Eastern Europe since 1945:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London
Palgrave
2018
|
| Ausgabe: | fifth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Previous editions published: 1993, 1998, 2003, 2009 "Macmillan Education." |
| Beschreibung: | xxxi, 352 Seiten Karte |
| ISBN: | 9781137605122 9781137605115 |
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| 653 | 2 | |a Europe, Eastern / Politics and government / 1989- | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804178263406280704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Tables lx
Chronology xi
Map xxii
Introduction xxiii
1 Revolution in Eastern Europe
2 Different Roads to Socialism
3 An End to Diversity
4 1956: Communism Renewed?
5 Actually Existing Socialism in Operation
6 Reform Communism or Economic Reform
7 Neo-Stalinism Triumphant
8 The Fall of Actually Existing Socialism
9 Adapting to Capitalism Enthusiastically: Central Europe
10 Adapting to Capitalism Hesitantly: The Balkans
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Index
1
23
51
85
123
153
189
219
257
287
325
329
333
vii
Index
In this index / represents table
abortion
in Croatia, 301
feminism and, 317—18
liberalisation of, 149
in Poland, 265, 268
post-socialist policies, 317—18
post-Stalinist policy, 251
in Romania, 191
in Slovakia, 280
accumulation, consumption and, 133/
actually existing socialism, 123
constitutions and, 134—6
cultural policies, 140
economics and, 126
failure of, as socio-economic system, 220
fall of. See individual countries
goods, choice and, 134
Helsinki Final Act and, 189
identity, rights to express, 143
legacy of, 326
nationalism and, 140-1
party organisation in, 136, 8
social organisation and, 138—44
social policies and, 143
See also socialism
aggregation, central planning and, 131
agricultural collectivism, 75. See also
collective farms
agriculture, gross investments, industry
u1331. See also collective farms
Albania
agricultural raw material and, 128
autonomy from USSR, 164-5
central planning in, 129/
China and, 155, 163, 165, 195
communist growth in, 9
constitution / political organisations
in, 137/
crime in, 295
cultural revolution in, 165
Dayton Accord and, 294
demonstrations in, 245
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262/
economic reforms in, 163—4, 245
elections in, 245—6, 247, 293—6
electoral fraud in, 293—6
fall of actually existing socialism, 245—7
garden plots, banning of, 195
gross investments, industry / agricultural,
133/
land reform in, 130/
May Day in, 6
as monarchical dictatorship, 1
neo-Stalinism, reforms, 195
party name / leadership, 139/
planning systems in, 129/
political reforms in, 195 254—6
purge trials in, 68—9
pyramid schemes in, 294
remittances from abroad, economic
dependence on, 295
as single party state, 136
socialism in, 14
Alternative in Eastern Europe, The (Bahro),
204
Anti-Crisis Pact, Poland, 222
333
334
Index
anti-Semitism
Czechoslovakia and, 72
in Czech Republic, 277
in Poland, 174-5, 267
Romania and, 27
arts, de-Stalinisation and
Bulgaria, 169
in GDR, 170
assimilation via labour, 251
associations, economic reform and, 154,
157, 161,236
Austria
independence of, 115
Warsaw Pact and, 101
autonomy
Bosnia / Serbia / Croatia and, 242—3
economic reform and, 154
autonomy movements
Albania, 164-5
economic reforms and, 154
GDR, 167-8
Poland, 168—9
Romania, 166—7
Balkan Federation
Greece and, 62—3
Stalin and, 19
See also entries for individual countries
Balkans
Realpolitik in, 8—12, 115
socialism in, 13—19
See also socialism, rise of in Balkans; and
entries for individual Balkan countries
Baltic crisis, 208—210
banking
Bulgaria, 193-4
crisis, Hungary, 205
enterprise indebtedness, 196
reforms and, 161—2
single channel, 128
in Slovakia, 278
See also debt entries
bank socialism, 274
bankruptcy regulations, 206
Basic Treaty, GDR/GFR and, 202
Belgrade Agreement, 305
Berlin Blockade, 60
Berlin Wall, 111,158, 229, 233
Bernsteinism, 64
Bosnia
Agrokomerc bankruptcy, 242
autonomy and, 242-3
civil war in, 245
economic performance, 1989—2006/7,
262;
ethnic tensions in, 242—3
Serbian independence movement in,
297-9
Bosnia-Hercegovina
constitutional reform failure, 311
Dayton Accord and, 309
elections in, 243, 310
as multi-ethnic state, 296
NATO peacekeepers in, 309
politics, post Bosnian war, 308-11
reforms, High Representatives
intervention, 309-10
Bosnian War
beginning of, Croatia / Serbia conflict
as, 296—7
Croatian politics and, 300—1
as Croatian / Serbian proxy war, 297-9
Dayton Accord and, 299-300
as ethnic cleansing, 296
independence movements and, 296
Macedonian politics and, 306—8
Montenegro politics and, 304—6
Serbian politics and, 302^i
Boy Scouts, banned (Hungary), 44
BREXIT, 264
Brezhenev doctrine, 189
Britain
Balkan Federation and, 17, 27
Bulgaria and, 11
Foreign Office, communist advance
and, 52-3
Index
335
Greek resistance and, 9
Hungarian communists and, 69
Military Mission to Albania, 68
Bukharinism, 64
Bulgaria
abortion in, 317
as agricultural raw material producer,
128
association in, 157
Britain and, 11
central planning in, 129*
Chervenkov resignation, 93
communist party in, 1—2
constitution / political organisations
in, 13 7t
coup in, 15» 17
cultural reform in, 169, 194
crime in, 289
de-Stalinisation, second wave, 169
economic performance,
1989-2006/7» 262*
economic reform in, 162—3, 193^4,
236
elections in, 238, 288
European Union and, 258
executions in, 15—16
fall of actually existing socialism in,
236-8
Fatherland Front in, 11—12, 16,
18-19
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133*
