Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru: aspecte etnogreografice
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bucureşti
Editura Etnologică
2017
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| Schriftenreihe: | Colecţia de etnolgie
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | 213 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9786068830230 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CUPRINS
CUVÁNT ÍNAINTE....................................................7
INTRODUCERE.......................................................9
INTRODUCTION.....................................................13
BBE^EHHE.........................................................17
1. ABORDAREA TEORETICO-METODOLOGICÁ A
CONCEPTULUI DE PEISAJ CULTURAL RURAL...........................23
1.1. Considera^ istoriografice...................................23
1.2. Notiuni §i interpretan conceptúale ale peisajului cultural..34
1.3. Peisajul rural - tip si component al peisajului cultural....42
1.4. Aspecte metodologice interdisciplinare de cercetare.........45
2. COMPONENTELE PEISAJULUI CULTURAL RURAL.......................49
2.1. Componentele culturii materiale.............................49
2.2. Componentele culturii spirituale: ideologiipeisagistice.....73
3. TIPOLOGIA PEISAJELOR.........................................96
3.1. Dupa modul de utilizare a terenurilor.......................99
3.2. Dupa dinámica..............................................125
3.3. Dupa duratá................................................125
3.4. Dupa amprenta étnica..................................... 126
3.5. Dupa interdependenta dintre componentele cultúrale si subiectii
informativi...................................................128
3.6. Dupa forma de delimitare...................................129
3.7. Dupa unicitatea taxonómica si identitará...................129
3.8. Dupa gradul de organizare..................................130
3.9. Dupa dimensiune............................................130
4. EVOLUJIA PEISAJULUI CULTURAL RURAL.............................143
4.1. Factorii dinamicii peisajului rural..........................143
4.2. Studii de caz................................................146
4.2.1. Satul Cosäuji........................................147
4.2.2. Satul Mâgdaceçti.....................................151
4.2.3. Comuna Crihana Veche.................................154
5. PEISAJUL RURAL LA ÎNCEPUT DE MELENIU: PROBLEME
$1 SOLUTH...................................................... 164
5.1. Dihotomia utopie/distopie ruralä: problème le satului actual.164
5.2. Rolul comunitätii çtiinlifice, locale §i al cadrului legislativ-institutional
în monitorizarea spa{iului rural................................174
CONCLUZII GENERALE................................................183
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS...............................................186
OEIIJEE 3AKJHOHEHHE...............................................189
BIBLIOGRAFIE......................................................193
Lista informatorilor..............................................208
Lista abrevierilor................................................213
CONCLUZII GENERALE
Studierea problematicii vizánd peisajul cultural rural al Republicii Moldo-
va în prezent a fost determinatà de urmStorii factori: conturarea unei noi direcfii de
cercetare în çtiinta nationala çi mondialà privind conceptul de peisaj cultural; spori-
rea importante! valorificârii teritoriului în conformitate eu principiile ecologiei na-
turale çi culturale; asigurarea continuitStii realizârilor materiale çi spirituale ale
comunitâlilor în limítele unor spa^ii originare; mentinerea diversit tii culturale, bio-
logice çi geomorfe; necesitatea protejàrii civilizatiei rurale ca obiect de patrimoniu
etnografic.
Conceptul de peisaj cultural este unul nou pentru cercetare la nivel national
çi relativ nou la nivel mondial, fapt confirmât în rezultatul relevârii multiplelor stu-
dii transdisciplinare realízate în cadrai çcolilor stiinfifice: germana, francezS, an-
glo-americanà, rusâ, româneascS. în acelaçi context s-a définit çi explicat concep-
tul, çi prin termenii avansafi de UNESCO, care considéra peisajele culturale obiec-
te de patrimoniu national çi universal. De asemenea, acestea sunt un model de trai
al grapurilor etnice care în condijiile globalizàrii sunt supuse unui procès rapid de
transformare, degradare, pierderea calitâtii lor materiale çi spirituale.
