lisa (Karamzin), 259
Popov, Alexander, 403
Popov, Gavriil, 577
Popular culture: in appanage era, 104; in
postcommunist era, 649-58, 657-58
Populism: in European and U.S. elections,
625; from Great Reforms to 1917,416-17;
populist socialism, 364; and revolutionary
movements of 1870s, 339-40; vs. Marxism,
417
Port Arthur, 361,509
Portsmouth, Treaty of, 361
Pososhkov, Ivan, 258
Possessed, The (Dostoevsky), 406
Possessors, 96-97
Postcommunist era: bureaucracy, growth
of, 611; Chechen war, 595-96; constitution
of 1993, 597; dismantling of social and
economic structures, 626-27; economic
recovery and uncertainty in, 633-34;
financial collapse of 1998, 628-29; financial
corruption, 594, 611-12,636; financial crisis
of 1998, 600; foreign policy in, 614-15,618-
25; literature and arts, 649-58; nationalism
in, 598, 639-42; national security in, 612-13;
parliamentary catastrophe of 1993, 595;
popular culture in, 657-58; presidency of
Boris Yeltsin, 588-91,593-601; religion
in, 645-49, 646 (figure), 648 (figure);
sentiments, beliefs, and ideologies, 637-45,
639 (figure); television in, 654-55; wealth
and poverty in, 627-33. see also Putin
Potemkin, Grigorii, 226, 232, 234
Potsdam, 1945, wartime diplomacy
at, 494
Poverty: among peasants, 388-89; and family
life in 1990s, 632-33; in postcommunist era,
627-33, 629 (figure)
Pozharsky, Prince Dmitrii, 140
Prague Spring, 532-33
Preobrazhenskii guards, 225; role in
succession, 211
Presniakov, Alexander, 70-71,164
Prigov, Dmitrii, 650
Prikazy, 160
Primakov, Yevgeny, 600,614
Primary Chronicle, The (Tale of the Year s of
Time), 10-11,13,14,16, 32
Prince Igor (Borodin), 413
Printing: first authorization of private, 232,
254; introduction of, 177; of newspapers
and books in eighteenth century, 251
Prisoner of the Caucasus, The (Pushkin), 314
Privatization, and economic reforms of 1992,
591-92
Prokofiev, Sergei, 564
Proletcult, 558
Prostitution: in prerevolutionary society, 393;
and reforms of Nicholas 1,307
Protopopov, Alexander, 381
Provincial courts: reforms of Catherine II,
230-31
INDEX
1-21
Provincial government: in Muscovite state,
160-61; reforms of Catherine II, 230-31;
reforms of Peter 1,201
Provisional government: and class divides,
428-29; creation of in February 1917, 425;
Declaration on War Aims, 429; exercise of
dual power, 426; first cabinet, 427 (figure);
July Days protests, 429-30; Kornilov
affair and aftermath, 431; liberalism and
reforms of, 426-27; limitations and failures
of, 427-28; regional weakening of, 432; and
social revolution, 433-35
Prus, 98
Prussia: and eighteenth-century foreign
policy, 220,221; and eighteenth-century
partitions of Poland, 238; European
alliances after Napoleon, 279; fascination
of Peter III with, 216-17; mutual defense
and cooperation, 295; role in partitions of
Poland, 236, 238; Straits Convention, 296;
Three Emperors League, 342-43; and War
of the Third Coalition, 274
Pruth River, confrontation with Turks, 195-96
Pskov, 61,63
Public health, in postcommunist era, 630, 635
Publishing: first authorization of private,
232, 254; of newspapers and books in
eighteenth century, 251
Pugachev, Emelian, 228-30,229 (figure)
Pugachev rebellion, 228-30
Pulkovo Observatory, 312
Purges of Stalin era, 476-79,477 (figure), 508,510
Pushkin, Alexander, 315 (figure); and
emancipation of serfs, 328; literary works,
314—16; and reign of Peter 1,207
Pussy Riot, 644, 644 (figure)
Putiatin, Count Admiral Evfimii, 335, 337
Putin, Vladimir: in 2001, 604 (figure);
appointment as prime minister, 601 ; life
and background, 601-2; photographs of,
610 (figure); popularity of, 602-3, 610-11;
quotes, 587; 2014 speech on Crimea, 618
Putin, Vladimir, politics of, 601-13; early
career, 602; electoral laws, 609-10; fate
of media and self-expression, 606-7;
foreign policy, 614-15, 621-24; measures
against corruption, 611-12; methods of
governance, 609; military spending and
readiness, 613-14; national security, 612-13;
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
607-8; opposition to, 608; patriotism, 604-5;
statism and liberal authoritarianism, 603;
views of Soviet and Russian history, 605-6
Rabin, Oskar, 564
Radicalism: during mid-nineteenth century,
338-41
Radishchev, Alexander, 263
Radkey, Oliver, 537
Raeff, Marc, 270
Rakosi, Matyas, 529
Randolph, John, 264
Rapallo, Treaty of, 484
Rashin, Adolf, 402-3
Raskol, religious schism of 1666,169-73
Rasputin, Grigorii, 381-82, 382 (figure); rise
to influence, 353
Rastrelli, Bartolomeo, 259
Razin, Stepan, 149-50
Raznochintsy, 339
Razumovsky, Alexei, 215-16
Reagan, Ronald, 534
Realism: in nineteenth-century literature,
