Estonia: a modern history
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2018
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| Beschreibung: | xiv, 255 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte |
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
List of Illustrations xiii
Map of Estonia xv
1. Estonia until 1918: 700Years of Occupation 1
2. 1918—39: Firmly Independent 31
3. 1939^4-0: Independence Threatened and Lost 63
4. 1940—4: Torn Between Two Masters 8 3
5. 1 944—87: Firmly in the Soviet Union 109
6. 1 987—91: Perestroika and the New Struggle
for Independence 153
7. 1991—2017: Independent, but Firmly in Europe 171
Notes 207
B i bli ography 221
Index 227
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INDEX
Aavik, Johannes, 24
Aaviksoo, Jaak, 196
Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, 9
Act of Cultural Autonomy (1925), 50
Adams, John Quincy 15
Adams, Louisa Catherine, 15
Adson, Artur, 128
Afghanistan, 3, 144, 151, 197, 204
Age of Enlightenment, 12
Agrarians, 44
agriculture, 2, 3, 7, 26, 27, 83, 117,
119-20,122, 131
Ainazi, 127
Aizsargi, 77
Alaska, 186
Albania, 124
Albert of Riga, 5
Albertina University, 9
alcohol, 123, 133, 143, 150-51
Alekhine, Alexander, 141
Alexander I, Emperor and Autocrat of
All the Russias, 14, 15
Alexander II, Emperor and Autocrat of
All the Russias, 20
Alexander III, Emperor and Autocrat of
All the Russias, 22
Alexander, Harold, 39
Alexander Nevsky (Eisenstein), 5
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral,Tallinn, 49
Altmark, treaty of (1629), 10
American Relief Organisation, 38
Andersson, Sten, 165
Andropov, Yuri, 144
Anglo-Baltic Society, 116
Ansip, Andrus, 106
anti-Semitism, 20, 22, 50, 92, 96, 99
see also Holocaust
Anvelt, Jaan, 47—8, 49
Apollo moon landing (1969), 134
Arabic coins, 2
Archangel, 7, 8
Arensburg, 40
Argentina, 178
Aripaev, 162
Armenia, 171, 172
Armistice Day (1918), 31
arrow heads, 2
art nouveau, 21
art, 17, 24-5, 51, 52, 122-3, 129, 138
Aruba, 193
Asian tsunami (2004), 187
Atlantic Charter (1941), 89—90
Attlee, Clement, 78
Australia, 41,88
Austria, 51,99, 147
Austria-Hungary (1867—1918), 33
Baghdad, 48
Baker, James, 174
Balfour, Arthur, 35
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
Baltic Germans, 1,70, 143, 162, 184
227
INDEX
Act of Cultural Autonomy (1925), 50
apartheid, 13
Bloody Sunday (1905), 25
Bolshevik invasion (1918—19), 36
German occupation (1918), 33, 34
and Heritage Society, 162
land reform (1919), 37,47, 55
Landeswehr (191 8— 19), 3 8—9
Livonian Crusade (1198—1290), 4—5
Livonian Estonia (1346—1561), 6—7
Republic era (1991—), 139, 184
resettlement (1939—41), 70—72
Russian Imperial era (1710—1917),
11-19,21,23,25,27
Russian Revolution (1917), 27, 28,
29, 33
and Song Festival, 17
Strasdenhof Armistice (1919), 39
Swedish era (1561—1710), 10
and 4 teretere , 17
Treaty ofTartu (1920), 42
Baltic Review, 73
Baltic Roundabout (Newman), 131
Baltika, 62
Baltique, La (Le Due), 19
Bank of Estonia, 32, 178
Battle of Copenhagen (1801), 12
Battle of Jutland (1916), 36
Battle of Lund (1676), 10
Battle of Liitzen (1632), 9
Battle of Narva, First (1700), 10, 1 1
Battle of Narva, Second (1704), 11
Battle of Poltava (1709), 11
Battle of Stalingrad (1942—3), 90, 104
Battle ofTukums (1944), 105
Battle on the Ice (1242), 5, 50
Bauhaus, 22
beaver furs, 2
Beekman, Vladimir, 154
Belarus, 111, 145
Belgium, 76, 79, 180
Bell, Gertrude, 48
Bellevue Laboratory, 137
Benes, Edvard, 91
Benton, Dave, 193
Bevin, Ernest, 116
Bible, 19, 135
Biko, Steve, 137
Bildt, Carl, 202
birth certificates, 145
von Bismarck, Otto, 20
Black Sea, 3
Bloody Sunday (1905), 22, 24, 25, 26
Blue Bird, The, 1 37
Blue Mountains, 104, 105
Bo Krach, 162
Bohlen, Charles, 115
Bolsheviks, 27, 28—9, 32, 33, 34, 35,
36,39-44
bookshops, 18
Bossom, Alfred, 116
Botshkaryov, Vladimir, 81
Botvinnik, Mikhail, 141
Bourbon Restoration (1815), 109
Brazauskas, Algirdas, 181
Brest-LitovskTreaty (1918), 28, 29, 33,
34, 36
Brexit, 194, 202
Brezhnev, Leonid, 114, 133—4, 139,
144, 145, 158, 159, 165
Brief History ofTallinn, A (Pullat), 3—4, 22
British Bible Society, 135
British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC), 164, 190, 195
Bronze Soldier War Memorial, Tallinn,
50,197-8
Buchenwald concentration camp, 121
Bukharin, Nikolai, 72
Bulgaria, 68, 124
Bullitt, William, 115
Bush, George Herbert Walker, 169
Campbell's Soup Cans (Warhol), 138
Camus, Albert, 128
Canada, 3, 39,41,82, 162, 193
Canaris, Wilhelm Franz, 63
Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden, 113,
177
Carlson, Harry, 61
Carr, Edward Hallett, 78—9, 90
228
INDEX
Caruthers, Osgood, 112, 130—31
Catherine II the Great, Empress and
Autocrat of All the Russias, 11—12, 65
Catholicism, 6—7
Caucasus, 161
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 137
Cecil, Robert, 35
celebrities, 141—43
Centre Party, 177, 198, 202
Cësis, 38
Chagall, Marc, 52
Chamberlain, Neville, 65
Charles XI, King of Sweden, 10
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 10
de Chassiron, Charles, x
Chechnya, 172
Chekhov, Anton, 18
Chernenko, Konstantin, 144
Chernobyl disaster (1986), 151, 155,
188
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 191
chess, 141—2
‘Chicken Kiev’ speech (1991), 169
China, x, 37, 154, 204
Christian Science Monitor, 136
Christianity
Bible, 19, 135
Catholicism, 6—7
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 120
Lutheranism, 6—7, 12, 17, 18, 20,
49,50, 110, 150, 159
Russian Orthodox, 9, 20, 49—50
Christmas, 157
Churchill,Winston, 35, 65, 78, 79,
88-91, 102, 106, 116
Clemenceau, Georges, ix
Clinton, William ‘Bill’, 190
Cold War, 116
Cole, George Douglas Howard, 90
collectivisation, 84—5, 117, 119—20,
122,125,131,142
Comintern, 68
Communist Party of Bulgaria, 124
Communist Party of Estonia, 80, 96,
116, 130, 166
Anvelt coup attempt (1924), 47—8,
49,55,125
and Hint, 162
and joint ventures, 162
Kingissepp coup attempt (1922), 46,
119,163
Kukk’s resignation (1978), 136
leading role abolished (1990), 166
membership, 80, 96, 116
phosphate mine plan (1987), 155
purge (1950), 124—5
and Riiutel, 160, 192
Soviet accession (1940), 82
and Swedish community, 87
Under’s house, destruction of
(1984), 129
andVader, 137
andVaino, 138, 139, 159
Communist Party of France, 84
Communist Party of Germany, 47, 121
Communist Party of Great Britain, 46
Communist Party of Latvia, 83
Communist Party of Lithuania, 83
Communist Party of Norway, 132
Complete Guide to the Soviet Union, The,
165,167
Constantinople, 3
Constitution
1920 constitution, 44, 49
1933 referendum, 55—6, 59
1934 constitution, 59
1938 constitution, 180
1992 constitution, 180, 184—5
Copenhagen, 12, 52, 164, 166, 174
Council of Baltic Sea States, 191
Council on Security and Cooperation in
Europe (CSCE), 167, 184
Counter-Reformation, 7
coups
1922 Kingissepp, 46, 119, 163
1924 Anvelt, 47—8, 49, 55, 125
1935 YAPS, 57
1991 Soviet, 126, 138, 166, 171-3
Cowan, Walter, 36
credit unions, 27
229
INDEX
Crimea
1853—6 Crimean War, 12
2014 Russian annexation, 201
Cripps, Stafford, 78—9, 89, 116
Croatia, 97
Cultural Endowment of Estonia, 51—2
cyber warfare, 190, 198
Cyclone Tracy (1974), 88
Czar’s Madman, The (Kross), 143
Czechoslovakia, 63, 91, 133, 138, 145,
166, 167, 192
Dagens Industri, 162
Dage ns Nyheter, 87
Dankers, Oskars, 101
Danzig, 112
Darwin, Northern Territory, 88
Daugavpils, 77
De Thomas, Joseph, 194
Declaration of Independence (1918),
31-3, 151, 158
Declaration of Independence (1991),
135,173
Declaration on Sovereignty (1988), 161
Démocratie nouvelle, 120
demonstrations
1917 pro-autonomy, 27
1940 pro-Soviet, 77
1980 pro-independence, 145
1987 anti-phospate mining, 155;
Molotov—Ribb en trop, 155—6,
194; pro-independence, 156—7
1990 pro-Soviet, 199
1988 pro-independence, 157—8
2007 Bronze Soldier, 197
Denmark
and Baltic independence (1991), 174
Battle of Copenhagen (1801), 12
Duchy of Estonia (1219—1346), 5—6,
98,102
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 35
Kalmar War (161 1-13), 9
Livonian Crusade (1198—1290), 5
Nazi invasion (1940), 76
OSCE conference (1990), 166
Saaremaa, rule of (1570—1645), 10
SS units, 103
deportations
1941 91-3, 100, 128, 194
1949 119-20, 128, 158, 194
Deutschmark, 178
Dimitrov, Georgi, 68
dirhams, 2
Dnieper river, 3
Dome Church, Tallinn, 12
Donald Duck, 128
Dorpat, xi, 21, 100
Dowden, Richard, 115
Dresden (Kondas), 143
