A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Volume 2 Inner Eurasia from the Mongol empire to today, 1260-2000
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The Blackwell history of the world (HOTW) |
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| Beschreibung: | xxxv, 619 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
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Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Maps xi
List of Tables xiii
Series Editor’s Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Preface: The Idea of Inner Eurasia xxi
PART I INNER EURASIA IN THE AGRARIAN ERA: 1260-1850 1
1 Inner Eurasia in the Late Thirteenth Century: The Mongol
Empire at its Height 3
2 1260-1350: Unraveling and the Building of New Polities 23
3 1350-1500: Central and Eastern Inner Eurasia 49
4 1350-1500: Western Inner Eurasia 71
5 1500-1600: Pastoralist and Oasis Societies of Inner Eurasia 97
6 1500-1600: Agrarian Societies West of the Volga 119
7 1600-1750: A Tipping Point: Building a Russian Empire 143
8 1600-1750: A Tipping Point: Central and Eastern Inner Eurasia
between Russia and China 175
9 1750-1850: Evolution and Expansion of the Russian Empire 209
PART II INNER EURASIA IN THE ERA OF FOSSIL FUELS:
1850-2000 231
10 1850-1914: The Heartland: Continued Expansion and the Shock
of Industrialization 233
11 1750-1900: Beyond the Heartlands: Inner Eurasian Empires,
Russian and Chinese 269
12 1914-1921: Unraveling and Rebuilding 309
13 1921-1930: New Paths to Modernity 343
Contents
14 1930-1950: The Stalinist Industrialization Drive and the Test of
War 367
15 1900-1950: Central and Eastern Inner Eurasia 403
16 1950-1991: The Heartland: A Plateau, Decline, and Collapse 437
17 1950-1991: Beyond the Heartlands: Central and Eastern Inner
Eurasia in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century 473
18 1991-2000: Building New States: General Trends and
the Russian Federation 493
19 1991-2000: Building New States: Beyond the Heartlands 531
Epilogue: After 2000: The End of Inner Eurasia? 569
Chronology 573
Index 605
vi
Index
Page numbers referring to items in figures, maps, and tables are indicated by the suffix /, m or t respectively.
Abdullah Khan II (r. 1583-1598), government control, 325, 353, Alexei, Tsar (r. 1645-1676), 148,
107,108 457, 461,480 149, 157, 158, 160, 164
Abul-Khayr, Khan (r. 1429-1467), innovation, 437 Alghu, Khan, 27, 31
61-63, 107 irrigation, 6 Algirdas (Olgerd) Prince of
Afro-Eurasia land seizures, 321 Lithuania (r. 1345-1377), 75
global integration after 1500, 97 limits on growth, 6, 162, 246, 252, Altan Khan (d. 1582), 100-104, 186
human societies in 1250, 3 480, 483 Americas
trade circuits pre-1500, 4m Northerliness and, xxvm agriculture, 144
agrarian regions “organic energy regime”, 233 European diseases, 143
advances after 1500, 119, 203, organization of, 218, 350 fur trade, 289
569 productivity, xxvim, xxvm, 77, global integration after 1500, 97
agrarian crisis in Russia, 247 485, 569 human societies in 1250, 3
agrarian societies in 16 th century, railways as market drivers of pastoralism, 192
119-138 growth, 247 Russian colonization, 289
balance of power with slavery and, 275 smychka, 192
nomadic/pastoral regions, 18, spread of, 144, 186, 569 trade with, 74, 155
77, 114, 145 support for, 8, 58, 108, 110, 186, Amur river, Khabarov expedition to
in Central Asia, 29 187, 188, 242, 300 (1650’s), 180
after Golden Horde, 76-78 Akkerman, Ottoman capture of Anatolia
Islam, 33 (1484), 120 and Basmachi movement, 408
mobilization, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16/, Alaska, 289 Ceshme, battle of (1770), 212
18,77,106 Alexander I, Tsar (r. 1801-1825) Karakorum and, 10
population increase, 5 army, 220 Ottoman rule, 73, 119
Rus’, 80 death (1825), 224 Timur invades (1404), 56, 58
smychka, 15, 17, 54, 76---78 Napoleon and, 214, 222 trade, 112
state formation, 10, 16 King of Poland (1815), 215 Andropov, Yuri, 449, 455
trans-Eurasian contacts, 99, 104 Alexander II, Tsar (r. 1855-1881) Andrusovo, treaty of (1667), 160
agriculture abolition of serfdom (1861), 243 Archangel (port), 98, 133, 151, 155,
advantages over pastoral assassination (1881), 255 178,312, 335,336
nomadism, 77 Crimean War, 226, 241 Ariq-Boke, Khan, 26, 31
and commercial policy, 286, 507, “Great Reforms”, 242-245 aristocracies and elites
508i, 554 Alexander III, Tsar (r. 1881-1894), banking and credit, 418
early development, 77, xxiv 254, 256, 263 building of, 57
economy based on, 39, 73, 76, Alexander Nevskii, Prince of elite discipline see elite discipline
120, 199, 217, 388, 397, 476, Novgorod, Grand Prince of Europeanization, 223
569 Vladimir, 40, 81,82, 395 membership, 105
A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire
to Today, 1260-2000, First Edition. David Christian.
© 2018 David Christian. Published 2018 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd.
605
Index
aristocracies and elites (Continued)
mobilization strategies, 11
monarchy and, 323
political framework for, 263
protection of, 211
urbanization, 34
wealth, 296
armies see military organisation
artisans and builders
mobilization, 7, 9
movements of, 32, 39, 83
settlements, 27, 28, 182, 253, 294
support for, 108, 110
asabiyya “group loyalty” (Arabic), 15
Ashtarkhanid Qanid) dynasty, 108,
199
Assembly of the Land see Zemskii
Sobor
Astrakhan
and Crimean khanate, 111, 112
and Ivan IV, 136
khanate of, 111
khans of, 108
Muscovite conquest of (1556),
126, 193
and Peter the Great, 166, 213
Saray and, 54
trade, 126, 133, 194, 197, 198,
272,285
Australasia
global integration after 1500, 97
human societies in 1250, 3
Ayuka, Kalmyk leader (tayishi), 194
Azerbaijan, as Inner Eurasian polity,
494
Azov (Tana) (seaport), 38
Baikal, Lake, 178
Baraq, Khan, 31
Bashkiria, Russian expansion,
195-197, 196m
Batu, Khan (r. 1241-1255)
conquest of Pontic steppes
(1237-1241), 36
family, 27, 41,62
Golden Horde, 27, 35, 41
invasion of Rus’, 74, 78, 81, 86,
89, 148, 391,423, 430
mobilization system, 35, 39
and Mongke Khan, 18
quriltai, 9, 36, 87
reign, 41
successors, 31, 34, 36, 53, 54, 62
“Ulus of Batu”, 35, 37, 41
Beijing (Daidu)
attacks on, 100
as capital city, 26, 27, 184, 555
secretariat, 18
travels to, 180, 182, 186, 294
Belarus
independence after 1991,
539-543
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
Belgorod defence line (1635-1646),
128, 151, 162, 163w, 164
Berdibeg, Khan (r. 1357-1359), 53
Berke, Khan (r. 1258-1267)
attack on Il-Khanate (1262), 41
death (1267), 41
family, 9, 27
founds Christian bishopric in
Saray (1261), 40
Golden Horde, 41
Muslim faith, 41
reign, 36, 41
Besh-Baligh (city), tribute-taking at,
18
Black Death
bubonic plague pandemics, 52/
climate change and, 49-53
demographic effects, 49, 53
and Little Ice Age, 50/
outbreaks, 53
spread, 52
Black Sea, Ottoman control of, 120
Blue Waters, battle of (1363), 54
Brezhnev, Leonid, 387, 445, 452,
453, 455, 456, 464, 467, 475,
478
Brezhnev doctrine, 464
Brezhnev era, 457, 463, 477, 479,
498, 541,546
Britain
Archangel trade with Muscovy,
133
Black Death (1349), 52
Crimean War (1854-1856),
225-226, 241
India and, 270, 279, 280, 282, 300
Opium Wars (1839-1842),
225-226
bubonic plague see Black Death
Buddhism
Buriatia, 290
Dalai Lamas, 102, 185, 187, 189,
422,559
Mongolia, 102, 183, 184, 185,
187, 296, 418, 421, 424, 426,
559
settlements, 31
Soviet suppression, 377, 433
Yellow Hat (Tibetan), 102, 108,
184, 185, 187
builders see artisans and builders
Bukhara
administration, 276
cultural influence, 200
Islam, 42, 63, 284, 404
Janid (Ashtarkhanid) dynasty,
108,199
Kalmyk threat to, 193
Kazakh rule, 63, 107
Khorezm and, 200, 277
loss of Ferghana valley, 200
Mangit dynasty7, 276
population, 275
reform, 276
Russian expansion, 279
slavery, 278
Soviet rule, 405, 407, 408, 549
