Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt:
Gespeichert in:
Weitere Verfasser: | , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
London
Thomson Reuters trading as Sweet & Maxwell
2017
|
Ausgabe: | Fifth edition |
Schriftenreihe: | The common law library
|
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Previous edition: 2011 Table of cases: Seiten xxxv - cxxiii "Table of statutes": Seiten cxxv - cxli |
Beschreibung: | clv, 1594 Seiten 24 cm |
ISBN: | 9780414063808 0414063805 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt |c Doctor Patricia Londono LLB, MSC (Oxon), editor in chief ; Sir David Eady, consultant editor ; Professor A.T.H. Smith, LL.D., consultant editor ; Rt Hon Lord Eassie, Scottish law editor |
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246 | 1 | 3 | |a Law of contempt |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE VII
TABLE OF CASES XXXV
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL CASES CXV
TABLE OF STATUTES CXXV
TABLE OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS CXLIII
TABLE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES CXLIX
TABLE OF INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION CLIII
TABLE OF RULES OF THE SUPREME COURT CIV
CHAPTER 1
HISTORY OF THE LAW OF CONTEMPT
I. THE COMMON LAW COURTS 1-1
A. EARLY CONTEMPTS: HINDRANCE OR OBSTRUCTION 1-1
B. CONTEMPT BY WORDS 1-5
C. EARLY PROCEDURE 1-7
D. THE JURISDICTION OVER OFFICERS OF THE COURT 1-24
II. INFLUENCE OF THE STAR CHAMBER 1-26
A. INTRODUCTION 1-26
B. THE ROLE OF THE KING S COUNCIL 1-27
C. STAR CHAMBER PROCEDURE 1-30
D. ABOLITION OF THE STAR CHAMBER 1-38
III. THE COURT OF CHANCERY: THE DEVELOPMENT OF CIVIL CONTEMPT 1-41
A. CRIMINAL CONTEMPTS 1-42
B. CIVIL CONTEMPT 1-47
IV. SUMMARY PROCEDURE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1-51
A. THE RECOGNITION OF SUMMARY POWERS 1-51
B. CONTEMPT BY PUBLICATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1-57
C. STRICT LIABILITY FOR CONTEMPT IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1-64
V. THE RULE AGAINST EX PARTE STATEMENTS 1-71
VI. OTHER NINETEENTH CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS 1-74
A. THE APPELLATE JURISDICTION 1-74
B. DISCOURAGING THE USE OF THE SUMMARY PROCESS 1-76
C. TECHNICAL CONTEMPTS 1-78
D. THE GRADUAL DEMISE OF ATTACHMENT 1-84
E. ATTEMPTS TO LEGISLATE IN RESPECT OF THE JUDGES ARBITRARY POWER ...
1-85
VII. BACKGROUND TO THE CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981 1-86
A. THE PHILLIMORE COMMITTEE 1-86
B. ATT-GEN V TIMES NEWSPAPERS LTD 1-87
C. THE PHILLIMORE COMMITTEE S REACTION TO THE HOUSE OF LORDS 1-99
D. SUNDAY TIMES V UNITED KINGDOM 1-104
VIII.THE CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981 1-114
A. THE OCCASION OF THE ENACTMENT 1-114
B. THE PURPOSES OF THE 1981 ACT 1-115
C. THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE 1-116
D. SOME MISCELLANEOUS AMENDMENTS 1-119
E. CIVIL CONTEMPT LEFT UNTOUCHED BY THE ACT 1-124
IX. DEVELOPMENTS SINCE THE 1981 ACT: A SUMMARY 1-126
A. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAW OF CONTEMPT 1-126
[XV]