313-14; in nineteenth-century painting,
412; and nineteenth-century revolutionary
movements, 338
Realschule, secondary schools, 402
Red Army, during the Civil War, 445-49, 451,
452-54, 459; strengths of in Second World
War, 493
Reddaway, Peter, 593
Reform: see liberalism and reform
Religion: appanage-era teachings on women,
92; calls for church reform, 169-70; Council
of a Hundred Chapters, 118; Council
of Florence, 76; formation of Uniate
Church, 153; increasing involvement in
public life, 397-98; influence in appanage
period, 94-95; and intellectual life in
medieval Russia, 95-96; lives of clergy in
eighteenth century, 247; and Mongol rule,
53; Muscovite-era teachings on women,
175; Old Believers, persecution of, 213;
possessors vs. non-possessors, 96-97;
paganism in Kievan Rus, 33-34; Palm
Sunday ritual, 157; in postcommunist
era, 645-49, 646 (figure), 648 (figure); as
practiced by Ivan IV, 125; prominence
of church in Muscovite state, 168-69;
questions of in late nineteenth century,
420-21; religious diversity of empire,
233, 308; role in Crimean War, 298; role
in literacy and education, 176; role of
church in rise of Muscovite state, 83;
Russification and pressure on non-
Christians, 352; schism in Muscovite state,
169-73; and sculpture in appanage era, 103;
secularization and Russian culture, 250;
and Soviet society 1917-1985, 542-43
Quiet Don, The (Sholokhov), 559
1-22
INDEX
Religious education, in eighteenth-century
cultural life, 255
Religious-Philosophical meetings, St.
Petersburg, 1901,397
Religious tolerance: in eighteenth-century
Poland, 236; in eighteenth-century Russian
empire, 247-48; proclamation after 1905,
367, 376
Remizov, Alexei, 560
Repin, Ilya, 412
Revolution of 1905,365-68; background of,
363-65
Revolution of February 1917: abdication of
Nicholas II, 425; analyzing background
of, 399,424; and class divides, 428-29,
435; creation of provisional government,
425; Declaration on War Aims, 429; dual
power of Provisional Government
and Soviet, 426; failures of provisional
government, 427-28; first cabinet of
Provisional Government, 427 (figure);
July Days protests, 429-30; Kornilov
affair and aftermath, 431; liberalism of
provincial government, 426-27; reactions of
Nicholas II and Alexandra, 424; and social
revolution, 433-35; soldiers at funeral, 434
(figure); soldier s comments on, 423-25;
weakening of provisional government, 432
Revolution of October 1917: analyzing
background of, 424; events, 435-37
Revolutionary movements, nineteenth-
century: 283—84, 338-41; in Western
Europe, 293
Revolutionary Russia, 1917-1928:
characteristics of state, 441^5; civil war,
445-50,449 (figure); crisis of 1920-1921,
457-59; new economic policies, 459-60;
power struggles after Lenin s death,
460-62,464; reasons for Bolshevik victory,
453-55; revolts and national liberation
movements, 450-53; revolution and civil
war, 1917-1922,448 (figure); territorial
losses in peace with Germany, 445; war
communism, 455-57
Riasanovsky, Nicholas, on Russian cultural
development, 250
Ribas, José de, 235
Rice, Condoleezza, 622
Rieber, Alfred, 329
Riga, Treaty of, 449-50
Right-wing revolutionary groups, 368; and
revolution of 1905,366
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 412
Riurik, Prince, 55, 98
Rogger, Hans, 259
Rokossovsky, Marshall Konstantin, 494
Romania: collapse of communism in, 578-79;
territory acquired from, 489
Romaniello, Matthew, 119
Roman of Volynia, 65-66
Romanov, Michael: selection of by zemskii
sobor, 141-42
Romanov, Nikita, 141
Romanova, Anastasia, wife of Ivan IV, 117,
123,141
Romanov dynasty: death of last Romanov
tsar, 446
Romanov dynasty, early rulers: Alexis, 147-
48; expansion into Siberia and Ukraine,
150-55; Michael, 145-48,148 (figure);
rebellions against, 148-50; Theodor, 150
Romanticism: in nineteenth-century
literature, 313-14; in nineteenth-century
painting, 318; in nineteenth-century
philosophy, 319-20; and nineteenth-century
revolutionary movements, 338, 339
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 494
Rossi, Carlo, 318
Rostopchin, Count Fedor, 277
Rostov, 67-69; map, 67
Rostovtzeff, Mikhail, 404
Rozhdestvensky, Zinovii, 361
Rubinstein, Anton and Nikolai, 412
Rublev, Andrei, 102-3,102 (figure)
Rudin (Turgenev), 405
Rumiantsev, Peter, 221, 232
Rus, see Kievan Rus
Ruslan and Liudmila (Pushkin), 314
Russia: people and cultures, 5-9; topography
and natural environments of, 3-5
Russia and Europe (Danilevsky), 418
Russian Ark (Sokurov), 654
Russian Association of Proletarian
Writers, 558
Russian Bible Society, 282
Russian-Georgian war, 618-19
Russian Justice (Russkaia Pravda), 19,25, 28,