inequalities, benefits and, 142
insurrection, repression of, 10
land reform in, 130*
May Day in, 6
minor political parties in, 138*
as monarchical dictatorship, 1
neo-Stalinism reforms, 193—4
pacification policy, 11
party name / leadership, 139*
pendulum politics in, 287—8
planning systems in, 129*
political reform in, 237—8
pro-investment shortage, accumulation /
consumption, 133*
purge trials in, 68—69, 94
reform of 1956 and, 116
socialism in, 15—19
Soviet Union declares war on, 12
Tito visit to, 62
Trade Union Federation in, 16
Turkish exodus, 236, 237
USSR and, 168
White Book, 288
Bulgarian Peace Treaty (1947), 15
jr-
Vi-
capital, social ownership of, 196
capitalism
dependent, 262—3, 313—21. See also
dependent capitalism
labour theory of value and, 124—6
means of production and, 125
national paths to, 258
transition to, 259—4
Catholic Primate of Hungary, trial of,
74-5
Catholic Youth, banned (Hungary), 44
censorship
in Czechoslovakia, 178, 181
in Hungary, 176
central planning
aggregation and, 131
commodities and, 131—2
creation of, Eastern Europe, 129*
decentralisation through concentration,
154
distortions / problems with, 130-4
in Eastern Europe, 129*
economic reform and, 156
foreign trade and, 128
GDR reforms, 157—9
goods, lack of choice and, 134
implementing, 127—30
land reform and, 128, 130*
law of value and, 130—1
336
Index
central planning — continued
perfect knowledge and, 131
price equalisation system, 128
shortages and, 132
single pyramidic hierarchy of, 128
Soviet-style, 132
central wage determination, 170-1
childcare provisions, working women,
251
China
Albania and, 163, 165, 195
revolution in, 154—5
Soviet Union and, 155
churches, control of, 145
civil society organisations, restructuring,
145
civil war, Yugoslavia, 244—5
clientelist politics, 262
Cold War, political diversity, as end to,
51-3
collective consumption, 145
collective farms
benefits on, 142
in GDR, 203
land reform and, 318-19
Poland resists, 207—8
post-Stalinist socialism and, 247-9
Romanian, 192
See also land reform
collectivisation, 128
brutality and, 148—9
in Poland, 168-9
in post-war Eastern Europe, 1301
collectivism
life under, realities of, 144-9
peasant resistance to, 88
restructuring, 156—7
See also collective farms
Comintern. See Communist International
(Comintern)
commodities
central planning and, 131—2
labour and, 125-6
See also goods; services
communism
capitalism, transition to, 259-4
force, dependence on, 96
Hungarian Revolution effect on,
116-17
interwar Eastern Europe and, 1-2
nostalgia for, 320-1
Polish rejection of, 222-3
renewal of, 85
repression of dissidents and, 96—7
Communist International
(Comintern), 2
agricultural collectivism, 75
Albania and, 165
Atanasov and, 10
Balkan Federation and, 17
central planning and, 127—30
Founding Conference, 62, 89
founding of, 59
industrialisation, countries gross
investment, 1331
leadership of, 5
liberation committees and, 6
Marshall Aid, opposition to, 53-5
May Day and, 6—7
partisanship / fascism and, 5—8
Polish / Romanian purge trials in,
65-8
purge trials, reform and, 85. See also
purge trials
revolution, shift to, 3-4
Yugoslav prominence in, 7
Communist Party
‘from below’ and, 4—5
German, purges and, 73-4
illegality of, 1-2
internal organisation, 136, 138
Nagy rehabilitation attempt of,
95-6
role in Yugoslavia, 78-9
Socialist Party, merger with, 58
value determination and, 138, 140
workers’ councils and, 103
Yugoslav, 64
Index
337
constitutions
in Eastern Europe, 134—6
Polish strong president, 224
consumerism, post-Stalinist era,
251-2
consumer sovereignty, 161
consumption
accumulation, pro-investment
shortage and, 1331
post-socialist, 320
post-Stalinist era and, 251—2
public / individual / cultural, 148
contraception, abortion as, 251
Copenhagen Criteria (EU), 258
corruption
in Albania, 294, 295
in Bulgaria, 289
central planning and, 132
in Croatia, 300—1
in Hungary, 270—1
in Poland, 266—8
reforms and, 261—2
in Romania, 291
in Slovenia, 279—80, 282
See also crime; war criminals
coups
in Bulgaria, 15, 17
in Czechoslovakia, 55—7
King Michael, Romania, 25
in Montenegro, 305—6
crime
in Albania, 295
in Bulgaria, 289
in Serbia, 303
See also corruption; war criminals
Crimea
as Jewish homeland, 72
Khrushchev / Tito talks in, 97—8
Croatia
allied recognition of, 13
autonomy and, 242—3
Bosnian War and, 296—7, 300—1
Cardinal Stepinac and, 14
cession of, 244
economic performance, 1989—2006/7,
2621
elections in, 300—1
ethnic tensions in, 242—3, 244
European Investment Bank loan and,
301
European Union and, 301
Muslim Federation in, 298—9
nationalism, 197
politics, Bosnian war and, 300—1
self-identity in, 263
Serbian conflict, Bosnian War and,
296-7
Slovenia border dispute and, 281—2
war criminals in, 301
Croat-Muslim Federation, 299—300,
309
cultural consumption, 148
cultural reform
Bulgaria, 169, 194
Romania, 175
cultural revolution, Albania, 165
cultural values, Party determines, 138,
140
culture, post-Stalinist changes, 253—4
currency
converted, GDR and, 229—30
convertibility monetary policy and,
223
foreign, 161
currency reform
in Bulgaria, 288
convertibility / monetary policy and,
223, 229-30
in Czechoslovakia, 87—8
devaluation, Albania, 245
strikes and, 87—8
union of GDR / GRF, 231
Czechoslovakia
abortion and, 149
anti-Semitism and, 72
associations in, 157
Catholic Church, attacks on, 75
central planning in, 13t
338
Index
Czechoslovakia — continued
constitution / political organisations
in, 13 7t
coup, 1948, 55-7
currency reform, strikes and, 87—8
as democracy, 1
demonstrations in, 232-3
economic crisis, 177-8, 199—200