CONTENTS
B. SURVIVING FORMS OF COMMON LAW CONTEMPT: RESIDUAL
UNCERTAINTIES 1-129
C. THE EARLY INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 1-133
D. THE SPYCATCHER LITIGATION 1-136
E. THE USE OF CONTEMPT AND SEQUESTRATION IN POLITICALLY SENSITIVE
DISPUTES 1-138
F. PROMINENCE OF CONTEMPT IN THE FAMILY LAW CASES 1-140
G. CONTEMPT AND THE CROWN 1-143
H. DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS 1-144
I. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS 1-148
J. OTHER LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENTS 1-156
K. A CHANGING CLIMATE IN THE CONTEXT OF FREE PRESS VERSUS FAIR TRIAL .
1-158
X. ISSUES CURRENTLY REQUIRING ATTENTION IN THE LAW OF CONTEMPT 1-167
A. REASSESSING PRIORITIES 1-167
B. PUBLIC STATEMENTS BY LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES AND THE POLICE 1-170
C. PAYMENTS TO POTENTIAL WITNESSES 1-182
D. REPORTING COURT PROCEEDINGS 1-183
E. PRIVACY 1-188
F. NON-PUBLICATION CONTEMPTS AND THE GENERAL CRIMINAL LAW 1-192
G. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB AND SOCIAL MEDIA 1-196
CHAPTER 2
CONTEMPT OF COURT: THE CONSTITUTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
I. THE CONTINUING ROLE OF THE CONTEMPT JURISDICTION 2-1
A. THE PURPOSE OF THE SUMMARY JURISDICTION 2-1
B. THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF CONTEMPT 2-3
C. SUMMARY PROCEDURES 2-4
D. THE UNDERLYING RATIONALE OF THE CONTEMPT JURISDICTION 2-6
E. THE MISLEADING IMPLICATIONS OF THE WORD CONTEMPT 2-10
F. THE OVERLAP BETWEEN CONTEMPT AND THE GENERAL CRIMINAL LAW 2-13
G. THE MISSING SAFEGUARDS 2-19
H. FACTORS JUSTIFYING THE USE OF THE SUMMARY PROCEDURE 2-28
II. FREEDOM OF INFORMATION AND THE LAW OF CONTEMPT 2-34
A. THE COMPETING RIGHTS 2-34
B. THE LAW OF CONTEMPT AS A FETTER ON FREEDOM OF SPEECH 2-40
C. VILIFICATION OF THOSE PUNISHED BY THE COURTS 2-47
D. THE CONSTITUTIONAL ROLE OF THE PRESS 2-50
E. PROVISION FOR CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN PRIVATE 2-77
F. A CONTINUING TENSION 2-80
III. FREE PRESS AND FAIR TRIAL 2-83
A. THE ISSUES OF PRINCIPLE 2-84
B. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH 2-92
C. DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS 2-112
D. MINIMISING THE RISK OF PREJUDICE WITHOUT RESTRICTING FREE
SPEECH 2-116
IV. THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION 2-138
A. INCORPORATION INTO UK LAW 2-139
B. THE RELEVANCE OF THE CONVENTION TO THE LAW OF CONTEMPT 2-140
C. CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION OF RIGHTS: THE COMMON LAW APPROACH .. 2-153
D. A MATTER OF BALANCE? CONTRASTING APPROACHES TO RIGHTS
ADJUDICATION 2-161
|XVI]
CONTENTS
E. OPEN JUSTICE: ARTS 6 AND 10 2-167
F. COMPARISON WITH THE COMMON LAW 2-175
G. MAINTAINING THE AUTHORITY AND IMPARTIALITY OF THE JUDICIARY 2-177
H. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RIGHT OF INDIVIDUAL PETITION 2-178
I. THE SO CALLED MARGIN OF APPRECIATION 2-180