30-31
Russian Justice (Pestel), 283
Russian National Unity party, 640
Russian Orthodox Church: appanage-era
teachings on women, 92; calls for reform,
169-70; canonization of Nicholas II,
354; Cathedral of the Assumption, 101
(figure); Council of a Hundred Chapters,
118; Council of Florence, 76; and doctrine
of Official Nationality, 287-88; and
frontier settlement, 86; influence in
appanage period, 94-95; and intellectual
life in medieval Russia, 95-96; in Kievan
INDEX
1-23
Rus society, 30, 33-35; lives of clergy in
eighteenth century, 247; and Mongol rule,
53; Muscovite-era teachings on women,
175; Patriarch Alexis II, 577 (figure);
possessors vs. non-possessors, 96-97;
in postcommunist era, 645—49, 646 (figure),
648 (figure); prominence in Muscovite
state, 168-69; religious schism in Muscovite
state, 169-73; role in literacy and education,
176; role in rise of Muscovite state, 83; and
sculpture in appanage era, 103; and Soviet
society 1917-1985, 536, 542-43; and Time
of Troubles, 139-40; tsar s Palm Sunday
ritual, 157; view of women in Kievan Rus,
31. see fliso Religion
Russian Social Democratic Workers Party,
364, 365, 367 (figure), 371; and union
movement, 394—95. see also Mensheviks;
Bolsheviks
Russian Theosophical Society, 398
Russia s Choice party, 597
Russia We Have Lost, The (Govorikhin), 654
Russification in borderlands: in Finland, 356;
increase under Alexander III, 351-52; in
1870s, 345
Russo-Japanese War, 359-60, 360 (figure),
361-62
Russo-Persian and Russo-Chinese banks, 392
Russo-Turkish wars, 232, 233-35; effects on
eighteenth-century economy, 242-43, 245;
of 1806 to 1812, 274; of 1827 to 1829, 292-93;
and Balkan rebellions, 343-44
Rutskoi, Alexander, 595
Rykov, Alexei, 478
Ryleev, Kondraty, 284
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 618
Sadko (Rimsky-Korsakov), 413
Saint Anthony, 34-35
Saint Basil s Cathedral, 119,178-79 (figure)
St. Isaac s Cathedral, 318
Saint Peter of Alexandria, 38 (figure)
Saints: canonization in appanage era, 95;
hagiography in appanage era, 98
Saint Theodosius, 34—35
Sakhalin, 447
Sakharov, Andrei, 552, 565, 570
Sakwa, Richard, 602
Saltykov-Shchedrin, Mikhail, 384—85,409
Samarin, Georgi, 321, 339
San Stefano, Treaty of, 343
Saratov, 432
Sarmatians, 6
Sazhin, Nikolai, 656
Sazonov, Sergei, 377
Scandinavia: Novgorodian trade with, 60
Scandinavian princes: rule in Novgorod
region, 55—56
Schelling, Friedrich, 319—20
Schnittke, Alfred, 563
Scholarship: in first half of nineteenth
century, 312—13; from Great Reforms to
1917, 403-4; and Soviet culture 1917-1985,
556-57
School of Mathematical and Navigational
Sciences, Moscow, 251
Schools, establishment of in seventeenth
century, 176
Science: in eighteenth century, 257—58; in first
half of nineteenth century, 312—13; from
Great Reforms to 1917, 403-4; and Soviet
culture 1917-1985, 555-56
Scriabin, Alexander, 413
Scythians, 5—6, 7 (figure)
Scythian strategy, and Napoleon s
invasion, 277
Second World War: Allied aid in, 492; Baltic
region in, 489; battle of Moscow, 490;
battle of Stalingrad, 492; evaluating Soviet
Union in, 497-500; German annexation
of Czechoslovakia, 488; 1941 German
attack on Soviet Union, 489-90; 1942
German attack on Soviet Union, 492-94;
German invasion of Poland, 488; German-
Soviet Non-Aggression Treaty, 488;
German treatment of Russian civilians,
498; Great Fatherland War, 490-94;
Munich Agreement, 487; nationalities
and, 496-97; 1942 poster, 499 (figure); Red
Army occupation of Poland, 489; siege of
Leningrad, 490; and status of women, 546;
strengths of Red Army in, 493; territorial
gains from, 506; war in Far East and Pacific,
494; wartime diplomacy, 494-96; wartime
losses, 501-3
Secularization: and Russian culture, 250
Selected Passages front Correspondence with
Friends (Gogol), 317-18
Semenov, Nikolai, 556
Semenovskii guards, role in succession, 211
Semevsky, Vasilii, 328
Senate: establishment by Peter I, 200; and
reign of Nicholas I, 288; restoration of by
Alexander I, 270
Serbia, 620-21
Serfdom: and agricultural practices of
nineteenth century, 304-6; Alexander I
and desire to abolish, 269-70; changes
by Catherine II, 230-32; criticism by
intelligentsia, 262-63; and economic
1-24
INDEX
stagnation, 301; emancipation of the
serfs, 327-31, 383, 384-85; Emperor Paul s
strengthening of, 240-41; and governing
by the Russian state, 242; and industrial
expansion, 244; and labor needs of
eighteenth century, 244; and labor practices
of nineteenth century, 303-4; in Muscovite
state, 162-63; reforms under Nicholas I,
290-91; serfs in mid-eighteenth century,
218-19; social divisions of, 245-46; vs.