Dubcek, Alexander, 192
Dudayev, Dzhokhar, 172
Düsseldorf, 17
Dyukov, Aleksandr, 92
East Germany (1949—90), 145, 165,
175,185
Eastlake, Elizabeth Rigby, 15
Easyjet, 193—4
Edasiy 156, 158
Eden, Anthony, 88—9, 91, 114
Edinburgh, Scotland, 21, 195
Eenpalu, Kaarel, 57
Eesti Ekspress, 139, 189
Eesti Postimees, 16
Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, 128
Eesti Telecom, 203
Einsein, Aleksander, 187
Einstein, Albert, 51
Eisenstein, Sergei, 5
Elbe river, 4
Elcoteq, 176
elections
1917 parliamentary elections, 28
1920 parliamentary elections, 26, 50
1923 parliamentary elections, 46, 48
1934 parliamentary elections, 56
1938 parliamentary elections, 53,
56, 60
1940 parliamentary elections, 79—80
230
INDEX
1990 Congress elections, 163;
Supreme Soviet elections, 166
1992 parliamentary/presidential
elections, 112, 180—81
1995 parliamentary elections, 189
1996 presidential election, 190
2001 presidential election, 192
2006 presidential election, 195
2011 presidential election, 200—201,
202
2016 presidential election, 202—3
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United
Kingdom, 88, 195, 196-7
Eller, Heino, 132—3
Emajogi, 3
EndlaTheatre, Parnu, 25, 32
English language, 48, 135, 155, 164,
180,188, 193
Enlightenment, 12
Enne ndlg, siis viletsus, 110
Ennuste, Ulo, 120
Equal amongst Equals (Vader), 83, 137
era of silence (1934-^-0), 57—62, 195
Erhard, Ludwig, 178
Ericsson, 176
Erlander, Tage ,113
Ernesaks, Gustav, 134, 142—3, 159, 186
Esperantists, 91
Estimpex, 154
Estonia: Choice of a Path, 83
Estonia .Wonderful Present, Marvellous
Future (Muiirisepp), 129—30
Estonia ferry disaster (1994), 187—8
Estonia Theatre, Tallinn, 25, 57, 122
Estonian Communist Party (ECP), see
under Communist Party
Estonian flag, 23—4
consecration at Otepaa (1 884), 23
Declaration of Independence (1918),
34
first public display (1881), 23
Heritage Society conference (1988),
158
Motus incident (1882), 23
Nazi occupation (1941 44), 98, 100
Republic (1944), 106
at Song Festivals, 24
Soviet occupation, First (1940—41),
76,78,81
Soviet occupation, Second (1944—91),
129,142,145, 156-7,158, 163
at UK embassy, 88, 115
Vironia’s creation of, 23
Voru demonstration (1987), 156—7,
158
Estonian Heritage Society, x, 157, 158,
160,161
Estonian Institute, 151,164, 166
Estonian language, 1,9, 13, 14, 15, 16
and Act of Cultural Autonomy
(1925), 50-51
and Aavik, 24
birth certificates, 145
bookshops, 18
and Constitution (1920), 44
and Constitution (1992), 180, 184
dictionaries, 13, 19
Estonian Literary Society, 23
and Forselius, 9
genitive case, xi, 101
and Hupei, 1 3
and Inter front, 159, 165
Kalevipoeg, 16
official status, 161—2, 180
Per no Postimees, 16
and Song Festival, 17
Soviet occupation (1944—91), 123,
125, 128, 134, 138, 140, 143,
145-6,159, 161-2, 180
and Tartu University, 14
Young Estonia movement, 24
Estonian Learned Society, 14
Estonian Liberation Committee, 99
Estonian Literary Society, 23
Estonian National Council, 28—9
Estonian Students’ Society, 23
Estonian Supreme Soviet, 166
Estonian War of Independence (1918—
20), 35-44, 48, 134, 156, 182, 197,
199-200
231
INDEX
Estonian Workers’ United Front, 46
Estonian Writers’ Union, 105, 113—14,
128-9,138, 154
euro, 43, 142
European Court of Auditors, 203
European Union (EU), ix, 205
Association Agreement (1995), 189
Brexit (2016-) 194, 202
Capital of Culture, 200
Estonian accession (2004), 24, 181,
183,184, 188,191,193,194, 205
euro, 43, 142, 200, 205
Free Trade Agreement (1995), 189
Narva-Ivangorod promenade
funding, 205
Parliament, 165, 200
Phare programme, 196
Presidency, 202
referendum (2003), 194
Russia, sanctions on (2014), 201
Schengen agreement (2007), 43,
198-9
Eurovision Song Contest, 193
Evian conference (1938), 51
exiles, 112-16, 128-9, 130, 136,
155-6,163
famine (1695—7), 8, 10
February Revolution (1917), 27
ferry services, 133, 138, 156, 187—8
Finland, 1, 12, 17, 24, 149
Continuation War (1941 —44) ,103,
105,173
Cultural Endowment of Estonia
exhibition (1929), 52
delegation to Estonia (1938), 60
and Estimpex, 154
Estonian independence (1991), 176
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 37
EU accession (1995), 185
exiles in, 24, 79, 99, 105, 112, 113
Isänmaallinen Kansanliike (IKL), 57
and joint ventures decree (1987),
156
Kekkonen’s Estonia visit (1964),
126,133
language, 1,24
Lapua Movement, 54, 56, 57
literacy, 19
Literary Society, founding of (1881),
23
Mae in (1941), 99
Meri’s visit (1975), 1 35
Moscow Armistice (1944), 103, 105
Olympic Games (1952), 123
and perestroika in Estonia, 168—9
Russian Grand Duchy era (1809—
1917), 19, 20, 22, 24
and Russian Revolution (1917), 28
Savisaar on, 166—7
Soviet invasion (1939-^-0), 69—70,
73, 74, 113, 141
standard of living, 69, 120, 130, 132
Tallinn consulate, 174
Tallinn ferry service started (1965),
133,138
television, 120, 133, 134, 138, 139,
149, 164,175
tourism in Estonia, 138, 151, 174,
176, 185-6
Young Estonia movement, 24
Finnish language, 1,24
Finnish Literary Society, 23
Finnish—Estonian Cultural Association,
169
First Circle (Solzhenitsyn), 140
‘first hunger, then misery’, 110
First World War, see World War I
flag. see Estonian flag
Flight to Freedom (Smith Neilans), 93
Forest Brothers, 118—19, 125
Forselius, Bengt Gottfried, 9, 12
Forward, 156
France, 15, 24
Bourbon Restoration (1815), 109
Communist Party, 84
CSCE conference (1990), 167
and Estonian Declaration of
Independence (1918), 34
232
INDEX
and Kukk, death of (1981), 137
Marquet, legacy of, x
Munich Agreement (1938), 63
Revolution (1789), 14
Revolutionary Wars (1792—1802), 12
Napoleonic Wars (1803—15), 5
Olympic Games (1924), 141
Stavisky scandal (1934), 55
Vichy regime (1940--4-4), x, 97
women’s suffrage (1945), 44
World War I (1914-18), 31,33, 35
World War II (1939-45), 74-5
World ’s Fair (1937), 52
Frankland, Mark, 182
Fraser, Malcolm, 88
Freedom Fighting Museum, Lagedi, 195
Freedom Square,Tallinn, 199—200
Freiberga, VairaVlke, 193, 202
Freikorps, 39
frihetskämparna, 110
Froh wein, Flans, 75
Gagarin, Yuri, 120
Gallienne, Wilfred, 49, 63, 70, 72
Gates, William ‘Bill’, 190
Gelehrte Estnische Gesellschaft, 14
genitive case, xi, 101
George V, King of the United Kingdom,
48
George VI, King of the United
Kingdom, 48
Georgia, 171, 172
Gerasimov, Gennadi, 164—5
German language, 6, 7, 1 2, 1 3, 15,41,
117
and Act of Cultural Autonomy
(1925), 50-51
Brockhaus dictionary, 126
and Constitution (1920), 44
at Tartu University, 14, 18, 21, 34
Germany, East (1949—90), 145, 165,
175, 185
Germany, Federal Republic (1949—),
146, 164, 175, 178,191
Germany, imperial era (1871—1918)
communism, 121
Estonia, occupation of (1918), 31—5
Lutheranism, 20
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 28,
29, 33, 34, 36
Germany, Nazi era (1933—45), x, 24,
51,53, 59,61
Baltic German resettlement (1939—
41), 70-72
Belgium, invasion of (1940), 76
Czechoslovakia, invasion of (1938),
63
Denmark, invasion of (1940), 76
Estonia, occupation of, see under Nazi
occupation
France, invasion of (1940), 74—5
Heim ins Reich, 71
Holocaust, 51,63, 72, 94, 98, 101,
106, 117, 121, 194
Kristallnacht (\938), 63
Lebensraumy 88, 97
Leningrad, siege of (1941-4-4), 102,
103
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact (1939),
64, 66,71,72,75,78,93, 121,
155,164
Munich Agreement (1938), 63
Netherlands, invasion of (1940), 76
Norway, invasion of (1940), 76
Olympic Games (1936), 141
Poland, invasion of (1939), 64, 69
Reichsgebiet, 97
Soviet Union, invasion of (1941), 53,
82,86,93-101
Stalingrad, battle of (1942—3), 90,
104
Untermenschen, 96, 122
Germany, Weimar era (1918—33), 54
Bauhaus, 22
Beer Hall Putsch (1923), 47
Spartacist rising (1919), 39
and Wall Street crash (1929), 54
Germany, West see Germany, Federal
Republic
Gibraltar, 3,41
233
INDEX
Glasgow, Scotland, 2 1
glasnost (1986—91), 150
Glavlit, 85
gold standard, 54
Golden Lion Hotel,Tallinn, 61,77, 98
von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 38, 39
Gomer, Abe, 94
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 42, 83, 87, 150,
169
and Chernobyl disaster (1986), 151
coup attempt (1991), 126, 138, 166,
171-3
and Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
demonstration (1987), 155
New Union Treaty (1991), 171
and phosphate mine plan (1987), 154
Reagan, relationship with, 148—9
Sinatra doctrine (1989), 164—5
Vaino, dismissal of (1988), 139, 159