J. DEVELOPING THE LAW OF CONTEMPT JUDICIALLY: ART.7 2-183
K. PRINCIPLES CONTRASTED WITH RULES IN CRIMINAL LAW 2-193
L. THE PROBLEM ILLUSTRATED IN DOBSON V HASTINGS 2-197
M. THE NEED TO CONFINE JUDICIAL LAW-MAKING IN THE CRIMINAL
CONTEXT 2-205
N. CONTEMPT CASES IN WHICH RELIANCE WAS PLACED UPON THE
EUROPEAN CONVENTION 2-206
0. THE ENACTMENT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 2-212
V. THE ROLE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 2-213
A. THE INITIATION OF CONTEMPT PROCEEDINGS 2-213
B. CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981 S.7 2-217
C. DOUBTS AS TO THE LOCUS STANDI OF OTHER PERSONS 2-221
D. WHO HAS STANDING TO OBTAIN AN INJUNCTION? 2-222
E. CONSIDERING THE PUBLIC INTEREST 2-223
F. THE ATTORNEY S ROLE IN RELATION TO CIVIL CONTEMPTS 2-236
G. THE COURT S POWER TO ACT OF ITS OWN INITIATIVE 2-238
VI. CONTEMPT OF COURT AND THE CROWN 2-240
A. CONTEMPT BY MINISTERS OF THE CROWN: M RE 2-241
CHAPTER 3
THE DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CRIMINAL AND CIVIL
CONTEMPT
I. THE DISTINCTION EXPLAINED 3-1
A. THE ESSENCE OF THE DISTINCTION 3-1
B. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DUAL NATURE OF CIVIL CONTEMPTS 3-13
C. POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CONTEMPT: AN
OVERVIEW 3-26
D. PHILLIMORE S SUGGESTION FOR ABANDONING THE DISTINCTION
ALTOGETHER 3-48
E. CONTINUING CRITICISMS OF THE DISTINCTION 3-49
F. AN ATTEMPTED REFORMULATION 3-52
II. THE JURIDICAL NATURE OF CONTEMPT 3-56
A. CRIMINAL CONTEMPT AND THE GENERAL CRIMINAL LAW FRAMEWORK 3-56
B. THE NATURE OF CIVIL CONTEMPT 3-73
C. THE ADOPTION OF SOME CRIMINAL SAFEGUARDS FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT .... 3-77
D. TO WHAT EXTENT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE LAW OF CIVIL CONTEMPT
REMEDIAL ? 3-86
E. CIVIL CONTEMPTS AS MISDEMEANOURS 3-88
F. IS CONTEMPT OF COURT A WRONG SUI GENERIS? 3-95
G. THE PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE DISTINCTION GRADUALLY
MINIMISED 3-98
H. HOW DO THE CONTEMPTS CREATED BY THE 1981 ACT FIT INTO THE
FRAMEWORK? 3-102
1. BREACHES CLASSIFIED AS CRIMINAL AT COMMON LAW 3-117
J. ORDERS RELATING TO WARDS OF COURT 3-125
K. CONTEMPTS BY THIRD PARTIES IN RELATION TO COURT ORDERS 3-130
III. POINTS OF COMPARISON BETWEEN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CONTEMPTS 3-141
[XVIIJ
CONTENTS
A. SCHEME OF DISCUSSION 3-141
B. APPEALS 3-142
C. PRIVILEGE FROM ARREST AND IMPRISONMENT 3-152
D. WAIVER 3-168
E. INSTITUTION OF PROCEEDINGS 3-183
F. SANCTIONS 3-190
G. RELEASE EX DEBITO JUSTITIAE NO LONGER AVAILABLE 3-193
H. EXECUTION 3-198
I. EXERCISE OF THE ROYAL PREROGATIVE 3-199
J. THE PRIVILEGE AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION 3-202
K. AUTREFOIS ACQUIT AND CONVICT 3-229
L. EXTRA-TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION 3-246
M. HEARSAY EVIDENCE 3-251
N. FRESH EVIDENCE ON APPEAL 3-265
O. THE STANDARD OF PROOF 3-267