economic reforms in, 199-200, 232,
235-6
elections in, 39, 233-5, 274
Enterprise Law, 199—200
fall of actually existing socialism and,
232-6
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 1331
Hungarians deprived of citizenship
in, 46
inequalities, benefits and, 142
land reform in, 39, 1301
Marshall Aid and, 54
minor political parties in, 138/
normalisation, de-Stalinisation,
198-201
party name / leadership, 139t
planning systems in, 1291
political opposition in, 200-1
political reform in, 198-9, 233-4
political trials, 176-7
politics, economic reform and, 178-4
population displacements, 144
privatisation strategy, 235—6
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 133/
purge trials in, 72-3
reforms of 1956 and, 116
retribution policy, 145
Slovakian velvet divorce and, 234—5
socialism, rise of in, 37-40
Soviet intervention, 182-3
trade unions in, 38, 39, 56
two-state solution, 235
violence against Germans in, 38
Czechoslovakian Charter 77, 215—16
Czech Republic
austerity in, 275
economic crisis in, 274—5
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262/
elections in, 276—7
European Union and, 258
feminism in, 318
NATO and, 258
political reform in, 274-7
Velvet Revolution, 274
f
Das Kapital (Marx), 124
Dayton Accord, 294, 299—300, 309
debt
annulment of peasant (Romania), 26
bankruptcy regulations, 206
Czech Republic, 274-5
enterprise, in Yugoslavia, 196
GDR, converted currency and, 229-30
IMF loan, Czechoslovakia, 234
Polish write off, 224
Romanian, rescheduling, 192
Yugoslav, Soviet Union cancels, 92,
241-2
See also banking entries
decentralisation through concentration,
154
demand, domestic, 260
dependent capitalism, 262-3
commercial farming and, 319
cultural shifts in, 320-1
economics in, formal / informal,
315-16
employment / unemployment in, 315
entrepreneurship and, 317
ethnic cleansing, history, 313
income, social transfers and, 315-16
inequalities and, 313-14
land reform, restitution and, 318-19
manufacturing, consumption and,
320
Index
339
privatisation and, 316
Roma and, 318
second economy and, 315
trade unions and, 314—15
women, feminism and, 316—18
Der Spiegely 204
de-Stalinisation
apology, 91—2
communism reform / resurgence and,
85
Czechoslovakia, 198-201
Khrushchev denounces, 93
second wave, 169—70
Twenty-Second Party Congress and,
155
dialectical materialism, 169
disaggregation, 156
dissidents. See political dissidents
diversity, Cold War as end to political,
51-3
Dresden Peace Forum, 204
dynamism, 207
East Germany. See German Democratic
Republic (GDR)
economic performance, 1989—2006/7,
262*
Economic Problems of Socialism in the
USSR (Stalin), 156
economic reform
in Albania, 163—4, 245
autonomy and, 154
in Bulgaria, 162—3, 193—4, 236
in Czechoslovakia, 199—200, 232,
235-6
four stages of, 153—4
in GDR, 157-9
in Hungary, 159—61, 204—6, 228
nationalisations and, 202—3
in Poland, 156, 162
in Romania, 163, 240—1
second-stage type, 209
stabilisation, Poland, 223
theories / models of, 155—6
Type I/Type II, 260-1
in Yugoslavia, 161—2, 170—3, 196—7,
242
economics
actually existing socialism and, 126
central planning and, 131. See also
central planning
collective consumption and, 145
failure of actually existing socialism,
219-20
informal / formal, dependent
capitalism and, 315—16
labour theory of value and, 124—6
Leninist Party and, 126—7
Marxism / Leninism and, 127
reform and, 153—4. See also economic
reform
socialism and, 88—9
education, 142
elections
in Albania, 245-6, 247, 293-6
in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 243, 310
in Bulgaria, 238, 288
in Croatia, 300—1
in Czechoslovakia, 39, 233—4, 235,
274
in Czech Republic, 276—7
in GDR, Third Peoples Congress
and, 60—1
gerrymandering, in Hungary, 53
in Hungary, 42-4, 58-9, 227, 270-3
in Kosovo, 312
Leninist culture and, 19
in Macedonia, 243, 306—8
in Montenegro, 243, 304—6
in Poland, 34, 36, 222—3, 266
in Romania, 28—9, 240, 291—2
in Serbia, 296—7, 302—4
in single party states, 136
in Slovakia, 39, 278, 280
Solidarity and, 212
in Yugoslavia, 243
340
Index
energy consumption, 134
enterprise behavior
in Czechoslovakia, 235-6
output targets and, 154
enterprise directorships, 206
enterprise economic work partnership
(EEWP), 207
enterprise indebtedness, Yugoslavia, 196
enterprise revenue, 161
entertainment, 253
equality, 140
ethnic cleansing
Bosnian War and, 296
Eastern European, historical, 313
in Kosovo, 311-12
ethnic identity
Bosnia and Hercegovina and, 243
Bulgaria and, 194
national victimhood and, 263
nation state and, 141, 143
in Slovenia, 282
ethnic minorities, 143, 259
in Bulgaria, 287-8
in Macedonia, 306
in Romania, 291
EU. See European Union
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD), 261
European Commission, Rule of Law
investigation, 268-9
European Council, 268
European Investment Bank, Croatia
and, 301
European Union (EU), 301, 304
Balkans and Central Europe and,
258-9
Bulgaria and, 258
Copenhagen Criteria, 258
Croatia and, 301
Czech Republic and, 258
Hungary and, 258
illiberalism, Hungary and, 273-4
Macedonia and, 307-8
Montenegro and, 305
Poland and, 258
reforms, membership promises and,
327
Romania and, 258, 292-3
Slovakia and, 258, 279, 282
Slovenia and, 258, 281, 282
Eurozone crisis, 264
exchange rates, 161
executions
in Bulgaria, 15-16, 19
in Hungary, 71
in Serbia, 14
expansionism, Mao and, 155
fascism, communist resistance and,
6-8
feminism, 251, 317-18
First International, Marx and, 95—6
Five Year Plan, Stalin, 76
food price subsidies, 209
For a Lasting Peace, For a People s
Republic (journal), 54—5
foreign companies, 263
