Parliamentary elections in Russia: a quarter-century of multiparty politics
As a nuclear power, UN Security Council member, emerging Arctic hegemon and the largest state in the world, Russia - and its stability - is of extreme importance in global politics. In the most comprehensive long-term study to date, Derek Hutcheson argues that Russian legislature forms an integral p...
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2018
London British Academy 2018 |
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | British Academy monographs
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | As a nuclear power, UN Security Council member, emerging Arctic hegemon and the largest state in the world, Russia - and its stability - is of extreme importance in global politics. In the most comprehensive long-term study to date, Derek Hutcheson argues that Russian legislature forms an integral part of the country's political system and machinery of governance. Having previously formed a counterweight to presidential power under Boris Yeltsin, legislative agenda was strong-armed by Putin leaving the country a four-party 'cartel' with the pro-presidential United Russia party at its centre |
| Beschreibung: | xx, 326 Seiten Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780197266281 |
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Contents
Preface and acknowledgements xi
Acknowledgement of funding xvii
Abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Why study Russian elections? 1
1.2 Why parliamentary elections? 3
1.3 Structure of book 7
2 Russian parliamentary elections 1993-2016: an overview 9
2.1 From Soviet democracy to Putinist democracy 10
211 Late Soviet elections 10
212 The 'founding' State Duma election 14
21.3 The routinisation of parliamentary elections 16
21A The domination of United Russia 21
21.5 A return to pluralism - or controlled competition? 23
2.2 The key actors of the party system 26
2.21 The 'parties of power' 28
2.2.2 The long-standing 'semi-opposition' parties 34
2.2.3 'Secondary' parties of power 39
2.2 A Liberals I rightist parties 40
2.3 The changing role of the State Duma 45
2.3.2 From consensual to majoritarian agenda-setting 47
2.3.2 The legislative 'machine' 50
2.4 Summary 53
vii
Contents
3 The framework of Russian elections 55
3.1 The evolving electoral system 57
3.1.1 The electoral formula and the structure of the ballot 58
3.1.2 Eligibility 63
3.2.3 Oversight 65
3.2 Explaining electoral reform 69
3.2.1 The initial system: 1993 72
3.2.2 1995 74
3.2.3 2003 75
3.2.4 2007 76
3.2.5 Post-2007 reform and the return to a mixed unconnected
system in 2016 77
3.3 The Russian political machine and the role of elections
within it 78
3.4 Summary 85
4 The party system 87
4.1 Classifying Russian parties 88
4.2 A floating party system? 90
4.2.1 Floating parties 90
4.2.2 The non-party system 96
4.3 A hegemonic party system? 98
4.4 A cartel party system? 105
4.4.1 The privileged position of the 'cartel' 108
4.4.2 The inside I outside nature of the party system 110
4.4.3 The relative roles of members, voters and leaders 112
4.4.4 Competition within the cartel 115
4.4.5 Party finance 118
4.5 Summary 122
5 On the campaign trail 123
5.1 Political marketing in Russia 123
5.1.1 The parties of power 127
5.1.2 Communist Party of the Russian Federation 131
vm
Contents
5.1.3 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia 132
5.1.4 Yabloko 134
5.1.5 Minor parties 135
5.2 Campaigns and the media 136
5.2.1 Election advertising in the media 140
5.2.2 News coverage of the electoral process 143
5.2.3 The rise of the internet 145
5.3 Russian voters and the parliamentary election campaigns 148
5.3.1 Sources of information for voters 149
5.3.2 Effect of media bias 152
5.4 Summary 155
6 Mobilising the vote 157
6.1 Mobilising the vote: the use and abuse of 'administrative
resources' 158
6.1.1 Patterns of administrative pressure 160
6.1.2 Forms of administrative pressure 162
6.2 Patterns of turnout in State Duma elections 1993-2016 168
6.3 Why do Russians vote - or not? 174
6.3.1 Profiling the voters 177
6.3.2 Motivations to vote 180
6.3.3 Profiling the abstainers 186
6.4 Summary 189
7 Voting in parliamentary elections 191
7.1 Mapping the electorate 191
7.1.1 The spatial distribution of votes 192
7.1.2 Tracking voters 196
7.2 Meeting the electorate 200
7.2.1 Party identification 200
7.2.2 Social characteristics of parties' electorates 203
IX
Contents
73 The discontented electorate 209
7.3.2 'A plague on all your houses'? 209
7.3.2 The motives of protest voters 213
7.4 Summary 217
8 How legitimate are Russia's parliamentary elections? 219
8.1 Methods of potential falsification 221
8.2 Detecting malfeasance 225
8.2.1 Observation at the micro level 226
8.2.2 Macro-level statistical analysis 231
8.2.3 Official complaints and adjudications 236
8.3 The legitimacy of the elections 241
8.3.2 The view of the international community 241
8.3.2 The views of the voters 246
8.4 Summary 253
9 Conclusions 256
Appendix: Details of focus groups and surveys 265
References 269
Table of laws and decrees 305
Index 314
x
References
Note: for full details of the post-election surveys and focus groups cited
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304
Index
Locators to figures and tables are in
italics
A Just Russia (Spravedlivaya Rossiya,
AJR): accounts 113; advertising 141;