Sinteza modelelor de cercetare çi a notiunilor eu care s-a opérât ne-a ajutat
sà evidentiem un al patralea model - cel al arhetipului, sâ relevâm çi explicàm par-
ticularitàtile unui peisaj cultural rural, aspectele de constituiré çi functionare a aces-
tuia. O finalitate importants este elaborarea ecuatiilor conceptúale, schemelor
structurale ale conceptului de peisaj cultural rural, analiza acestuia în corelafie eu
metodele de cercetare utilízate, fapt care demonstreazâ eficacitatea unui procès sis-
temic interdisciplinar de studiu, teoretic çi empiric.
Relevanta studiului este confirmatà de aportul acestuia în explicarea notiu-
nii de peisaj cultural rural prin analiza relatiei reciproce dintre comunitatea localS çi
cadrai sâu natural de locuire. în spécial acest fapt a fost posibil, prin enunfarea de-
zideratelor care au stat la baza conturàrii anumitor modele, forme çi procese de
modelare a spatiului, precum este pàstrarea coordonatei trasatS de limítele resurse-
lor çi condifiilor naturale locale, traditia etnicà, realitatea istoricâ çi politicà, con-
juncturile economice. Acestea au constituit suport de fiintare pentru fórmele etno-
culturale, prin care omul satului a reuçit sS-çi alcâtuiascà habitatul, în armonie eu
cele oferite de natura: modelele de construcfie a casei, de organizare a gospodàriei,
insistenta çi consccventa ocupaliilor prin care a asigurat dinámica vietii, fixarea çi
persistente câilor de transport ce-1 scot din izolare, de înframusetare a spatiului prin
port, çi valorificare întra dobândirea hranei. De asemenea, matricea organizàrii spa-
tiului este încadratà în tiparele gândirii populare, ce este fundamentatà pe cunoçtin-
fe tehnice çi experien^e culturale, transmise ca informare etnográfica din generatie
în generatie.
Interpretarea spirituals a peisajului prin intermediul raporturilor omului eu
universul; conceptiilor çi credintelor acestuia fats de lumea înconjurStoare contu-
183
reazâ §i defínese tràsâturile identitare ale unui popor, a conceptiei acestuia asupra
imaginii ideale, arhetipale a lumii. Astfel, am considérât cà componentele culturii
spirituale ale peisajului rural nu trebuie privite doar de pe pozifia unor expresii,
creatii a culturii populare, dar çi din perspectiva considerärii lor ca modele, ideolo-
gii culturale peisagistice prin intermediul cärora oamenii au conceput spatiul, 1-au
umanizat, construit fizic çi mental. Açadar, am optât pentru o analizä a componen-
telor de culturä spiritualä a peisajului rural din punctul de vedere al urmätoarelor
paliere. Una cuprinde o analiza a modului cum calendarul popular, obiceiurile, tra-
dijiile, credinjele ?i cuno$tinjele populare ç.a., au modelât peisajul, i-au conferit va-
lence ce trec dincolo de realitäjile materiale çi vizibile, imprimându-i subtilitâti, ca-
re-1 fac parte a sufletului omului ce-1 locuieste, îi contureazà profilul emocional, çi
îi asigurâ originalitatea. Cel de-al doilea palier, în rezultatul sistematizârii comple-
xului teoretic si factologic al cercetärii, remarcâ ideea cà peisajul cultural rural pen-
tru comunitatea localä colportä amprente emotionale, axiologice, cromatice, simbo-
lice, cognitive, identitare, familiäre, istorice §i civilizationale.