foreign currency, 161
foreign trade
central planning and, 128
Czechoslovakia and, 200
economic reforms and, 161
Hungary and, 205
Romania and, 191-2
Four Power Agreement on Berlin, 202
freedom of expression
in Bulgaria, 169
in Czechoslovakia, 181
in Poland, 174
‘from below’
anti-Nazi groups and, 8
Popular Front and, 4-5
trade unions and, 4
Yugoslavia and, 7, 54—5
front organisations, political parties and,
136-8
Index
341
gardens, abolishment of Albanian
household, 195
GDR. See German Democratic
Republic (GDR)
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
(GATT), 191
German Democratic Republic (GDR)
abortion and, 149
autonomy from USSR, 167—8
Basic Treaty and, 202
central planning in, 129*
collective farms and, 203
constitution / political organisations
in, 137*
economic reforms in, 157—9
elections in, 60—1
fall of actually existing socialism, 229—1
Four Power Agreement on Berlin, 202
German Federal Republic and, 201—2
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133*
hooligan uprisings in, 147
housewife brigades, 148
Hungary and, 57—61
inter-German trade and, 203—4
land reform in, 130*
minor political parties in, 138*
national identity and, 141
nationalisation and, 202—3
neo-Stalinism and, 201—4
nudism and, 149
party name / leadership, 139*
planning systems in, 129*
Polish Solidarity and, 204
political reform, GFR and, 230—1
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 133*
purge trials in, 73—4
reforms of 1956 and, 111—12
Sopron Pan-European Picnic, 230
strikes, Soviet reaction and, 87
See also Berlin Wall; Germany,
German Federal Republic (GFR)
German Federal Republic (GFR)
GDR and, 201—2
GDR citizens emigration and, 230
inter-German trade and, 203—4
See also Berlin Wall; Germany,
German Democratic Republic
(GDR)
Germany
Berlin Blockade in, 60
citizen exodus from Poland, 36
Czechoslovakian occupation and, 37
population displacements, 144
reunification of, 59, 230—1
Soviet Occupation Zone of, 58—60
trade union protests in, 59
Ukrainian occupation / collaboration,
33
See also Berlin Wall; German
Democratic Republic (GDR);
German Federal Republic (GFR)
goods
lack of choice and, 134
privatisation and, 260
rationing, 148
See also commodities; services
Gosplan model, Soviet, 127—8, 129*
gradualism, 260
Greece
Balkan Federation membership and,
62-3
communist movement in, 9
communists in, Soviet aid to, 52
May Day in, 6
return of citizens, from Albania, 245
gross income, 161
health care, 142—3
Helsinki Final Act, 189, 195
historical materialism, 169
homosexuality, 149
housebuilding, in post-Stalinist era, 250
Houses of Culture, 148
342
Index
housing, socialism and, 148
Hungary
abortion and, 149, 317
as agricultural / processor, 128
associations in, 157
banking crisis, 205
Bokros package, welfare spending,
270
Boy Scouts banned, 44
Catholic Prelate of, trial, 74—5
Catholic Youth banned, 44
central planning in, 129*
collective farms in, 145
collective ownership, workers’
councils and, 102—3
collectivism, peasant resistance to, 88
communism, revolution of 1956 and,
116-17
Company Act of 1989, 228—9
Congress of Danube Valley Socialist
Parties, 52
Constitutional Court and, 272—3
constitution / political organisations
in, 13 7*
Declaration on Friendship and
Cooperation, Soviet Union and,
100-1
demonstrations, political, 272
demonstrations, Soviet action against,
99
dissidents in, 97
economic performance, 1989—
2006/7, 262*
economic reform in, 156, 159—61,
204-6, 228
elections in, 42^4, 58, 89, 227, 270—3
enterprise economic work
partnerships and, 207
European Union and, 258
fall of actually existing socialism in,
225-9
gerrymandering in, 53
GDR, reform and, 229—30
GDR emigration and, 230
German Democratic Republic
(GDR) and, 57—61
gerrymandering elections in, 53
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133*
Hungarian Worker’s Party, 89
illiberalism in, 273—4
inequalities, benefits and, 142
land reform in, 130*
loss of Czechoslovak citizenship, 46
Mikoyan visit to, 95
as monarchical dictatorship, with
Regent, 1
monarchy abolished in, 43
national victimhood in, 263
NATO and, 258
neo-Stalinism and, 204—7
New Course for, economics, socialism
and, 88—90
party name / leadership, 139*
pendulum politics in, 269
planning systems in, 129*
pogrom atmosphere against
communists, 101
political activity restrictions, 90
political / cultural reform, 176
political reform in, 176, 206—7,
226-8, 269-74
population displacements, 144
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 133*
property rights, 206
purge trials in, 69—71, 94
Rajk trial, Tito and, 94
revolution of 1956, 95—102
‘right opportunism’ dangers of, 90—1
Romanian reform and, 239
as single party state, 136
socialism rise in, 40—7
social organisations and, 140
Status Law in, 270
strikes in, 88
Suslov visit to, 95
Tito reconciliation with, 97—8
I
Index
343
Tito visit to, 62
Yugoslav uprising, Tito and, 94
Yugoslav / Soviet intervention,
101-4
hyper-centralisation, 156
idealism, 140
ideological relaxation, 154—5
ideological values, party dictates, 138, 140
ideologies, socialist, 326—7
income inequality, 313—14
individual consumption, 148
individualism, 131
industrial growth
bias towards, 133i
central planning and, 131
socialism and, 147
inequalities
dependent capitalism and, 313—14
social problems and, 142—3
inflation
in Poland, 223
in Yugoslavia, 242
information flows, Marxist model,
126—7
internationalism, socialism and, 140
International Monetary Fund (IMF),
92, 191,205,234, 291
investment enterprises, 161
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, 72