slavery, 163,219, 305-6
Sergeevich, Mikhail, 519
Sergius of Radonezh, 95
Serov, Valentin, 412
Service, Robert, 467
Sevastopol, in Crimean War, 299
Sevastopol Tales (Tolstoy), 299
Seven Years War, 217, 221
Sex and family life: in appanage era, 91-92; in
Muscovite state, 175
Shakhovskoy, Grigorii, 136-37
Shaving beards, and cultural reforms of Peter
1,193, 205
Shepilov, Dmitrii, 513, 529
Shestov, Lev, 420
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 568,578-79,581
Shevchenko, Olga, 626
Shevchenko, Taras, 294
Sholokhov, Mikhail, 559
Shostakovich, Dmitrii, 562, 563,564
Shuisky, Vasilii, 135-36; and boyars, 142; end
of reign, 138
Shuvalov, Ivan, 253-54
Shuvalov, Ivan and Petr, 216
Siberia: expansion into in 1870s, 345-46;
expeditions to, 258 (figure); seventeenth-
century expansion into, 150-53,152
(figure); sixteenth-century expansion into,
120; Trans-Siberian railroad, 359-60
Sigismund III, 139,140
Simeon the Proud, 73
Sipiagin, Dmitrii, 355, 365
Skitalets, newspaper columnist, 383
Skopin-Shuisky, Mikhail, 137,138
Slavery: vs. serfdom, 219,305-6; 163
Slavic tribes: conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57; in Novgorod region, 55
Slavophiles, ideological movement, 320-22,
322-23; and emancipation of serfs, 328
Slavs: early settlement of, 9
Slovakia: relationship in postcommunist
era, 619
Smith, Douglas, 261
Smoke (Turgenev), 405
Smolensk: massacre of Polish officers at, 495
Smolensk, battle of in 1812, 275
Smolny Institute for girls, founding of,
254, 257
Snyder, Timothy, 498
Sobchak, Anatolii, 577,602
Social contract, between government and
population, 518
Social Democrats: see Russian Social
Democratic Workers Party
Socialism: first appearances of, 364-65;
transition to communism, 522; vs.
liberalism, 364
Socialist realism, in art, 561-62
Socialist realism, in literature, 558-59
Socialist Revolutionaries-Maximalist, 373
Socialist Revolutionary Party, 364, 365,
417; attempted assassination of Lenin,
445; Combat Organization, 372-73; and
events of Bolshevik revolution, 436; in
provisional government, 425; Left Socialist
Revolutionaries, 444,445
Social reforms: of Alexander 1,270; of
Catherine II, 232; of Peter 1,204-5
Social sciences: in first half of nineteenth
century, 313; in last half of nineteenth
century, 404
Society: in Appanage Russia, 89-91; ethnic
diversity of empire, 306-8; Kievan Rus,
29-31,30 (figure); legacy of eighteenth-
century social divisions, 249; in Muscovite
state, 161-64; Novgorod, 58-61; prior to
Great Reforms of Alexander II, 301-2;
social groups in eighteenth century, 245-49;
social problems of 1980s, 567-68
Society, 1917-1985: alcohol consumption,
542; Communist Party as social institution,
550-51; cultural revolution, 541;
destruction of old elites, 535-36; everyday
life and mentalities, 541-42; family life, 545;
nationalities in, 548-50; new class of elites,
540-41; peasantry, 536-39; religion, 542-43;
upward mobility in, 539-40; women and
gender, 543-47,544 (figure), 547 (figure);
workers, 539-40; workers and peasants,
538 (figure)
Society, in postcommunist era: deepening
stratification of society, 630, 632;
dismantling of social structures, 626-27;
LGBT life and politics, 642-43; religion,
645-49, 646 (figure), 648 (figure);
sentiments, beliefs, and ideologies, 637-45,
639 (figure); social experience, 635-37
Society of the United Slavs, 284
Sokurov, Alexander, 653
Solidarity movement, 533-34
INDEX
1-25
Soloviev, Sergei, 143, 404
Soloviev, Vladimir, 420, 647
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 560, 565
Song of the Motherland, 3
Sophia (half-sister of Peter I), 186,188-89
Sophia Paleologue, Princess (Zoe
Palaiologina) 79,114
Sorokin, Vladimir, 650, 652
Sorsky, Nil, 96-97
Southern Society, 284
South Korea, creation of, 509
Soviet Union and the world, 1921-1945:
Allied aid in Second World War, 492;
challenges of Marxism in foreign relations,
483; evaluating Second World War,
497-500; foreign policy from 1938 to 1941,
487-89; foreign policy in the 1920s, 483-85;
foreign policy in the 1930s, 485-87; Great
Fatherland War, 490-94; nationalities
and the Second World War, 496-97; Russia
in the Second World War, 1939-1945,491
(figure); war in Far East and Pacific, 494;
wartime diplomacy, 494-96; wartime
poster, 499 (figure), see also Foreign Policy
Space age: Soviet accomplishments in, 555-
56; Soviet entry into, 515, 521
Spain: Spanish Civil War, 486-87
Spark (Iskra), The, 440
Speransky, Mikhail, 271, 272,273, 281
Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 226
Spiritualist Society, 397-98
Sportsman’s Sketches (Turgenev), 328,405
Sputnik, 515, 521,555
St. Petersburg: Admiralty building, 318;
architecture and design of, 259-60; fires of
1862,336; during First World War, 379; flood