trade, 197, 272, 278
travellers’ descriptions of, 107
and Uzbekistan, 551
“Bureau of Pacification”, 32
Buriatia
Buddhism, 290
collective farms, 515
gold, 288
and Mongolian independence,
299
Russian army recruitment, 298
Russian rule, 290, 322
Siberian nationalism, 413
Soviet Autonomous Republic,
348
Stalinist purges, 426
Buyr, Lake, battle of (1388), 28
Buyunduk, Khan (r. 1480-1511),
63, 64, 105
Caffa (seaport), 38, 52
camels
caravans, 182, 197, 203, 251,
293
collective farms, 482
lorries instead of, 485
military use, 187, 394
pastoralism, 12
capitalism and market driver of
growth, 237
caravans
curtailment of, 27
decline, 182
licensing, 186
protection of, 3, 37, 198, 199, 272
replacement by railways, 285, 286
taxation of, 37, 106
trans-Eurasian trade, 3, 9, 126,
182, 197, 198, 203, 272, 278,
288,293, 428
travels by, 5, 427
Carpini, Giovanni, 10, 36, 41
Catherine I, Tsarina (r. 1725-1727),
168
Catherine II, Tsarina (“the Great”)
(r. 1762-1796), 168,210-215,
222, 224, 226, 290, 318, 440
606
Index
Central Asia
after breakup of Mongol empire,
28
definition, xxxii
geography, 29
integration of empires and
cultures, 4
mobilization systems, 13
Mongol Empire, 7
Mongolian civil war, 27
oases, xxiv, 6
pastoralism, 12, 29
regions, xxxii, xxxiiira
smychka, 18, 28, 29, 32
ulus, 23, 26, 27
urbanization, xxxii
Yuan dynasty, 28
Chabar, Khan, 32
Chagatay, Khan, 27, 30, 31,
109
Chagatay Khanate
breakup, 32, 33
elite discipline, 34
extent, 30m
following Qaidu’s rule, 32-34
and Golden Horde, 38, 40, 41
Qaidu’s reign, 31, 32
during Qaidu’s rule, 31-32
Qaidu’s successors, 32-34
smychka, 30
Timur reunites (1370), 34, 57
Timur’s rule (1370-1405), 58
treaty of 1303, 34
ulus of Chagatay, 29-31
Chernenko, Konstantin, 454,
456
China, Empire (to 1911)
decline and collapse 1750-1911,
293-302
global integration, 1750-1850,
209-210
hegemony over Mongolia, 183
influence on Inner Eurasia, xxxiii
Manchu dynasty see Qing dynasty
Milescu’s visit to (1674), 180
military technology, 17
Ming dynasty see Ming dynasty
mobilization, military, 12
Mongol conquest of, 18
and Mongolia see Mongolia
Muscovy and, 180-1 83
Opium Wars (1839-1842),
225-226
Petlin’s visit to (1619), 101,
180
Qing dynasty see Qing dynasty
and Xinjiang see Xinjiang
Yuan dynasty see Yuan dynasty
and Zunghar empire, 186-192
China, People’s Republic
(1949-present)
Islam, 488
Xinjiang, 432
China, Republic (1911-1949)
Mongolia and, 418-420
Xinjiang and, 427-432
Chinggis Khan (r. 1206-1227)
birth, 486
death (1227), 7
elite discipline, 167, 334, 357,
362
family, 4, 9, 14, 18, 25/, 27, 65
great quriltai (1206), 28, 87
Karakorum, building of, 8
Keshig (royal bodyguard), 15, 33,
42,57, 135, 165,361,387
leadership strengths, 23, 24, 56,
57, 62,71
military organization, 184
as mobilizer, 11, 17, 61
and modern Mongolia, 564
and Mongolian nationalism, 486,
559
religion, 31
rise of, 6, 7
Stalin and, 357, 378, 387
successors, 10, 18, 24, 26, 30, 34,
36
Timur compared, 56
Uighur kingdom, 431
Uighur officials, 37
uymaq (entourage, retinue), 57
uymaq “entourage, retinue”, 374
youth, 6
Chinggisid family
decline, 24
fall of Mongol Empire, 23
genealogy, 25/, 26
Mongke Khan’s purge (1251), 18,
30
treaty of 1303, 32
Christianity
Nestorian see Nestorian
Christianity
Orthodox see Orthodox Church
Saray bishopric (1261), 40
chronology, xxxiv
Circassians, 213
climate
climate change to 2000, 6/
climate changeand Black Death,
49-53
dzhut (climatic shock), 7
and Eurasian integration, 5
Little Ice Age, 143
“Medieval Climate Anomaly”, 6
Cold War, globalization and, 439
commerce, mobilization and, xxx
commercial policy, agriculture and,
286, 507, 508r, 554
Communism
abolition of market driver of
growth, 239, 440
China see China, People’s
Republic
Mongolia see Mongolia
réintroduction of market driver of
growth, 453, 456, 496
Russia see Soviet Union
Constantinople
and Orthodox Church, 226
Ottoman conquest (1453), 74
Cossacks
attack on Sibir (1581), 176
first formal contacts with
Muscovy (1557), 127
in Muscovite service, 132
reach Sea of Okhotsk (1641), 178
Crimean khanate
attack on Kiev (1482), 76
formation (1449), 72
Great Horde defeated by (1502),
72, 86
heartland, 42
importance, 110
Kalmyk raids on, 163
Lithuania/Poland attacked by, 76,
111, 121
mobilization strengths, 111
Moscow allied with, 76
Muscovy attacked by, 111, 112,
146
Muscovy conquest of, 212
Muscovy expansion against, 127,
159, 161
Ottoman protectorate over
(1475), 73, 76, 111, 120
slavery, 113
smychka, 112, 113, 123
in Ukraine, 533
Crimean War (1854-1856),
225-226, 241
Daidu see Beijing
Dalai Lama see Buddhism
Damascus, 15, 56, 58, 59
Daniil, Prince of Moscow
(r. 1261-1303), 82
Dayan Khan (r. 1480?-1517?),
99-100
decolonization, globalization and,
439
demography
agrarian regions, 5
and Eurasian integration, 5
global population levels to 1800,
5/
607
Index
demography ( Continued)
Inner Eurasian distinctiveness,
xx vi
population density, xxvi
population growth to late 13th
century, 5
population levels, xxviii/, xxviii
discipline
elite discipline see elite discipline
in mobilizational systems, 15
Dmitri (Donskoi), 75
Dmitrii, Prince (d. 1591), 146
Dmitrii, Prince of Moscow
(r. 1359-1389), 55
drivers of growth
capitalism and, 237
Communism and, 239, 351
fossil fuels revolution and, 237,
570
global markets as, 570
globalization as, 209, 569
heartland regions as, xxxii, xxxiii,
209
Industrial Revolution, 237
market driver see market driver of
growth
military forces as, 219
mobilization and, 237
Du’a Khan, 32, 34
dzhut (climatic shock), 7
ecology
Inner Eurasian distinctiveness,
xxiv
zone of ecological symbiosis,
13m
economic reform, and elite
discipline, 243
Edigu, Khan (r. 1395-1420)
ancestry, 62
death (1420), 36,55, 62
defeats Vitautas at Vorskla river
(1399), 75
reign, 55
succeeds Toqtamish, 55
Timur and, 54
Egypt see Mamluk dynasty
elite discipline
building of, 57
and economic reform, 243
importance of, 125
maintenance of, 18, 92, 136
mobilization and, 13, 83, 323,
358, 445
oprichnina, 136
smychka and, 16
tradition of, 243, 323, 334, 358
unity and, 133, 367
elites see aristocracies and elites
Elizabeth, Tsarina (r. 1741-1762),
168,210,213,222
Emir Timur see Timur
empires, largest, xxix/
Erdeni Baatur Khung-Taiji, Oirat
Emperor (r. 1635-1653), 180,
186-187, 198
Ermak, Ataman, 177
Esen, Khan (r. 1438-1454), 66, 186
Eurasia
integration of empires and
cultures, 3
trans-continental travel, 5
Europe
Black Death (1349), 52
decolonization, 439
as driver of growth, 209
trans-Eurasian contacts, 5, 9, 23
Europeanization of Russian nobility,
167-168
Fedor I, Tsar (r. 1584-1598), 145,
146, 147,317
Fedor II, Tsar (r. 1676-1682), 149
fossil fuels revolution
and drivers of growth, 237, 570
global impact of, 233-239
globalization and, 570
in Inner Eurasia, 239-240
and market driver of growth, 239
mobilization and, xxx
theme of, xxxi
France see Napoleon
Galdan Boshugtu Khan
(r. 1678-1697), 181, 185-189,
191, 198, 201
Genghis Khan see Chinggis Khan
geography
Inner Eurasian distinctiveness,
xxvii
major regions of Inner Eurasia,
xxxii
mobilization and, 13
spelling, xxxiv
terminology, xxxii
Germany see Hitler, Adolf
Giray see Mengli-Giray
glasnost “openness” (Russian)
concept, 456, 462
impact, 463
Mongolia and, 557
post-1991, 534
global markets as drivers of growth,
570
globalization
after breakup of Soviet Union,
493-495
and Cold War, 439
decolonization and, 439
as driver of growth, 569
entry of Russia and China,
1750-1850, 209-210
first global world system,
sixteenth century, 97-98
and fossil fuels revolution, 570
“Great Acceleration” after 1950,
437
and Inner Eurasia as continuing
concept, 569-571
late twentieth century, 437-440
and market driver of growth, 570
seventeenth century, 143, 144
Godunov, Boris, Tsar
(r. 1598-1605), 128, 146, 147
Golden Horde
Black Death (1346), 52, 53
borderlands, 74
breakup, 43, 49, 53-55, 62, 75