Katyn Massacre, 105
Korean War, 75
Kosovo
elections in, 312
ethnic tensions / murders in, 311—12
United Nations and, 312
war / independence and, 311—13
Yugoslavia and, 312
Kosovo War, 302, 306
labour
assimilation via, 251
collectivism and, 145
manual / mental, 125—6
parity representation, 162
socialism and, 146
See also trade unions; worker
self-management
‘labour power’, 124—5
labour theory of value, 124—6
land reform
in Albania-247, 246
in Bulgaria, 16, 238
central planning and, 128, 130i
in Czechoslovakia, 39, 235—6
as peasant state, 46
Poland, privatisation of state land,
224-5
in post-war Eastern Europe, 130i
restitution, dependent capitalism
and, 318-19
in Romania, 26, 240
state land sale ban lifted, 209
in Yugoslavia, 13—14
See also collective farms
language laws, in Macedonia, 307
‘law of value,’ central planning and, 130—1
Leninism. See Marxism-Leninism
Leninist Party, economics and, 126—7
licenses, 161
literature, de-Stalinisation and
Bulgaria, 169
censorship, Czechoslovak, 178
Czechoslovakia, 176
GDR, 169-70, 204
Hungary, 176, 206
Polish underground and, 216
Lithuania, Polish repatriation and, 33
344
Index
Macedonia, 168
Albanian minority, ethnic tensions in,
306-7
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262*
elections in, 243, 306—8
European Union and, 307—8
independence, Bosnian War and,
296
language laws in, 307
politics, Bosnian War and, 306—8
Madrid Summit (NATO), 258
manual labour, 125-6
Maoism, 195
market deepening reforms, 261
market economy, Type I / II reforms
and, 260—1. See also economic
reforms
market enabling reforms, 261
market socialism, 156
market sustaining reforms, 261
Marshall Plan
Communist International opposition
to, 52-5
disagreement over, 59
Marx, Karl
labour theory of value and, 124—6
social man concept, 131
Marxism-Leninism
central planning, economy and,
127-36
constitutions and, 134—6
front organisations / parties, 136—8
inequalities, social problems and,
142-3
information flows and, 126—7
nationalism and, 141
religion and, 141—2
social organisation and, 138—44
material balances, property confiscation
and, 128
materialism
inequalities and, 142-3
regeneration of dialectical / historical,
169
religion and, 141—2
May Day 1942, 6—7
means of production, capitalism and,
125
mental labour, 125
modernism, 169
monetary policy
currency convertibility and, 223
Yugoslavia, 197
Montenegro
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262*
elections in, 243, 304—8
European Union and, 305
independence, Bosnian War and,
296, 305-6
Serbia and, 303
Serbian economic blockade of, 305
Moscow Treaty, 201
music
post-socialist era, 320
post-Stalinist era, 253—4
National Fronts, 136—8
national identity, socialism and, 140—1,
143
natio nalisations
business, 127-8, 129*
in GDR, 202—3
See also ownership; privatisation entries
nationalism
in Hungary, 270
rise of, post socialism, 263
Yugoslav, 173, 244-5
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 3—4
Neo-Stalinism
Albania and, 164, 195
Baltic Crisis and, 208-10
Index
345
Brezhnev doctrine and, 189—90
conservation ism, Brezhnev and, 172
counter-revolution, 94
Czechoslovakia, 198—201
decline of USSR authority and, 166
GDR and, 201-4
Hungary and, 204—7
Polish crisis and, 207—8
in Romania, 190—3
Sino-Soviet split and, 153
Solidarity, martial law and, 211—16
Yugoslavia, 196—8
Neues Deutschland, 74
New Course economic reforms, 154,
155, 325
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 281, 327
Czech Republic and, 258
Hungary and, 258
Madrid Summit, 258
Partnership for Peace, 259
peacekeepers, Bosnia-Hercegovina
and, 309
Poland and, 258
Prague Summit, 258
Slovakia and, 279
Slovenia and, 281
Nowa Huta, 147
Nudism, 149
Oder-Neisse line, 201
Ohrid Agreement, 307, 308
output targets, enterprise behavior and,
154
Overcentralisation in the Economic
Administration (Kornai), 156
ownership
in Czech Republic, 274—5
foreign, 263
self-managed enterprise and, 162
social, capital, 196
See also nationalisations; privatisations
P
parity representation, 162
peace movements, 254
pendulum politics, 264, 269, 287,
289-3, 295
perfect knowledge, central planning
and, 131
pluralism, 180
Poland
abortion and, 149, 317
as agricultural / processor, 128
amnesty, Home Army veterans and, 35
anti-Semitism in, 267
anti-Soviet mood in, 110
associations in, 157
autonomy, collectivisations and,
168-9
benefits, peasants and, 142
Black Monday demonstrations, 268
central planning in, 129*
collective farms, resistance to, 207—8
collectivism and, 149
Communist Party in, 2
constitution / political organisations
in, 13 7*
corruption / scandals and, 266—8
crisis, neo-Stalinism and, 207—8
as directed democracy, 1
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262*
economic reform in, 156, 162
elections in, 34, 36, 222—3, 266
European Union and, 258
fall of actually existing socialism in,
221-3
farming in, 319
German exodus from, 36—7
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133*
hitch-hiking in, 148
inflation in, 223
land reform in, 130*
martial law, Solidarity crisis and,
210-16
346
Index
Poland — continued
military standoff / Soviet Union, 108—8
minor political parties in, 138^
‘model girl’ image, 251
NATO and, 258
party name / leadership, 139t
planning systems in, 1291
political reform in, 174—5, 265—8
Polonia, private sector, 215
population displacements, 144
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 1331
purges trials in, 65—8
reforms of 1956, 104-10
socialism in, 29—37
social organisations in, 140
Solidarity crisis, 204
Stalin and, 23
strong president constitution, 224
