Stalin and Mao: a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions
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| Beschreibung: | Register: Seite 439-448 Anhang: Seite 351-358 Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 411-437 Literaturangaben: Seite 359-410 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Stalin and Mao |b a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions |c by Lucien Bianco ; translated from the French edition "La récidive: Révolution russe, révolution chinoise" by Krystyna Horko ; foreword: Marie-Claire Bergère |
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Contents
Foreword Marie-Claire Bergère / xiii
Acknowledgments / xix
Introduction / xxi
Chapter 1 The Laggards / 1
The Social Repercussions of Late Economie Development 2
Different Degrees of Cultural Heterogeneity 8
Divergence and Ultimate Convergence 12
Tsarism: An Even More Desperate Case Than the Guomindang
The Impact of World Wars and Civil Wars 19
Chapter 2 Catching Up / 23
The Economy 23
Qita 35
Chapter 3 Politics / 51
Stages . 51
. and Similarities 53
Chinese Specificities? 63
Appreciation of the Differences and Their Origins 70
X
CONTENTS
Chapter 4 The Peasants / 77
Russia 77
China 97
Comparison n 7
Chapter 5 Famines / 125
Innocent Revolutionaries? 127
The Great Turn 131
The Great Leap Forward 140
Comparisons 153
Chapter 6 Bureaucracy / 167
Numbers 169
Working Class Origins 172
Mao and the New Chinese Class 175
Behavior and Corruption: The Caste and Its Privileges 181
After the Purge: The Transformation of the Elite and the
Consolidation of Its Privileges 192
Chapter 7 Culture / 201
Cultural Policies: Some Differences among the Massive Similarities 204
Inevitable Similarities and Notable Differences in the Face of a
Revolutionary Regime 228
Chapter 8 The Camps / 249
Categories of Prisoners 253
From Arrest to the Camp 257
The Camps 264
Thought Reform 279
Chapter 9 Dictators / 293
The Most Cruel 303
The Most Inconsistent 315
Grand Terror and Cultural Revolution 325
CONTENTS |
xi
Conclusion / 337
Lenin. 337
. and Marx 341
Assessment 343
Lies, Fear, and Debasement 345
Appendix Before and After: Yan'an, 1942-1943 / 351
Notes / 359
Works Cited / 411
Index / 439
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York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Yang, Xianhui. 2010. Le chant des martyrs dans les camps de la mort de la Chine de Mao.
Translated by P. Barbe-Girault. Paris: Balland.
Yang, Xiaobin. 2000. 'Answering the Question: What Is Chinese Postmodernism/Post-
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Zamiatine, Eugène. 1971. Nous autres. Translated by B. Cauvet-Duhamel. Paris:
Gallimard.
Zhang, Xianliang. 1986a. Half of Man Is Woman. Translated by M. Avery. New York:
Ballantine.
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Zhang, Yihe. 2013. Madame Liu. Translated by F. Sastourné. Paris: Hachette Livre,
"Ming Books."
Zhang, Yinde. 2003. Le Monde romanesque chinois au xxe siècle. Modernités et identités.
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Zweig, David. 1989. Agrarian Radicalism in China, 1968-1981. Cambridge, Mass.:
Harvard University Press.
Index
A
agrarian reform (or land reform), 108-
110, 118, 253,303, 310
agriculture:
neglected, excessive transfers from
agriculture to industry, 31-32,
92-93, 120, 131-132, 140, 153,
165; kolkhozes, sovkhozes, 86-
88, 90, 93-97, 112, 130, 131-132,
134-136, 138-139, 157, 172, 333;
agricultural cooperatives, 118,
141, 229; People’s Communes,
65, 74, 107, 113, 115, 117, 122,
130, 141-143, 145-150, 152,
162-163, 188, 221, 305, 379n88;
private plots, 86, 95, 111-113,
115-116, 119, 122, 141, 166;
cereals vs. cotton, 31-32;
stagnation of, xi, 30, 82, 96, 116,