elections (2007) 92, 196—7; formation
39-AO; market segmentation
project 130—1; observers 227; PEC
members 227; raison d'être 264;
'satellite parties of power' 107;
Volgograd complaints (2011) 237;
voter numbers 199; voters' decision
making 202
absent voting certificates (AVCs) 167,
187, 222-3
access to the ballot 58, 64
administrative incompetence
219—20, 230 see also electoral
maladministration
administrative mobilisation 162
administrative pressure 160-8
administrative resources 160,162-3
advertising 134,140-1
'Against All Party' fictional interview
212
'against all' votes: campaigning
59-62; education profiles 213;
effects 211-13; electoral law (1995)
74; invalid ballot papers 216;
motives 213—16; as a protest vote
209-11
age profiles: party electorates 206-7;
protest votes 213; turnout 179
see also generational effects
Agro-Industrial deputy group
94
Aldermysh (Tatarstan) 168
'All-Russian Party "Unity and
Fatherland - United Russia"'
see United Russia
'All-Russian People's Front'
(Obshcherossiiskii nardonyi front)
164
All-Russian State Television and
Radio Company (ARSTRC/
VGTRK) 138-9
All-Union Congress of People's
Deputies (CPD) election (1989) 12
anomalous regions 236, 240, 253
Astrakhan province 63
'atomised pluralism' 93
August coup (1991) 13-14
authoritarian system 260
back-up 'parties of power' 89
Balala, Viktor 72
ballot boxes 222, 225-6
ballot-stuffing 221, 222, 230-1, 238
see also electoral maladministration;
falsification; fraud
beer 181-2 see also Party of Beerlovers
Belovezh Forest meeting (1991) 14
Belykh, Nikita 43
Berezovsky, Boris 136—7, 144
bilateral treaties (dogovory) 80
Blair, Tony 130
Bloc of Grigorii Yavlinsky, Yurii
Boldyrev and Vladimir Lukin
see Yabloko
Bloc of Ivan Rybkin 29, 39, 233
Bogdanov, Andrei 44, 111
Boldyrev, Yurii 41
boycotting elections 209
branding 152
314
Index
cadre reforms (2007—2011) 173
campaigning: advertising 140—3; CPRF
131-2; expenditures 142; internet
145-8; LDPR 132—3; and the media
136-9; minor parties 135; news
coverage 143—5; 'parties of power'
127—31; political marketing 123—7;
voters 148—55; Yabloko 134
cartel parties 105—21, 263—4; collusion
115—18; connection to society
112; disempowered activists 112;
donors 121; excluding 'principled'
opposition 89; formation 56;
membership 112—14; as 'parties of
power' 106; party finance 118—21;
privileged parties 87; privileged
position 108—10; programmatic
convergence 118; resource
advantages 106,118,120; state
subvention 121
catch-all approaches 128, 129
Central Electoral Commission (CEC)
65-9; advertising budgets 141—3;
chairmen 67—9, 262; classifying
parties 88; election complaints
236-7, 238-9; identifying fraud
262; legislative engineering 57;
'Map of Decisions' 230; recorded
observers 226; television adverts
163—4; webcams in polling stations
227 see also Veshnyakov, Aleksandr;
Churov, Vladimir; Pamfilova, Ella
centralisation 56, 78
Chakvetadze, Anna 44
Chechnya /Chechen Republic 159,172,
174, 195
Chernomyrdin, Viktor 18, 29-30,165
Chubais, Anatolii 42, 43
Chukotka Autonomous District 63,
226, 227
Churov, Vladimir 67, 68-9, 234-5, 238,
253, 262; and 'Churov's First Law'
68; 'Churov's Number' 68
Chuvashiya, Republic of 192
civic duty to vote 180-1
Civic Force (Grazhdanskaya Sila) 111
Clinton, Hillary 147n
'club goods' 166-7
Co-ordinating Council of Russian
Non-Governmental Organisations
228
'commitment problem' 101
committees 49, 50
'Common Cause' 42
Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) 14; election missions
243, 244
Communist Party of Social Justice
(CPSJ) 111
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (CPRF) 28,131-2;
accounts 113; advertising budgets
141—3; age profiles of voters 206—8;
congresses (2004) 34; elections
(1995) 16-17; elections (1999) 19-20,
193; elections (2003) 194; eroding
support base 35; formation 34;
geographical patterns of voting
192—3, 196; internal war 34—5;
leadership 264; loaning deputies
94; 'locomotive candidates'
166; long-term affiliation 201—2;
opposition party 34-9, 104,105,
106-7, 257; parallel election count
232; recorded observers 227;
relationship with the Kremlin 105;
Unity alliance and 47—8; uses of
position 259; voter numbers 199;
voter profiles 203, 206—9
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU) 10, 12, 13, 90,179
'competitive authoritarianism'
(Levitsky and Way) 2
computer systems 225
Congress of People's Deputies: of
RSFSR / Russia 12-14, 34, 55, 72, 73,
93; of USSR 5,12, 12n
consensual agenda-setting 48
constituency boundaries 59, 62, 63
constituent entities (sub"ekty) 79
Constitution of the Russian Federation
(1993): Article 94 50; compliant
upper house 83—4; executive
power 4; powers of the regions 80;
presidential system 55; republics 79;
separation of powers 83
315
Index
Constitutional Commission of the
Supreme Soviet 72
'control figures' 225—6
controlled competition 23-6
Copenhagen agreement (CSCE 1990)
241
counting votes 224-5
cross-elite alliances 258
crowd-sourced databases 227-30
Dagestan, Republic of 192
Dahl, R. 241
'DCR-United Democrats' bloc 42
see also Democratic Choice of
Russia
'dead souls' technique 222
democracy: battle over conceptions
244; definitions 241; and the
international community 241 ;
perceptions 251
democracy/authoritarian scale 2-3
Democratic Choice of Russia
(Demokraticheskii Vybor Rossii) 42
'Democratic Russia' coalition 12