student movements in, 174—5
trade unions in, 32
unrest in, 95
Warsaw Uprising in, 32
worker self-management in, 107
See also solidarity movement, Poland
political dissidents
amnesty, Albania, 245
in Bulgaria, 236, 237
in Czechoslovakia, 176—7, 200—1
in GDR, 230
Hungarian demonstrations, Soviet
action, 99
Hungarian Yugoslav / Soviet
intervention against, 101-4
in Hungary, 225
Petofi Circle, 96-8
prisoners released, 106
in Romania, 193, 239
political diversity, Cold War as end to,
51-3
political parties
front organisations and, 136—8
non-socialist opposition, 263—4
in Poland, 265-9
political reform
in Albania, 195, 245-6
in Bulgaria, 237—8
in Czechoslovakia, 198—9, 233-4
in Czech Republic, 274—7
in GDR, GFR and, 230-1
in Hungary, 176, 206—7, 226—8,
269-74
in Poland, 174—5, 265—8
in Romania, 239—40
in Slovakia, 277—80
in Slovenia, 281-3
in Yugoslavia, 170—3, 242
politics, post-socialism, 263—4
Polonia, Polish private sector, 215
population displacements, 144
post-Stalinist era
collective farming and, 247—9
ethnic minorities in, 250—1
labor shortages, 252—3
women, work, and, 250—1
workplace democracy and, 249—50
youth subculture, 253—4
Prague Summit (NATO), 258
price equalisation system, central
planning and, 128
prices, decontrolled
petrol, Hungary, 227, 269
in Poland, 223
in Romania, 241, 291, 292
pricing policies, Soviet Union, 327—8
private sector, Solidarity and, 214—15
privatisation, 260
in Croatia, 300-1
crony, in Slovakia, 278, 280
dependent capitalism and, 316
in Montenegro, 304
in Romania, 290, 292
See also nationalisations; ownership
entries
producer price revision, 209
productivity, socialism and, 207
pro-investment shortage, accumulation /
consumption and, 33t
Index
347
property confiscations, 127—8
property rights, 206
public consumption, 148
purge trials
Albania / Bulgaria, 68—9
Catholic Primate of Hungary, 74—5
in Czechoslovakia, 72—3
in East Germany, 73—4
Hungarian, 69—71
in Hungary, 94
Poland / Romania, 65—8
reform and, 85
Soviet, as show, 105
ofTitoites, 91
racism
in Romania, 67
See also ethnic cleansing; ethnic
identity; ethnic minorities
rationing, in Romania, 192
realpolitik, 8—12, 115, 169
recession of 2008, 264
reforms, of 1956
Bulgaria and, 116
communism and, 116—17
Czechoslovakia and, 115
GDR and, 111-12
Poland, 104-10
Romanian effects, 112—15
See also cultural reform; economic
reform; political reform
religion, de-Stalinisation and
in Bulgaria, 169
in Czechoslovakia, 232
in GDR, 170, 204
in Hungary, 176
in Romania, 175, 191
religion, Marxism and, 141-2
religious identity, 143
retailing, 252
retribution policy, Czech, 145
‘right opportunism dangers of, 90—1
Roma
dependent capitalism, unemployment
and, 318
educational segregation for, 282
in post-Stalinist era, 250—1
racism and, 67
riots in Slovakia, 279
socialist working class and, 146
Romania
abortion and, 149, 191
abortion / feminism in, 317
as agricultural raw material producer,
128
anti-Semitism in, 27
autonomy from USSR and, 166-7
Catholic Church, attacks on, 75
central planning in, 129*
coalition government formation, 28,
289-93
communist growth / spread in, Stalin
and, 24—9
constitution / political organisations
in, 137*
cultural reforms, 175
debt annulment, peasant, 26
demonstrations in, 238—9, 241
economic performance, 1989—
2006/7, 262*
economic reform in, 163, 240—1
elections in, 28—9, 240, 291, 292
ethnic tensions in, 240
European Union and, 258, 292—3
fall of actually existing socialism in,
238-41
fascist militia in, 26—7
financial aid to, 291
foreign trade, 191—2
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133*
Hungarian reforms and, 239
Iron Guard in, 26—7
King Michael, coup and, 25
land reform in, 130*
land seizures in, 26
348
Index
Romania — continued
machine and tractor station in, 192
as monarchical dictatorship, 1
nationalism in, 141
neo-Stalinism in, 190—3
nudism and, 149
party name / leadership, 1391
planning systems in, 1291
political reform in, 239—40
population displacements, 144
post coup government, 26
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 133^
purges trials, 65—8
racism in, 67
Red Army in, 27—8
reforms of 1956 and, 112-15
shock therapy in, 291
as single party state, 136
Soviet withdrawal, 115
Stalin and, 23
Tito visit to, 62
trade unions in, 26
second economy, 250, 315
second society, 216
Second World War
control of communism and, 8
as rerun of First, 4—5
Serbia
autonomy and, 242-3
Croatian conflict, Bosnian War and,
296-7
Croat-Muslim Federation and, 299—300
economic performance,
1989-2006/7, 262^
elections in, 243, 296—7, 302^1
ethnic tensions in, 242—4
European Union and, 304
Mihailovic, Tito and, 6
Montenegro, economic blockade of,
305
nationalists, 198, 242
political strife, Bosnian War and,
302-4
refugees in, 302
secession of, 244
self-identity in, 263
sovereign state declaration, 303—4
UN sanctions on, refugees and, 298
war criminals in, 303
services, central planning, prioritisation
and, 13 L See also commodities;
goods
sex trafficking, 316
sexuality, 149, 253
shock therapy, 260, 291
shortages
actually existing socialism and, 143
central planning and, 132
corruption and, 132
economy of, 260, 261
goods, lack of choice and, 134
in Hungary, 161
single channel banking, 128
single party states, 136
Slovakia
authoritarianism in, 277—8
communists in, 1, 37
corruption in, 279-80
economic performance, 1989—
2006/7, 262r
elections in, 39, 278, 280
ethnic issues in, 278, 280
European Union and, 258, 279
as Hitlerite creation, 2
Hungarian minority, 46, 279
May Day in, 6
National Uprising, 41, 55
NATO and, 279