Varennikov, relationship with, 166
Gorbacheva, Raisa, 154
Gorbunov, Anatoly, 172
Gordeyev, Juri, 205
Goring, Hermann, 97
Gorki, 144
Gosbank, 178
Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra, 163
Gotland, 2, 3
Graz, Austria, 99
Great Expectations (Dickens), 115
Great Northern War (1700—21), 5, 9,
10-1 1
Greene, Graham, xi, 77
Greig, Samuel, 1 2
Gropius, Walter, 22
Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 140,
189
Gulf War (1990-91), 168
Gustav II Adolphus, King of Sweden,
8, 110
Haapsalu, 6, 25, 32, 127, 141
Haider, Franz, 63
Halifax, Lord, see Wood, Edward
Halonen,Tarja, 193
Hammer and Sickle, 154
Hampden Jackson, John, ix, 25—6, 32,
93
Handelsbanken, 162
Hannibalsson, Jon Baldvin, 168, 174
Hanseatic League (1358—1862), 5
Harry, Duke of Sussex, 204
Havel, Vaclav, 167, 192
Hebrew, 5 1
Heidelberg, 1 8
Heim ins Reich, 71
Helsinki, 52, 99, 123, 133, 138, 204
Helsinki Accords (1975), 135
Henry of Livonia, 4—5
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 13
Hero of Socialist Labour, 147
Herzog, Roman, 1 80
Higgins, Andrew, 204—5
Hiiumaa Island, 159, 196
Himmler, Heinrich, 71, 96, 100
Hint, Johannes, 147—8
Hirvepark, Tallinn, 155, 194
History of Estonian Literature (Linder), 128
History of the Estonian SSR (Dyukov), 92
History of the Russian Revolution
(Trotsky), 39
Hitler, Adolf, xi, 47, 97, 99, 101, 105,
117,195
Hoffmann, Heinrich, 101
Holocaust (1941-45), 51,63, 72, 94,
98, 99, 101, 106, 117, 194
Holocaust Memorial Day, 194
Holodomor (1932—3), 117
Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh, 195
Hoover, Herbert, 38
Hotel Viru, Tallinn, 1 37—8
Hull, Cordell, 89
L’Humanite, 84
Hungary, 17, 119, 132, 144, 145, 158,
165, 167, 192
Hupei, August Wilhelm, 13
Hurt, Jakob, 23
Husak, Gustav, 192
Huthsteiner, George, 72
234
INDEX
ice-breakers, 21
Iceland, 168, 173
Ilmjärv, Magnus, 54, 195
lives,Toomas Hendrik, 157, 191, 196,
198-9,200,202, 203
IME, 156
India, 89, 90
inflation, 176, 178
ingrian War (1610—17), 8
Innsbruck, Austria, 99
interfront, 159, 163, 165, 167
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 178
Internet, 196, 203
Iran, 137
Iraq, 48, 168
iron, 3, 65
Isänmaallinen Kansanliike (IKL), 57
Italy, 17, 25, 34, 59
Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of All Rus’,
7-8
Ivangorod, 204—5
Izvestia ,39
Jaanimets, Viktor, 62
Jamburg, 46
Jannsen, Johann Voldemar, 16
Japan, 22, 90
Järvi, Neeme, 163
Jaurès, Jean, ix
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 120
Jelgava, 39
Jerusalem, 51
Jews, 5 1
Act of Cultural Autonomy (1925), 50
and Alexander II assassination
(1881), 20
Declaration of Rights (1928), 51
and Evian conference (1938), 51
Holocaust (1941—45), 51,63, 72,
94, 98,99, 106, 117, 121, 194
Kristallnacht (1938), 63
Russian pogrom against (1903—6), 22
Soviet deportations (1940-^fl), 92
at Tartu University, 18, 51, 125
Joffe, Adolf, 41
John, Augustus, 2 5
joint ventures, 156, 162
Juriev, 21
Jurkans, Janis, 173
Jutland, battle of (1916), 36
Kabin, Johannes, 124-5, 131, 138, 159
Kadriorg Palace, Tallinn, x, 57—8, 69,
77,172
Kafka, Franz, 128, 143
Kalevipoeg, 16
Kalinin, Mikhail, 22, 25
Kaliningrad, 123, 153, 184, 190, 197
Kaljulaid, Kersti, 195, 203—4
Kaljurand, Marina, 202
Kallas, Siim, 156, 178, 202
kallid sobrad, 125
Kalmar War (1611-13), 9
Kaplinski, Jaan, 146, 147, 181
Karotamm, Nikolai, 119, 125, 131, 142
Katyn massacre (1940), 64
Kaunas, 204
Kazan, 45
Keitel, Wilhelm, 97
Kekkonen, LIrho, 126, 133
Kelam,Tunne, 165
Kelley, Douglas, 97
Kennan, George, 115—16
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 62
Kerensky, Alexander, 27, 31
Keres, Paul, 141—2, 180
Kerr, John, 88
KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy
bezopasnosti), 117, 126, 137—8,
140,146,147
Khrushchev, Nikita, 62, 120, 131, 132,
133
Kiev, Ukraine, 169
Kievan Rus’ (862-1240), 5
Kiir, 47
Kingissepp, Sergei, 46
Kingissepp, Viktor, x, 39, 45—6, 119,
163
Kirov, Sergey, 76
Kivimae, Jiiri and Sirje, 162
235
INDEX
Klaipeda, 123, 153
Klement, Feodor, 126
Klooga concentration camp, 106, 194
Kohl, Helmut, 191
Kohtla-Järve, 2
Koidula, Lydia, 15, 16, 142
Koivisto, Mauno, 150, 168, 190
Köler, Johann, 16, 17
kolkhozes, 84—5
Kommunist, 85
Kondas, Paul, 143
Königsberg, 9, 101, 123
Koop, Arnold, 1 34
Korean War (1950-53), 187
Kostov, Traicho, 124
Kotkas, Johannes, 123
Kozyrev, Andrei, 184
Krasin, Leonid, 41
Kreenholm textile plant, Narva, 22, 45
Kreutzwald, Friedrich Reinhold, 15,
16
Kronstadt, 35, 39
kroon, 52, 54, 56, 142, 178-80,200
Kross, Jaan, 143, 181
Kubiliünas, Petras, 101
Kuivastu, 40
Kukk, Juhan, 32, 59
Kukk, Jüri, 1 36—7
kulaks, 117, 119
Kumm, Boris, 125
KUMU, Tallinn, 186
Küng, Andres, 134, 164
Kuper]anov, Julius, 134
Kuressaare, 40, 45, 163
Kustbony 87
Kuusner, Hugo, 32—3
Laar, Mart, 17, 20, 135, 148-50, 158,
176, 181-2, 187, 188,203
Labour Party, UK, 78, 116
Lagedi, 195
Laidoner, Johan, 36, 37, 48, 55, 65, 68,
72, 75, 80,93, 127
Laidoner, Maria, 80, 93, 127
Laidoner Museum, Viimsi, 200
Laikmaa, Ants, 24—5
Lake Peipsi, 3, 5, 1 1, 15, 50, 94
LakeTamula, 3
Lake Vortsjarv, 3
land reform (1919), 37, 47
Landeswehr, Baltic (191 8—19), 38
Landsbergis, Vytautas, 172, 181
Lapua Movement, 54, 56, 57
Larka, Andres, 56
Latvia, 2
Albert establishes Riga (1201), 5
art nouveau buildings, 21
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
Baltic Germans, 1 3
Baltic Landeswehr occupation
(1919), 38-9
citizenship, 184—5
Communist Party, 83
coup (1934), 56
coup attempt (1991), 172
Cultural Endowment of Estonia
exhibition (19 26), 5 2
deportations (1949) ,119
euro introduced (2014), 43, 200
Forest Brothers resistance (1944—
56), 119
Freiberga presidency (1999—2007),
193,202
Kennedy’s visit (1939), 62
and Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
(1939), 64
Mutual Assistance Pact with Soviet
Union (1939), 68
Nazi occupation (1941 44), 93, 94,
97,194
and N ew Union Treaty (1991), 171
and Palme, 1 13
parliamentary elections (1940), 80
Perkonkrusts, 54
purge (1960), 125
Rail Baltica agreement (2017), 204
Russian conquest of Riga (1710),
5,11
and Russian Revolution (1917), 31
Russian troops, 1 84
236
INDEX
Satversme (1922), 47
Schengen agreement (2007), 199
Soviet occupation, First (1940—41),
74,77,80,81
Soviet occupation, Second (1944—
91), 10S, 106, 119, 131
Strasdenhof Armistice (1919), 39
Swedish conquest (1621), 10
Treaty of Riga (1920), 44
Ulmanis presidency (1993—9), 189
US embassy, 72, 115
Valka dispute (1919), 43
violent clashes (1991), 168, 174
Lauristin, Johannes, 82, 98
Lauristin, Olga, 82
Le Due, Louis Leouzon, 19
League of Nations, 48
Lebensraum, 88
Lender, Voldemar, 22—3
Lenin Prize, 143, 147
Lenin, Vladimir, 28, 43
Leningrad, see under St Petersburg
Leonia, New Jersey, 195
Let Us Think Again, 158
Letter of the Forty (1980), 134, 145—7,
160-61
Liebknecht, Karl, 121
Liepaja, 38
Lihula, 194—5
Liivak, Jiiri Rajur, 79
Linkhorst, Johannes, 46
literacy, 13, 19, 47, 61
literature, 18—19, 85, 113—14, 120—21,
128-30,143,186
Lithuania, 2, 27, 31
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
citizenship, 184
Communist Party, 83
coup attempt (1991), 172, 173
deportations (1949), 119
euro introduced (2015), 200
Forest Brothers resistance (1944—
56), 119
and Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
(1939), 64
Mutual Assistance Pact with Soviet
Union (1939), 68—9
Nazi occupation (1941 44), 93, 94,
97,194
and New Union Treaty (1991), 171
Polish occupation of Vilnius (1920—
39), 44, 68-9
presidential election (1993), 181
Rail Baltica agreement (2017), 204
Russian troop withdrawal (1993), 184
Snieckus’ leadership (1940—74), 125
Soviet invasion (1940), 73—4, 81
Soviet occupation (1944—91), 119,
131
Treaty of Moscow (1920), 43,44
violent clashes (1991), 166, 168, 174
Litvinov, Maxim, 40
Litzmann, Karl, 101
Livonia Province, 28
Livonian Crusade (1198—1290), 4—5, 50
Livonian era (1 346—1561), 6—7
Livonian War (1558—83), 7—8
Lloyd George, David, 35
‘LongTelegram’ (1946), 115
Looming, 79, 1 30
Lotman, Juri, 125
Louis, Jennifer, 165
Louis, Viktor, 131, 165
Low, Brian, 177, 182
Lübeck, 5, 7
Lucas, Edward, 202
Lufthansa, 6
Lund, battle of (1676), 10
Luther Plywood and Furniture Factory,
21
Luther, Christian Wilhelm, 21
Luther, Martin, 20, 110
Lutheranism, 6—7, 12, 17, 18, 20, 49,
50, 110, 150, 159
Luts, Oskar, 18—19
Lützen, battle of (1632), 9
Luxembourg, 57
Luxemburg, Rosa, 121
Maaleht, 192
237
INDEX
Maarjamae History Museum,Tallinn,