'democrats' 40, 88, 132, 251, 260
demonstrations (2011-12) 24, 146,
246-52, 263
deputies: 'locomotive candidates' 165;
party affiliations 94, 95; without
party affiliations 97
developed democracies 55
devolution (1991-99) 78-9, 258
'dictatorship of the law' 166
discontented electorate 209-17 see also
protest votes
district (constituency) electoral
commissions 65—6
divan parties 99, 200
'double-balloting' 74
double-counting violations 230
'dual power' gridlock 14
Dunaev, Andrei 44
education profiles: 'against all' voters
213; protests (2011-12) 246; turnout
179
election campaigns: advertising 140-3;
internet 145-8; and the media 136-9;
news coverage 143-5; 'rules of the
game' 263
election day complaints 237-8
election day festivals 181
election debates 140, 151
elections: editorial and news coverage
143-5; 'free' and 'fair' 241, 254;
future research 264; legitimacy
241-53; predictable 157; stability as
a mirage 264; studies 6
election observation 158, 160, 167-8;
221, 224, 225, 226-31; CIS and 243,
244; criticism of 244-46; domestic
226-7; international 241^16; OSCE
and 241-46 see also Golos electoral
rights association; Organization
for Security and Cooperation in
Europe; Organization for Security
and Cooperation in Europe
Parliamentary Assembly
electoral authoritarian regimes 2, 3, 45,
55, 56, 78, 256, 263-4
'electoral code' (1992) 72
electoral commissions 65-6, 252-3
see also Central Electoral
Commission
electoral geography 63
electoral integrity 225
electoral laws 57, 71,109-10, 305-13;
amendments to 70-1 see also named
laws
electoral maladministration 253-4
see also administrative
incompetence; ballot-stuffing;
electoral malpractice; fraud
electoral malpractice 226-31, 238,
239^10, 241 see also electoral
maladministration; fraud
electoral manipulation 57, 100-1, 219;
'downstream' 57, 221-5; 'upstream'
57-8; 'midstream' 57-8,162
electoral mobilisation 174 see also
turnout
electoral participation 158,183
electoral processes: legitimacy 226-7;
mobilisation and choice 11; surveys
252; technology 160-1 see also
transparency
316
Index
electoral reforms: advantaged cartel/
larger parties 109-10, 258-9;
developed democracies 55; initial
system (1993) 72-4; intra-election
alterations 57-8, 71; late Soviet
(1985—91) 10; legislature not
dominated by president (1995)
74r-5; liberalising (2012) 82-3; mixed
unconnected electoral system (2003)
75—6; mixed unconnected electoral
system (2016) 77-8; proportional
system (2003-2011) 76-7; public
pressure 69-70 see also reforms
electoral registration 108-9
electoral roll 230
electoral systems: comparisons
(1993-2011) 60-1; elections (1993) 73;
electoral formula and ballot 58—63;
eligibility 63-5; mixed unconnected
15, 58-9, 74, 77-8; oversight 65-9;
PR 15, 58; reflecting societal opinion
72—3 see also 'first past the post'
voting; majoritarian electoral
system; proportional representation
'electoral technology7 (izbirateVnaya
tekhnologiya) 123
electoral violations 240
electorate: diminished engagement
187-9, 218; discontented 209-17
see also protest votes
eligibility 58, 63-5
elite-based decision-making processes
112
ethnic/non-ethnic region types 79
European Institute for the Media
(EIM) media monitoring 153
European Parliament election (1994)
219
European Union: interdependence
with Russia 1; membership
referendum 16A-5
executive functions 4
extra-institutional opposition 107
factions 16, 94—6
'fair and free7 elections 241, 254
falsification: allegations of 237—8;
elections and referenda (1991—93)
233; methods 221—5; perceptions of
249-50; rewriting electoral results
254; technique of the past (2008)
253-4 see also ballot-stuffing; fraud
'Family, The' 19, 144
Fatherland-All Russia (FAR): elections
(1999) 19, 144, 193; four-party
cartel 31; gender of supporters 206;
geographical patterns of voters
193^; 'oppositional project party'
30; party 'of7 power 28; raison d'être
31
Federal Assembly 3, 46-7, 50—1 see also
State Duma; Federation Council
'federal districts7 80—1
federal state television 151
federal system 78—84
Federation Council 4, 70, 74-5, 83,101
Federov, Boris 42
Fedorovich, Nikolai 188, 252
financial crash (1998) 42
'financial7 resources 162
'First Channel7 (Pervyi Kanal) 137-9
'first past the post7 voting 212, 217
see also majoritarian electoral
system
'floating7 party system 56, 90-6, 192,
257
focus groups: elections (2011) 247—9;
local 267; nationwide 265—7
forgotten sectors 132-3
'Forward Russia!7 42
'founding7 elections see State Duma
elections 1993
Fox News 153
fraud 24, 231-6, 240 see also
ballot-stuffing; electoral
maladministration; falsification;
free advertising time 140-1
Gaidar, Egor 16, 29, 42, 45
GAS-Vybory computer system 225, 232
Gazprom Media 139
gender voting profiles 204—6
genealogy of the votes 196
generational effects 178-9,181 see also
age profiles
'genuine7 parties 89
317
Index
geographical patterns of voting 191-6;
early post-Soviet years 192; 'red
belt' regions 192-6, 217; turnout
171
gerrymandering 58, 59, 62
Glaz'ev, Sergei 39
Global Political Consultancy Survey
(2002) 123
Golos electoral rights association 121,
228, 232
Gorbachev, Mikhail 10, 13-14
Gorbunov, Valentin 190
Gornostaev, Aleksandr 135
Gorodskaya Reklama (City Advertising)
163
Gryzlov, Boris 32, 48-9
gubernatorial elections see regional
governors
Gurov, Aleksandr 127
Gusinsky, Vladimir 136-7, 144
handwritten results protocols 232