political reform in, 277—80
regional reforms in, 278—9
socialists in, 37—8
two-state solution, 235
velvet divorce, Czechoslovakia and,
234-5
I
Index
349
Slovenia
Croatia border dispute and, 281—2
economic performance, 1989—
2006/7, 2621
elections, 243
ethnic issues in, 282
European Union and, 258, 281, 282
independence, Bosnian War and, 296
NATO and, 281
political reforms, post-socialism,
281-3
secession of, 244
social agreements, 197—8
social capital, 314
social class divisions, 145—6
social equality, 140
socialism
actually existing, 123
capitalism, transition to, 259—4
economics and, 88—9
ideologies, failure of and, 326—7
industrialisation and, 147
internationalism and, 140
labour and, 146
market, economic reforms and, 156
pricing and, 327—8
productivity and, 207
worker self-management and, 76—8
See also actually existing socialism;
post-Stalinist era
socialism, rise in Balkans
Albania, 14
Bulgaria, 15—19
Czechoslovakia, 37—40
Hungary, 40—7
Poland, 29—37
Yugoslavia, 13—14
socialist internationalism, 141
Socialist Party
Communist Party, merger with, 58
ideological / cultural values of, 140
socialist realism, 169
Socialist United Party (SED), 59
social man, Marx and, 131
social organisation, Marxism / Leninism
and, 138—44
social ownership, 196
social policy, Marxism and, 143
social welfare, 142
soft budget constraints, 196
solidarity movement, Poland, 204
elections and, 212, 215
martial law and, 210—16
private sector and, 214— 15
re-legalisation of, 222
as social movement, 213
strikes and, 211—12
See also Poland
Soviet Union
Albanian autonomy, 164—5
Albanian / Polish purge trials, 68—9
anti Tito actions, 73
apology, Stalin purges, 91—2
Balkan Federation and, 62—3
Bulgaria and, 11-15, 168, 194
China and, 154—5, 165
communism, support of spread of, 23
counter-revolution in, 77
Czechoslovakian reform and,
178-84, 199
Declaration on Friendship and
Cooperation, Hungary and, 100—1
denouncing Stalin, 85
de-Stalinisation and, 85. See also
de-Stalinisation, 155
dissolution of, 247
East German purges and, 74
Five Year Plan, Stalin, 76
GDR strikes, violence and, 87
German occupation, 58
Gorbachev, non-interference policy
of, 219-20
Gosplan model, 127—8
Hungarian leaders visit, 90
Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and,
95-102
in Hungary, 41
intervention, Czechoslovakia, 182—3
350
Index
Soviet Union — continued
intervention, Hungarian, 101—2
invasion of, 5
Khrushshev, Politburo, Tito and, 91—3
Khrushshev / Tito talks, 97
Malenkov sacked, 91
Marshall Plan and, 51» 53
martial law, Poland and, 213-15
military action, Hungarian
demonstrations, 99
Moldavia and, 24—5
Moscow Declaration, 93
occupation of Germany and, 59—60
Polish military standoff, 108-9
political prisoner release, 106
pricing policies, Stalin on, 327-8
Romanian purge trials and, 67-8
Romanian withdrawal, 115
socialist internationalism and, 141
Tito, Stalin v., 61-4
Tito and, 3, 9
Tsarist Russian Empire and, 1
Twentieth Congress of the Soviet
Party, 93
Ukrainian occupation and, 33
Warsaw Pact dissolution and, 247
Yugoslavia, Hungarian intervention,
102-4
Yugoslavian debt, cancels, 92
Yugoslavia reform, Krushchev and,
172
Spanish Civil War, 4, 5, 7
Stabilisation and Association
Agreements (SAAs) (EU)
Albania and, 295
Balkans and, 259
Bosnia-Hercegovina and, 310, 311
Croatia and, 301
Macedonia and, 307
Montenegro and, 305
Serbia and, 303-5
strikes
in Albania, 246
in Baltics, 208
in Czechoslovakia, currency reform
and, 87-8
in GDR, Soviet reaction and, 87
in Hungary, 88
industrial unrest, blame for, 146
Polish Anti-Crisis Pact and, 222
Polish crisis and, 210
Polish student, 175
Slovenian miner, 170
Solidarity, Poland and, 211—16
student movements, 172, 174—5, 198
successor states, 326
surplus value, 124
Sztalinvaros, 147
tariffs, 161
taxation, reforms and, 162
television, in post-Stalinist era, 253
tourism, 252
trade deficits, 161
trade unions
in Bulgaria, 16
collective contracts, in Romania, 26
communist control of, 3
in Czechoslovakia, 38, 39
defeat of, Czechoslovakia, 56
dependent capitalism and, 314—15
‘from below’ and, 4
German protests of, 59
health care administration, 142—3
in Hungary, 41—2
party reorganisation, Yugoslavia and,
172-3
in Poland, 32
as socialist value, 140
Solidarity and, 211
Yugoslav elections and, 2
See also labour; worker
self-management
Truman Doctrine, 52
type I reforms, 260-1
type II reforms, 260-1
I
Index
351
Ukraine
German collaboration / occupation*
33
population displacements, 144
unemployment, 161
United Nations, 51, 312
United Nations Criminal Tribunal, 259
United States
as agricultural supplier, 209
Balkan Federation and, 17
Central European University,
Hungary and, 273-4
Croatia and, 301
Hungarian operations, 70
Marshall Plan and, 51, 53
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 70
Poland, grain aid to, 168
Romania, Most Favored Nation
status and, 191
value, labour theory of (Marx), 124—6
Vatican, Poland and, 37
voucher privatisation, 274
wages
socialism and, 170—1
social ownership and, 196
war criminals
Croatian, 301
Serbian, 303
See also corruption; crime
Warsaw Pact, 101, 111, 115, 144, 165,
247
Warsaw Uprising, 105
West Germany. See Germany Federal
Republic (GFR)
women
affirmative action, Romania and, 190
commercialisation of, 149
dependent capitalism, feminism and,
316-18
feminist movements, 317—18
in post-Stalinist era, 251
shift in roles, 147
working class divisions and, 146
womens organisations, 140
womens rights, 143
work, obligation to, 142
workers’ councils, Yugoslavia, 102—3
worker self-management, 162, 242,
325
enterprise economic work