of 1824,282-83; founding of, 194; industrial
region, 390; Passazh, Nevsky prospect, 1901,
397 (figure); St. Isaac s Cathedral, 318; as
symbol, 207. see also Leningrad
Stakhanov, Alexei, 475-76,535
Stakhanovite workers, 475-76, 481
Stalin, Iosif, 463 (figure); in 1951, 505 (figure);
criticism over party appointments, 461;
cult of personality, 509-10, 513; effect
on arts and culture, 557; first role in Soviet
government, 439; funeral, 512 (figure); life
and background of, 466-68; nationality
policies, 453; power struggles after Lenin s
death, 460-62,464; quote, 465, 480 (figure),
482-83; removal of Chechens, 595; at
wartime diplomacy, 494, 495. see also Stalin
Revolution, 1928-1939
Stalin, Iosif, last years of, 501-10; the
Cold War, 504-9; death of, 510, 511;
higher profile of USSR, 503; post-war
reconstruction and economic development,
503-4; wartime Russian losses, 501-3
Stalin, Iosif, politics and economy after:
Brezhnev era, 516-19; de-Stalinization,
516; economic development and
stagnation, 520-25; industrial and
economic expansion, 515-16; international
relations, 527-34; liberalization in Soviet
society, 525-27; rise and fall of Nikita
Khrushchev, 511-16; upward mobility,
518-19, 524
Stalin Revolution, 1928-1939: and
collectivization, 472—75; Constitution of
1936, quoted, 480-81; Five-Year Plans,
468-76,470 (figure); Great Terror, 476-79,
477 (figure); Great Turn of, 468-75, 473
(figure); life and background of Iosif Stalin,
466-68; Stalin s system of governance,
479-81
Stalingrad, battle of, 492, 493
Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 414
Stankevich, Nikolai, 323
Starovoitova, Galina, 636
State and Revolution (Lenin), 441^2
State Council: and Duma after Fundamental
Laws of 1906, 369
State Council, in reign of Nicholas I, 288
State Gentry Land Bank, 351, 384
Statism, and Vladimir Putin, 603
Statute on Provincial Administration
of 1775, 230
Steinberg, Isaac, 363
Stepashin, Sergei, 600-601
Stoletov, Alexander, 403
Stolypin, Petr, 369,371, 373 (figure);
assassination of, 374; land reforms, 389-90;
policies of, 372-75
Storch, Heinrich, 247
Straits Convention, 296
Streltsy ( musketeers ), 186,188-89,192-93
Strogonov, Pavel, 268—70
Stroganov family: expansion into Siberia, 120;
industrial enterprises of, 161; support of
icon painting, 180
Strumilin, Stanislav, 465, 523
Struve, Frederick Georg Wilhelm von, 312
Struve, Petr, 364, 418
Succession: changes by Emperor Paul, 240;
of Nicholas I, 284; reforms introduced by
Peter 1, 206; reforms introduced by Peter
1, 211
Sudebnik (Muscovite law code), 79, 86,117-18
Sumarokov, Alexander, 258
Sumner, B. H., 242
1-26
INDEX
Sunderland, Willard, 233
Suny, Ronald Grigor, 307-8, 345, 548
Supreme Privy Council, 211-12,212-13
Surikov, Vasilii, 412
Suslov, Mikhail, 517, 518 (figure)
Suvorov, Alexander, 221, 232; northern
Italian military campaign, 241; and Polish
rebellion of 1794, 238; and Russo-Turkish
wars, 235
Suzdal, 67-69; icon painting of, 100-101;
map, 67
Sverdlovsk, discovery of mass graves near,
580
Sviatoplok-Mirsky, Prince Dmitrii, 365
Sviatoslav, Prince, 13-15
Sweden: conflicts with Novgorodian princes,
57; conquest of Novgorod, 145; and
eighteenth-century foreign policy, 220,
221; Great Northern War, 193-94; loss of
Finland to Russia, 274; partition of Livonia,
120; peace treaty of 1617, 146; and Russian
Time of Troubles, 139, 140; and Russo-
Turkish wars, 234
Sylvester (adviser of Ivan IV), 117,123; and
Domostroi (Domestic Order), 165-66,174
Syria, Russian role in civil war, 622
Table of Ranks, 204, 306
Tacitus, 9
Taiwan, 509
Tale of the Battle Against Mamai, 94
Tale of the Batu s Ravage ofRiazan, 47
Tale of the Years of Time: see Primary Chronicle
Tamerlane, 75
Taras Bulba (Gogol), 317
Tatars: see Mongols
Tatarstan, 594
Tatlin, Vladimir, 560, 561 (figure), 564
Taxes: after Time of Troubles, 147; borne
by masses in early twentieth century, 389;
and economic decline of 1990s, 593-94;
and financial reforms of Peter I, 203; in
Muscovite state, 163
Tbilisi, Georgia, 548, 575
Tchaikovsky, Petr, 412, 413
Teheran, 1943, wartime diplomacy at, 494
Telepnev-Obolensky, Prince, 114
Television, in postcommunist era, 654—55
Temporary Regulations, of 1881, 349, 355,
356
Tereshkova, Valentina, 555
Terror and violence: and nineteenth-century
revolutionary groups, 340-41; response
of Petr Stolypin, 372-73; Russian reaction
to September 11, 2001, 623; Temporary
Regulations, of 1881, 356; and Temporary
Regulations of 1881, 349, 355
Terrorism, and national security, 612-13
Teutonic Knights: conflicts with Novgorodian
princes, 57
Textile industry, 244
Theater: from the Great Reforms to 1917,
413-14
The Iron Messiah (Kirillov), 552
The Lovers of Wisdom, philosophical
circle, 319-20
Thirteen-Years War, 155