162
Maclean, Fitzroy, 72
MacManus, Arthur, 46
Madisson,Tiit, 155—6, 194—5
Mae, Hjalmar, x, xi, 71,73, 99—102,
103
Magnitsky, Sergei, 204
Mahtra uprising (1858), 20
MahtraWar, The (Vilde), 20, 21
Maisky, Ivan, 88, 114
Majorca, 129
Malenkov, Georgy, 132
Manchester Guardian, 59
Manchester, England, 21
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 105
Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark, 174,
177
Mark, Heinrich, 112, 181
Marquet, Adrien, x
Martens, Ilmar, 162
Marxism, 22, 24
Matisse, Henri, 52
May, Theresa, 204
Mein KampJ(Hitler), 195
Melenki, 127
Melnichuk, Fedor, 172
Memel, 123
Meri, Arnold, 117
Meri, Georg, 92, 116—17
Meri, Lennart, x, xi, 181,203
and La Baltique, 1 9
and BBC, 164, 190
and coup attempt (1991), 173
CSCE conference (1990), 167
death (2006), 13
Einseln, appointment of (1993), 187
Estonia ferry disaster (1994), 188
farewell speech (2001), 191
Finland visit (1975), 135
at Finnish—Estonian Cultural
Association, 169
Foreign Minister, appointed (1990),
166
Klement, relationship with, 126
on Laidoner, 65
on ‘millimetre by millimetre
progress', 155, 156, 158
on ‘normal boring country’, 200
and phosphate mine plan (1987), 155
Poland visit (1973), 135
presidential election (1992), 112, 181
presidential election (1996), 190
and Riga violence ( 1991 ), 168
Sobchak, meeting with (1993), 190
and Soviet occupation ( 1940^1-1 ),
69, 92
and Soviet occupation ( 1944—91 ),
1 10, 1 14, 123, 126, 127, 149,
155,164
and Stalin, death of (1953), 127
and technology, 190, 192
toilet incident (1997), 191
Yeltsin, meeting with (1994), 185
Merkel, Angela, 203
Metallist, 66
Mexico, 124
Mickey Mousey 128
Microlink, 196
Mikiver, Mikk, 45
Ministry of Defence, 47, 199
Ministry of Economic Warfare, 75
Ministry of Education, 58
Mitau, 39
Moldova, 171, 172
Moller, Arvid, 5
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 64,
66,71,72,78,93, 121, 155, 164
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 66—7, 68, 69, 81,
89
Mongol Empire (1206—1368), 5
Mongolia, 81, 111
Mordovia, 148
Moscow
capital moved to (1918), 34
Cultural Endowment of Estonia
exhibition (1926), 52
Estonian embassy, 76—7
Estonian Soviet accession (1 944-), 8 1
Finnish Armistice (1940), 70
238
INDEX
Finnish Armistice (1944), 103, 105
Lithuanian Treaty (1920), 43, 44
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact (1939), 64
Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 65—8
Olympic Games (1980), 112, 144
Riga Polytechnic moved to (1915), 96
UK embassy, 72, 78, 89, 116
US embassy, 11 5—16
Moskvich cars, 140
Mosul, 48
Mother Tongue Day, 13
Mötsnik, Harri, 150
Mötus, Aleksander, 23
Mu isamaa on minu arm (Koidula), 142
von zur Mühlen, Bengt, 139
von zur Mühlen, Hermynia, 19
Muhu Island, 39, 106
Munich Agreement (1938), 63
Murmansk, 35
Mutual Assistance Pact (1939), 65—8,
81,102
Muuga, 153
Müür is epp, Aleksei, 129—30
‘My fatherland is my love’ (Koidula),
142
‘My Way’ (Sinatra), 165
Naan, Gustav, 49
Nagy, imre, 192
Naissaar Island, 129
Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 5
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1 2
Narva, 3
Anvelt at (191 2—14), 47
cultural divide, 15, 180
Bolshevik invasion (1918), 36
German occupation (1918), 34
and Ivangorod, 204—5
Kingissepp at (1912—14), 45
Kreenholm textile plant, 22, 45
Livonian War (1 558—83), 7
Russian conquest (1704), 11
Russian invasion (1700), 10, 11
Russian Revolution (1917), 28
Soviet invasion, First (1940), 75
Soviet invasion, Second (1944) ,103,
104,122
stock exchange construction (1695),
10
voter disenfranchisement, 180
Narva river, 3, 4, 10, 60, 102, 183, 204
Narva Road,Tallinn, 56, 101
Narva-Joesuu, 115
National Day, 31, 33, 69, 163
National Library,Tallinn, 186, 196, 197
National Museum, Tallinn, 25, 124
National Salvation Committee, 32
nationalism, 13, 14, 21,22, 2A—9,
31^14
Nationalities Soviet, 126
Nazi occupation (1941—44), x, 93—102,
194-5,201
and flag, 98, 100
history, revision of, 98
Jews, extermination of, 94, 98, 101,
106,194
and Lebensraum, 97
Mae appointed prime minister, 100
name changes, xi, 100, 101
Swedes, 87
and Tartu University, 101
see also Germany, Nazi era
Nelson, Horatio, 1st Viscount Nelson, 12
neo-Nazism, 145
Netherlands, 76, 103
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 65
Neuland, Alfred, 141
Nevsky, Alexander, 5, 50
New Deal (1933-6), 61
New Union Treaty (1991), 171
NewYorkTimes, 87, 112, 130, 204-5
Newman, Bernard, 131
News Chronicle, The, 110—12
Newsweek ,132
Nicaragua, 159
Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of
All the Russias, 22, 31
Niklus, Mart, 136
NKVD (Narodnyy Komissariat
Vnutrennikh Del), 53, 82
239
INDEX
‘NoWar, No Peace’, 34
Nobel Prize, 18, 181
Noirot, Paul, 120
Nokia, 176, 192
Noor-Eesti movement, 24
Normet, Dagmar, 128
Normet, Leo, 128
North Atlantic Treaty Alliance (NATO),
ix, 113, 181,205
Afghanistan War (2001-14), 197, 204
Cyber Defence Centre, 190, 198
deployment to Estonia (2017), 204
Estonian accession (2004), 113, 183,
188,190,191,193,194
Simm spy scandal (2008), 199
and Sweden, 113
North Korea, 204
Northern War (1655-60), 9
Norway, 53,69,76, 103, 112, 113, 132
Nugiseks, Harald, 201—2
Nuremberg, 9, 97
Obama, Barack, 202
Observer, 182
Ogoniok, 124
oil-shale mines, 2, 103, 119, 125, 130,
160
Okas, Evald, 122—3
Olympic Games
1920 Antwerp, 141
1924 Paris, 141
1936 Berlin, 141
1952 Helsinki, 123
1980 Moscow 112, 144
1992 Barcelona, 176
100 Great Estonians, 178
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
(Solzhenitsyn), 140
‘One Empire, One Language, One
Church’, 21
Operation Barbarossa (1941), 5 3, 82,
86, 93
Operation Catherine plan (1939), 65
Operation Desert Storm (1991), 168
Oras, Ants, 95
Organization for Security and Co-
operation in Europe (OSCE), 166
Oru, 60
Orzely 64—6
Ösel, 4
Oslo, Norway, 112
Österblom, Lars, 86
Ostland University, 101
Ostwald, Wilhelm, 18
Otepää, 23
Ottoman Empire (1299—1922), 1 1
Outside the Mainstream exhibition
(1984), 143
Padar, Tanel, 193
Padise, 6
Paet, Urmas, 202
Paevalehty 76
Page,Tim, xi
Pakri Islands, 86
Paldiski, 11,67, 74, 87, 1 85, 199
Pallas group, 52
Palme, Olof, 113
Palmerston, Lord, see Temple, Henry
John
Palusalu, Kristjan, 141
Parek, Lagle, 148-9, 150, 181
Paris, 52, 74, 136, 141, 167
Pärnu
EndlaTheatre, 25, 32
German occupation (1918), 32
Jewish community, 50
Livonian War (1558—83), 7
Nazi invasion (1941), 94
Perno Postimeesy establishment of
(1857), 16
Raima Hotel, 61—2
Tartu University, relocation to
(1699), 9
Part, Arvo, 7, 95, 132—3
Patarei Prison,Tallinn, 91, 136, 148,
149
Pats, Konstantin, x, 25—6, 28, 35,
52-4,55,58-61, 161, 180, 195
and agriculture, 58,83
240
INDEX
Botshkaryov appointed ambassador
(1940), 81
Carlson, relationship with, 61
censorship, 52, 59, 60
and communism, 58,83
constitutional referendum (1933),
55-6, 59
coup attempt (1935), 57
Declaration of Independence (1918),
32
death (1956), 80, 127
era of silence (1934-^-0), 57-61, 195
Finnish delegation visits (1938), 60
German occupation (1918), 35
Mutual Assistance Pact with Soviet
Union (1939), 68, 195
national assembly referendum
(1936), 59-60
and National Day, 33, 69
parliamentary elections (1940), 80
price fixing, 58
reinternment (1990), 161
resignation (1940), 80
and Russian Revolution (1905), 26
Soviet invasion (1940), 53, 54, 68,
73, 74, 75, 76,77,80, 195
state of emergency (1934), 56—7, 59
Tahkuranna monument, 161
Teataja, establishment of (1901), 26
Tonisson, relationship with, 28,
52—4, 73, 76, 180
Ulmanis, relationship with, 44
andWinterWar (1939-40), 70, 73
Pats, Matti, 201
Pats, Voldemar, 51
Paul I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the
Russias, 14
Peace, bread and land’, 28
peat-cutting, 2
Pechory, 188
Pegasus Café, Tallinn, 138
Peipsi Lake, 3, 5, 11, 15, 50, 94
perestroika (1986—91), 45, 83, 125,
132, 139, 143, 150, 158, 168,174,
175
Perkonkrusts, 54
Perno Postimees, 16
Peter I the Great, Emperor and
Autocrat of All the Russias, 5, 10—11,
12,67,102
Peterson, Kristjan Jaak, 1 3
Petrograd, see under St Petersburg
Phare project, 196
philatelists, 91, 139
Phillips, Richard, xi
Phoenicia (2500—539 BCE), 3
phosphate mining, 153,154—5
Picasso, Pablo, 52
Piip, Ants, 35, 40, 43, 58, 59, 73, 102
Pikk Hermann Tower, Tallinn, 34
Pirita, 8, 144
Pitka, Johan, 70
Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, 89
plague, 8,11
Pogari, 106
Poland
Baltic German resettlement