hegemonic party system 98-104
higher education protesters 246-7
higher education voters 208
'hotline' (goryachaya liniya) 227-8
'hybrid regimes' 2, 251
'imposed consensus' (Gel'man) 101
'in-house' consulting 124—5
inactive voters 198 see also non-voters
incumbent advantage 164-5
independent SMD candidates 12,16,
26, 94, 97, 98
informal social pressures 167-8
information wars 67, 143
Ingushetiya, Republic of 172
institutional engineering 5, 56, 58, 263
institutional gridlock (1990-93) 14, 256
institutional lobbying 53
institutional resources 163-^1
inter-election state subsidies 119
inter-party competition 106
international community 241, 254
international legitimacy 245-6
international observation missions
241-6 see also electoral observation
internet 137, 145-8 see also media
intra-elite struggles 19, 47, 103, 122,
263
invalid ballot papers 13, 216, 224, 235
'irresponsible opposition' (Sartori) 93
Ivanchenko, Aleksandr 67
Karelin, Aleksandr 127
Kas'yanov, Mikhail 44, 45
Kazan' (Tatarstan) 167, 171,181
Kemerovo province 192
Khakamada, Irina 42, 43, 44
Kharitonov, Nikolai 118
Khasbulatov, Ruslan 14
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 41
Kirienko, Sergei 42-3,130
Kremlin: and CEC 67; co-ordination
with newsrooms 136; domination
of political arena 35, 47, 84, 258;
opposition from within 107; party
classification 89; 'two-level struggle'
(1990s) 55; voter turnout 186
Lavrov, Sergei 246
Law on Fundamental Guarantees
(2002) 57, 66,164
Law on Government (1997) 31
Law on Government Amendment
(2004) 31
Law on Political Parties (2001) 57,
64-5, 108, 119
Law on Political Parties Amendment
(2004) 65
Law on Political Parties Amendment
(2009)65
Law on Public Associations (1995) 57
Law on Soviet Presidency (1990) 12
leave of absences of state officials 164
Lees-Marshment framework of
political marketing 125-6
'legal' resources 162
legislatures: compliant 83-^1, 258;
confrontational 18, 52
Legislative Affairs committee of the
Supreme Soviet 72-3
legislative engineering 57, 64
legislative output 46, 51—2
legitimacy of elections 241-53
Levada-Centre survey 254
318
Index
liberal democracies 241, 261
Liberal Democrat/'Literal Democrat'
name spoiler 219
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
(LDPR) 28, 36-9; accounts 113;
advertising budgets 141-3;
anti-systemic voters 259; appeal
to disadvantaged 132-3; elections
(1993) 16, 36, 192; formation
36; geographical support 196;
leadership 264; lobby vehicle
37; long-term affiliation 201-2;
market-oriented party 132-3;
recorded observers 227; 'red belt'
regions 192—3; 'satellite parties
of power' 107; VKontakte 147;
voter numbers 199; voter profiles
204—5, 206, 208; voting patterns 194;
Yeltsin's impeachment 37
liberal intelligentsia 261
liberal parties 40-5, 208, 259-60 see
also Union of Rightist Forces; Right
Force; Party of Growth; Yabloko
liberalisation: electoral reforms (2012)
82; Medvedev's presidency 65; party
registration 107-8,110-11
lifecycle effect of voting 178
list PR electoral system 59
'locomotive candidates' (parovozy)
165-6
locus of sovereignty/power 87
'loyal oppositions' 87
Lukin, Vladimir 41
Luzhkov, Yurii 19, 30, 81 n, 102, 130,
144,165
majoritarianism in State Duma 47-8
majoritarian electoral system 25, 59,
63, 72, 74-5, 77
'managed democracy' (upravlyaemaya
demokratiya) 9, 56
'manipulative design' (Birch) 58
'Map of Decisions' (Karta reshenii,
CEC) 230
'Map of Violations' (Karta Narushenii,
Golos) 228-30
Maratkanov, Vyacheslav 44
market-oriented parties 125-6, 132
market segmentation strategies 123,
130-1
marketing approaches: American/
Russian models 123-4; branding
152 see also market-oriented
parties; political marketing;
product-oriented parties;
sales-oriented parties
'mass' parties 89
mass protests (2011) 24
material incentives 181—2
media 136-45; audience shares 138;
consumption 137,146; editorial
news coverage 143-145; election
advertising 140-3; local newspapers
137; 'neo-Soviet' control 136;
ownership 136-7,138-9; plurality
138; political tensions 136; voting
behaviour 152-3 see also television,
internet, news coverage
media bias 139, 143-5; effects 152-5;
alignment 145
Medvedev, Dmitrii: becomes
president 23; cadre reforms 173;
cartelisation process 106; Churov
as 'a magician' 69; electoral reforms
24; liberalisation 65; meeting party
leaders 33; replacing governors 82;
Twitter 148; UR campaign (2016)
129; vetoing legislation 52; Yeltsin's
victory 257
membership requirements 108,112—14
message saturation 128
Mexican Industrial Revolutionary
Party (PRI) 100
'Michigan model' of party
identification 200
middle-class discontent (2011) 246
minor parties 76, 88, 94, 122,135
Mironov, Sergei 39-40, 59,166
mixed unconnected electoral system
15, 58-9, 74, 77-8
mobile ballot boxes 222, 223^1
mobilisation models 176,183-6
mobilising inactive voters 198—9
see also turnout
Moscow: 'against all' votes 211; CPRF
majority 192; Federation Council
319
Index
101; official advertising 163; polling
stations 168; recorded observers 227;
social differences 235; social media
use 246; voting complaints 230
Moscow City Electoral Commission
164
Moskal'kova, Tat'yana 190
Motherland bloc (Rodina) 39,130
motivation to vote 180-6
multi-member constituencies 11-12
multicollinearity 179
multiparty elections 10-11
'municipal filter' electoral reform 82—3
National Media Group (NMG) 138-9
national newspapers 137