Three Emperors7 League, 342-43
Tikhonov, Nikolai, 519
Tilsit, treaties of, 274
Time of Troubles (Smutnoe Vremia), 128-44;
consequences of, 142-44; map, 131; national
phase, 138-42,151; origins of, 128-30; reign
of Boris Godunov, 132-34
Tito, Marshall Josip Broz, 508
Tiutchev, Fedor, 409
Tkachev, Petr, 340
Tocqueville, Alexis de: quote, 566
Tolstaya, Tatyana, 650
Tolstoy, Alexei N., 559
Tolstoy, County Dmitrii, 337, 349, 402
Tolstoy, Lev, 310, 406-8, 407 (figure); quote,
326, 400
Topography, 3-5
Totleben, Eduard, 299
Towns and cities: categories of residents, 247;
Kievan Rus, 29-30
Trade: and economic reforms of Peter I,
203-4; and economy of Appanage Russia,
87; and economy of Muscovite state,
161-62; eighteenth-century growth of,
244-45; foreign influence on, 182; Kievan
Rus, 26-29; in mid-nineteenth century,
302—3; in Novgorodian state, 60; reforms
of Catherine II, 232; with sixteenth-century
England, 121
Traders, status in appanage era, 90
Transcaucasia: crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh, 573
Transcaucasia industrial regions, 390
Transportation: in mid-nineteenth century,
302-3; prior to Great Reforms of
Alexander II, 301
Trans-Siberian railroad, 359-60, 392
Travel literature, of appanage period, 94
Trepov, General Fedor, 340-41
Tretyakov, Vitalii, 611
Triple Alliance, 376-77
Triple Entente, 376
Trotsky, Lev, 479; in 1922, 462 (figure); and
events of autumn 1917, 436; first role in
INDEX
1-27
Soviet government, 439; introduction to
Lenin, 440; power struggles after Lenin s
death, 460-62,464; quote on foreign
relations, 485
Trubetskoy, Prince Dmitrii, 139—40
Truman, Harry, 494, 507
Truman Doctrine, 507
Trump, Donald, 624, 625
Tsar, use and origin of term, 116
Tsedenbal, Yumagaajiin, 569 (figure)
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 556
Tsushima Strait, battle of, 361
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 449
Turgenev, Ivan, 310, 338, 405; and
emancipation of serfs, 328
Turkestan, independence movement in, 452
Turkey: campaign of Peter I against, 192;
confrontation at Pruth River, 195—96;
status after Second World War, 507. see also
Ottoman Empire
Turkmanchai, Treaty of, 292
Tushino, 137-38
Tver: acquisition by Moscow, 77; renunciation
of privilege by Tver gentry, 335—36
Tver, Grand Prince Mikhail of, 71-72
Uezdy, 230
Ukazes, issued by tsar, 369
Ukhtomsky, Esper, 359
Ukraine: cossacks in seventeenth century,
153—55; and eighteenth-century partitions
of Poland, 237, 238; establishment of Soviet
government in east, 446; famine of 1932-
1933,472—73, 537,549, 615; industrial region,
390; national independence movement,
451—52, 575; nineteenth-century national
identity movement, 294; relationship
in postcommunist era, 615—18; role in
westernization, 155; Russian settlement in
reign of Peter I, 21; Russification in 1870s,
345; and sanctions against Russia, 621 ;
seventeenth-century expansion into, 152
(figure), 153—55; strengthening serfdom in,
231; territorial history of, 616 (figure), 617
(figure); Uniate Church, 153
Ukrainians: and collapse of Kievan state, 45;
influx to Muscovite state, 181-82
lllozhenie of 1649,158,159, 160,162,163
Uniate Church, Poland, 336, 543
Uniate Church, Ukraine, 153
Union of Liberation, 364
Union of 17 October, 368
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR):
creation of in 1922, 453
Union of Soviet Writers, 552, 558
Union of Struggle for the Emancipation of the
Working Class, 364r-65
Union of Welfare and Union of Salvation, 283
Union of Zemstvos and Union of Towns, 379
Unions: development of, 393-95
Union Treaty, to preserve Soviet Union, 582
United Nations: role of USSR in creation of, 494
United States: in Cold War world, 507-8;
election of 2016 in, 624; intervention in civil
war, 447; and Mutual Defense Assistance
Program, 508; postcommunist-era
relationship, 621—25
Unity political party, 601
Universities: and counterreforms of
Alexander III, 349-50; disturbances
of 1860s, 335; founded in first half of
nineteenth century, 310; nineteenth-century
efforts to purge, 310-11; nineteenth-
century increase in, 403; restrictions in
mid-nineteenth century, 291—92; statute of
1863, 401; University Statute of 1863, 337;
University Statute of 1884, 350
University of Moscow, founding of, 253
Unkiar Skelessi, Treaty of, 295
Unkovsky, Alexei, 335—36
Unofficial Committee, of Alexander I, 268—70
Ural industrial region, 390
Urbanization: importance to cohesion of
Soviet Union, 572; late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries, 395-96
Ushakov, Simon, 180
Uspensky, Gleb, 406, 409
Uvarov, Count Sergei, 287—88, 300, 311, 312
Valuev, Peter, 337 (figure)
Varangians: and Novgorod, 56
Vasilii I, 75-76
Vasilii n, 75-76
Vasilii III, 79-81,114