(1939-4-1), 72
CSCE conference (1990), 167
Great Northern War (1700—21), 11
Katyn massacre (1940), 64
Meri’s visit (1973), 135
Nazi invasion (1939), 64, 69, 72
Orzel incident (1939), 64—6
Rail Baltica agreement (2017), 204
and Russian Revolution (1917), 28,
31
and Sinatra doctrine (1989), 165
Solidarity, 134, 144-
Soviet invasion (1939), 64, 68—9
Swedish War (1621—5), 10
Tartu, rule of (1583—1625), 8
Third Partition (1795), 86
uprising (1863^1-), 20
Vilnius, occupation of (1920—39),
44, 68-9
WorldWar I (1914—18), 34
Polish language, 20
Poltava, battle of (1709), 11
Popular Front, 158, 160
241
INDEX
pornography, 1 9
Portugal, 59
Poska, Jaan, 40—41,43, 149
Postimees, 16, 17, 21,26, 52, S3, 184
Potemkin, Grigory, 131
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
Prague Spring (1968), 133, 138, 145,
166
Pravda 48, 74, 90, 145
price fixing, 58
Prince ofWales, 89
Propeller, 145
Pskov, 27, 37, 40, 172, 173
Public Private Partnerships (PPP), 196
Pugo, Boris, 126
Pullat, Raimo, 3—4, 22
Puilerits, Albert, 59
Putin, Vladimir, 105, 139, 188, 190,
201,202,205
Quarenghi, Giacomo, 12
Raadi Airfield, 124
Radio Free Europe, 146, 191
Rail Baltica agreement (2017), 204
railways, 8, 18, 21, 22, 118, 184, 204
Rakvere, 37, 95, 153
Randviir, Tiina, x
Ranna Hotel, Parnu, 61—2
Ratas, Jiiri, x
Raud, Kristjan, 16, 17, 51
Raud, Paul, 16, 17
Pausing, Sigrid, 182
Reagan, Ronald, 144, 148—9
Rei, August, 76—7
Reichsgebiety 97
Reiman, Villem, 110
Reps, Mailis, 202
Republic of Estonia, First (1920—40),
17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 32, 40-62,
63-82
Act of Cultural Autonomy (1925), 50
agriculture, 58, 83
Botshkaryov appointed ambassador
(1940), 81
censorship, 52, 59, 60
Constitution (1920), 44, 49
constitutional referendum (1933),
55-6, 59
coup attempt (1922), 46, 119
coup attempt (1924), 47—8, 49, 55,
125
coup attempt (1935), 57, 99
Cultural Endowment established
(1925), 51
devaluation of kroon (1933), 52, 56
era of silence (1934—40), 57—62, 195
Evian conference (1938), 51
gold standard abandoned (1931), 54
Finnish delegation visits (1938), 60
Jewish community, 50, 51
Kingissepp execution (1922), 46, 1 19
Mutual Assistance Pact with Soviet
Union (1939), 65-8, 81, 102
national assembly referendum
(1936), 59-60
Orzel incident (1939), 64—6
parliamentary elections (1920), 26,
50
parliamentary elections (1923), 46,
48
parliamentary elections (1934), 56
parliamentary elections (1938), 60
parliamentary elections (1 940),
79-80
price fixing, 58
Soviet invasion (1 940) ,23, 24, 2 5,
29, 32, 42, 44, 46, 48, 53, 64,
73-82
state of emergency (1934), 56—7, 59
Treaty ofTartu (1920), 28, 32, 40-44,
81, 149, 157, 174, 175, 182
Vabadussojalaste Liit (VAPS), 54—5,
56-7, 73
and Wall Street crash (1929), 54
and Winter War (1939^-0), 70, 73
Republic of Estonia, Second (1944),
105-6, 127
Republic of Estonia, Third (1991 —)
Afghanistan War (2003—14), 197
242
INDEX
Ansip’s Holocaust apology (2005),
106
British embassy, 177, 182
Bronze Soldier relocation (2007), 50,
197-8
citizenship, 180, 184—5
Constitution (1992), 180
crime, 177
Danish recognition (1991), 174
Declaration of Independence (1991),
135
Elizabeth II’s visit (2006), 195, 196—7
Estonia ferry disaster (1994), 1 87—8
EU accession (2004), 183, 184, 188,
191.193.194
euro introduced (2011), 142
Eurovision Song Contest (2001), 193
Germany, relations with, 191
Holocaust Memorial Day inaugurated
(2003) , 194
Icelandic recognition (1991), 173—4
inflation, 176, 178
kroon, introduction of (1992),
178-80,182
KUMU, opening of (2006), 186
Lihula monument controversy
(2004) , 194—5
Magnitsky Act (2016), 204
Meri, death of (2006), 13
Mother Tongue Day, 13
National Library, opening of (1993),
186
NATO accession (2004), 113, 183,
188.190.191.193.194
Nugiseks monument unveiled
(2016), 201-2
Obama’s visit (2014), 202
Olympic Games (1992), 176
Parek’s Patarei Prison visit (1992),
149
parliamentary/presidential elections
(1992), 112, 180-81
parliamentary elections (1995), 189
Pats, legacy of, 53—4, 195
presidential election (1996), 190
presidential election (2001), 192
presidential election (2006), 195
presidential election (201 1),
200-201,202
presidential election (2016), 202—3
Rail Baltica agreement (2017), 204
Russia, relations with, 179, 182—5,
186, 188, 197-201,202,204
Salme ship discovery (2008), 2
Savisaar’s resignation (1992), 177
Schengen agreement (2007), 43,
198- 9
Simm spy scandal (2008), 199
Song Festivals, 186
Soviet recognition (1991), 174
Swedish recognition (1991), 174
toilet incident (1997) ,191
tourism, 176, 185—6
UN accession (1991), 174, 176
US recognition (1991), 174
Victory Monument erected (2009),
199- 200
Yeltsin monument unveiled (2013),
200- 201
Reval, xi, 100, 107
Reykjavik, 173
Riga
Albert establishes diocese (1201), 5
art nouveau buildings, 21
Baltic Landeswehr occupation
(1919), 38-9
Cultural Endowment of Estonia
exhibition (1926), 52
Kennedy’s visit (1939), 62
Newman’s visit (1958), 131
port, 21, 153
rail links, 204
Russian conquest (1710), 11
Soviet invasion (1 940), 77
Strasdenhof Armistice (1919), 39
Swedish conquest (1621), 10
US embassy, 72, 115
violent clashes (1991), 168, 174
and war films, 123
Riga Polytechnic, 32, 96
243
INDEX
Ristlaan, Rein, 129
Rochdale, England, 148
Romania, 137, 165
Roosevelt, Franklin, 89, 91, 103
von Roques, Karl, 100
Rosenberg, Alfred, 96—7, 107
Rosneft, 191
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 86
Ruhnu Island, 86
Rummo, Paul-Erik, 139, 181
Russian Empire (1721—1917), 1,
11-27,67
Alexander II assassination (1881), 20
anti-Jewish pogrom (1903—6), 22
Baltic Germans, 1 1—19, 21,23, 25,
27
Bloody Sunday (1905), 22, 24, 25, 26
Crimean War (1853-6), 12
Duma convened (1906), 2 6
education, 12—13, 14, 19,21,24
Finland, Grand Duchy of (1809—
1917), 19, 20, 22, 24
Japanese War (1904—5), 22
Kalevipoeg, publication of (1857), 16
League of the North (1 800—1801), 12
literacy, 13,19
Mahtra uprising (1858), 20
Perno Postimees, establishment of
(1857), 16
Poland, partition of (1795), 86
Polish uprising (1863—4), 20
Russification, 20—21, 23, 24
serfdom, abolition of (1816—19), 14
St John*s Church, opening of (1859),
17
railways, 8, 18, 21,22
St Petersburg Academy of Sciences,
opening of (1724), 9
Stolypin’s reforms (1906—1 1), 26, 27
Swedish War (1788-90), 11-12
and Tartu University, 14, 21,24
UK investment (1 880—1914), 35
World War I (1914-18), 18, 20, 22,
27
Young Estonia movement, 24
Russian Federation (1991—), 105, 139,
177, 182-5, 186, 197-8
border disputes, 182—3, 188
and Bronze Soldier relocation
(2007), 50, 197-8
Chechen War, First (1994—6), 172
constitutional crisis (1993), 186
Crimea annexation (2014), 201
Magnitsky, death of (2009), 204
and Nugiseks monument (2016),
201-2
oil industry, 191, 198
standard of living, 198, 204—5
troops in Baltic, 179, 184—5
andYeltsin monument (2013),
200-201
Russian language, 1 8, 20, 21,24, 41
and Act of Cultural Autonomy
(1925), 50-51
and birth certificates, 145—6
and Constitution (1920), 44
and Constitution (1992), 180, 184
and Interfront, 159, 165
Soviet occupation (1 944—9 1), 123,
125, 134, 138, 145-6, 159
at Tartu University, 18, 21,24, 146
Russian Orthodox Church, 9, 20,
49-50
Russian Revolution (1917), 27—9, 33,
124,139
RussianTsardom (1547—1721), 5, 7—8
Estonia, conquest of (1710), 5, 8
Great Northern War (1700^21), 5,
9, 10-1 1
Ingrian War (1610— 17), 8
Livonian War (1558—83), 7—8
Northern War (1655—60), 9
St Petersburg, foundation of (1703),
11
Tartu, rule of (1656—61), 9
Treaty of Constantinople (1700), 1 1
Treaty of Stolbovo (1617), 8
Treaty of Nystad (1721), 11
Russification, 20—21, 23, 24, 38,
145-6, 180
244
INDEX
Russo-Japanese War (1904—5), 22
Russo-Swedish Wars
1558—83 Livonian War, 7—8
1610-17 Ingrian War, 8
1655—60 Second Northern War, 9
1700—21 Great Northern War, 5,9,
10-11
1788—90 Catherine-Gustav War,
11-12
Ruus, Neeme, 87
Riiutel, Arnold, 2, 160-61, 181, 192,
203
in Communist Party, 160—61,192
coup attempt (1991), 172
independence (1991), 174
language skills, 192
presidential election (1992), 181
presidential election (1996), 190
presidential election (2001), 160,
192,200
presidential election (2006), 195
on Soviet accession (1940), 158
Supreme Soviet election (1990), 166
and technology, 192
UN accession (1991), 176
Yeltsin, relationship with, 160—61,
201
Ryanair, 193
Saaremaa Island, x
Danish rule (1570—1645), 10