317
Ai Qing, 352, 355, 356, 387n23
Akhmatova, Anna, 203, 205, 213, 217,
219, 230, 239, 240, 244, 258, 303,
388n37, 395n22, 403nl5
Anhui, 125-127, 146, 148, 158, 163, 164,
166, 317, 379n84, n86
Antibureaucratic campaign, scenario,
179
Anti-imperialism, xii, 7, 14-16, 98, 100
Anti-rightists movement (in China,
1957), 202, 241, 245; 1959 anti-
rightist campaign, 115
April 1976 demonstrations (in China), 313
Arendt, Hannah, 57, 150, 336, 345,
364n 6
B
Babel, Isaac, 201, 205, 217, 231
Backwardness, backward countries, xi,
xviii, chapter I, chapter 2, 75-77,
109, 119, 294-295, 321, 323, 326, 340,
343-344, 360n5, 405n44
Backyard furnaces, 74, 130, 141, 146,
229. See also Great Leap Forward
and Famines
Bai Hua, 204, 389n55
Ba Jin, 242, 246
barsckina (unpaid labor by the serf), 94,
121
batrak (agricultural worker), 81, 119
bedniak (poor peasant), 78, 82, 119, 131
Berdyaev, Nikolai, 73, 350,
Beria, Lavrenty, 251-252, 278, 303, 314,
354
Big Deal (Vera Dunham), 71, 174. See
abo bureaucracy
blacklist, 138, 154, 157
440 | INDEX
Black Repartition (of land), 3, 80, 82,
101, 121
Bolsheviks, 13, 17, 21, 25-26, 30-31, 33,
52, 68, 72-73, 75, 77-82, 85, 86, 93,
97, 101, 108-110, 117-121, 157, 163,
172-173, 180, 208, 226, 239, 279,
281, 295, 297, 307, 318, 320, 324,
327, 367n39, 375n32, 402n6, 408n22;
“twenty-eight Bolsheviks/' 351, 354
Boxers, 6, 97-98, 100, 117
Brezhnev, Leonid, 173, 193, 195, 197,
217, 232, 234, 246, 306, 335, 347
Bu Ning/Pu Ning, 260, 274, 279, 396n29,
398n54
Bukharin, Nikolai, 24-26, 45, 52, 54, 62,
73-74, 76, 81-82, 85-86, 132, 159,
168, 205, 210, 314, 319, 338, 361n7,
368n48, 369n55, 370nl4, 403n21,
405n41, 410n3
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 211, 213, 216-217,
228, 242, 389n55, 390n58
Bunin, Ivan, 14, 118, 203, 372n51
bureaucracy:
anti-bureaucratic scenario, 60, 222,
332; apotheosis under Brezhnev,
192-197; as a caste, 181-192;
Chinese students against, 313;
corruption, 79, 181-197; cultural
bureaucracy, 207; duplication
of, and plethora, 170-171;
incompetence, 187, 190; privileges
(more limited in China), 167-168,
175-177, 181-187, 192-197;
proletarian origins, 172-175,
179-180; targeted by Cultural
Revolution, 179, 325
C
camps:
dehumanizes detainees, 288-291;
foreigners detained in camps,
256; gulag in Soviet Union,
249-251, 253, 255-257, 265,
267-270, 272-276, 278-281, 286-
290; hunger, 265-269; hygiene
and health care, 269-271; jail,
punishment, tortures, 251-255,
261-263, 265, 274, 276-278, 282,
284-285, 289; laogai and laojiao
in China, x, xii, xxi, 63, 202, 217,
249-258, 259, 263-266, 268-272,
274-275, 279, 281-282, 287-288,
290, 309, 312, 330, 391nl, n5,
393nl4, nl5, 394nl7, 395n23;
less murderous than Nazi
camps, 290; mortality rate, 44,
249, 269-270, 290, 330; numbers
of prisoners, 249-250; pridourki,
271-273; prisoners (political and
common law, sociological, sex,
age, and national distribution),
253—257; supervision, 273-279;
revolt, 278; thought reform,
279-287; transfer, 263; trial, and
confession, 261-263; troika, 252,
262, 333, 406n61; work norms,
264-265; zeks, 249, 253, 257,
263-265, 267-271, 273-278, 280,
287-290, 334-335, 391n3, n4,
392n6, 397n47
cannibalism. See famine,
canteens (during the Great Leap Forward),
74, 113,, 141, 143, 148-149, 151, 163
Central Committee, 56, 62, 86, 147, 157,
178, 180, 193, 195, 196, 212, 214, 215,
219, 221, 222, 230, 232, 234, 297, 305,
314, 338, 380n89, 406n2
Chaadayev, Pyotr, 9, 10
Chayanov, Alexander, 133, 227
Cheka, 19, 55, 250, 279, 308, 338, 408n25
Chekhov, Anton, 12, 14, 118
Chelyabinsk, 37
Chen Boda, 355
Chen Duxiu, 9, 16, 97, 100, 281, 360nll
Chen Yun, 61, 121, 145, 146, 314
Chernychevsky, Nikolay, 13, 14, 341
Chiang Kai-shek, 8, 18, 19-20, 101, 235,
285, 299-301, 310, 354, 370n26