capital city, 126
and Crimean khanate, 86, 113
evolution, 41-42
extent, 35 m
formation, 23, 27, 35
“Great Troubles” (1360-1380),
54, 278
heartlands, 105, 193
Ivan Daniilovich and, 82
Kulikovo, battle of (1380), 55,
84
Mongol empire compared, 37, 53
Moscow and, 55, 84
and Orthodox Church, 40
Qubilai and, 27
Rus’ and, 78, 78-81
structure, 35-41
successor states, 71,76, 110, 111,
112,212
Timur and, 58
“Uzbek” people, 62
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 451, 455,
455-458, 464-466, 468, 475,
498, 545 see also glasnost;
perstroika
gosudarstvennost “strong stateism”
(Russian), 324
Great Horde (Kazakh) see Kazakh
Great Horde
Great Horde (Mongol)
destruction by Crimean khanate
(1502), 72, 86, 111
emergence, 71
Muscovy and, 84, 86
successor states, 111
“Great Troubles” (1360-1380), 54,
278
Guyug, Khan (r. 1246-1248), 9, 18,
386
608
Index
Haqq-Nazar, Khan (r. 1538-1580),
105, 106
heartland regions
as drivers of growth, xxxii, xxxiii,
209
“heartland” of Inner Eurasia
defined, xxxiii
Mongolia as heartland, 26
Russia as Inner Eurasian
“heartland”, xxxiii
history, historiography, xxxiv
chronology, xxxiv
first global world system,
sixteenth century, 97-98
human societies in 1250, 3—7
nationalist, xxiv
spelling, xxxiv
synoptic, xxiii
Hitler, Adolf, xxvii, 391-394
Hohehot (Kokhe-Khota) (city), 100,
101
Hulegu, Il-Khan, 18, 23, 27, 41
Ibn Battuta, 5, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41
Ibn Khaldûn, 15
Il-Khanate
administration, 42
and Alghu Khanate expansionism,
31
Berke’s attack on (1262), 41
collapse (from 1335), 42, 53
diplomatic relations with Europe,
5, 23
rulers, 23
supports Qubilai Khan, 27
and Temür Khan, 33
India
British rule, 270, 279, 280, 282,
300
Bukhara and, 200
Ibn Battuta journeys to, 5
Muscovy and, 133
and Peter the Great, 169, 201
Timur attacks (1398), 56, 58
trade, 59, 107, 108, 109, 126,
203, 278, 286
trans-Eurasian contacts, 3
Industrial Revolution and drivers of
growth, 237
Inner Eurasia
agrarian era (1260-1850), 1
central themes, xxi
continuing concept of, 569-571
extent, xxi, xxiii, xxiira
fossil fuel era (1859-2000), 231
geographical concept, xxiii
geographical distinctiveness, xxiv
and globalization see globalization
“heartland”, xxxiii
historiography, xxiii
new states after 1991, 493-495
Outer Eurasian geography
compared, xxiv
population see demography
regional divisions, xxxii, xxxiiim
institutional modernization and
market driver of growth, 237
interioroty, rainfall and, xxvm
irrigation agriculture, 6
Islam
Abu-Bakr first caliph, 62
Central Asian forms, 108, 195,
202
chief regional cities, 60
and Communist China, 488
fundamentalism, 544, 545, 546,
550, 556
identification as Muslims, 104
iqta system of land grants, 87
Jadidist movement, 404, 409, 430
post-Soviet resurgence, 478, 546
and Russian expansionism, 216,
273, 282,283, 284, 301
shamanism and, 108, 202
and Soviet Union, 330, 377, 395,
406,410,412
spread of, 4, 33, 34, 35, 42, 56,
60, 72, 195
Sufism see Sufism
trans-Eurasian travellers, 5
understanding of, 104
and Yang Zengxin, 428
Ivan, Tsarevich, murder of (1581),
146
Ivan Daniilovich, Grand Prince of
Moscow (1327), 82
Ivan III (The Great), Grand Prince
of Moscow (r. 1462-1505),
85-91, 111, 112, 122, 130
Ivan IV (The Terrible) Tsar of
Muscovy (r. 1547-1584)
and Anthony Jenkinson, 108
and Assemblies of the Land, 157
and Baltic, 169
brutality, 136, 137
and Circassians, 213
conquers Astrakhan, 126
conquers Kazan’ khanate (1552),
72, 85, 126
and Cossacks, 127, 162
creates Simeon Bekbulatovich as
Grand Prince of Rus’ (1575),
136
and Crimean khanate, 127
crowned as “Tsar” (1547), 86
death (1584), 146
death of first wife (Anastasia
Romanovna, 1560), 135, 213
and elite discipline, 125
establishes fort at Tersk (1567),
127,213
extension of fortified lines, 128
founds strel’tsy (elite infantry),
132
law code (sudebnik) of 1550, 134
Livonia campaign (1558-1583),
129, 166, 169, 176
local government reforms, 148,
245
minority, 125, 359
murders Tsarevich Ivan (1581),
146
oprichnina see oprichnina
Peter the Great compared, 164,
166
and serfdom, 154
Stalin compared, 361, 362
successors, 145, 146, 147
Ivan V, Tsar (r. 1682-1696), 149
Janibeg, Khan (r. 1342-1357), 42,
52, 53
Janid (Ashtarkhanid) dynasty, 108,
199
Japan
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905),
258, 292, 302, 311,xxx/
Soviet victory in Manchuria
(1939), 423
Jebtsundamba Khutugtu see
Zanabazar
Jenkinson, Anthony, 107
Jochi Khan, 34
Juvaini, Ata-Malek, 7, 9, 10, 17, 30
Kaiping (Shangdu, Xanadu), 26
Kalmyk
Bukhara and, 193
migration to Nogai steppe (1630),
193
Russian expansion, 193-195
treaty with Muscovy (1655), 193
treaty with Muscovy (1669), 194
Kama River region, 176
Karabalghasun (city), 8
Karakorum
Buddhism, 103
building of (1235), 8, 9, 41, 102
as capital city (1235-1266), xxxiii,
7, 8/, 26, 37, 40, 43
Carpini’s journey to (1246), 10,
36,41
cosmopolitanism, 9
decline, 27
destruction, 28
elections of Khans, 9, 26
famine, 27
609
Index
Karakorum (Continued)
lamasery of Erdeni Zuu, 103, 185,
294, 296
Marco Polo’s journey to (early
1270s), 9
Oirat rule, 65
population, 9
Qubilai Khan’s aid to, 28
quriltai of 1246, 9
quriltai of 1260, 26
reconstruction of, 8/
spelling, xxxiv
tax revenues, 39
travellers’ descriptions, 9
wealth, 9
Yuan dynasty rule, 28
Kasim Khan (r. c. 1509-1523),
63-64,85,105
Kazakh confederation, 105
Kazakh dynasty
code of laws (Zhety Zhargy) 198
conquest of Sibir (1563), 176
expansion, 64, 107, 108
foundation (1467), 63, xxiv
Kazakh Great Horde
foundation (1523), 105
Kenisary revolt (1837-46), 273
Oirat attacks on, 189, 198
Russian conquest of, 273
and Russian expansion, 271
Kazakh hordes, 105
Kazakh steppes
confederations, 61, 105
extent, 29
hordes, 105
khans, 105
mobilization, 61-64, 104-106
region, xxxii
Russian expansion, 196m,
197-199,270-275
smychka, 105
Kazakhstan
economic development after
1950, 474-479
independence after 1991, 531,
543-554
Russian rule, 403-405
Semirechie region, 29, xxxii
Soviet rule, 405^112, 474-479
Virgin Lands Program, 474
Kebeg, Khan (r. 1309, 1318-1326),
33, 82
Kenisary revolt (1837-46), 273
Keshig (Mongolian royal guard), 15,
33, 42,57,135, 165,361,387
Khabarov expedition to Amur river
(1650’s), 180
Khiva
agriculture, 201
army, 276
capital city, 107, 200
defeats Peter the Great (1717),
169
defeats Russian force (1839), 277
Kalmyk raids on, 193
Kazakh attack on, 198
population, 275
regional dynasty, 199
Russian legal reform, 282
Russian protectorate (1873), 281
Russian settlers, 407
Russian trade mission (1858), 279
slavery, 201, 278
and Soviet Union, 407, 408
trade, 193, 200, 272
Turkic language, 201
and Turkmen nomads, 201
Khmelnitskii, Bogdan, 151, 152,
159,185
Khorezm
Abul-Khayr’s raid on (1431), 62
armies, 42
Black Death (1345), 52
Bukhara and, 200, 277
capital city, 107, 200
caravans, 37
destruction (1388), 37
economic power, 37
“Great Troubles”, 54
independence, 54, 107
Karakorum and, 37
and Khiva see Khiva
Khorezmian People’s Soviet
Republic, 407
Qongrat dynasty, 277
Russian protectorate (1873), 107
Saray and, 54, 55
Soviet Union, 407
uluses, 34, 36
Yadigarid dynasty, 107, 200
Khotan (city), Yuan forces leave
(1289), 32
Khwaja Ahrar, 107
khwajas (Sufi teachers), 109, 110,
201
Kiev
and Chernobyl disaster (1986),
462
distances from, 37
and Khmelnitskii revolt (1648),
160
Lithuanian capture (1362), 75
Lithuanian control, 84
Lithuanian threat, 82
Muscovy and, 161
spelling, xxxiv
Stolypin assassination (1911), 263
trade, 75
Ukrainian election protests
(2004), 538
Ukrainian independence (1991),
535
and Ukrainian nationalism, 322,
534
Kievan Rus’
Batu’s invasion (1237), 78
borderland culture, 127
Crimean attack on (1482), 76
economic weakness, 79
forts and fortification lines, 89,
128
fur trade, 79
and Golden Horde, 78
Lithuania and, 54, 75
military weakness, 80