national representative surveys 267-8
national republics 159,171-2
nationwide focus groups 265-7
Navalny, Aleksei 24
Nemtsov, Boris 43, 45
Nenets Autonomous District 79
'neo-Soviet' control 136
new party registrations 99
news coverage 143-5, 152-5
newspapers 137
Nizhny Novgorod 63
non-communist victories (1990) 13
non-Duma parties
non-parliamentary parties 25-6,107,
108-9
non-partisan executive 93—4
non-party system 96—8
non-systemic liberal opposition parties
44
non-voters 168,186-7, 197-9, 206, 213
North Caucasus 171, 174, 192,193, 223
North Ossetiya, Republic of 192
Novokuznetsk (Kemerovo province)
166-7
NTV channel 138-9,144
observers 226-7, 240, 245
Obshchestvennoe Rossiiskoe Televidenie
(ORT) 138, 144
'October events' (1993) 14
Odnoklassniki (social media platform)
146-7
'off-the-peg' parties 111
Office for Democratic Institutions and
Human Rights (ODIHR) 242, 243,
244, 245-6
official complaints and adjudications
236^10
official figures 240
older people voting behaviour 178-9
oligarchs 56,136, 257
Omsk 195
one-party states 157
opposition 30, 34-40, 41-5, 55, 76—7, 87,
93, 104,122,195, 258
'oppositional project party' (Sakwa)
30
organisational support 164
Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).
241-6
Organization for Security
and Cooperation in Europe
Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE-PA)
242, 243
Our Home is Russia (OHR):
advertising 127, 141; elections
(1995) 28-30, 141, 193, 233; 'party of
power' 16-18, 28-30, 201
oversight 58, 65-9
Pamfilova, Ella 67, 69,173, 262
para-constitutional innovations 80—1
'parallel counts' 232
Parliamentary Assembly of the
Council of Europe (PACE) 242, 244
parliamentary 'cartel' see cartel parties
parties: classifying 88—90; creation
and dissolution 92; estranged
from society 106; 'family tree' 27;
finances 213,118-21; fragmentation
92-3; hegemonic system 98-104;
'in-house' consulting 12^k-5;
Kremlin-loyal parties 89; law
reforms 109-10; legal status
64—5; lists 62; 'loyal opposition'
87; numbers in elections 91;
'off-the-peg' 111
'parties of power' (partiya vlasti)
28-34; campaigning strategies
320
Index
127—31; as cartel parties 106; and
electoral manipulation 100-1; FAR
alliance 30; gender differences 206;
Kremlin-loyal parties 89; long-term
affiliation 201-2; OHR 16-18, 28-30,
193, 201; political consultants 124;
and state media 143; state patronage
100; UR 21, 33, 99; voter profiles 205
party affiliations 94, 95, 97-8
party campaign strategies 123—35,126
party façades 29
"party family' typologies 89—90
party finance 213,118-21; direct
subvention 119; donors 121
'party-hopping' 101-2
party identification 200—3
party institutionalisation 90
Party of Beerlovers 92
'party of crooks and thieves' (Navalny)
24, 129 see also United Russia
Party of Growth {Partiya Rosta) 44
Party of Life 39
Party of People's Freedom 44
Party of Russian Unity and Accord
(PRUA) 29, 45,196
party political broadcasts 110
party registration 25—6, 94-6, 104—5
'party replacement index' 92, 92
party socio-economic platforms 116-17
party statutes 114
party system 87-122; inside/outside
nature 110-11; key actors 26-8;
trust 209—10 see also cartel parties;
'floating' party system; hegemonic
party system
passive electorate 159, 254
passive memberships 114 see also
'parties of power'
Patriots of Russia (Patrioty Rossii) 35
pensioners 179
Penza province 192
People's Deputy (Narodnyi Députât)
31, 47
People's Patriotic Union of Russia 34
perceptions of fairness 249-50
period of flux (1993-2003) 9
'permanent campaigns' 152
personal branding 134
Peskov, Dmitrii 235
pluralism 23—6
Pogorelova, Natal'ya 135
policy agreements (soglasheniya) 80
political marketing 123—7 see also
marketing approaches
polling stations 168,187, 226—7, 240,
245
population 79—80
post-election national representative
surveys 197—8
postal ballots 219—20
power (vlast') 99-100 see also 'vertical
of power'
pre-decisions 50
pre-election selection meetings 12
precinct electoral commissions (PECs)
66, 227
presidential elections: 'against all'
voters 215; CIS Observation
Missions (2008) 243; protests
(2011-12) 248-9; Putin (2000) 30;
US 147n, 219
presidential system 4, 55, 81, 256-7
Primakov, Evgenii 19, 30,144, 263
privileged access 108-10, 111
pro-presidential majorities 19, 70
pro-regime counter-rallies (2012) 248-9
product-oriented parties 125-6
Prokhorov, Mikhail 44
proportional representation (PR) 15, 58
protest votes: 'against all' 59-62, 74,
209-16; disenchantment 212-13;
motives 213-17; spoiling ballot
papers 216 see also electorate
protests (2011-12) 146, 246-52, 263
psychological model 175,185
Public Chamber 228
public pressure 69-70 see also electoral
reforms
Putin, Vladimir: American electoral
system 219; democracy and
Russian values 244; dismantling
structures that inhibited Yeltsin 258;
effective party system 64; election
of governors 81-2; 'locomotive
candidate' 165; monopolising
power 261; omnipresent president
321
Index
262; presidential dominance 259;
presidential election (2000) 30;
presidential election (2012) 25,
248—9; as prime minister 32-3;
pro-presidential majority 46;
public image 262; re-centralisation
79; stable majority 46; symbol of
stability 262, 264; 'two-level game'
56; UR successes (2007) 23; URF
support 43; vetoing legislation 52;
Yeltsin's successor 19
'Putin's Plan' manifesto (UR) 128-9
rational choice model 175, 176
'red belt' regions 192—6, 217