P. THE APPROACH TO MENS REA IN CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CONTEMPT 3-273
Q. A POSSIBLE DISTINCTION AS TO THE RELEVANCE OF DURESS 3-276
CHAPTER 4
THE STATUTORY REGIME FOR STRICT LIABILITY
I. THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE 4-1
A. THE NATURE OF THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE 4-1
B. THE SCHEME OF THE ACT 4-4
C. THE UNCERTAIN SCOPE OF STRICT LIABILITY AT COMMON LAW 4-5
D. THE STATUTORY TERMINOLOGY FURTHER EXAMINED 4-15
E. INTENTION TO PUBLISH REQUIRED 4-64
II. RESTRICTIONS ON THE ACTUS REUS OF STRICT LIABILITY CONTEMPTS 4-65
A. THE STATUTORY MEANS OF CONFINEMENT 4-65
B. THE CONCEPT OF RISK : WHEN IS A RISK SUBSTANTIAL ? 4-67
C. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RISK AND PREJUDICE 4-73
D. THE PRINCIPLES SUMMARISED 4-97
E. THE APPLICATION OF THE COMMON LAW WHEN S.2(2) DOES NOT
APPLY 4-108
F. THE NATURE OF PREJUDICE GENERALLY 4-110
G. WHAT AMOUNTS TO SERIOUS PREJUDICE? 4-114
H. IMPEDED . 4-115
III. CATEGORIES OF PERSONS THOUGHT SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFLUENCE 4-133
A. WHO IS THOUGHT SUSCEPTIBLE TO INFLUENCE? 4-133
IV. STRICT LIABILITY CONTEMPT AND ABUSE OF PROCESS 4-179
A. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRICT LIABILITY CONTEMPT AND
ABUSE OF PROCESS 4-179
B. THE COURTS MUST NOT SPEAK WITH TWO VOICES 4-200
V. WHEN ARE PROCEEDINGS ACTIVE ? 4-209
A. SCHEDULE 1 OF THE 1981 ACT 4-209
B. THE GENERAL SCHEME 4-211
VI. SECTION 7 AND THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 4-221
A. ROLE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL UNDER THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE 4-221
VII. WHO MAY BE LIABLE FOR PUBLICATION AND UPON WHAT BASIS? 4-230
A. LIABILITY UNDER THE 1981 ACT S.2 4-230
B. SCHEME OF THE FOLLOWING DISCUSSION 4-233
C. CANDIDATES FOR LIABILITY 4-234
D. THE BASIS OF LIABILITY OF PROPRIETORS AND PUBLISHERS 4-235
[XVIII]
CONTENTS
E. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE VICARIOUS LIABILITY OF
PROPRIETORS 4-239
F. VICARIOUS LIABILITY IN THE CORPORATE CONTEXT 4-244
G. EDITORIAL RESPONSIBILITY 4-252
H. OTHER JOURNALISTS 4-256
I. THE ANALOGY WITH THE LAW OF LIBEL 4-264
J. PRINTERS 4-270
K. DISTRIBUTORS 4-274
VIILINNOCENT PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION 4-276
A. INNOCENT PUBLICATION AND DISTRIBUTION: S.3 4-276
B. THE HISTORY OF S.3 4-279
C. THE STANDARD OF CARE EXPECTED 4-283
D. VICARIOUS LIABILITY AND S.3 4-295
E. THE BURDEN OF PROOF 4-302
IX. THE RIGHT TO REPORT COURT PROCEEDINGS 4-304
A. CONTEMPORANEOUS REPORTING OF COURT PROCEEDINGS: THE GENERAL
PRINCIPLE 4-304
B. SECTION 4(1) 4-306
C. THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE REPORT BE CONTEMPORANEOUS 4-318
D. PROCEEDINGS IN PRIVATE 4-326
E. THE REQUIREMENT OF GOOD FAITH 4-327
F. FAIR AND ACCURATE REPORTING 4-330
G. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 4-333