chin, chinovnik(s), 17, 79, 168, 181
Ciliga, Anton, 24, 50, 182, 184, 195, 344
cities (growth), 35-40
civil war: before(China) and after (Russia)
the conquest of power, 19-21, 23-24,
INDEX
I 44 1
52, 78, 82, 84, 102, 105, 119, 300, 369n3,
375n29; near civil war during the
Chinese Cultural Revolution, 329-330
class struggle (intensification of, according
to Stalin, then Mao), 66-68, 72-73,
176-177, 178, 229
collectivization. See Peasants
Comintern, 220, 299, 328
contradictions (antagonistic vs. non
antagonistic), 63, 176-178
corruption. See bureaucracy
counter-revolutionaries, 61, 88, 133, 158,
178, 223, 253-254, 257, 259, 272, 282,
310, 313, 326, 328, 334, 346, 348, 349,
353, 355, 365nl6, 366n26, 393nl4,
394nl7
CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet
Union), 52, 56, 112, 146, 180, 221,
293, 302, 329, 365n9
cultural policies (artists, writers, scientist),
chapter 7 (especially 201, 224-228)
Cultural Revolution, xii, xiv, 34, 48-49,
53, 60, 62-63, 64-65, 68-69, 71, 75,
107, 115, 116, 160, 166, 171, 177-179,
183, 186, 188, 192, 194, 201-202,
206, 208-209, 211, 216, 218, 222-223,
228-229, 235, 241, 244, 245, 246-248,
251-254, 256, 258, 274, 279, 286, 294,
302, 303, 304-308, 310, 313-314, 320,
325-335, 337, 344, 347, 356, 365n9,
367n29, 380n89, 389n55, 409n36
D
Dai Qing, 298, 358
daishipin (food substitutes). See famine
Dalstroy, 250, 270, 273, 276, 392n6
dayuan (residential quarters of high
Chinese cadres), 183
dazibao, 304, 326-327, 356
dekulakization. See peasants
demographic transition, xii, 3, 36-37, 41—
42, 44-45, 84, 128-130, 153, 363n32
DengTuo, 218
Deng Xiaoping, 5, 145, 160, 194-195,
228, 245, 247, 305, 307, 314, 318, 320,
350, 361n5, 376n47, 389n55
DengZihui, 62, 111, 371n41
deviations (mostly rightist, sometimes
leftist, even adventurist), 72
Ding Ling, 220, 235, 352, 355, 356,
387n23, 410n4
Djilas, Milovan, xxi, 67, 72, 75, 167, 177, 198
Dnepropetrovsk, 37, 138, 156
Dombrovski, Yuri, 348-349
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 7, 9, 10, 246
Drozdov, Leonid, 187, 190-192
DuPengcheng, 206, 215, 232
Dudintsev, Vladimir, 187, 191-192, 344
Dunham, Vera, 71, 174, 198, 318, 350
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 19, 279
E
economic growth, xiii; in Soviet Union,
26—30; in China, 31-34; heavy
industry privileged, 29, 31-34, 74,
120, 140, 153
education, 5, 46-49, 69, 72, 108-109, 180,
194-195, 384n37
egalitarianism (more sincerely pursued
by Mao). See Mao Tse-tung.
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 203, 211, 232, 245,
385n6
Eisenstein, Sergei, 73, 214, 215
Engels, Friedrich, xvii, 13, 50, 75, 76, 167,
208, 209, 279, 321, 407nl3
Esenin, Sergei, 205
F
Fadeyev, Alexander, 210, 215, 230-232,
388n39
famine:
in Soviet Union, 131—140; prior (1921-
1922) and after (1946-1947) 1931-
1933, 23, 80, 130, 155, 374nl4:
in China, 140-153; caused by
excessive grain procurements, 93,
154, 165
7 August 1932 decree, 135, 253;
antecedent famines (prior to
1917 and 1949), 118, 129-130;
food substitutes, 151, 165; "land
442 I INDEX
of famine” (China), 166, 373n6;
cannibalism, 126-127, 139, 348,
373n6, 404n28; escalation, 134—140;
ethnic minorities (how affected),
133-140, 164; internal passport,
154; labor (lacking as a result of
famine), 143-144 ; livestock, 131,
134, 138, 152, 166; meteorological
fluctuations, 127-128
brutalities and tortures, 150; denial,
155; local authorities (behavior
of), 155-158; obstructed flight
from starving areas, 156; phases,
164-165, 312; purposeful
aggravation, 160-162; regional
leaders (behavior of), 136, 145,
156, 158; resistance by hungry
people, 152; siliang, 151, 185
Fedin, Konstantin, 231—232, 388n40
Five-Year Plan (FFYP, or First Five Year
Plan in Soviet Union), 24, 26, 29,