Vasnetsov, Victor, 121 (figure)
Vassal hierarchy, and landholding practices,
88-89
Vavilov, Nikolai, 555
Veche, 26; Novgorodian, 56, 59-60, 61
Vedomosti, 251
Venevitinov, Dmitrii, 319
Vereshchiagin, Vasilii, 412
Vernadsky, George, 51, 52
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 556
Veselovsky, S., 164
Viatka, 61
Viborg: fortress of, 196; meeting of Duma
deputies in, 370
Vienna, Congress of, 278—79
Vietnam War, 530
1-28
INDEX
Vikings: influence on Kievan state, 11
Village prose school of writing, 559-60
Vilna-Vitebsk-Smolensk line, and Napoleon s
invasion, 275
Vinogradov, Ivan, 556, 628
Vinogradov, Pavel, 404
Violence and terror: and nineteenth-century
revolutionary groups, 340-41; response
of Petr Stolypin, 372-73; Russian reaction
to September 11, 2001, 623; Temporary
Regulations, of 1881, 356; and Temporary
Regulations of 1881, 349, 355
Virgin Soil (Turgenev), 405
Virgin Soil Upturned (Sholokhov), 559
Visigoths, 6-7
Vladimir, Prince, 15-18
Vladimir-in-Volynia, 64-65
Vladimir Monomakh, Prince, 20-21, 98
Vladivostock, founding of, 346
Voevoda, 161
Volotsky, Joseph, 96, 97
Voltaire, 188; and eighteenth-century
intellectual life, 261
Volynia, 64—66; map, 65
Voronikhin, Andrei, 318
Voroshilov, Klement, 512 (figure), 514
Vostorgov, Ivan, 381-82
Vynnychenko, Volodomyr, 451
Vyshnegradsky, Ivan, 353
Vysotsky, Vladimir, 560, 563
Vytautus, 107,108
Vytenis, 105
Wages: and economic decline of 1990s, 593-94
Walicki, Andrzej, 321
Wallachia, 233-34, 292, 296
Walsh, Warren, 370
Wanderers, painting movement, 412
Wanderings Beyond the Three Seas, 94
War and Peace (Tolstoy), 310, 407, 408
War communism, 455-57
War of the Polish Succession, 221
War of the Third Coalition, 273-74
Warsaw: uprising against Germans, 1944, 496
Warsaw, Battle of, 449
Warsaw Treaty, 528
Weber, Max, 629
Westernization: and administrative reforms
of Peter I, 202; and cultural reforms of Peter
I, 205; of eighteenth-century elite, 251;
and eighteenth-century literature, 258-60;
of gentry class, 246; influence of Western
literature, 177-78; in Muscovite state,
181-83; pragmatism of Peter 1,189; reactions
against, 189; role of Ukraine in, 155
Westernizers, ideological movement, 322-25;
and emancipation of serfs, 328
What Is to Be Done? (Chernyshevsky), 416
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 440
Wheatcroft, S. G., 479
Whistler, George, 302
Wielopolski, Marquis Alexander, 336
Wildman, Allan, 378-79
Wirtschafter, Elise, 306
Witchcraft: in seventeenth-century Muscovite
state, 174-75
Witte, Sergei: in 1905, 391 (figure);
commercial schools, 402; industrial growth
and modernization, 353; Ministry of
Finance under, 356, 390; and modernized
monarchy, 369; Nicholas II and Asia, 359;
Treaty of Portsmouth, 361-62
Wladyslaw, Prince, 138,139
Woe from Wit (Griboedov), 314, 318
Wojtyla, Karol (Pope John Paul II), 533
Women: in appanage era, 91-92; in Communist
party, 550-51; and cultural life of eighteenth
century, 256-57; and cultural reforms of
Peter I, 205; in early twentieth-century civil
society, 398; eighteenth-century lives of,
248-49; from Great Reforms to 1917,419;
history as heads of state, 240; intellectual
life in nineteenth century, 310; in Kievan
Rus society, 31; lives in mid-nineteenth
century, 307; lives of peasant women after
Great Reforms, 386-87; lives of working
class women after Great Reforms,
393; in Muscovite state, 164-66, 175; and
revolutionary movement of 1860s, 339; role
in Rus and Muscovite states, 79,114,175;
as rulers in eighteenth century, 211, 214-15;
Smolny Institute for girls, founding of, 254;
in Soviet society 1917-1985,543-47, 544
(figure), 547 (figure); and urbanization, 396
Working class: lives of after Great Reforms,
392-95. see also Labor
Working Russia party, 593, 640
World of Art, The, 410
World of Art movement, 421
Wortman, Richard, 83, 196-97, 214; on
Alexander I, 281; on attitudes of Nicholas II
toward monarchy, 369
Wrangel, General Baron Petr, 447
Writers Union, 558, 559
Xenophobia, in postcommunist era, 641
Yabloko political party, 597
Yalta, 1945, wartime diplomacy at, 494, 495
Yanukovych, Viktor, 615, 618
I
INDEX
1-29
Yavlinsky, Grigorii, 597, 598
Yeltsin, Boris: advisors and administrative
style, 590; Chechen war, 595-96;
constitution of 1993, 597; desire for swifter
reforms, 570; economic reforms of 1992,
591-93; election as president of RSFSR, 577,
577 (figure); and final dissolution of Soviet
Union, 583; foreign policy of, 614, 620-21,
622; key periods of presidency, 589-90;
leadership style of, 576-77; legislative
reforms, 595; life and background of,
588-89; national referendum on support,
594-95; Orthodox funeral for, 646-47;
presidency of, 588-91, 593-601; quote,
587; resignation as president, 601; speech
against August 1991 coup, 582, 589, 590