Taxonomía peisajelor, analizatà în lucrare, prezintä diversitatea realizàrilor
de viaja materialä $i spiritualä a comunitätii rurale locale çi ne ajutà sà-i întelegem
nivelele dimensionale, creationale, psihologice, folclorice de încadrare în spatiu si
timp. Astfel, prin analiza criteriilor de clasificare înaintate de diferiti autori, si prin
pulsarea unor criterii ?i exemple proprii, au fost analízate peisajele: dupà modul de
utilizare a terenurilor, dupà dinamicà, dupà duratà, dupa amprenta etnicà, dupà in-
terdependenja dintre componentele culturale §i subiecjii informativi, forma de de-
limitare, unicitatea taxonomicà si identitarà, gradul de organizare, dimensiune. în
cadrai peisajelor respective comunitatea localä a sävärsit continuu o muncâ creati-
vä materialä si spiritualä ce sincronizeazâ eu conditiile si resursele naturale ale lo-
cului, räspund asteptärilor si necesitätilor indivizilor, reflectä arhetipuri culturale si
expresii de raportare §i încadrare a omului în spatiul natural si cultural. Specificul
peisajelor susnumite este confirmât prin felul organizärii satelor, prin tipul locuintei
çi a anexelor gospodâresti, ritmicitatea si caracterul ocupatiilor, originalitatea cre-
dinjelor si särbätorilor rezultate din caracterul natural si cultural local.
Analiza studiilor de caz (localitätile Cosäuti, Mägdäce§ti, Crihana Veche) a
confirmât cä peisajele rurale sunt continue, funcjionale, deoarece arguméntele adu-
se demonstreazä persistenja în timp a mesteçugurilor, a indicilor de evolujie §i de
consolidare a açezârilor, a modalitätilor de valorificare a terenurilor. Ele au o di-
namicâ proprie de dezvoltare, comunitatea localä încearcâ sä pästreze originalitatea
realizàrilor culturale si materiale prin adaptarea la condijiile unei lumi în transfor-
mare.
Contextele în care este pozitionat astâzi spatiul rural impune o altà perspec-
tivâ în cercetarea etnologicä. Astfel, pentra întelegerea adecvatä a situatiei la zi a
peisajului rural am tranzitat relatia dihotomicä utopie-distopie ruralà, pentra cà ne
fixeazâ pe pozitia de a examina trecutul cu conjucturile sale marcante de imagine
asupra spatiului rural, pentra a insista eu preeädere pe contextul în perimetral cäru-
ia supraviejuieçte si se reconfigureazâ acesta în prezent. De asemenea, am analizat
184
si regândit nivelul real al dimensionàrii peisajului rural în concordarla cu realitàfile
cúrente, raportându-1 în acelasi timp la imaginea satului tradicional.
în consecintâ, am ajuns sa afirmâm cà asigurarea pàstràrii caracterului ori-
ginal al spa|iului rural este posibilà doar prin contributia conjugatâ a comunitàtii
çtiinCifice, al cadrului legislativ-instituCional çi a populajiei locale, care sà colabore-
ze în perspectiva elaborârii programelor sustenabile de dezvoltare corectà a corau-
nitàCii rurale, programe care sà fortifiée, sà promoveze, sà protejeze çi sà mentinà
echilibrul peisajului rural în fata problemelor mileniului.
Importaba cunoaçterii peisajelor rurale este justificatà de faptul cà spaCiul
trebuie valorificat în baza specificului sàu natural çi cultural local, respectând o
dezvoltare durabilà. Spatiul rural a devenit armonios prin ordinea si echilibrul or-
ganizàrii gospodàriei, consecvenCei lucràrii pàmântului, abilitàlilor populatiei locale
de a utiliza racional resursele naturale, capacitàCilor sale de adaptare la condiCiile de
mediu; creativitàCii de a dedica muncii çi naturii frumoase expresii de creaCie popu-
lará. Importaba cunoaçterii peisajelor rurale ar ajuta comunitatea sà-çi reconsidere
teritoriul; sà-§i pàstreze identitatea localà; sà-çi analizeze çi sà-çi reconceapâ bene-
ficiile spaCiului pe care îl posedà.
185
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
The study of the issues concerning the rural cultural landscape of the Re-
public of Moldova was determined by the following factors: outlining a new
research direction in the national and world science, concerning the concept of cul-
tural landscape; increasing the importance of usage of the territory according to the
principles of natural and cultural ecology; ensuring the continuity of the material
and spiritual achievements of communities within their original spaces boundaries;
the preservation of cultural, biological and geomorphic diversity; the necessity of
protecting the rural civilization as an element of ethnographic heritage.