31-32, 36-37, 47, 55, 61, 74, 96, 168,
173, 181, 225, 244, 296, 323, 332, 344
Second Five-Year Plan in Soviet Union,
24, 28-29, 32, 47, 302
First Five-Year Plan in China, 31-32,
52, 54, 120, 140, 153, 171, 225,
274,301,322
Futian incident, 304
G
Gao Gang/Rao Shushi Affair, 54, 364n4
Ginzburg, Eugenia, 217, 254, 255, 260,
263, 265, 271, 273, 279, 286, 288, 345,
393nl6, 394n20, 408n21
Glavlit (Soviet censorship administration),
206-207
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 236, 347, 363n34
Gorky, Maxim, 46, 77, 97, 231, 240, 243,
276, 279-280, 348, 407n7, 408n23
GPU (later NKVD), 55, 57, 85, 88-91,
136, 236, 250, 257, 259, 260-262, 264,
274, 309, 312, 329, 333-334, 346,
370nl2, 395n25, 406n61
Great Leap Forward, xii, 24, 32-34, 36,
47-48, 52, 58, 61-62, 64-65, 74-75,
87, 107-108, 113-117, 120-121, 128,
130, 140-150, 152-154, 156, 160, 165,
173, 178, 180, 186, 202, 221, 223, 225,
228-230, 235, 242, 246, 247, 251, 253,
255, 264, 266, 286, 297, 303, 307,
320, 331-333, 335, 345, 347, 365n9,
377n52, 390n62
Great Terror, xiv, 44, 61, 65, 68, 75, 192-
193, 217-218, 227, 251, 264, 270, 313,
320, 325-335, 397n47
Great Turn, 24-25, 37, 52, 58, 86, 113,
131-140, 170, 172, 201, 251, 279, 324,
397n47
Greens, 78, 80, 121
Grossman, Vasily, 182, 207, 211, 217, 244,
246, 345, 348, 367n39, 385n4
gulag. See camps
Gumilyov, Nikolay, 205, 217
Guo Momo, 221, 232, 233-239, 241
Guomindang, 16, 17-19, 60, 272, 316,
353, 354, 357
H
Han Weitian, 263, 272, 274, 277, 396n29,
398n54
Hao Ran, 229-230, 232
He Long, 308-309
Health care, 40-41, 44, 65, 109, 118, 206;
in camps, 269-271
Henan, xx, 111, 125, 130, 141-142, 144-
145, 149, 154, 158, 162, 164, 348
Hu Feng, 54, 220, 235, 357, 387n23, 410n4
Hujintao, 197
Hu Shi, 16, 98,213
hukou, 36, 154
Hundred Flowers Campaign, 67, 73,
113, 176, 178, 180, 183, 201-202, 204,
219, 222-223, 244, 247, 279, 313, 320,
356-357, 387n23
I
ideology:
preeminent, xxi, 33, 55, 209, 296, 336;
maintained, 179, yet modified
by Mao, 65-73, 320—335; never
INDEX
443
recovered from Khrushchev's
1956 revelations, 209, 246; works
both ways (influences policy,
influenced by policy),74
Ilf and Petrov, 195, 211
industrialization:
more advanced in Tsarist Russia than
in imperial and Republican China,
2, 3, 18; Bukharin-Preobrazhensky
controversy, 24-25; privileged,
pursued at the expense of
agriculture, xi, 24, 33, 52, 55, 81,
130-132, 153, 165, 174; quantity
vs. quality, 28
inequality, 35, 48-49, 65, 71-72, 197, 273,
321, 361n5
institutions (formal vs/real), 55-56
Intellectuals:
more favorable to revolution in China,
16, 98, 100, 105, 243; Russian
intelligentsia vs Chinese literati,
7, 11, 121; criticize Yah an policies
in 1942, 352; expelled by Lenin in
1922, 226, 338; "reeducated,” 387,
and sent to May 7 schools, 252;
Stalin's aim to create a proletarian
intelligentsia, 173. See also Anti-
rightists movement, Cultural
Revolution, and Hundred
Flowers Campaign
Internal passport. See famines. See also
hukou
Isba, 83
J
Jiabiangou, 155, 249, 264, 275, 391n2
Jiang Qing, 235, 305, 326
Jiangxi, 64, 101, 111, 119, 146, 251, 303-
304,351, 379n84
Jin Jingmai, 215
K
Kaganovich, Lazar, 56, 71, 135-136, 138,
157, 159, 314, 319, 406n60
Kalinin, Mikhail, 90, 314, 370nl4
KangSheng, 303, 310,313,327, 354, 356-357
KangYouwei, 14-15
Kazakhstan famine, 125, 133-134
Kharkov, 135, 139, 157, 378n74
Khataevich, M.M., 381nl01
Kiev, 19, 139, 155, 373n6, 378n74
Khrushchev, Nikita, 40, 45, 47, 53, 56, 61,
68, 71-72, 75, 128, 147, 173, 179, 204,
209, 226-227, 232, 236, 246, 293, 302,
324, 325, 327, 399n61
Kirov, Sergei, 182, 221
Kliuyev, Nikolai, 217
kolkhoz. See peasants
Kolkhoznik. See peasants
Kolyma, 249, 251, 264-266, 268, 272-274,
276, 279, 391n2, 392n6, 393nl6, 396n34
kombedy (committee of poor peasants).