mobilization, 34, 78
monarchical weakness, 79
political divisions, 78
and Pontic steppes, 212
population growth, 7
smychka, 78
and Ukrainian nationalism, 258
urban centres, 34
and Volga Bulgharia, 72
western borderlands, 6
Kokhe-Khota (Hohehot) (city), 100,
101
“Komsomol” economy, 518
Kreva, Union of Lithuania and
Poland, (1385), 74, 75
Khrushchev, Nikita, 249, 383, 386,
387, 441-445, 448, 453-456,
462, 474-T75
Kublai Khan see Qubilai Khan
Kuchum Khan, 176-177
Kulikovo, battle of (1380), 55, 84
Kurbskii, Andrei, Prince, 134, 135
Kyrgyzstan
independence after 1991,
543-554
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
land seizures, 321
largest world empires, xxix/
Lenin, Vladimir, xxi, 253, 256, 257,
291,310,319,322, 323,
326-328, 331-334, 344-350
LigdanKhan (r. 1604-1634), 184
Ling-pei (Chinese province of
Mongolia), 28
Lithuania (to 1385)
For Union with Poland see
Lithuania/Poland (1385-1795)
Blue Waters, battle of (1363), 54
capture of Kiev (1362), 75
foundation (1240—1263), 74
and Golden Horde, 5 5
610
Index
as Inner Eurasian polity, 74
and Moscow Principality, 83
rise of, 53, 54, 74, 82
and Tver’ Principality, 76, 82
Lithuania/Poland (1385-1795)
Andrei Kurbskii flees to, 135
Andrusovo treaty with Muscovy
(1667), 160
aristocracy (szlachta), 121
Belarus and, 539
conflicting political and economic
directions, 122
and Crimean khanate, 72, 111,
112, 127
cultural diversity, 113
decline, 144
economy, 120
emergence and expansion, 74-76
expansion in West, 159
extent, 120
extinction, 211
former territories in modern
Ukraine, 533
as Inner Eurasian polity, 74, 119,
120-122, 494
and Kazan’ khanate, 72
military success, 122
mobilization potential, 121
mobilization system, 120
monarchical power, 122
Moscow (Principality) and, xxxiii,
75,84
Muscovy and, 86, 87, 90, 91, 125,
127, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137,
144, 148, 149, 151, 152
Muscovy truce (1618), 149
Muscovy war (1654-1667), 160
Orthodox Church, 75, 120, 121
and Ottoman empire, 76, 120
as Outer Eurasian polity, 119,
494
partitions of, 169, 211
population, 120
rise of, 71, 119
and Russian Empire, 168, 179
slave raids from Pontic steppes,
73, 113, 120
territorial losses, 122
Union of Kreva (1385), 74, 75
Union of Lublin (1569), 121, 132
Vitautas, Grand Duke see Vitautas
Lithuania (1795 to present)
census of 1897, 322
independence (1918), 337
and Ukrainian nationalism, 258
World War 1,312, 322
Little Ice Age, 143
Liu Ming (Chinese architect of
Karkorum), 8
Livonia
Muscovite campaign in
(1558-1583), 129, 166, 169,
176
war between Muscovy and
Sweden (1590), 146
Lublin, Union of Lithuania and
Poland (1569), 121, 132
mahallas (urban neighborhoods),
202, 280, 282, 478
Mahmud Yalavach, 10, 30, 574
maliks (local kings), 32
Mamaq, Emir
capital city (Saray), 54
death (1381), 54, 55
defeat by Moscow at Kulikovo
(1380), 55, 84
defeat by Toqtamish (1381), 55
reign, 54
Mamluk dynasty (Egypt)
defeats Mongol army at ’Ain Jalut
(1260), 574
embassy to Berke Khan
(1263-1264), 36
slave trade with, 38
Sultan Baybars alliance with
Berke Khan, 41
Manchu dynasty see Qing dynasty
Manchuria
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905),
258, 292, 302, 311,xxx/
Soviet defeat of Japan (1939), 423
Mangit dynasty, 276
Mao Zedong, 395, 432, 454, 488
market driver of growth
capitalism and, 237
Communist abolition of, 239, 440
Communist réintroduction of,
453, 456, 496
drivers of growth, 440
fossil fuels revolution and, 239
globalization and, 570
and “Great Reforms” of
Alexander II, 242
institutional modernization and,
237
mobilization and, 237, 251
and monopoly over resources, 251
neoliberalsim and, 495
railways and, 247
Russian industrialization and,
245,253
Marx, Karl, xxx, 77, 237, 337, 352,
547,570
Marxism, 342, 451, 510
Mas’ud Beg, 30
“Medieval Climate Anomaly”, 6
Mendovg (Mindaugas), 74
Mengu-Temur, Khan
(r. 1267-1280), 31,38,41
Mesopotamia, Mongol conquest, 18
mestnichestvo “family precedence”
(Russian), 87, 130, 157, 478
Metropolitan Peter, 83
migrations, agriculture and, 5, 6,
xxiv
Mikhail Yaroslavich, Grand Prince
of Tver’ (1304), 82
Milescu, Nikolay Gavrilovich, 180
military organization
alliances, 13
elite discipline, 14
mobilization, 7, 12
smychka and, 15
Mindaugas (Mendovg), 74
Ming dynasty
conquest of Mongolia, 28
trade agreement with Altan Khan
(1571), 100
trade with Oirat, 65
mobilization
agrarian regions, 12, 16/, 18
central theme of, xxxi
commerce and, xxx
concept of, xxvii
and drivers of growth, 237
and elite discipline, 13
and fossil fuels revolution, xxx
geography of, 13
global speedup in seventeenth
century, 144
and market driver of growth, 251
military campaigns, 7, 12
“mobilization pump”, xxx/
progress of, xxxi
reason for success, puzzle as to, 10
smychka and, 15—18
in steppes, 12-15
systems of, 10—11
as “tribute-taking”, 14, xxix
“Moghulistan”, definition, xxxii
Mongke, Khan (r. 1251-1259)
and Batu Khan, 18
death (1259), 23, 26
empire of, 7, 18
great seal (tamga), 26, 27
lack of successor, 24
purge of Chinggisid family
(1251), 18, 30
and Qaidu Khan, 31
Mongol empire
breakup, 494
capital city see Karakorum
Chinese military technology,
adoption of, 17
Chinggisid family see Chinggisid
family
611
Index
Mongol empire (Continued)
economic organisation, 14
elections of Khans, 9
elite discipline, 14
and Eurasian integration, 4
fall of, xxii, xxiii, xxxiii, 18, 23-26,
43, 147, 440,454, 493
foundation, 7
Golden Horde compared, 37, 53
greatest extent, xxxiii, 3, 7-10,
25m, 269, 395
kinship, 14
leadership, 14
military campaigns, 5, 7, 18
military technology transfer, 88,
239
mobilization, artisans and
builders, 7
mobilization, economic, 4
mobilization, final years of empire,
18
mobilization, military, 7,17
mobilization, systems, 10
Mongolia as heartland of, 26
purges, 18
rapid rise, xxii, 6, 7, 178
reason for success, puzzle as to, 10
secretariats, 18
smychka, 23
Soviet Union compared, 473
trade networks, 4
and Yuan China, 26-28
Mongolia
after breakup of empire, 26
Buddhism, 102, 183, 184, 185,
187, 296, 418, 421, 424, 426,
559
as Chinese province of Ling-pei, 28
Chinese rule 1750-1900,
293-299
Chinggis Khan as national
symbol, 486, 559
civil war, 27
climate, 6
Communist rule, beginnings to
1930,418-423
decline under Yuan dynasty, 28
defeat by Ming dynasty, 28
definition, xxxiii
economic development after
1950, 480-486
empire see Mongol empire
geography, 26
glasnost and, 557
as “heartland”, 26
Islam, 33
Khalkha see Khalkha
migrations, 28
nationalism, 486, 559
Oirat see Oirat; Zunghar Empire
perestroika and, 557, 558
Qing dynasty claim to, 293
reform and independence after
1985,557-564
rent-seeking, 498
Russian and Soviet influence,
417-426
sixteenth-century, 99-104
Stalinism 1930-1950, 423-426
Virgin Lands Program, 483
after Yuan dynasty, 65-66
Mongolian steppes, xxxii
monopoly over resources, 251
Moscow, Principality of (to 1500)
For post-1500 period see Muscovy
Black Death (1353), 53
civil war of succession
(1433-1453), 84
and Crimean khanate, 76
economic growth during fifteenth
century, 89-92
elite discipline, 147
expansion during fifteenth
century, 84-92
grants of land, 87
Kulikovo, battle of (1380), 55, 84
Lithuania and, 75, 84, xxxiii
mestnichestvo (family precedence),
87,130
mobilization strengths, 87-89
Orthodox Church, 83, 85
reference to, xxxiii
rise, 1240-1400,81-84
Toqtamish sacks (1382), 84, 88
Tver’ and, 82, 86
Muhammad Shibani Khan
(r. 1496-1510, 63-64, 107, 108
Muscovy (1500 to 1700)
For pre-1500 period see Moscow,
Principality of
Andrusovo treaty with Lithuania/
Poland (1667), 160
Archangel trade with Europe, 98,
133
Assembly of the Land (Zemskii
Sobor), 135, 147, 157
attack on Smolensk (1632), 151
ban on peasants leaving landlords
for 1 year (1581), 137, 153
and Bashkiria, 195-197, 196m
Belgorod defence line, 162, 163m
China and, 180-183
and Circassians, 213