'red revanche' 257
regional elites 56
regional-federal relations 84
regional governors: dismissal
81-2; elections 58, 82-3, 259;
half-and-half nomination
distribution 66; interest in
maintaining power 259; nomination
distribution 66; 'party-hopping'
101-2; Putin controlling 258; reforms
84—5; replacing 82; trust ratings 215;
and the UR 32,102, 195; 'vertical of
power' 166; Yeltsin's election (1996)
258
regional lists 62
regional parliaments 66, 85
regions: devolution of power 258;
dominance of centre 101-2; formal
powers 80; protest votes 215-16;
relationship with the centre 78;
turnout 159,169—74, 234—5; 'vertical
of power' 166
Regions of Russia (Regiony Rossii) 31
'regulatory' resources 162
Ren-TV 145
republic congresses elections (1989)
12-13
republics (respubliki) 79
resource advantages 106,118, 120
resource model 175,184
'Right Cause' 44
rightist parties 40—5
'rightists' (prazrye) 40, 192
ritualistic elections 11
Rodina (Motherland) party 135
Rossiya channel see 'Russia-1'
Rossiyane (citizens of the Russian
Federation) 133
Rostov-on-Don 63, 227, 230-1, 237, 240
Rostov province 68, 237, 238
RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic) executive
presidency 13
RTR (Rossiiskoe Televidenie i Radio) 144
ruler and opposition struggles 55
'rules of the game' 263 see also
institutional engineering
'ruling' parties 100 see also 'parties of
power'
Russia: election observation missions
244-5; importance of stability 1-2;
transparency of electoral process
220
'Russia-1' (Rossiya-1) channel 137—9
Russian Foundation for Free Elections
227-8
Russian Party of Pensioners 39
Russia's Choice (RC) 16, 28, 127
Russkie (ethnic Russians) 132—3
Rutskoi, Aleksandr 14
Rybkin, Ivan 29 see also Bloc of Ivan
Rybkin
Ryabov, Nikolai 67
Ryazan' province 192
Ryzhkov, Vladmir 45
sales-oriented parties 125,127
Samara province 230
Sartori, G. 93, 102—3
'satellite parties of power' 107
'secondary' parties of power 39—40
'self-igniting' amendments 75—6
'semi-authoritarian' regimes
(Ottaway) 2
'semi-opposition' parties 34—9
Semygin, Gennady 34,135
settled allegiances 201
7 per cent threshold 21, 77
Shaimiev, Min timer 19, 30, 31—2, 101-2
Shakhrai, Sergei 29
Sheinis, Viktor 72-4
322
Index
Shoigu, Sergei 127
short-term observers 245
Shpil'kin, S. 235-6, 246
signature rules 109
'silovoi' ("force') resources 162,163
single-member district (SMD)
constituencies: 'against all' votes
211, 212, 214; deputies voting
cohesion 77; direct plurality election
15-16; electoral reforms 25; equal
number of voters 63; independent
candidates 96—7; Regions of Russia
grouping 31; Ul'yanovsk 214—15; UR
nominated candidates 115—18
Sliska, Lyubov' 49
Sobchak, Anatolii 30
Sobyanin, A. A. 232-3
social capital 184
social media 146—7 see also internet
socialisation model 175
socio-demographic factors and voting
184,186
sovereignty and power 78
Soviet Constitution (1977) 10-11
see also Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
Soviet elections 10-14,158,181; (1974)
11, 245-6; (1984) 11; (1989) 12-13;
(1990) 13
Soviet nostalgists 246
spatial patterns of party support 194
spoiler candidates/parties 143, 219
spoiling ballot papers 209, 216
St Petersburg 159-60, 230, 235
'State Automated System for Elections'
(GAS-Vybory) 225, 232
State Committee for the Emergency
Situation 136
state contracts 121
State Duma: changing role 45-53;
committees 49, 50; compliant body
47; creating a majority 84; Council
of the State Duma 47, 48; 'electoral
authoritarian' regime 45—6;
evolution 6; factions 16, 94-6; first
election system to 15—16; foundation
14-15; institutional engineering
5; legislative engineering 57;
legislative output 46, 51—2, 262;
parties 109-10; powers 4-5;
relationship with the Kremlin 18;
subordinate role 256
State Duma elections 1993 (I
convocation) 7,15, 16; electoral
system 73; 'founding' election 16;
LDPR's electoral success 36,192;
ratification of the Constitution 262;
voting patterns 195
State Duma elections 1995 (II
convocation) 7,16-18,17—18; CPRF
victory 192; falsification 232—4;
'floating party system' 257; key
indicators 213; triangular stalemate
262-3; two-party system 29; voting
patterns 195
State Duma elections 1999 (III
convocation) 7,19—20; CPRF 193;
EAR 193; intra-elite battleground
19; key indicators 213; and Putin
263; television coverage 144; Unity
victory 192, 193; voting patterns 195
State Duma elections 2003 (IV
convocation) 7, 22; 'free, open and
democratic' (CIS) 243; key indicators
213; media coverage 144—5; Moscow
polling stations 168; ODIHR report
245— 6; spatial patterns of party
support 194; surveys of information
sources 151-2; UR 32, 163-4, 263;
UR majority 21; voting patterns 195
State Duma elections 2007 (V
convocation) 7, 23; 'free and
transparent' (CIS) 243; large
majorities 197; post-election national
representative survey 197-8; and
Putin 263; surveys of information
sources 151-2; UR majority 21, 198;
voting patterns 195
State Duma elections 2011 (VI
convocation) 7, 24; campaign 23;
CIS report 243; complaints 236-7;
compliant 24; demonstrations
246- 51; fraud allegations 68, 235-6,
252; internet 146; UR majority 33,
104; voting patterns 195 see also
protests (2011-12)
323
Index
State Duma elections 2016
(VII convocation) 7, 25;
campaigning expenditures 142;
complaints 238-40; confidence
in process 247, 250; OSCE report
245; SMDs 25; turnout 185-6; UR