(figure); victory in 1996 presidential
elections, 599
Youth (Tolstoy), 407
Yugoslavia: communism after Second
World War, 507, 508; conflicts in countries
of former, 620-21; postcommunist
relationship with former, 619
Yushchenko, Viktor, 615
Zakharov, Andreian, 318
Zamiatin, Evgenii, 557
Zamiatnin, Dmitrii, 334
Zaporozhskii cossacks, 153,155
Zarudny, Sergei, 334
Zarutsky, Ivan, 140,146
Zasulich, Vera, 340—11
Zealots of Piety, 169-70
Zemskii nachalnik, office of, 351
Zemskii sobor, 117,141 (figure); and Muscovite
autocracy, 157, 158-59; selection of Michael
Romanov as tsar, 141-42; and succession to
Ivan IV, 132
Zemstvo, system of local government, 332—33,
351; reforms of 1864, 401; restrictions in late
nineteenth century, 355
Zhdanov, Andrei, 508, 510
Zheliabov, Andrei, 341
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 598, 641
Zhivkov, Todor, 569 (figure)
Zhivov, Victor, 178
Zhou Enlai, 512 (figure)
Zhukov, Marshal Georgii, 490, 493, 494, 512
Zhukovsky, Vasilii, 313, 326
Zinin, Nikolai, 312
Zinoviev, Grigory, 444, 478
Zitser, Ernst, 190
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 557
Zyuganov, Gennady, 598, 601, 641; 599
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine 1923-2011 Steinberg, Mark D. 1953- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119298392 (DE-588)135917573 |
| author_facet | Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine 1923-2011 Steinberg, Mark D. 1953- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine 1923-2011 |
| author_variant | n v r nv nvr m d s md mds |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044958193 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK40 |
| callnumber-raw | DK40 |
| callnumber-search | DK40 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 240 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NK 4700 KH 1045 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1042814361 (DE-599)BVBBV044958193 |
| dewey-full | 947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947 |
| dewey-search | 947 |
| dewey-sort | 3947 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte Slavistik |
| edition | Ninth edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kievan Rus History Russia History Soviet Union History Russia (Federation) History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kievan Rus History Russia History Soviet Union History Russia (Federation) History Sowjetunion Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044958193 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:05:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780190645588 9780190645595 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017034961 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030350801 |
| oclc_num | 1042814361 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 |
| physical | xx, 658, A-5, B-34, I-29 Seiten genealogische Tafeln, Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publishDateSearch | 2019 |
| publishDateSort | 2019 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine 1923-2011 Verfasser (DE-588)119298392 aut A history of Russia Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Mark D. Steinberg Ninth edition New York Oxford University Press [2019] © 2019 xx, 658, A-5, B-34, I-29 Seiten genealogische Tafeln, Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Kievan Rus History Russia History Soviet Union History Russia (Federation) History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte z DE-604 Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Steinberg, Mark D. 1953- Verfasser (DE-588)135917573 aut LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine 1923-2011 Steinberg, Mark D. 1953- A history of Russia Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | A history of Russia |
| title_auth | A history of Russia |
| title_exact_search | A history of Russia |
| title_full | A history of Russia Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Mark D. Steinberg |
| title_fullStr | A history of Russia Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Mark D. Steinberg |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of Russia Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, Mark D. Steinberg |
| title_short | A history of Russia |
| title_sort | a history of russia |
| topic | Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Kievan Rus History Russia History Soviet Union History Russia (Federation) History Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030350801&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT riasanovskynicholasvalentine ahistoryofrussia AT steinbergmarkd ahistoryofrussia |
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