Code of Laws (1497), 91
coinage riots of 1656, 1662, 157
conquers Astrakhan, 126, 193
conquers Kazan’ khanate (1552),
72, 85, 126
and Cossacks, 127
and Crimean khanate, 111, 112,
127, 146, 159, 161,212
decree allowing forcible return of
all peasants who had moved in
last 5 years (1597), 146
and elite discipline, 125
elite discipline, 133-136, 156-159
expansion during sixteenth
century, 124-130, 124m
expansion eastwards in
seventeenth century, 175-183
expansion westward in
seventeenth century, 159-161,
160m
extension of fortified lines, 128
famine (1601-1602), 146
fort atTersk (1567), 127, 213
fort at Tobolsk (1601), 177
fort at Tomsk (1604), 177
fort at Turukhansk (1607), 178
forts and fortification lines, 128,
162-163
forts at Belgorod (1635-1646),
128, 151, 162, 163m, 164
and Great Horde, 84, 86
India and, 133
as Inner Eurasian “heartland”,
xxxiii
and Kalmyk, 193-195
and Kazakh steppes, 196m,
197-199
Khabarov expedition to Amur
river (1650’s), 180
and Khmelnitskii revolt, 160
Lake Baikal reached (1631),
178
law code (sudebnik) of 1550, 134
Lithuania/Poland war
(1654-1667), 160
Livonia campaign (1558-1583),
129, 166, 169, 176
Livonia War with Sweden (1590),
146
local government reforms, 148,
245
mestnichestvo (family precedence),
157,478
Milescu’s visit to China (1674),
180
mobilization, 123-124
mobilization, economic, 132-133,
152-156
mobilization, military, 130-132,
150-152
mobilization, system collapse,
137-138, 145-147
mobilization, system recovery',
147-149
612
Index
mobilization, system renewal,
149-159
“National” army (1611-1612),
147
“New Formation” military units,
151, 152
oprichnina see oprichnina
Orthodox Church, 134, 147, 157,
158, 159
Ottoman empire, war with
(1676-1681), 161
Petlin’s visit to China (1619), 101,
180
population growth, 123/, 152
reference to, xxxiii
riots of 1648, 157
Riurikid dynasty ends (1598),
108, 145
serfdom, 153
Siberia conquest, 90, 175-183,
177m
in sixteenth century, 123-138
smychka, 123
southern expansion, 161-164
southern frontier by 1700, 129m
Stenka Razin revolt (1671), 162,
164
streVtsy (elite infantry), 132
streVtsy revolt (1698), 165
Time of Troubles (1598-1603),
145-147
Transoxiana and, 196m
truce with Lithuania/Poland
(1618), 149
truce with Sweden (1617), 149
Tula armaments factory (1632),
151
Tula arsenal founded (1632), 151
Tver’ and, 55
Ugra river, battle of (1480), 86
Ugrians and Voguls, conquest of
(1499), 90
Urals iron production begins
(1630), 151
and Urals region, 195-197
westward expansion, 159-161,
160m
Yakutsk founded (1632), 178
Zemskii Sobor (Assembly of the
Land), 135, 147, 157
and Zunghar Empire, 180,
181
Nakshab (Qarshi) (city), 33
Napoleon (Bonaparte), xxvii,
214-215, 223
Naqshbandiyya Sufi order, 60, 103,
108, 216
Narva, battle of (1700), 165, 241
“National” army (Muscovy,
1611-1612), 147
nationalist historiographies, xxiv
neoliberalsim, 454, 495, 517
Nestorian Christianity
missionary activities, 5
Qaidu Khanate, 31
New Saray see Saray
new states after 1991
choice between neoliberal and
Chinese models of reform,
495-496
economic challenges for, 501-510
elite continuity, 496-499
globalization and, 493-495
political challenges for, 500-501,
531
Nicholas I, Tsar (r. 1825-1855),
220, 221, 224, 225, 226, 241,
263, 270, 291
Nicholas II, Tsar (r. 1894-1917),
254, 255, 259, 312, 314, 317
Nikon, Patriarch, 55, 157, 158
Nogai steppe, Kalmyk migration to
(1630), 193
nomadism
advantages of agriculture over, 77
balance of power with agrarian
regions, 18, 77, 114, 145
inherent instability, 7
mobilization, 10
nomenklatura (Soviet leadership
cadre)
and Belarusian nationalism, 540
collectivization and, 380
co-option through, 463
dissent within, 449
elite continuity post-1991, 496,
497, 498, 517, 519, 531, 535,
541, 545, 546
and elite discipline, 15, 223, 361,
367,411
oligarchs and, 517
and Peter the Great’s Table of
Ranks, 360, 367
power and privilege, 440, 445, 448
purpose, 360
regional indigenous elites, 477
and regional policy, 473
Northerliness and agricultural
productivity, xxvm
Novgorod
Alexander Nevskii becomes
prince, 81
Black Death (1352), 53
escape from Mongol invasion, 39
fur trade, 80
Ivan IVs sack and massacre
(1570), 136
Lithuania and, 76
mobilizational weakness, 81
Mongol dominance, 81
Muscovite attack (1471), 87
Muscovite conquest (1478), 86,
88, 90
oprichnina devastation of, 132,
136
population, 81
population decline, 137
trade decline, 55
trade networks, 39, 53, 82, 83
oases
mobilization, 107
oases societies in 16th century,
97-114
population growth, 6
smychka, 106
Ogodei, Khan (r. 1227-1241)
builds Karakorum (1235), 8, 9,
102
death (1241), 36
family, 18, 30, 31
religion, 31, 102
succeeds Chinggis Khan (1227),
23
successors, 31
ulus, 31
Oirat
Altan Khan’s suzerainty (late
1550’s), 100
Buddhism, 187
collapse, 65, 66
decline, 99, 105
defeat by China in Zunghar wars,
145, 183
defeat by Dayan Khan (1510),
100
defeat of Abul-Khayr (1457), 63
defeat of Khalkha (1688), 181,
185
emergence, 61, 65-66
hegemony over Mongolia, 65
invasion of China (1449), 66
invasion of eastern Mongolia
(1452/3), 66
as Kalmyk, 126
mobilization, 61
Muscovy and, 180
quriltai at Tarbagatai (1640), 184
trade, 65
Zunghar Empire see Zunghar
Empire
Okhotsk, Cossacks arrive at (1641),
178
Olgerd (Algirdas) Prince of
Lithuania (r. 1345-1377), 75
Oljeitu Il-Khan, 23, 33
613
Index
oprichnina
abolition (1572), 136
Boris Godunov and, 146
destructiveness, 132, 137
elite discipline, 136
institution, 135
oprichniki, 135, 137
sack ofNovogorod (1570), 132,
136
Stalin and, 361
Stalin’s purge of 1936-1939
compared, 384
Ordu-Baliq (city), 8
“organic energy regime”, agriculture
and,233
Orthodox Church
Constantinople and, 226
foundation of Patriarchate (1589),
146
and Golden Horde, 40
Judaism and, 211
Lithuania/Poland, 75, 120, 121
Metropolitan Peter moves to
Moscow (1320’s), 83
Moscow Principality, 83, 85
Muscovy, 134, 147, 157, 158, 159
post-Soviet resurgence, 510, 540
reforms of 1648-1649, 1652, 158
Rus’, 78
and Russian expansionism, 226,
270
and Russian nationalism, 224, 225
and Soviet Union, 395
Tobolsk Diocise, 179
Otrepev, Grigorii, Tsar (“false
Dmitrii”) (r. 1605-1606), 146
Ottoman empire
Anatolia, 73, 119
capture of Akkerman (1484), 120
capture of Constantinople (1453),
74
conquest of Crimean khanate, 74
control of Black Sea, 120
Crimean khanate, 73, 76, 111
defeat by Timur (1402), 74
emergence and expansion, 73-74
as Inner Eurasian polity, 119-120
and Lithuania/Poland, 76, 120
Muscovy, war with (1676-1681),
161
Pontic steppes, 120
Syria, 119
Outer Eurasia
empires in sixteenth century, 119
extent, xxi, xxiira
Inner Eurasian geography
compared, xxiv
integration of empires and
cultures, 3
mobilization strategies, 10
population see demography
Ozbeg, Khan (r. 1313-1341)
and Black Death (1346), 52
Gediminas and, 7 5
and Ivan Daniilovich, 82
and Mikhail Yaroslavich, 82
Muslim faith, 35, 42
orda (ceremonial tent), 35, 40, 41
qarachi beys (council of emirs), 42
sister, 82
“Uzbek” people of, 62
and Yurii Daniilovich, 82
Pacific region
global integration after 1500, 97
human societies in 1250, 3
pastoralism
advantages of agriculture over, 77
Americas, 192
balance of power with agrarian
regions, 18, 77, 114, 145
after Golden Horde, 71-73
inherent instability, 7
livestock, 12
mobilization, 10, 12
pastoralist societies in 16th
century, 97-114
smychka, 15
peasants
migrations, xxiv, 5, 6
mobilization, xxix, xxx/, 10
serfdom, 153
“yoking together” {smychka) with
proletariat, 15
Pereiaslav, Treaty of (1654), 160
perestroika “restructuring” (Russian)
collectivization and, 461
commencement of, 454—463
concept of, 456, 462
era of, 454-^168, 479, 500, 501,
510
failure of, 463-468
and “Komsomol” economy,
518
Mongolia and, 557, 558
nomenklatura and, 498
post-1991, 534, 540, 541, 545,
546, 548, 550
privatization and, 514
Persia
agrarian population, 24