See peasants
Korean War, 147, 285
Korchagin, Pavel, 208, 408n21
Kosygin, Alexei, 173, 314, 335
Kronstadt, 31, 80, 120, 157
Kuban, 79, 134, 135-140, 158, 376n35,
379n86, 380n95
kulak (rich peasant), 28, 38, 59, 61, 72, 76,
78, 80, 81, 82-93, 104, 111, 118-119,
131-132, 136, 253, 312, 327, 334, 346,
391n4; ideological kulak, 72, 75, 132
L
labor movement, 6—8
Lai Ying, 260, 268, 272, 276-277, 282
land reform. See agrarian reform
Lao She, 218, 387n32
laogai (reform through labor). See camps
laojiao (reeducation through labor). See
camps
Lei Feng, 73, 209, 368n48, 386nl6
Lenin, Vladimir, x, xvii, , xviii-xix, 1, 12—
13, 16, 23-24, 31, 50, 51, 54-55, 61, 63,
64, 66, 70, 75-76, 78-82, 93, 98, 120,
147, 166, 167, 168-170, 175, 180, 208,
213, 224-227, 232, 240, 243, 248, 254,
293, 297, 298-299, 309-310, 316, 321,
323-324, 331, 336, 337-342, 344-346,
354, 374nl5
444 j INDEX
Leningrad, 37, 51, 59, 155, 182, 187, 194,
212, 220, 221, 298, 384n37, 392n6,
395n23
Leninism, 55, 320, 337, 340
Leonov, Leonid, 231-232
Levi, Primo, 285, 288-290, 398n54,
402n89
Lijinghan, 99
Lijingquan, 158
Li Zhisui, 144
Liang Qichao, 10, 14-15, 281, 360nl3
Liang Shuming, 9-11
Liao Yiwu, 254, 263, 279, 391n5
lies (corollary of totalitarianism, yet
more blatant in China), 55, 57, 76,
144, 149, 158, 162, 186, 203, 230, 244,
326, 332, 345-350, 355
Lin Biao, 76, 148, 210, 215, 294, 305, 308,
313, 350, 393nl3
Lin Zhao, 258
Liu Binyan, 184, 186-187, 191-192, 204,
217, 245-246, 283, 387n23
Liu Shaoqi, 52, 67, 74, 158, 160, 166, 177,
210, 215, 223, 295, 304-308, 314, 320,
326-327, 364n4, 402n4
Liu Xiaobo, 210, 348, 357, 391n5, 395n23
Liu Xinwu, 204, 385n6
livestock, 81, 84, 89, 94, 96, 122, 131, 134,
138, 152, 166
Long March, 101, 351, 380n89
Lu Xinhua, 204, 245, 385n6
Lu Xun, 16, 98, 220, 236, 370-371n28
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 55
Luo Ruiqing, 250
Lushan 1959 meeting, 146-148, 159-160,
178, 216, 320, 357, 377n55
Luxemburg, Rosa, 70, 338
Lysenko,Trofim, 163, 191, 222, 224-226
M
Magnitogorsk, 26-29, 37-40, 46, 170, 182
Malenkov, Georgy, 56, 222
Mandelstam, Osip, 205, 217, 243, 244,
309, 330, 345, 397n39
Mao Tse-tung:
relationships with Stalin, 299-302
cruel, less than Stalin, 303-311, 313;
cult, 298; impulsive, impatient,
accelerates collectivization,
109-111; inconsistent, 119, 315;
night owl, 294; personality and
habits, 294-298; voluntarist, 297;
rules more than governs, 56; two
fronts, 70, 318-320
Mao-thought, 66; anti-urban bias,
idealization of peasant masses,
64, 109; egalitarianism, 65, 71,
320, 324; on art and literature,
Yan’an, 1942, 353; a privileged
CCP entails risk of bourgeois
restoration, 175-180; Stalinist
Soviet Union as model, superficial
Marxist culture, sincere socialist
faith, 34, 324; transitory lucidity,
114, 119, 163, 179
adopts Stalin's theory of intensification
of class struggle, 66-68; against
revisionism, 71—72; catastrophic
last two decades, xviii, xix; de-
Maoization, 241; extra-intellectual
roots of his evolving thought, 73;
influenced by national roots, 68-
70, 73; led astray by ideology, 296-
297, 320-324; radicalizes radical
politics, 66-67, 74; subjective vs.