German occupation (1917—18), 32,
39
and Kingissepp, 39, 45, 119, 163
Livonian Crusade (1208—61), 4
Livonian rule (1559—1645), 6
and Miiurisepp, 130
Nazi invasion (1941), 94
prisoner executions (1941), 97
rebellion (1919), 40
Salme ship discovery (2008), 2
Soviet invasion (1944), 106—7
Treaty ofTartu (1920), 41
Saatse Boot, 183
Sakharov, Andrei, 136, 144
Saku, 3
Salme, 2
Sandberger, Martin, 94, 101
Sargent, Orme, 111
SAS (Scandinavia Airlines System), 162
Saudargas, Algirdas ,173
Savi,Toomas, 192
Savisaar, Edgar, 156, 158, 162, 166—7,
172-3, 177-8, 198, 201, 202
Scanian War (1675-9), 10
Schengen agreement (2007), 43, 198—9
Schirren, Carl, 19
Schmidt, Erik, 129
Schröder, Gerhard, 191
Scotland, 12,21
Seaplane Harbour Museum,Tallinn, 2
Second World War, see World War II
Selter, Karl, 65-8, 102
serfdom, 10, 14, 16
Shakespeare, William, 117
Shakhovskoy, Sergei, 21
shale oil, 2, 103, 119, 125, 130, 160
Sharansky, Anatoly, 144
Sheremetev, Boris, 11
Siberia, 20, 72, 92, 95, 116, 119, 122,
127, 140, 143, 147
Sieg Heil, 145
Sikor ski, Wlady slaw, 135
Silent Submission (Ilmjärv), 54, 195
Sillamäe, 104
silver, 3
Simm, Herman, 199
Sinatra doctrine (1989), 164—5
Sinclair, Alexander, 36
Sinuiju, 204
Sirk, Artur, 55, 56
Sirp ja vasar, 154
skiing, 126, 151, 166
Skype, 192
Slovakia, 97
Smetona, Antanas, 74
Smith Neilans, Marilyn, 93
Smuul,Juhan, 105
Snieckus, Antanas, 125
Sobchak, Anatoly, 190
245
INDEX
Social Democratic Party of Sweden, 113
Socialists, 44
Solidarity, 134, 144
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 140—41, 188—9
Sonderbehandlung, 94
Song Festivals, 17, 24, 134, 142—3,
159-60, 161, 186
Sorve Peninsula, 106
SOUP 69 artists, 138
South Africa, 137
Soviet Encyclopaedia, 49
Soviet Estonia, 98, 139
Soviet occupation, First (1940^1-1), 24,
29,44,46,48, 53,73-93, 158, 195
accession to Soviet Union, 81—2,
158,183
Botshkaryov appointed ambassador,
81
collectivisation, 8A—5
demonstrations, 77
deportations, 91—3, 100, 128, 194
executions, 91—2
Golden Lion dinner, 77
Kukk, arrest of, 32
Lender, dismissal of, 23
Linkhorst assassination, 46
Narva diktat, 7 5
parliamentary elections, 79—80
Pats, arrest of, 25, 80
religious persecution, 85
Swedes, 86—7
Tartu Treaty, relocation of, 42
Tonisson, arrest of, 25
Soviet occupation, Second (1944 91),
106-7, 109-51, 153-69, 171-3
anti-alcohol campaign (1985),
150-51
art, 129, 132, 138, 143
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
birth certificates, 145—6
celebrities, 141—43
Christmas, return of open (1987),
157
collectivisation, 117, 119—20, 122,
125, 131, 142
Congress election (1990), 163
Declaration on Sovereignty (1988),
161
demonstrations, see under
demonstrations
deportations (1949), 119—20, 128,
158,194
education, 1 3 A—5
Estimpex established (1987), 154
Estonian Heritage Society established
(1987), 157
exiles, 1 12-16, 128-9, 130, 136,
155-6
‘first hunger, then misery’, 110
Forest Brothers resistance (1 944—
56), 118-19, 125
German prisoners-of-war, 121—2
Gothenburg Symphony Orchestra
visit (1989), 163
gulags, deportation to, 127—8, 143
Helsinki ferry service started (1965),
133,138 '
Hint arrest (1981), 147-8
iconoclasm, 38, 109—10, 161
independence referendum (1991),
169
Interfront protest (1990), 167
invasion (1944), 103—7, 109,
111-12, 201
Jehovah’s Witnesses, deportation of
(1951), 120
joint ventures decree (1987), 156
journalism, 112,1 30—31
Kekkonen’s visit (1964), 126, 133
Kukk, death of (1981), 136—7
Letter of the Forty (1980), 134,
145-7, 160-61
literature, 120—21, 128—30, 143
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
demonstrations (1987), 155—6,
194
Motsnik arrest (1985), 150
Muuga port plan (1 987), 153
music, 129, 132, 142—3, 145
New Union Treaty (1991), 171
246
INDEX
Olympic Games (1980), 112, 144
Parek arrest (1983), 148
perestroika (1986—91),45,83, 125,
132,139, 143, 150, 158, 168,
174, 175
phosphate mine plan (1987), 153,
154-5
purge (1950), 124-5
SAS flights launched (1989), 162
Sinatra doctrine (1989), 164—5
Solzhenitsyn’s visits, 140-^41
Song Festivals, 134, 142—3, 159—60,
161
Stalin, death of (1953), 127, 129
standard of living, 110, 123, 1 30,
131,132
Supreme Soviet elections (1990), 166
Tar to s return (1988), 160
television, 120, 133, 134, 138, 139,
149,164,166,175
War of Independence memorial
(1987), 156-7
Soviet Russia (1917-91), 1,8,25
Afghanistan War (1979-89), 144, 151
Anglo-Soviet trade agreement
(1921),41
anti-alcohol campaign (1985), 150—51
and Anvelt coup (1924), 47—8, 49,
55,125
Baltic German resettlement (1939—
41), 70-72
Brezhnev, death of (1982), 144
Chernobyl disaster (1986), 151, 155,
188
collectivisation, 84—5, 117, 119—20,
122, 125, 131, 142
Constitution, 102, 161
coup attempt (1991), 126, 138, 166,
171-3
Cripps’ visit (1940), 78
Cultural Endowment of Estonia
exhibition (1935), 52
Czechoslovakia, invasion of (1968),
133,138,145,166
East German uprising (1953), 145
Eller stamp issued (1987), 133
Estonia, occupation of, see under
Soviet occupation
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 35—44
exiles, 112-16, 128-9, 130, 136,
155-6,163
Finland, invasion of (1939—40),
69-70,73, 74, 113, 141
Glavlit, 85
Gorbachev—Reagan meetings, 148—9
Gosbank, 178
gulags, 32,44, 102, 127-8, 140,
143.144, 147
Holodomor (1932-3), 117
Hungary, invasion of (1956), 119,
132.144, 145, 160
Joffe’s funeral (1927), 41
joint ventures decree (1987), 156
Katyn massacre (1940), 64
Keres stamp issued (1991), 142
Khrushchev’s secret speech (1956),
49, 120, 127, 132
Khrushchev’s Scandinavia visit
(1964), 132
Khrushchev’s UN address (1960), 62
Kirov assassination (1934), 76
Koler, promotion of, 17
and Kreenholm strike (1872), 22
kulaks, 117
land reform, 37
Latvia, invasion of (1940), 74
Leningrad siege (1941 44), 102, 103
Lithuania, invasion of (1940), 73—4
‘ Long Telegram’ (1946), 115
Luts, promotion of, 19
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact (1939),
64, 66, 71,72, 75, 78, 93, 121,
155,164
Moscow Armistice (1944), 103, 105
Mutual Assistance Pact with Estonia
(1939), 65-8, 81, 102
Nazi invasion (1941), 53, 82, 86,
93-101
Olympic Games (1980), 112, 144
247
INDEX
perestroika (1 986—91), 45, 83, 125,
132, 139, 143, 150, 158, 168,
174,175
Poland, invasion of (1939), 64, 68—9
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
spies, obsession with, 67, 74, 124
Stalin, death of (1953), 80, 116, 121,
125, 127, 129
Stalingrad, battle of (1942—3), 90,
104
and Swedish era (1561—1710), 1,8
Tehran Conference (1943), 91, 115
Tito, assassination attempts on, 124
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 28,
29, 33, 34, 36
Treaty of Moscow (1920), 43, 44
Treaty of Riga (1920), 44
Treaty of Tartu (1920), 28, 32,
40-44, 149, 157, 174, 175, 182
Trial of the Twenty One (1938), 72
Trotsky assassination (1940), 124
UK embassy, 72, 78, 89, 116
US embassy, 1 15—16
Vostok 1 spaceflight (1 961), 120
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 115,
127
Sovjet—Estland, 87
Spain, 59, 195
Spartacist rising (1919), 39
Spring (Luts), 18—19
SS (Schutzstaffel), 94, 96, 101
St George's Day uprising (1 343), 6
St George’s Night, 102
St John’s Church, St Petersburg, 17
St John’s Church, Tartu, 1 24
St O lav’s Church, Tallinn, 45
St Petersburg, ix, 1 2
Academy of Sciences, opening of
(1724), 9
Blue Bird, filming of (1975), 137
Bloody Sunday (1905), 22, 24, 25
British blockade (1918—19), 35, 79
Estonian community, 17, 27
Estonian offensive (1919), 37
foundation of (1703), 11
German offensive (1918), 34
Kingissepp execution demonstration
(1922), 46
Meri—Sobchak meeting (1993), 190
Siege (1941-44), 102, 103
St John’s Church, opening of (1859),
17
Tallinn railway link completed
(1870), 8, 21, 204
Stalin, Joseph, 25
and Anvelt coup (1924), 49
Churchill, relationship with, 106, 116
Constitution (1936), 102
Cripps, meeting with (1940), 78
death of (1953), 80, 116, 121, 125,
127, 129
Estonia, reoccupation of (1944),
106, 111, 116
Estonian Affair (1950), 12A—5
Great Purge (1936-8), 47, 49, 72, 76
and Khrushchev’s secret speech
(1956),49, 120, 127, 132
on Laidoner, 49
Mutual Assistance Pacts (1939), 66—8
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
in Sovjet—Estland, 87
Tehran Conference (1943), 91
Tito, assassination attempts on, 124
Trotsky assassination (1940), 124
and war films, 123
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 127
Zhdanov, relationship with, 76