Caucasus and, 213, 215, 251
cultural influence, 60, 64, 549
and Golden Horde, 38
Inner Eurasian campaigns, xxvii,
3, 73
Khivan raids on, 277, 278
Mongol conquest, 18, 25, 27, 41
Mongol rule see Il-Khanate
as Outer Eurasian polity, xxii, 3,
73
Rabban Sauma’s journey to, 5
and Russian Empire, 212,215,
251
and Soviet Union, 407
Timur invades (1386, 1392), 58
trade, 37, 73, 107, 126, 133
trans-Eurasian contacts, 3
Transoxiana and, 108, 200
Peter I (“the Great”), Tsar
(r. 1696-1725)
defeat by Khiva (1717), 169
economic reforms, 166-167
Europeanization of nobility,
167-168
expansionist campaigns, 169
founds St. Petersburg, 165
government reforms, 167-168
India and, 169, 201
military reforms, 164-165
overthrows regency of Sophia,
149
Table of Ranks (1722), 167, 360,
367
Petlin, Ivan, 101, 180
plague see Black Death
Poland, see Lithuania/Poland
Politburo (Soviet Union), 359, 378,
383, 387, 442, 453, 456, 496,
558
Polo, Marco, 5, 9, 12, 26, 28, 251
Poltava, battle of (1709), 165, 169,
189
Pontic steppes
Barn’s conquest of (1237-1241),
36
borderland culture, 127
Crimean khanate see Crimean
khanate
and Eurasian integration, 99
grain production, 221, 247, 249
industry, 249, 250
Kalmyk raids on, 193
khanates, 110
and Kievan Rus’, 78
Kucuk Kainarca, treaty of (1774),
212
migrations, 101,218
mobilization, 35
Muscovite expansion into, 125,
153, 159, 161, 177
nomadism, 143
and Ottoman empire, 74, 120
pastoralism, 119, 175
region of, xxxii, xxxiiiw, 13
Russian Empire, 169, 210,211,
212,215,217,221,270,271
614
Index
slave raids on Lithuania/Poland,
120
smychka, 73
Soviet Union, 410
trade, 79
trade decline, 53
Ukraine, 533
ulus of Nogai, 42
uluses, 26
population see demography
Post-Soviet Inner Eurasian
Republics (PSIERs) see new
states after 1991
proletariat, “yoking together”
{smychka) with peasants, 15
Putin, Vladimir, 522, 525-526, 537
Qaidu, Khan (r. 1271-1301), 31-32
qarachi beys (council of emirs), 42
Qarshi (Nakshab) (city), 33
Qasim Khan see Kasim Khan
Qayaliq (city), 31
Qing dynasty
attack on Khabarov expedition
(1652), 180
claim to Mongolia, 293
end (1911), 184, 298, 301
foundation (1616), 184
last military success, 301
rise, 183
rule in Mongolia, 293-299
rule in Xinjiang, 299-301
steppe origins, 183
Qo Orlog, Kalmyk leader (;tayishi),
193
Qubilai, Khan (r. 1260-1294)
aid to Karakorum, 28
becomes Khagan, 26
conflict with Ariq-Boke, 26
defeats Ariq-Boke (1264), 27
founds Yuan dynasty, 27
maintains Mongol status, 28
mobilization strengths, 27
and Qaidu, 32
Southern China campaign, 18,
26
successors, 33
quriltai (Mongol council)
of 1206 (great quriltai), 28, 87
of 1246,9
of 1259, 26
of 1260,26
of 1364, 57
of 1370,57
of 1640,184, 187
allocation of land by, 36
decline, 42
failure to summon, 33
Khural and, 421
Rabban Bar Sauma, 5
railways and market driver of
growth, 247
rainfall and interioroty, xxvm
Razin, Stenka, 162, 164
rent-seeking
definition, 460, 498
Mongolia, 498
Soviet Union, 460
as tribute-taking, 460, 498
Turkmenistan, 552
Uzbekistan, 552
Xinjiang, 428
Riurikid dynasty see Muscovy
Romanov, Filaret, Metropolitan,
147, 149, 151, 157
Romanov, Mikhail, Tsar
(r. 1613-1645), 147, 149, 156
Romanov dynasty (1613-1917)
beginning, 147
and Ivan IV, 147
Romanova, Anastasia, 135, 147, 213
Romanova, Sophia, 149
ruling class see aristocracies and
elites
Rus’
Black Death (1352), 53
and Golden Horde, 78-81
Mongol invasion, 74, 78, 81, 86,
89, 148, 391,423,430
Orthodox Church, 78
Russia
expansion shown as logistic curve,
125/
polities see Moscow, Principality
of (to 1500); Muscovy (1500 to
1700); Rus’; Russian Empire
(1700-1917); Russian
Federation (1991-present);
Soviet Union (1917-1991)
Russian Empire (1700-1917)
For pre-1500 period see Moscow,
Principality of
For pre-1700 period see Muscovy
abolition of serfdom (1861), 243
Alaska colony, 289
collapse, reasons for, 309-310
Crimean War (1854-1856),
225-226, 241
defeat by Sweden at Narva
(1700), 165, 241
defeat of Sweden at Poltava
(1709), 165, 169, 189
economic and social change after
1850, 245-253
economic growth 1750—1850,
217-218
economic reforms of Peter the
Great, 166-167
elite discipline, 222-225
elite fragmentation after 1850,
254-256
eve of World War I, 263-264
evolution and expansion,
209-226
expansion during early eighteenth
century, 168-169
expansion during late eighteenth
century, 210-214
expansion in early nineteenth
century, 214-217
expansion in late nineteenth
century, 269-270, 302
expansion under Peter the Great,
169
fiscal development 1750-1850,
219-220
fossil fuels revolution, 240-241
global integration, 1750-1850,
209-210
gosudarstvetinost (strong stateism),
324
Great Power status, 164-170
“Great Reforms” of Alexander II,
242-245
greatest extent, 7
ideological approach to
expansion, 270
as Inner Eurasian “heartland”,
xxxiii
Islam, 216, 273, 282, 283, 284,
301
and Kazakh Great Horde, 271,
273
Kazakh steppes, expansion into,
196m, 197-199,270-275
Kazakhstan, 403-405
and market driver of growth, 242,
245, 253
military reforms of Peter the
Great, 164-165
mobilization, early eighteenth
century, 164
mobilization, fiscal, 219-220
mobilization, military, 219-221
mobilization, reasons for final
collapse, 309-310
mobilization, strategies, 11
mobilization, strengths, 217
mobilization, weaknesses, 241,
256, 293, 302
nobility, Europeanization of,
167-168
Orthodox Church, 224, 225, 226,
270
Persia and, 212, 215, 251
political and social crisis
1900-1906, 256-261
615
Index
Russian Empire (1700-1917)
(Continued)
political changes after 1850,
254-256
reason for success, puzzle as to, 10
reference to, xxxiii
reform dilemmas after Crimean
War, 241-242
reforms of Alexander II (“Great
Reforms”), 242-245
reforms of Peter the Great,
167-168
reforms ofStolypin 1906-1911,
261-263
Revolution of February 1917,
317-326
Revolution of October 1917,
326-329
rise of, xxii, xxxiii, 164-170
Siberia, expansion into, 287-293
St. Petersburg becomes new
capital (1711), 189
Table of Ranks (1722), 167, 360,
367
Transoxiana, 108, 196m, 269,
272, 273,275-287, 403-405
World War 1,310-317
Russian Federation (1991-present)
consolidation and stabilization
1995-2000, 521-525
as Inner Eurasian heartland, 494,
510-512
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
legitimization, 510
resurgence of centralism under
Putin, 525-527
strength, 494, 510
transition to market economy
1991-1995,512-521
Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)
“mobilization pump”, xxx/
Russian defeat, 258, 269, 292,
302,311
Saray
Batu’s winter camp, 36
Black Death (1346), 52
capital city, 9, 39
Carpini’s journey to (1246), 41
Christian bishopric (1261), 40
decline, 54, 58, 72, 90
emirs of, 42, 54
fur trade, 40, 83
Golden Horde revived, 55
and "Great Troubles”
(1360-1380), 54
Islam, 42
mobilization center, 36, 40
Muscovy and, 86, 126
New Saray, 42, 53, 394
population, 41
and Rus’ principalities, 82
tax revenues, 40
Timur’s sackings (1390, 1395),
55,58, 62
trade, 38, 53
tribute-taking, 75, 81
uluSi 36
urbanization, 41
Semirechie region
definition, 109, xxxii
Giray and Janibek lead migration
to (1458), 63
grain exports, 286
Great Horde, 105, 198
Islam, 61
Jadidist movement, 404
Kazakh control, 63
Kyrgyz migration to, 109, 276
Kyrgyz-Russian conflict (1916),
405
Oirat control, 198
pastoralism, 29, 201
railways, 356
Russian Civil War, 405, 406
Russian settlement in, 262, 274,
297
Silk Roads, 62, 198
smychka, 29
trade, 198
serfdom (Russia)
abolition (1861), 243
decree of 1649, 153
shamanism, Islam and, 108, 202
Shangdu see Kaiping
Shibanid dynasty (1429-1598), 62,
64, 107, 199, 200
Shuiskii, Vasilii, Tsar
(r. 1606-1610), 147
Siberia
economic development after
1950,479-480
Muscovite conquest, 175-183
Russian migration, 287
Russian rule 1750-1850, 287-291
Russian rule 1850-1914, 291-293
Soviet rule, 412^117, 479-480
trakt (Russian road, 1763), 288,