The concept of cultural landscape is a new one in the national science, and
relatively new in the international research, which is confirmed by the fact that
many transdisciplinary studies were undertaken within various scientific schools:
German, French, Anglo-American, Russian, Romanian. In the same context, the
term was defined and explained from geographical, ethnological, philosophical and
axiological point of view. The attempt to offer a comprehensive explanation of the
concept has led us to opt for a synchronisation, especially to use the terminology
stipulated in the UNESCO documents and guidelines which consider the cultural
landscapes as objects of national and universal heritage. Also, these are models of
life of the ethnic groups which, within the globalization circumstances, are subject
to rapid transformation and degradation processes, losing their material and spiritu-
al quality.
The synthesis of the research models and the notions with which we have
operated helped us to add a fourth model - that of the archetype, to reveal and
explain the particularities of rural cultural landscapes, their constitution and
functioning aspects. An important result of the research is the elaboration of con-
ceptual equations, structural schemes of the rural cultural landscape concept, its
analysis in correlation with the research methods used, a fact that demonstrates the
efficiency of an interdisciplinary, systemic, theoretical and empirical process study.
The relevance of the study is confirmed by its contribution to explaining
the notion of rural cultural landscape, by analysing the reciprocal relationship
between the local community and its natural habitat. In particular, this was possible
by stating the desiderata that underpinned the contouring of certain models, shapes
and processes of space modelling, for example: the preservation of the coordinates
outlined by natural local resources and conditions, ethnic tradition, historical and
political reality, economic circumstances. These factors constituted a support for
the existence of ethno-cultural forms, through which the villager managed to build
his habitat, in harmony with the things offered by nature: the house construction
and household organization models, the insistence and consistency of the
occupations through which one has ensured the dynamics of life, the fixation and
persistence of the transport routes that take men out of isolation, to embellish the
space through traditional clothes, and make use of it for the acquisition of food.
186
The spiritual interpretation of the landscape through the relationships
between human and Universe, the conceptions and beliefs regarding the world
around, outline and define the identity traits of a people, its conception about the
ideal, archetypal image of the world. Thus, we considered that the components of
the spiritual culture of the rural landscape should not be viewed only from the
position of expressions, creations of folk culture, but also from the perspective of
considering them as models, cultural landscaping ideologies through which people
conceptualised and humanized the space, built it physically and mentally. Thus, we
opted for an analysis of the spiritual culture components of the rural landscape
from the point of view of the following levels. The first of them includes an
analysis of how man used the traditional calendar, customs, traditions, beliefs and
popular knowledge, etc., shaping thus the landscape, bestowing it valences that go
beyond the material and visible realities, imprinting subtleties that make it a part of
the soul of the man who lives in that place, shapes its emotional profile, and
ensures it originality. The second level, as a result of the systematization of the
theoretical and factual complex of research, notes the idea that, for the local
community, the rural cultural landscape bears emotional, axiological, chromatic,
symbolic, cognitive, identity, familiar, historical and civilization imprints.
The taxonomy of the landscapes analysed in the paper, based on
ethnographic and geographical approach, presents the diversity of the material and
spiritual life achievements of the local rural community, and help us understand its
dimensional, creative, psychological, and folkloric levels of adaptation to space
and time. Thus, analysing the classification criteria submitted by different authors,
and by adding some of our own criteria and examples, the landscapes were
analysed as follows: according to the land use, to the dynamics, duration, ethnic
marks criteria, the interdependence between the cultural components and the in-
formative subjects, the form of delimitation, taxonomic and identity uniqueness,
level of organization, dimension. Within these landscapes, the local community has
undertaken continuously material and spiritual creative work. It is a work which
synchronizes with the natural conditions and resources of the place, answers to the
expectations and needs of the individuals, reflects cultural archetypes and
expressions of reporting and adaptation of the human to the natural and cultural
space. The specificity of the above-mentioned landscapes is confirmed by the way
how villages are organized, by the house and household annexes type, the
rhythmicity and the character of occupations, the originality of beliefs and
celebrations resulting from the local natural and cultural character.