Stalingrad, battle of (1942—3), 90, 104
stamp collecting, 91,1 39
standard of living, 69, 1 10, 123, 130,
131, 132, 204-5
Stanford University, 202
state of emergency (1934), 56—7
Stavisky, Alexandre, 55
Stettin, 112
Stevenson, R.W., 128
Stockholm, Sweden, 112, 128—9, 162
Stolbovo, treaty of (1617), 8
Stolypin, Pyotr, 26, 27
stonemasons, 6
248
INDEX
Strachwitz, Hyazinth, 104, 105
Strasdenhof Armistice (1919), 39
Strong, Anna Louise, 102
Suits, Gustav, 24
Susi, Arnold, 140^1-1, 188—9
Susi, Heli, 141, 188-9
Sweden
archaeological excavations, 2, 3
and Asian tsunami (2004), 187
Baltutlämningen, 113
and Estimpex, 154
Estonia ferry disaster (1994), 187
Estonian government in exile
(1944—92), 82, 112
Estonian independence (1 991), 174
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 35, 37
exiles in, 82, 87, 103, 105, 106,
112-14, 128-9, 130, 136, 155-6,
163
Great Northern War (1700—2 1), 5,
9,10-11
Gustav Ill’s Russian War (1788—90),
11-12
Ingrian War (1610— 17), 8
iron ore, 65
joint ventures, 156, 162
Kalmar War (1611 — 13), 9
Letter of the Forty published (1980),
146
Livonian War (1558-83), 7-8
and NATO, 113
Northern War (1655—60), 9
Norway annexation (1809), 113
Operation Catherine plan (1939), 65
ScanianWar (1675-9), 10
and serfdom, 10
Social Democratic Party, 113
and Soviet occupation of Estonia, 88,
113, 165
standard of living, 69
Thirty Years’War (1618^fS), 9-10
Treaty of Altmark (1629), 10
Treaty of Nystad (1721), 11
Treaty of Stolbovo (1617), 8
Treaty of Tartu (1920), 42
Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 10
World War II (1939-4-5), 65, 76,
82, 86-7, 88, 96, 103, 105, 106,
112-13
Swedish Estonia (1561—1710), 1,7—11,
12,70,110
Capitulation to Russia (1710), 5, 8, 11
education, 8—9, 12
famine (1695—7), 8, 10
serfdom, 10
stock exchange construction (1695),
10
Tallinn, conquest of (1561), 7
Tartu University, foundation of
(1632), 3, 8-9, 110
Swedish language, 44, 50—5 1,110
Switzerland, 26, 53, 68, 180
Taagepera, Rein, 153, 181
Tall Hermann,Tallinn, 77—8, 98, 100,
106,158,163
Tallents, Stephen, 43
deTalleyrand-Perigord, Charles
Maurice, 109
Tallinn, 3
Airport, 191
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, 49—50
archaeological excavations, 4
Art Hall, 52
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
Bolshevik invasion (1918—19), 37, 45
British embassy, 177, 182
Bronze Soldier relocation (2007), 50,
197-8
City Council, 22, 26, 41
coup attempt (1922), 46, 119, 163
coup attempt (1924), 47—8, 49, 55,
125
coup attempt (1935), 57
Crimean War blockade (18 54—5), 1 2
Danish era (1219— 1 346) ,5,6
Declaration of Independence (1918),
31,34
Dome Church, 1 2
249
INDEX
Easyjet flights launched (2004),
193-4
Estonia Theatre, 25, 57, 122—3
European Capital of Culture (201 1),
200
Freedom Square, 199—200
German occupation (1918), 31—2, 34
Golden Lion Hotel, 61,77
Gorbachev’s visit (1987), 154
Helsinki ferry service started (1965),
133,138
Hotel Viru, 137
Jewish community, 50
Kadriorg Palace, x, 57—8, 69, 77,
172
Kennedy’s visit (1939), 62
Kievan Rus’ invasion (1225), 5
KUMU, 186
Livonian era (1346—1561), 6
Lübeck rights granted (1248), 5—6
Luther Plywood and Furniture
Factory, 21—2
Lutheranism introduced (1524), 6—7
Maarjamäe History Museum, 162
Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
demonstrations (1987), 155—6,
194
National Library, 186, 196, 197
National Museum, 25, 124
Nazi occupation (1941-^44), 98, 100,
101
Nelson’s blockade (1801), 12
Obama’s visit (2014), 202
Old Town, 77, 98, 101, 104, 106,
111, 123, 144, 165, 188,200
Patarei Prison, 91, 136, 148, 149
Pegasus Cafe, 138
Pikk Hermann, 34
prisoner executions (1941), 97
Raadi Airfield, 124
railway to St Petersburg opened
(1870), 8, 21
Russian conquest (1710), 11
Russian Imperial era (1721—1917),
21-2, 24, 26
Russian Revolution anniversary
(1947), 122
Ryanair flights launched (2004), 193
SAS flights launched (1989), 162
Seaplane Harbour Museum, 2
Song Festival, 24, 142—3
Soviet occupation, First (1940-^41),
75,77,91
Soviet occupation, Second (1944—
91), 104, 106, 111-12, 116,
122-4
Soviet War Memorial, 165
state of emergency (1934), 56—7
Swedish conquest (1561), 7
Swedish embassy, 174
Tall Hermann, 77-8, 98, 100, 106,
158,163
Teataja, establishment of (1901), 26
Victory Monument, 199—200
Viru Square, 1 24
and war films, 1 23
Washburne’s visit (1938), 61
Workers Central Circle established
(1902), 22
Yeltsin monument, 200—201
Tammsaare, Anton Hansen, 24
Tamula Lake, 3
Tapa, 147
Tarand, Indrek, 200
Tartars, 18
Tar to, Enn, 160
Tartu, 3, 18
Bolshevik invasion (1918—19), 37,
134
bookshops, 18
demonstrations (1980), 145
Eesti Postimees, establishment of
(1857), 16
Estonian Literary Society, foundation
of (1872), 23
German occupation (1918), 34
Heritage Society conference (1 988),
158
Jewish community, 50, 51
Kekkonen’s visit (1964), 126, 133
250
INDEX
Livonian War (1558—83), 7
Lutheranism introduced (1524), 6—7
Mötus’ flag incident (1882), 23
Mühlen’s library, 19
Nazi occupation (1941 44), 100,101
Outside the Mainstream exhibition
(1984), 143
Parek arrest (1983), 148
phosphate mine protests (1987), 155
Polish rule (1583—1625), 8, 10
population, 18
port, 3
prisoner executions (1941), 97
railway, opening of (1877), 1 8
Russian Imperial era (1656—61),
(1721-1917), 9, 14, 18, 21,23-4
Russification, 21,24
Ski Marathon, 151
Solzhenitsyn’s visits, 140—41
Song Festival, 17, 24
Soviet invasion (1944), 104, 105,
122
St John’s Church, 124
Swedish conquest (1 625), 10
Tar to’s return (1988), 160
Tartu Treaty demonstration (1988),
157-8
Tonisson’s birthday celebrations
(1938), 53
Vanemuine Theatre, 25
Tartu Treaty (1920), 28, 32, 40^4, 81,
149, 157, 174, 175, 182
Tartu University, ix, 3, 12, 13—14, 18,
58
and Estonian flag, 23
Estonian Learned Society, 14
fire (1667), 9
foundation of (1632), 3, 8—9, 110
French Department, 143
German language, 14, 18, 21,34
Gustav Adolphus statue erected
(1928), 1 10
Jewish community, 18, 51, 125
Kekkonen’s visit (1964), 126, 133
Koop’s rectorship (1970—88), 134
Letter of the Forty (1980), 1 34,
145-7, 160-61
Nazi occupation (1941—44) ,101
and Olympic Games (1980), 144
Pärnu, move to (1699), 9
reopening (1802), 14
Russian language, 18, 21, 24, 146
Russification (1889), 21,24
Soviet occupation, First (1940—41),
85
Soviet occupation, Second (1944—
91), 126, 134
Tallinn, exile to (1656—61), 9
Tar to’s activism, 160
Theology Department, 18, 85, 101
Vironia, 23
women admitted (1915), 26
Young Estonia movement, 24
TASS, 131
Taxify, 192
Taylor, Alan John Percivale, 90
Taylor, Elizabeth, 137
Teataja, 26, 43
technology, 176, 190, 192, 196, 202
Tehran Conference (1943), 91, 115
television, 120, 133, 134, 138, 139,
149, 164, 166, 175
Temple, Henry John, 3rd Viscount
Palmerston, 1 2
teretere ,17
Teutonic Knights, 4, 5, 6, 7, 50
Battle on the Ice (1242), 5, 50
Crusade (1198-1290), 4—5, 50
Livonian War (1558—62), 7
Saaremaa, rule of (1559—1645), 6
Thälmann, Ernst, 121
Thatcher, Margaret, 144, 169, 187
Thirty Years’War (1618-48), 9-10
Tief, Otto, 105—6, 127
Tiger Leap, 196
Times Higher Education, ix
Times, The, 78, 164
vonTippelskirch, Kurt, 63
Tito, Josip Broz, 1 24
toilet incident (1997), 191
251
INDEX
T5nisson, Heldur, 53—4
Tonisson, Jaan, 25—6, 28, 52—4, 55, 56,
58, 59,73,76, 180
Toompea, 1 99
Torma, August, 75, 88, 1 14—15
tourism, 7, 8, 138, 151, 1 74, 176,
185-6, 193—4, 197-8, 205
Transferwise, 1 92
Treaty of Altmark (1629), 10
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 28, 29,
33, 34, 36
Treaty of Moscow (1920), 43, 44
Treaty of Riga (1920), 44
Treaty of Stolbovo (1617), 8
Treaty ofTartu (1920), 28, 32, 40--44,
81, 149, 157, 174, 175, 182
Treaty of Versailles (1919), 41 —2, 44, 5 2
Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 10
Trial, The (Kafka), 143
Trotsky, Leon, 34, 39, 41, 124
Trump, Donald, 202
Tubin, Eduard, 129
Tukums, 105
Tunisia, 199
Twain, Mark, 128
typewriters, 150
Ukraine, 3, 34, 97, 111, 117, 118, 126,
127, 169, 201
Ulmanis, Guntis, 189
Ulmanis, Karlis, 38, 44, 56, 189
Uluots, Jiiri, 77, 99, 103, 105—6
Under, Marie, 128—9
unemployment, 58,61
United Kingdom, 12, 21
Atlantic Charter (1941), 89-90
Brexit 2016-) 194, 202
British Broadcasting Corporation
(BBC), 164, 190, 195
Crimean War (185 3—6), 1 2
Cripps’ Moscow visit (1940), 78
Elizabeth II’s Baltic visit (2006), 195,
196-7
Elizabeth IIs coronation (1953), 88
Estonia de jure recognition (1921), 41