292,417
Trans-Siberian railroad, 292
Virgin Lands Program, 480
Sibir, Khanate of, 176
Silk Roads
decline in trade levels, 32, 53,
108, 203
and Eurasian integration, 3
gateways to, 100, 186
Oirat control, 186, 198
Pegolotti’s guide (1340), 5
routes, xxxii, 37, 62, 186, 198
taxation, 62, 65
Simeon, Prince of Moscow, 53,
84
Simeon Bekbulatovich, Grand
Prince of Rus’ (1575), 136
slavery, 113, 201, 275, 278, 290
Smolensk, Muscovite attack on
(1632), 151
smychka "yoking together” (Russian)
agrarian regions, 15, 17, 54,
76-78
Americas, 192
balance of power within, 18
breakdown during 15th century,
61
cultural adaptation within, 17
and elite discipline, 16
forms of agrarian smychka, 78/
mobilization and, 15-18
Mongol empire, 23
process of, 16/
regional versions of, 18, 26, 28,
31,32
stability or instability of, 29
strengths and weaknesses of, 23
tensions within, 16
Soviet Union (1917-1991)
balance of modernity and
tradition, 343-344
building of socialism, 350-356
Civil War 1918-1921, 330-337
Cold War, 439
collectivization, 367-372
command economy, successes,
397-398
defeat of Japan in Manchuria
(1939), 423
destalinization, 440-445
economic changes in 1950s,
445-449
economic difficulties in late
1920’s, 356-358
economic growth and slowdown
after 1950, 449—454
economic recovery after World
War II, 396-397
elite discipline, 367
industrialization, 367-398
Islam, 330, 377, 395, 406, 410,
412
Kazakhstan, 405-412, 474-479
“Komsomol” economy, 518
mestnichestvo, 478
mobilization, efficiency and,
387-390
mobilization, industrialization
and, 367-368, 372-380
616
Index
mobilization, post-World War II,
396-397
mobilization, success and decline
after 1950,439-168
mobilization, summit of success,
440
mobilization, systemic problems
after 1950, 449-154
mobilizational machine, 380-387
New Economic Policy, 344-350
new mobilizational order,
337-338, 358-363, 367
nomenklatura see nomenklatura
Orthodox Church, 395
perestroika see perestroika
peripheral regions, control of,
336-337, 403, 432-433,
473-474
Persia and, 407
Politburo, 359, 378, 383, 387,
442, 453, 456, 496, 558
purge of 1936-1939, 384
reason for success, puzzle as to, 10
reference to, xxxiii
rent-seeking, 460
Revolution of October 1917,
326-329
rise and fall, xxii
Siberia, 412-117, 479-180
smychka} 15
social changes in 1950s, 445-449
Stalinism see Stalin, Joseph
superpower status, 391-395, 440
suppression of religion, 377, 433
Transoxiana, 405-412
Virgin Lands Program see Virgin
Lands Program
World War II («Great Patriotic
War”), 391-395
Xinjiang and, 431-432
spelling conventions in book, xxxiv
St. Petersburg
Academy of Sciences (1724), 167
becomes Russian capital, 165
foundation, 165
name changes, xxxiv
railways, 240
Revolution of 1905, 258
Stalin, Joseph
Chinggis Khan compared, 357,
378, 387
collectivization policy, 367-372
death (1953), 396, 397, 440
destalinization, 440-445
industrialization policy, 367
mental and physical decline,
396-397
mobilizational machine, 380-387
and Mongolia, 423, 426
and oprichnina, 361, 384
World War II, 391-395
state formation
after 1991 see new states after
1991
agrarian regions, 10,16
steppes
mobilization strategies, 12-15
population growth, 6
regions, xxxii
Stolypin, P. A., 261-263
streVtsy “musketeers” (Muscovy)
foundation (1550), 132
revolt (1698), 165
Stroganov family of merchants, 176,
219
Sufism
influence of, 60, 104, 107, 108,
110, 201, 283
khwajas (teachers), 109, 110, 201
mobilization potential, 61
Naqshbandiyya order, 60, 103,
108,216
trade, 110
Yasawiyya order, 63
Sultan Tawke (r. 1680-1715), 198
Sweden
defeated by Peter the Great at
Poltava (1709), 165, 169, 189
defeats Peter the Great at Narva
(1700), 165,241
Livonia War with Muscovy
(1590), 146
truce with Muscovy (1617), 149
synoptic history, xxiii
Syria
Damascus see Damascus
Ottoman rule, 119
Saray and, 41
Timur invades (1399), 15, 58
Table of Ranks (Russian Empire),
167, 360,367
Tajikistan
independence after 1991,
543-554
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
Talas (city), 29, 32, 192, 198
Tamerlane see Timur
Tana (Azov) (seaport), 38
Tarim basin, oases, 29
Tarmashirin, Khan (r. 1326-1334),
33,56
Taulkel Khan (r. 1586-1598), 105,
186
Temriuk Aidar, Prince of
Circassians, 213
Temujin see Chinggis Khan
Temur, Khan, 33
Tersk, Muscovite fort at (1567),
127,213
Tibetan (Yellow Hat) Buddhism see
Buddhism
Time of Troubles (1598-1603),
145-147
Timur (Emir Timur, Tamerlane)
(r. 1370-1405)
birth (c. 1336), 56
campaigns, 58
capital city (Samarkand), 58, 59
Chagatay ulus reunified, 34
Chinggis Khan compared, 56, 57
death (1405), 58, 59
Edigu and, 54
elite discipline, 15, 34, 57
emir of Transoxiana (1370), 57
firearms used, 88
Golden Horde devastated, 53, 71
Khorezm destroyed (1388), 37
the “lame” (Aqsaq Timur), 56
leadership strengths, 61
Lenin compared, 334
as mobilizer, 55, 57
Ottomans defeated (1402), 74
Persia invaded (1386, 1392), 58
reign, 55-61, 105
rise, 56
Saray sacked (1390, 1395), 55,
58, 62
smychka, 55, 56, 59
Stalin compared, 361, 362, 441
successors, 59, 62
Toqtamish and, 54, 55, 58, 62
and Tughlugh-Temur, 57
uymaq (entourage, retinue), 56
and Uzbekistan nationalism, 547
Tiumen’ (city), 62
Tiumen’ region, 176, 288, 417, 450,
451, 516
Tobolsk ;
Diocise of, 179
fort at (1601), 177
slavery, 290
trade, 198, 290
trakt and, 288
Tode-Menghu, Khan
(r. 1280-1287), 35,41
Tomsk, fort at (1604), 177
topography, Inner Eurasian
distinctiveness, xxvii
Toqta, Khan (r. 1291-1312), 42
Toqtamish, Khan
Algirdas and, 75
captures Saray (1376, 1380), 54
defeats Mamaq (1381), 55
flees to Lithuania, 55, 58
raids Moscow (1382), 55
reunites Golden Horde, 55
617
Index
Toqtamish, Khan (Continued)
sacks Moscow (1382), 84, 88
successors, 72
Timur defeats (1390, 1395), 55,
62
Timur supports, 54
Vitautas and, 75
trade
Afro-Eurasian trade circuits
pre-1500, 4m
with Americas, 74, 155
and Eurasian integration, 3
trakt (Russian road through Siberia,
1763), 288, 292,417
Transoxiana
Central Asia designation, 543
as centre of khanate rule, 33
change during 1600-1750,
199-203
definition, xxxii
ecology, 29
Ibn Battuta’s journey to, 33
invasion by Tughlugh-Temur
(1360), 57
Islam, 33
Khanates before Russian
conquest, 275-278
mahallas, 282
maliks (local kings), 32
Mas’ud Beg governor of, 10, 30,
31,32
mobilization, 57, 62, 64, 106, 107
oases, 29, 106
Persia and, 108, 200
population growth, 108
Qaidu Khanate, 32
and quriltai of 1246, 10
region, xxxiiira, 34
regional dynasties after Shibanid
rule, 199, 275
regions of, 544m
Russian conquest, 108, 196m,
269, 272, 273, 275, 278-282
Russian migration, 262
Russian rule, 282-287,403,
403-405
secretariat, 18
Shibanid rule, 64, 107, 108, 199
smychka, 33, 55, 56
Soviet rule, 405^112, 476, 477,
478
Sufism, 108
Timur emir of (1370), 57
trade, 108
Turkic language, 64, 108
ulus of Jochi and Batu, 34
urbanization, 62, 106, 108, 175
Uzbek settlement in, 64, 106,
107
transport see caravans; railways
Trans-Siberian railroad, 292
travel, trans-Eurasian, 5
tribute-taking
mobilization as, xxix, 14
rent-seeking as, 460, 498
secretariats, 18
Trotsky, Leon, 259, 310, 326,
327-328, 330, 332-334, 345,
352, 359-361,378,382,
462
Tughlugh-Temur, Khan
(r. 1347-1363), 34,57
Tula
armaments factories, 151, 167,
214,387
fortified lines, 128
Turkmenistan
independence after 1991,
543-554
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
rent-seeking, 552
Turukhansk, fort at (1607),
178
Tver’
conquered by Moscow (1485),
86
decline, 85
defeat by Muscovy, 55
defeats Moscow (1317), 82
Dmitrii Mikhailovich Grand
Prince of (1322), 82
escape from Mongol invasion,
39
firearms production, 88
Lithuania and, 76, 82
Mikhail Yaroslavich Grand Prince
of (1304), 82
rise of, 71, 81, 82
Russian province of, 243, 343
sack of (1327), 82
strategic position, 81
Ugrian lands, Muscovite conquest of
(1499), 90
Uighur Autonomous Region of