objective factors, 68, 177
marriage law (China, 1950), 42-43, 343
Marx, Karl, xvi, 341-343
Marxism, xviii, xxi, 9, 13, 14, 16, 24, 31,
55, 61, 65-66, 68-69, 74, 75, 86, 119,
179, 212, 218, 227, 235, 247, 281, 293,
321, 323, 342-343,354
Marxism-Leninism, 65-66, 74, 119, 212,
235, 281,293, 331
mass movements, 63-64, 73
May Fourth Movement, 9, 15-16, 122,
204, 208, 228, 245-247, 281, 297,
360nll, 389n55
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 205, 213
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 213, 217, 386-
387n22
Michuiin, Ivan, 225-226, 235
Mikoyan, Anastas, 146, 157, 294, 300, 314
INDEX
I 445
mir (self-governing community of
peasant households), 4, 11, 84, 93-94,
96, 121, 359n2
modernization, xiii, chapter 2, 77, 97, 117,
131, 322-323; Four Modernizations,
194, 247. See also economic growth,
education, and health care
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 56, 60, 71, 135-136,
138, 156, 159, 205, 215-216, 222,
313-314, 319, 406n60
Morozov, Pavlik, 346, 4Q8n26
MTS (Machine and Tractor Station),
94-96
mujik, 3, 13, 77, 86, 95-97, 102, 107, 108,
118, 121-122
N
Narodniks, 118, 372n51
nationalism, national sources, orientation:
anti-imperialist nationalism in China,
xi, 179, 286, 321
from proletarian internationalism
to national interests in 1930s
Soviet Union, 206, 209-210, 324;
obsession with China of Chinese
writers (C. T. Hsia), 244, 248,
389n55
national minorities, xx, 48, 150, 164, 242,
256, 303
Nechayev, Sergey, 12, 13, 244, 341
NEP (New Economic Policy), 23-24,
26-27, 31, 46, 51-52, 80-85, 86, 96,
120, 129, 131, 137, 161, 170, 172, 338,
344, 361, 366n26
new class, xxi, 32, 167-171, 174-182,
185-187, 189-195, 198. See also
bureaucracy
Nicholas II, 17-18, 360n5
NKVD. See GPU
Novosibirsk, 37, 290
o
OGPU. See GPU
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 93
Ostrovsky, Nikolai, 207-209
P
Pasqualini, Jean, 250, 252, 255-256, 263
Pasternak, Boris, 203, 205, 207, 210, 213,
230-2357 239-240, 242, 244, 286, 331,
355, 410n3
Peasants:
in both countries: xi, chapter 4; huge
majority of the population, 3, 77;
less educated than urban dwellers,
46, 48; main victims of famine,
165, 185, 312; similar responses to
collectivization, 122, 155
China: agrarian reform (land reform),
107—109; better off after 1980,
117, 323; closer relationships with
revolutionary leaders, 97, 108-
109, 118-119; collectivization, 110,
112; famine, 114-115, 143, 149-
150, 154; Great Leap Forward, 74,
113-121, 141; passive resistance,
145; peasant revolution, 99-107
Soviet Union: barbarism, 77; batrak,
bedniak, kulak,seredniak, 78,
81-82; black sharing (repartition
of land), 77-78; collectivization,
86—89; dekulakization, 86-89;
famine, 139, 149, 160-162;
finance primitive accumulation,
25; Greens, 78, 80, 121; kotkhozs
and kolkhozniks, 93-97;
kombedy, 78; migrate to cities
(1930s), 37; NEP, 80-85; private
field, 94-95; resistance, 86, 89-
93, 133, 136; smychka, 81-82, 85,
86; zeks (numerous among), 253
Peng Dehuai, 52, 62, 66, 104, 121, 146-
149, 155, 159-160, 178, 216, 258, 303,
306, 314, 319, 334, 357, 367n35, 402n4
Peng Pai, 117, 316
People’s Communes. See agriculture. See
also Great Leap Forward
Petrograd, 77, 154, 172.See also Leningrad
Pilniak, Boris, 201, 205, 213, 217, 231,
240, 346
Platonov, Andrei, 205, 211, 213, 217
Plekhanov, Georgi, 13, 24, 54
446
INDEX
Politburo (Political Bureau), 45, 56, 58, 86,
114-115, 141, 145, 147, 157, 160, 162,
173, 194, 197, 221-222, 281, 295, 314,
319, 338-339, 356, 380n89, 405n41
Pomeshchik (noble landowner or squire),
77, 94
Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni, 25,81,319, 322
primitive accumulation, xi, 30, 83, 109,
119, 131,343
private plot, 86, 95, 111-113, 115-116,
119, 122, 141,166
Prokofiev, Sergei, 214-215
Proletariat (small number of workers at
an early stage in both countries), xix,
66, 76, 101, 321
Pushkin, Alexander, 9, 10, 213
Q
Qian Zhongshu, 240—242
Qin Shihuangdi, 58, 73, 313, 368n49
Qing dynasty, 5-6, 69
Quotas:
of arrestment, 61, 333-334; of
executions, 303, 310-311, 315, 333;
of production and procurement,
61-62, 79, 95, 105, 110, 114-115,
119, 131-132, 136, 141, 144-145,
149, 153, 165, 252, 265, 271, 273,
275,347, 392nl 1, 396n34
R
Red Guards, 12, 169, 179, 303, 327, 329-330,
379n85, 383n28, 387n32, 393nl4, 406n55
revisionism (imputed to Khrushchev by
Mao), 31,71,75, 179, 210, 302
Rickett, Adele and Allyn, 285-286
Ryutin, Martemyan, 52, 313, 332, 364n2
s
Saint Petersburg, 3, 6-8
sanfan (Three Antis Campaign), 186,
366n26
science, 9, 194, 224-228
seredniak (middle peasant), 82-83, 85, 87,
111-112,119, 131-132, 138,253, 367n36
Sha Yexin, 184
Shakhty Trial, 173, 227, 253
Shalamov, Varlam, 255, 271, 275, 279,