The analysis of case studies (localities Cosauti, Magdace§ti, Crihana Ve-
che) has confirmed that rural landscapes are continuous, functional, because the
arguments put forward demonstrate the persistence of crafts during the time, of the
evolution and consolidation indices of the settlements, of the model of making use
of the land. The landscapes have their own development dynamics, the local
community is trying to preserve the originality of the cultural and material
achievements by adapting to the conditions of a transforming world.
187
The context in which the rural area is positioned today, imposes a new per-
spective to the ethnological research. Thus, for the adequate understanding of the
actual situation of the rural landscape we have transited the utopian-dystopian
dichotomous relation, because it sets us in the position of examining the past, with
its remarkable connotations, of image of rural space, to insist primarily on the con-
text in which it is put nowadays, its undergoing and reconfiguring. We also
analysed and rethought the real level of the rural landscape according to current
realities, while referring to the image of the traditional village.
Consequently, we have come to assert that ensuring the preservation of the
original character of rural space is only possible through the conjoint contribution
of the scientific community, of the institutional legislative framework, and of local
community, who will collaborate in the perspective of developing sustainable rural
development programs.
The importance of knowledge of rural landscapes is proved by the fact that
space must be used on the basis of its local natural and cultural specificity,
respecting a sustainable development. Rural space has become harmonious through
the order and balance of the organization of the household, the consistency of the
earth work, due to the ability of the local population to use rationally the natural
resources, its adaptability capacities to environmental conditions, the creativity of
dedicating beautiful expressions of folk creation to labour and nature. The
importance of knowledge of rural landscapes would help the community reconsider
its territory, keep its local identity, analyse and reconsider the benefits of the space
which it possesses.
188
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Onica, Dorina ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_GND | (DE-588)115126928X |
| author_facet | Onica, Dorina ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Onica, Dorina ca. 20./21. Jh |
| author_variant | d o do |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044729934 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1020575614 (DE-599)BVBBV044729934 |
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| geographic | Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd Pruth (DE-588)4224359-2 gnd Dnjestr (DE-588)4091067-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Moldawien Pruth Dnjestr |
| id | DE-604.BV044729934 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T08:00:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786068830230 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030126020 |
| oclc_num | 1020575614 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 213 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Editura Etnologică |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Colecţia de etnolgie |
| spelling | Onica, Dorina ca. 20./21. Jh. Verfasser (DE-588)115126928X aut Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice Dorina Onica Bucureşti Editura Etnologică 2017 213 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Colecţia de etnolgie Zusammenfassung auf Englisch, Rumänisch und Russisch Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd rswk-swf Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd rswk-swf Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 gnd rswk-swf Pruth (DE-588)4224359-2 gnd rswk-swf Dnjestr (DE-588)4091067-2 gnd rswk-swf Moldawien (DE-588)4039967-9 g Pruth (DE-588)4224359-2 g Dnjestr (DE-588)4091067-2 g Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 s Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Onica, Dorina ca. 20./21. Jh Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033573-2 (DE-588)4034026-0 (DE-588)4039967-9 (DE-588)4224359-2 (DE-588)4091067-2 |
| title | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice |
| title_auth | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice |
| title_exact_search | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice |
| title_full | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice Dorina Onica |
| title_fullStr | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice Dorina Onica |
| title_full_unstemmed | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru aspecte etnogreografice Dorina Onica |
| title_short | Peisajul cultural rural dintre Prut şi Nistru |
| title_sort | peisajul cultural rural dintre prut si nistru aspecte etnogreografice |
| title_sub | aspecte etnogreografice |
| topic | Kulturlandschaft (DE-588)4033573-2 gnd Ländlicher Raum (DE-588)4034026-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Kulturlandschaft Ländlicher Raum Moldawien Pruth Dnjestr |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030126020&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT onicadorina peisajulculturalruraldintreprutsinistruaspecteetnogreografice |