Estonian embassy, 75, 88, 1 14—15
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 34, 35-6, 37, 39, 48,
197
evacuation of Estonia (1939), 72
general election (1945), 116
George V, death of (1936), 48
gold standard abandoned (1931), 54
Iraq Mandate (1920—32), 48
Kingissepp execution demonstration
(1922), 46
Laidoner’s visits, 48—9
Letter of the Forty published (1980),
146
monarchy, 48—9, 88, 195
Moscow embassy, 72, 78, 89, 116
Munich Agreement (1938), 63
NATO troops deployed to Estonia
(2017), 204
Nelson’s blockade ofTallinn (1801),
12
Operation Catherine plan (1939), 65
Operation Desert Storm (1991), 168
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
and Soviet occupation (1940—41),
82,87,88-91
and Soviet re occupation (1944),
1 14—15, 116
Soviet trade agreement (1921), 41
Tallinn embassy, 177, 182
Tehran Conference (1943) ,91, 115
Thatcher elected (1979), 144
and Valga dispute (1919), 43
and Wall Street crash (1929), 54
women’s suffrage (1928), 44
World War I (1914—18), 33
World War II (1 939-4-5), 87-91, 103
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 115,
127
United Nations, 62, 111, 135, 1 57,
174, 175, 196
United States, 15,21
Apollo moon landing (1969), 1 34
Atlantic Charter (1941), 89—90
‘Chicken Kiev’ speech (1991), 169
252
INDEX
Estonia de jure recognition (1922), 41
Estonian independence (1991), 174
Estonian War of Independence
(1918-20), 38
Gorbachev, meetings with, 148—9
Kennedy’s Estonia visit (1939), 62
Khrushchev’s UN address (1960), 62
Korean War (1950-53), 187
Letter of the Forty published (1980),
146
‘LongTelegram’ (1946), 115
and Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact
demonstration (1987), 155
Moscow embassy, 11 5—16
New Deal (1933-6), 61
Obama’s Estonia visit (2014), 202
Olympic Games boycott (1980), 144
Operation Desert Storm (1991), 168
Parek’s letter (1984), 148
Poland, relations with, 90
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
Reagan elected (1980), 144
Riga embassy, 72, 115
slavery, 1 3
Wall Street crash (1929), 54
Washburne’s Estonia visit (1938),
61-2
and Soviet occupation (1940-^tl),
81-2, 87, 89-90, 91
and Soviet reoccupation (1944),
115-16
Tehran Conference (1943), 91, 115
Vietnam War (1955-75), 118, 187
World War I (1917-18), 33-4
WorldWar II (1941-45), 87-91, 103
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 115,
127
Untermenschen, 96, 122
Uppsala University, 9
Urbsys, Juozas, 68
urinary bladders, 147
Vabadussojalaste Liit (VAPS), 54— 5,
56-7, 58, 73, 96-7, 99
Vader, Artur, 83, 137
Vaino, Anton, 139
Vaino, Karl, xi, 138—9, 146, 149, 154,
159
Valdemar II, King of Denmark, 98
Valga, 22,37,43, 50, 134, 141,199,
204
Valj as, Vaino ,159
Vanemuine Theatre, Tartu, 2 5
Varennikov, Valentin, 166
Vares, Johannes, 77, 81, 102, 109
Varska, 183
VEKSA, 1 14
Velikaya river, 3
Velliste,Trivimi, x, 157, 158, 160, 161,
184
Venezuela, 159
Verne, Jules, 128
Versailles Treaty (1919), 41—2, 44, 52
Viajes Majorica, 129
Vichy France (1940—44), x, 97
Victoria, Queen of the United
Kingdom, 1 2
Victory Monument, Tallinn, 199—200
Vietnam War (1955-75), 118, 187
Viik, Linnar, 185
Vikings, 3
Vilde, Eduard, 20, 21
Viljandi, 26, 85, 143
Vilms, Jiiri, 32, 35
Vilnius
Baltic Chain (1989), 164
Polish occupation (1920—39), 44,
68-9
Soviet occupation (1944—91), 131
University of Vilnius, 9
violent clashes (1991), 166, 168, 174
Vironia, 23
Viru Square,Tallinn, 124
Vladimir, 127
Vladivostok, 49, 1 24
vodka, 123, 1 86
Voice of America, 146
Volkstum, 97
Vologda, 136
Vonnu,38
253
INDEX
Vormsi Island, 86, 87, 110
Vörtsjärv Lake, 3
Vöru, 16, 140, 156-7, 158
Voss, Augusts, 126
Waldheim, Kurt, 135
Walesa, Lech, 134
Wall Street crash (1929), 54
Wang Jingwei, x
War of Independence (1918—20) ,35—
44,48,134,156,182,197,199-200
Warhol, Andy, 138
Warsaw, 49, 202
Warthegau, 72
Washburne, Marion Foster, 61—2
‘Wedding at Our Collective Farm’
(Ernesaks), 142
Weisweiller-Wu, Lara, xi
Weizenberg, August, 16, 17
von Weizsäcker, Richard, 106
Welles, Sumner, 81,89
West Germany (1949—90), 146, 164,
175,178
Westphalia, treaty of (1648), 10
White Russians, 27, 31,37, 40, 41-2,
149, 199
Whitlam, Gough, 88
Wi-Fi, 196
Wiiralt, Eduard, 5 1
Wiley, John and Maria, 62, 80-81,93
Willis, David, 1 36
Winter War (1939-40), 69-70, 73, 74,
113
Winterton, Paul, 1 10—12
Wirtschaftswunder, 178
women’s rights, 24, 26, 44
Wood, Andrew, 201
Wood, Edward, 1st Earl of Halifax, 63,
79
Workers Central Circle, 22
World War I (1914-18), 18, 20, 22, 27,
28, 29, 30, 31-5, 36,45
Battle of Jutland (1916), 36
Belgium, German invasion of (1914),
79
Estonia, German invasion of (1918),
31-5
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918), 28,
29, 33, 34, 36
World War II (1939-45), 24, 36, 39,
53, 63-82, 83-107, 109-16
Atlantic Charter (1941), 89—90
Baltic German resettlement (1939—
41), 70-72
Belgium, German invasion of (1940),
76
Denmark, German invasion of
(1940), 76
Estonia, Soviet invasions of (1940,
1944), see under Soviet occupation
Finland, Soviet invasion of (1939—
40), 69-70, 73, 74, 113, 141
France, German invasion of (1940),
74
Latvia, Soviet invasion of (1940), 74
Leningrad, siege of (1941—44), 102,
103
Lithuania, Soviet invasion of (1940),
7 3-4-
Mo scow Armistice (1944), 103, 105
Netherlands, German invasion of
(1940) , 76
Norway, German invasion of (1940),
76
Poland, invasion of (1939), 64, 68—9,
72
Potsdam Conference (1945), 127
Soviet Union, German invasion of
(1941) , 53, 82, 86, 93-101
Stalingrad, battle of (1942—3), 90,
104
Tehran Conference (1943), 91, 115
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 115,
127
World’s Fair, 52
Wurzburg, 17
Xoxe, Ko^i, 124
Yalta Conference (1945), 103, 115, 127
254
INDEX
Yalu River, 204 Yugoslavia, 124, 169
Yeltsin, Boris, 160, 161, 168, 172,
184—6, 188, 200-201 Zatlers, Valdis, 199
Yestonians, 123, 125 Zhdanov, Andrei, 76—7
Yiddish language, 50, 51 Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 186
Young Estonia movement, 24 Zürich, 17
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
255 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Taylor, Neil 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1190838842 |
| author_facet | Taylor, Neil 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Taylor, Neil 1948- |
| author_variant | n t nt |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044935895 |
| classification_rvk | NK 2482 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1047496291 (DE-599)BVBBV044935895 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1918-2017 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1918-2017 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Estland |
| id | DE-604.BV044935895 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T13:05:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849049573 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030328873 |
| oclc_num | 1047496291 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Bo133 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-Bo133 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-12 |
| physical | xiv, 255 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Hurst & Company |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Taylor, Neil 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)1190838842 aut Estonia a modern history Neil Taylor London Hurst & Company 2018 xiv, 255 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen, Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1918-2017 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Geschichte 1918-2017 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Taylor, Neil 1948- Estonia a modern history |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4015587-0 |
| title | Estonia a modern history |
| title_auth | Estonia a modern history |
| title_exact_search | Estonia a modern history |
| title_full | Estonia a modern history Neil Taylor |
| title_fullStr | Estonia a modern history Neil Taylor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Estonia a modern history Neil Taylor |
| title_short | Estonia |
| title_sort | estonia a modern history |
| title_sub | a modern history |
| topic_facet | Estland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030328873&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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