Xinjiang, 486
Uighur Empire, 8
Uighur kingdom, 431
Uighuristan
definition, xxxii
Mongol raids on, 32
Ukraine
independence after 1991,
532-539
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
Khmelnitskii revolt (1648), 151,
152, 159, 185
Kiev see Kiev; Kievan Rus’
Ulugh (Muhammad) Beg
(r. 1411-1449), 59,62,72, 84,
85
Ulus of Batu, 35, 37, 41
Ulus of Chagatay see Chagatay
Khanate
United Kingdom see Britain
United States
Alaska purchase (1867), 289
and Comanche Empire, 192
unity and elite discipline, 133
Urals
iron production begins (1630),
151
Russian expansion, 195-197
urban areas, urbanization
aristocracies and elites, 34
in Central Asia, xxxii
Uzbek dynasty
expansion, 86
foundation, xxiv
rulers of Transoxiana, 107
strength, 106
Uzbek steppes
lands of, 105
mobilization, 61-64
Uzbekistan
contribution to Soviet economy,
473, 476
independence after 1991, 408,
543-554
as Inner Eurasian polity, 494
rent-seeking, 552
Soviet Republic of, 348, 408, 411,
412,454,477
urbanization, 479
Vasilii I, Prince of Moscow
(r. 1389-1425), 75, 84
Vasilii II, Grand Prince of Moscow
(r. 1425-1462), 85, 87, 147
Vasilii III, Grand Prince of Moscow
(r. 1505-1533), 85-87, 89, 111,
125,127, 135
Vilnius, 74,76, 121
Virgin Lands Program (Soviet
Union)
commencement (1954), 274,
443
failure, 445
impact, 474, 480
introduction of, 274
Mongolian version, 483
Vitautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania
(r. 1392-1430), 72, 75, 84
Vladimir
Alexander Nevskii Grand Prince
of, 40, 81,82
capital city, 39, 78
618
Index
and Lithuania/Poland, 76
Mongol invasion, 39, 81
Vogul lands, Muscovite conquest of
(1499), 90
Vorskla river, battle of (1399), 75
weather see climate
William of Rubruck, 9,12,18, 30,
31,36,41
Winius, Andries, 151
world empires, largest, xxixf
world history see history,
historiography
Xanadu see Kaiping
Xinjiang
Chinese Communist rule, 432,
486-489
Chinese rule 1750-1900,
299-301
definition, xxxii
economic development after
1991, 554-557
“Moghulistan”, xxxii
rent-seeking, 428
smychka, 28
Soviet influence, 431-432
Uighur Autonomous Region
(1955), 486
warlord rule 1911-1949, 427-432
Yadigarid dynasty (Khorezm, est.
1515), 107, 200
Yakutsk (city)
“Committee of Public Safety”
(1918), 414
foundation (1632), 178
Khabarov expedition to Amur
river (1650’s), 180
slavery, 290
Yasa (Mongol law code), 33, 105
Yasawiyya Sufi order, 63
Yellow Hat (Tibetan) Buddhism see
Buddhism
Yeltsin, Boris, 465-467, 512-514,
517,519-525, 541
Yuan dynasty
“Bureau of Pacification”, 32
collapse (1368), 28, 53, 65, 102
foundation (1271), 27
last representative, 184
and Mongol empire, 26-28
Mongolia after, 65-66
Mongolia during, 27
as northern dynasty, 184
rule in Xinjiang, 192
withdrawal from Central Asia
(late 1280’s), 32
Yurii Daniilovich, Grand Prince of
Moscow (1316), 82
Zanabazar, Jebtsundamba
Khutugtu, 185, 187, 296
Zemskii Sobor “Assembly of the
Land” (Muscovite)
of 1556, 135
of 1612,147
Catherine the Great and, 222
end (1683), 157
Zhety Zhargy (Kazakh code of laws),
198
Zunghar Empire
aftermath of destruction of, 194,
240, 271,277, 293,299
attacks on Kazakhs (1698, 1723),
189
capital city, 300
Comanche Empire compared,
192
defeat by China (1696), 188
description of 1718 battle with
China, 189
destruction by China/Khalkha
alliance (1755-1758), 183, 191
foundation, 180, 187
Galdan’s reign, 187
invades eastern Mongolia (1688),
185, 187
invades Xinjiang (1713), 189
Muscovy and, 180, 181
recovery under Tsewang Rabtan
(1697-1727), 188
rise of, 184
and Russian Empire, 189
Tibet conflict with China (1720),
189
Zungharian lands, 62
Zungharia
agriculture, 186
Alghu Khanate, 31
Chagatay Khanate, 30
Chinese conquest see Zunghar
Empire
definition, xxxii
devastation, 30
Islam, 61
Kalmyk migration to (1771), 194
Moghulistan, 34
nomad incursions, 109
Oirat rule see Oirat; Zunghar
Empire
pastoralism, 29
region, 109
revolt against Tarmashirin (1334),
33
smychka:, 29
steppes, 34
trade, 180, 181, 186, 187, 189,
198
and Xinjiang, 201
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
619 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Christian, David 1948- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119031027 |
| author_facet | Christian, David 1948- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Christian, David 1948- |
| author_variant | d c dc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044894441 |
| classification_rvk | NK 4700 NR 4700 PW 9460 |
| ctrlnum | (DE-599)BVBBV044894441 |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 gnd Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Mongolei Mittelasien Zentralasien Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044894441 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-10-30T09:01:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780631210399 9780631210382 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030288384 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xxxv, 619 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Blackwell |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Blackwell history of the world The Blackwell history of the world (HOTW) |
| spelling | Christian, David 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)119031027 aut A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 2 Inner Eurasia from the Mongol empire to today, 1260-2000 David Christian Oxford Blackwell 2018 xxxv, 619 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Blackwell history of the world The Blackwell history of the world (HOTW) Literaturangaben Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Mongolen (DE-588)4040054-2 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 gnd rswk-swf Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 gnd rswk-swf Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte z Mongolei (DE-588)4040056-6 g Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Zentralasien (DE-588)4079487-8 g DE-604 Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s Mittelasien (DE-588)4039661-7 g Mongolen (DE-588)4040054-2 s (DE-604)BV012266271 2 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030288384&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030288384&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Christian, David 1948- A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Mongolen (DE-588)4040054-2 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4040054-2 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4040056-6 (DE-588)4039661-7 (DE-588)4079487-8 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |
| title_auth | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |
| title_exact_search | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |
| title_full | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 2 Inner Eurasia from the Mongol empire to today, 1260-2000 David Christian |
| title_fullStr | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 2 Inner Eurasia from the Mongol empire to today, 1260-2000 David Christian |
| title_full_unstemmed | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia Volume 2 Inner Eurasia from the Mongol empire to today, 1260-2000 David Christian |
| title_short | A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia |
| title_sort | a history of russia central asia and mongolia inner eurasia from the mongol empire to today 1260 2000 |
| topic | Mongolen (DE-588)4040054-2 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mongolen Geschichte Mongolei Mittelasien Zentralasien Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030288384&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030288384&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012266271 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT christiandavid ahistoryofrussiacentralasiaandmongoliavolume2 |