majority 247, 263; voting patterns
195
State Duma Law (1993) 57
State Duma Law (1995) 74
State Duma Law (1999) 140
State Duma Law (2003) 75-6, 140
State Duma Law (2007) 110, 140,160
State Duma Law (2009) 109,110
State Duma Law (2011) 110, 140
State Duma Law (2014) 109—10
State Duma Law (2016) 57, 109
state employees 167
state funding: media 162; political
parties 118-21
state media 140,143
state officials 164
state-owned/controlled television
137-8
state/party conflation 163-4
state patronage 100 see also 'parties of
power'
statistical analyses of fraud detection
231-6, 240
subject electoral commissions (SECs)
65-6
subliminal advertising 164
Sukholovsky, V. G. 232-3
Sulakshin, Stepan 94—6
Supreme Soviet elections 11, 158
'Tandem', The (Putin and Medvedev)
32, 263
Tambov province 192
targeted marketing 130
Tatarstan 79, 226
Tatarstan - New Century' movement
102
teachers 129, 168, 225
technical execution of elections 245,
254
technology and electoral processes
160-1
television: campaigning 151-4; debates
140, 151; local channels 138; viewers
137-8
territorial electoral commissions
(TECs) 66
300:150 proposal (Yeltsin 1995) 74
Titov, Boris 44
TNT networks 139
tracking voters 196-200
'transition paradigm' 2
transparency 220, 231, 254
trendy advertisements 134
tripartite conciliation committee 75
Trump, Donald 147n, 219
trust: governors and mayors 215; party
system 112, 209-10
Tuimazy (Bashkortostan) 170-1
turnout: age profiles 179; demographic
groups 177-8; distribution 170;
explanations of 175-6; geographical
pattern 171; health of body politic
159-60; increase in and votes for
winner 232-3; and mobilization 186;
regions 159, 169-74, 234-5; social
capital/standard of living 184;
social pressures 167-8; south-west/
north-east distribution 171; State
Duma elections 158-9,172,173-4,
199; studies 175-6; Supreme Soviet
election (1984) 158; unemployed
179; and vote totals 195; weather 190
see also voting
tweeting 147-8
'two-level game' (Schedler) 55, 56, 71
two-party system 29
two-tier media system 136 see also
media
Ul'yanovsk city 111, 114, 214—16
Ul'yanovsk province 138,192
unemployed 179
Union of Rightist Forces (Soyuz
Pravykh Sil URF) 42-4,113,130,
194-5
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR): collapse 1,14, 93;
constitution 10-11; elections 10-14,
158, 181, 245—6
324
Index
United Kingdom 164-5, 219, 220
United Russia (Edinaya Rossiya,
UR): accounts 113; administrative
resources 160; advertising 141—3,
163-4; agreement with A Just Russia
115; basis for success 261; budget
120; chain of command 32-3;
'club goods' 167; de-emphasising
ideology 129-30; dominance 21-4,
99,102-3; elections (2003) 32, 144-5;
elections (2007) 23-4; elections
(2011) 23, 82,104; elections (2016)
195; electoral reforms 62, 76—7;
electoral support 195,197; ethnic
regions 196; executive/legislative
distinction 85; factions 49-50;
formation 31; gender differences
206; geographical patterns of
voting 194; gubernatorial patronage
195; 'hegemonic' party 102-3;
horizontal and vertical 'glue' 101-2;
leaders joining 31—2; 'locomotive
candidates' 165; long-term affiliation
201; 'managed democracy' 9;
marketing approaches 127-8;
membership 114; mobilising
inactive voters 198, 199; 'party of
crooks and thieves' (Navalny) 24,
129; 'party of power' 28, 33, 56,101;
patronage distribution 102; PEC
members 227; pro-Putin centrist
voters 130; proxy for presidential
power 258; 'Putin's Plan' manifesto
128—9; recorded observers 226-7;
'red belt' 195-6; regional support 32;
role 103; SMD candidates 115-18;
voter turnout 173; 'winner's bonus'
25, 77-8
United States: electoral manipulation
219; political marketing model 123;
presidential elections 147n, 219;
televised debates 151
Unity, Interregional Movement of
(Edinstvo) 19, 30; and CPRF alliance
47-8; elections (1999) 127, 128, 192,
193; merger to form UR 21, 31; party
'of' power 28; pro-Kremlin party 19;
voters' gender 206
'vertical of power' (ulast' vertikal) 78,
166-8, 256, 258
Veshnyakov, Aleksandr 59, 67, 70, 164
vested interests, state funding 119
veto players 70, 73-7,101
VGTRK 139
VKontakte (social media platform)
146-7
Volgograd 237
Voronezh province 224
vote flows 197—8
voters: gender differences 204^6;
making choices 263; profiling
176—80, 203-9; sources of
information 149-52; 'trust' in
political parties 112
voting 174-89; abstaining from 158,
186-9; administrative pressure
161; counting 224-5; 'downstream'
aspects 221; failure to do so 168; as
a habit 181; motivation 180—6; SMD
cohesion 77 see also mobilisation
models; protest votes; turnout
voting behaviour: administrative
resources 160; anomalous regions
240; decision to vote 201, 202;
influences 150—3; lifecycle effect 178;
and the media 152-5; preventing
fraud 182; socio-demographic
factors 184, 186; between UR and
non-voters 199
voting patterns (geography) 192—96
weakly institutionalised party system
97
weather 190
'Web 2.0' 146
webcams 161, 227, 231
Yabloko 40—1; accounts 113; budget
121; campaigning style 134; defined
electorates 192; elections (1993) 41;
elections (1995) 16; geographical
patterns of voting 194-5; market
approach 134; 'parallel counts' 232;
tactical alliances 45; uses of position
260-1
Yakovlev, Vladimir 30
325
/ Eayensone \
I Staatsbibliothek j
V München J
Index
Yanaev, Gennadi 136n
'#YaNeGolosoval' slogan
(1 didn't vote') 209
Yavlinsky, Grigorii 41,134
Yeltsin, Boris: becomes president