288, 391n4, 396n34
Shanghai, 3, 6-8, 20, 151, 155, 188, 206,
242, 258-259, 263, 267, 304, 326, 349,
378n74, 384n46, 393nl5, 410n4
Shen Congwen, 240-241, 246, 315
Sholokhov, Mikhail, 233-239
Short Course, 54, 63, 69, 70,368n42
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 212, 214, 222, 243
Sichuan, 125-127, 142, 144, 150-151, 158,
303, 373n3, 378n74, n80, 379n84, n86
siliang (death rations, especially during
famines). See famine
Simonov, Konstantin, 205, 214-215, 232
Sinyavsky, Andrei, 217, 232, 234
smychka (collaboration, union of workers
and peasants), 81-82, 85, 86, 102
socialism in one country, 323
socialist construction, 30, 52, 65, 72, 110,
113,280, 368n48
socialist education campaign (1957),
113; socialist education movement
(1962-1965), 64
socialist realism, xii, 201, 205-206, 219,
221, 237-238, 353
Socialist Revolutionaries, 12-13, 118,
172, 253, 327, 338, 365nl6, 366n26
Solovetski, or Solovski, 87, 274, 280
Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr, 207, 209, 213,
217, 228, 232, 234-236, 242, 244, 249,
255, 258, 271, 274, 287-290, 337, 348,
384n51, 387n30, 389n51, 392nl0,
398n28
Soviet help (to China), 54, 301
Soviet model, xvii, 32-33, 51, 55, 63, 75,
108, 120, 221, 225, 251, 280, 286-287,
2 96
stages in politics, 51-53; in cultural
policies, 201-204
Stalin, Joseph:
against bureaucracy, 60, 332-333;
against formalism in art,
INDEX i 447
212—214; as a modem Ivan, or
Peter the Great, 30, 50, 324; as
intellectual, 294-296, 402n6; Big
Deal (Dunham), 71, 174; creates
a proletarian intelligentsia, 173;
criticized by Lenin, 339; cruel,
160—162, 258-260, 297, 309, 310-
314, 395n23; Cult, 298; depicted
by Bukharin, 403n21; “Dizzy
with success," 91, 133; efficient,
30, 318; exalts Russian past, 73;
favors economic progress over
equality, 71, 323-324; led astray
by ideology, yet realist, xiii, 60,
318; Mandelstam’s poem, 244,
389n54; nationalist, state-builder,
hard-worker, 317-318; Himalayas
(one of two), 405n41; night owl,
294; relationships with Mao,
299-302; Sosso, 293, 402n2; war
on peasants, 83, 86, 114, 132
Standing Committee (of Political
Bureau), 58
steel (production targets), 26, 29, 32-33,
61,113,141,145
Stolypin, Pyotr, 5, 82, 84, 118
Sun Yat-sen, 4, 15-16, 41, 344, 351,
360nl 1; Sun Yat-sen University, 351
superstructure vs infrastructure, 68, 72, 120
T
Taiwan, xx, 16, 33-34, 165, 242, 243,
372n50, 398n54
Tan Sitong, 14
teleological targets, 26, 107, 402n9
thaw, 45, 172, 184, 203-204, 217, 234,
242, 245, 246, 385n6, 390n64
thought reform (in camps), xii, 279-287
Tibet (Tibetans in laogai), 256-257,
394nl7
Tolstoy, Aleksey, 205, 210, 232
Tolstoy, Leo, 9-10, 46, 213-214, 244, 246
Totalitarianism, xiv, 57, 59, 63-64, 159,
246, 248, 276, 286, 309, 340, 364n6,
367—368n39
troika(s). See Camps
Trotsky, Leon, 1, 13, 25, 31, 45, 54, 57,
67, 70, 72, 80, 177, 186, 295-297,
338, 354-355, 366n26, 402n6, 406n2,
409n34, 409-410n2; Trotskyism, 210,
354, 357; Trotskyite, 62, 253, 262,
280, 319, 325, 334, 353, 365nl6
Trudoden, 96
Tsarism (compared toGuomindang),
17-19
tujia (within and outside camps), 273
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail, 205
Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, 211, 242-243
two fronts, 70, 318-320
U
Ukraine famine, 125, 127-128, 130, 132,
134-140, 154, 155-158, 160-164,
373n2, 375n28, n34, 376n35, 377n67,
378n74
urban population, 36-37, 40, 84, 129
urbanization, 36-37, 40, 46, 77, 129—131,
153
Uspensky, Gleb, 118, 372n51
V
Vavilov, Nikolai, 191, 224, 361n2
vozd, 57, 175,181, 190,333
Voroshilov, Kliment, 182, 222
Vydvizhentsy, 173
Vyshinsky, Andrey, 311
W
Wang Fanxi, 409—410n2
Wang Guangmei, 158, 305
Wang Meng, 204, 387n23
Wang Ming (Chen Shaoyu), 354
Wang Shiwei, 183, 352-357, 410n4
WangShouxin, 187-192
Wei Jingsheng, 279, 395n23
Witte, Sergei, 6, 18, 24-25, 344, 360n5
women:
detained in camps, 257, 394n20;
448 I INDEX
illiteracy rate, 47-48; labor, 44,
46, 113, 141; law, 42-43; rights,
45, 352; resistance, 90, 352
World Wars, xx, 19-20
WuHan, 218, 326
Wu Hongda, 252, 255, 257, 272, 277, 279,
283
Wu Xun,The Life of (film, 1950), 211-212,
220
X
Xi'an (incident), 299-300
Xiao Jun, 355
Xiao Qian, 244
Xinjiang, 250, 264, 268, 269, 394nl7
Xinyang (prefecture in southern Henan
province), xx, 149, 162, 348
Zhang Xueliang, 300
Zhang Zhidong, 69
Zhao Shuli, 218, 232, 385n3, 387n23
Zhdanov, Andrey, 53, 55-56, 206, 214-
215, 218-222, 233, 237, 245, 408n23
Zhdanovshchina, 219, 234
Zhongnanhai, 148, 183, 294
Zhou Enlai, 54-55, 304, 305, 310, 313,
364n4
Zhou Libo, 232, 387n23
Zhou Yang, 208, 218-223, 233, 235,
387n23
Zhu De, 147
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 203, 211, 213, 217,
219, 230
Y
Yagoda, Genrikh, 205, 280, 313