partnerships and, 207
in Hungary, 103
in Poland, 107 109
in Yugoslavia, 76—8, 102—3
working class, disappearance of, 172—3
working class divisions, 145—6
workplace democracy, post-Stalinist,
249-50
World Bank, 196, 205, 238, 291
v
Yalta Conference, 13, 33—4
youth organisations, 140
youth subcultures, 253—4, 320
Yugoslavia
abortion and, 149
Agrarian Reform Law in, 13—14
as agricultural raw material producer,
128
Basic Law on Co-operatives, 14
Bosnian War and. See Bosnian War
break-up of, 296—7
British agent, Tito as, 68
central planning in, 1291
civil war in, 244
collectivism and, 149
Communist Party in, 1—2, 64
Communist Party Sixth Congress,
77-8
communist revisionism in, 75—6
352
Index
Yugoslavia — continued
constitution / political organisations
in, 13 7t
debt canceled, Soviet Union, 92
demonstrations, Petofi Circle and, 98
division / liberation of, 3
economic reforms in, 161—2, 170—3,
196-7, 242
elections in, 243
ethnicity, economic survival and, 263
ethnic tensions in, 242—3, 244, 259
fall of actually existing socialism in,
241-5
Fifth Conference and, 5
fixed capital formation, reform and,
196-7
foreign policy of, 63-4
‘from below’ and, 7, 54—5
gross investments, industry /
agricultural, 133^
Hitlers New Order in, 2
Hungary, Tito reconciliation with,
97-98
Inflation in, 242
Khrushchev, Tito and, 91—3
Kosovo and, 312
land reform in, 1301
liberation war of, 6—7
May Day in, 6-7
as monarchical dictatorship, 1
monetary policy, 197
Moscow Declaration and, 93, 94
nationalism in, 64
party name / leadership, 1391
party organization / economic
reforms and, 170—3
planning systems in, 129^
political reform in, 170—3, 242
population displacements, 144
pro-investment shortage,
accumulation / consumption, 1331
Rajk trial and, 94
reform limits in, Tito and, 79
role of Communist Party in, 78-9
as single party state, 136
Slovenian miner strikes in, 170
social agreements, 197—8
socialism in, 13—14
Socialist Alliance of Working People,
78
Soviet, Hungarian intervention,
102-4
Soviet Union, trade agreement with,
63
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|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- Swain, Nigel |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124931162 (DE-588)170742083 |
| author_facet | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- Swain, Nigel |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- |
| author_variant | g s gs n s ns |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044750846 |
| classification_rvk | MG 80030 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1027207640 (DE-599)BVBBV044750846 |
| discipline | Politologie |
| edition | fifth edition |
| era | Geschichte 1945- gnd Geschichte 1945-1992 gnd Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945- Geschichte 1945-1992 Geschichte 1945-1989 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Ostblock Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV044750846 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:01:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781137605122 9781137605115 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030146504 |
| oclc_num | 1027207640 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-11 |
| physical | xxxi, 352 Seiten Karte |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Palgrave |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- Verfasser (DE-588)124931162 aut Eastern Europe since 1945 Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain fifth edition London Palgrave 2018 xxxi, 352 Seiten Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Previous editions published: 1993, 1998, 2003, 2009 "Macmillan Education." Geschichte 1945- gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-1992 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1945-1989 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd rswk-swf Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern / Politics and government / 1945- Europe, Eastern / Politics and government / 1989- Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 s Geschichte 1945- z DE-604 Ostblock (DE-588)4075730-4 g Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s 1\p DE-604 Geschichte 1945-1989 z 2\p DE-604 Geschichte 1945-1992 z 3\p DE-604 Swain, Nigel Verfasser (DE-588)170742083 aut Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030146504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030146504&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Swain, Geoffrey 1950- Swain, Nigel Eastern Europe since 1945 Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4001307-8 (DE-588)4075730-4 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Eastern Europe since 1945 |
| title_auth | Eastern Europe since 1945 |
| title_exact_search | Eastern Europe since 1945 |
| title_full | Eastern Europe since 1945 Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain |
| title_fullStr | Eastern Europe since 1945 Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eastern Europe since 1945 Geoffrey Swain and Nigel Swain |
| title_short | Eastern Europe since 1945 |
| title_sort | eastern europe since 1945 |
| topic | Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Alltag (DE-588)4001307-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Geschichte Alltag Ostblock Osteuropa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030146504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030146504&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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