(1991) 13; chairman of Congress
and Supreme Soviet (1990) 13-14;
CPRF ban 34; decentralised power
78-9; elections (1993) 73-4; electoral
reforms (1995) 74; extra-legal victory
(1993) 259; ill health 18-19; media
136-7; and 'parties of power' 94;
political marketing 124; politically
weak 46; pre-presidential career
12n, 13; presidential constitution
55; presidential dominance 259;
presidential election (1996) 257,
258-9; resignation (1999) 19; vetoes
bills 5
younger voters 146,178-9
YUKOS oil company 41
'zero readings' 49
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir: anti-system
image 38-9; brand 132; commenting
on bodily functions 38, 205;
'kite-flyer' of ideas 37; LDPR 16,
36, 37; rhetorical style 36-7; social
media 148; television debates 115,
133
'Zhirinovsky's Bloc' 26n, 37
Zyuganov, Gennadii 34-5, 115, 132
326 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Hutcheson, Derek S. 1977- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)125845707 |
| author_facet | Hutcheson, Derek S. 1977- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hutcheson, Derek S. 1977- |
| author_variant | d s h ds dsh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044954873 |
| classification_rvk | MG 85300 NQ 8306 MS 4500 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1026995165 (DE-599)BVBBV044954873 |
| discipline | Politologie Soziologie Geschichte |
| edition | First edition |
| era | Geschichte 1993-2016 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1993-2016 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- |
| geographic_facet | Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- |
| id | DE-604.BV044954873 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-11-30T11:00:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780197266281 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030347560 |
| oclc_num | 1026995165 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-29 DE-11 DE-M352 DE-824 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-12 DE-188 DE-29 DE-11 DE-M352 DE-824 |
| physical | xx, 326 Seiten Diagramme |
| psigel | BSB_NED_20190730 |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press British Academy |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | British Academy monographs |
| spelling | Hutcheson, Derek S. 1977- Verfasser (DE-588)125845707 aut Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics Derek S. Hutcheson First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2018 London British Academy 2018 xx, 326 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier British Academy monographs As a nuclear power, UN Security Council member, emerging Arctic hegemon and the largest state in the world, Russia - and its stability - is of extreme importance in global politics. In the most comprehensive long-term study to date, Derek Hutcheson argues that Russian legislature forms an integral part of the country's political system and machinery of governance. Having previously formed a counterweight to presidential power under Boris Yeltsin, legislative agenda was strong-armed by Putin leaving the country a four-party 'cartel' with the pro-presidential United Russia party at its centre Russland Duma (DE-588)66661-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1993-2016 gnd rswk-swf Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd rswk-swf Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd rswk-swf Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- Russland Duma (DE-588)66661-0 b Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 s Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 s Geschichte 1993-2016 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Hutcheson, Derek S. 1977- Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics Russland Duma (DE-588)66661-0 gnd Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)66661-0 (DE-588)4079009-5 (DE-588)4173374-5 |
| title | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics |
| title_auth | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics |
| title_exact_search | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics |
| title_full | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics Derek S. Hutcheson |
| title_fullStr | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics Derek S. Hutcheson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parliamentary elections in Russia a quarter-century of multiparty politics Derek S. Hutcheson |
| title_short | Parliamentary elections in Russia |
| title_sort | parliamentary elections in russia a quarter century of multiparty politics |
| title_sub | a quarter-century of multiparty politics |
| topic | Russland Duma (DE-588)66661-0 gnd Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Wahlverhalten (DE-588)4079009-5 gnd Parlamentswahl (DE-588)4173374-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Russland Duma Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Elections / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 20th century Voting / Russia (Federation) / History / 21st century Wahlverhalten Parlamentswahl Russia (Federation) / Politics and government / 1991- |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030347560&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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