Yan an, 64, 66, 145, 147, 183, 205-206,
215-216, 223, 245, 274, 295, 297-298,
305,351-357
Yan Fu, 15
Yan Lianke, 246-248, 390n58, n64, n66
Yan Yangchu, 98-100
Yang Jiang, 241
Yang Mo, 211
Yao Wenyuan, 326
Yezhov, Nikolai, 218, 262, 303, 311, 313,
328, 354
yezhovshchina, 218
Yu Luoke, 335
Yu Pingbo, 213, 235
z
Zamyatin, Yevgeny, 73, 201, 205, 213,
239-240, 248
Zek. See camps
ZengXisheng, 158, 166, 317, 379n85
Zhang Xianliang, 266, 268, 269, 272,
273-274, 278, 279, 283-284, 397n48,
398n54, 401n88
Bayerisch#
Staatsbibliothek
München |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bianco, Lucien 1930- |
| author2 | Horko, Krystyna |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | k h kh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)121331709 (DE-588)1072109042 (DE-588)141629746 |
| author_facet | Bianco, Lucien 1930- Horko, Krystyna |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bianco, Lucien 1930- |
| author_variant | l b lb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044876581 |
| classification_rvk | MD 8300 MC 8342 MC 8452 NQ 5070 NQ 5760 NQ 9030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1029452075 (DE-599)BVBBV044876581 |
| discipline | Politologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1978 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1978 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | China Sowjetunion Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044876581 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-22T19:02:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789882370654 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030270910 |
| oclc_num | 1029452075 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-703 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-703 DE-12 |
| physical | xxv, 448 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | The Chinese University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bianco, Lucien 1930- Verfasser (DE-588)121331709 aut La récidive (révolution russe, révolution chinoise, 2014) Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions by Lucien Bianco ; translated from the French edition "La récidive: Révolution russe, révolution chinoise" by Krystyna Horko ; foreword: Marie-Claire Bergère Stalin & Mao Hong Kong The Chinese University Press [2018] © 2018 xxv, 448 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Register: Seite 439-448 Anhang: Seite 351-358 Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 411-437 Literaturangaben: Seite 359-410 Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd rswk-swf Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1917-1978 gnd rswk-swf Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 s Geschichte 1917-1978 z DE-604 Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 p Horko, Krystyna (DE-588)1072109042 trl Bergère, Marie-Claire 1933- (DE-588)141629746 wpr Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bianco, Lucien 1930- Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118577425 (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions |
| title_alt | La récidive (révolution russe, révolution chinoise, 2014) Stalin & Mao |
| title_auth | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions |
| title_exact_search | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions |
| title_full | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions by Lucien Bianco ; translated from the French edition "La récidive: Révolution russe, révolution chinoise" by Krystyna Horko ; foreword: Marie-Claire Bergère |
| title_fullStr | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions by Lucien Bianco ; translated from the French edition "La récidive: Révolution russe, révolution chinoise" by Krystyna Horko ; foreword: Marie-Claire Bergère |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalin and Mao a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions by Lucien Bianco ; translated from the French edition "La récidive: Révolution russe, révolution chinoise" by Krystyna Horko ; foreword: Marie-Claire Bergère |
| title_short | Stalin and Mao |
| title_sort | stalin and mao a comparison of the russian and chinese revolutions |
| title_sub | a comparison of the Russian and Chinese revolutions |
| topic | Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 (DE-588)118577425 gnd Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Mao, Zedong 1893-1976 Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Revolution China Sowjetunion Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030270910&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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