H. THE INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN S.4(L) AND S.4(2) 4-336
X. DISCUSSING PUBLIC AFFAIRS 4-337
A. DISCUSSION OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS: S.5 4-337
B. THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND TO S.5 4-338
C. THE ISSUES ADDRESSED IN ATTORNEY GENERAL V ENGLISH 4-344
D. SECTION 5 INAPPLICABLE TO INTENTIONAL CONTEMPTS 4-360
E. INJUNCTIONS AND S.5 4-361
F. THE BURDEN OF PROOF 4-364
XI. WHAT ARE THE DEFENCES PRESERVED BY SECTION 6? 4-365
A. THE STATUTORY CONTEXT 4-365
B. POSSIBLE CANDIDATES 4-369
CHAPTER 5
CONTEMPTS BY PUBLICATION AT COMMON LAW
I. QUESTIONS UNRESOLVED BY THE 1981 ACT 5-1
A. INTRODUCTION: THE OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS 5-1
II. THE ACTUS REUS 5-5
A. THE IMPACT OF THE ACT ON THE COMMON LAW TEST 5-5
B. POSSIBLE FORMULATIONS OF THE ACTUS REUS 5-12
C. PRIVATE PUBLICATIONS 5-13
D. CREATING A LESS THAN SUBSTANTIAL RISK OF SERIOUS PREJUDICE 5-14
E. CREATING A RISK OF LESS THAN SERIOUS PREJUDICE 5-18
F. PUBLICATION WHEN PROCEEDINGS ARE PENDING BUT NOT ACTIVE 5-62
G. PROCEEDINGS IMMINENT BUT NOT YET PENDING 5-67
H. WHERE PROCEEDINGS ARE MERELY ON THE CARDS 5-96
I. INTENTIONAL CONTEMPTS BEFORE THE COMMENCEMENT OF AN APPEAL .. 5-100
J. SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ACTUS REUS AT COMMON LAW 5-104
III. THE MENTAL ELEMENT IN COMMON LAW PUBLICATION CONTEMPT 5-120
A. THE MENTAL ELEMENT IN CRIME: SOME GENERAL PROPOSITIONS 5-120
[XIX]
CONTENTS
B. THE CONCEPT OF RECKLESSNESS GENERALLY IN CRIMINAL LAW 5-129
C. THE NATURE OF MENS REA IN PUBLICATION CONTEMPT 5-132
D. IS AN INTENTION TO CREATE A RISK OF PREJUDICE SUFFICIENT? 5-171
E. PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES IN DIFFERENTIATING INTENTION AND
RECKLESSNESS 5-202
F. CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE MODERN LAW OF MENS REA 5-207
IV. IS THERE A GENERAL DEFENCE OF FAIR COMMENT/PUBLIC INTEREST? 5-208
V. SCANDALISING THE COURT 5-211
A. INTRODUCTION 5-211
B. PROPOSALS FOR MODIFICATION OR ABOLITION 5-218
C. ORIGINS OF THE MODERN LAW: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS .... 5-231
D. LATER DEVELOPMENTS 5-234
E. THE NEED TO PROTECT THE RIGHT OF LEGITIMATE CRITICISM 5-243
F. THE ACTUS REUS OF SCANDALISING CONTEMPTS 5-246
G. ALLEGATIONS OF BIAS OR IMPROPER MOTIVE 5-253
H. PUBLICATION 5-256
I. THE REQUISITE STATE OF MIND FOR SCANDALISING CONTEMPT 5-258
J. KNOWLEDGE OF CONTENTS 5-264
K. LACK OF GOOD FAITH 5-265
L. SPECIAL DEFENCES AVAILABLE IN SCANDALISING 5-266
M. OTHER JURISDICTIONS 5-274
CHAPTER 6
COURT ORDERS AFFECTING THE MEDIA
I. QUIA TIMET INJUNCTIONS TO RESTRAIN A CONTEMPT 6-1
A. A JURISDICTION TO BE SPARINGLY EXERCISED 6-1
B. THE TRADITIONAL RELUCTANCE TO GRANT PRIOR RESTRAINT 6-8
C. THE RELEVANCE OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 S. 12 6-14
D. THE APPROACH OF THE STRASBOURG JURISPRUDENCE TOWARDS PRIOR
RESTRAINT 6-26
E. A COMPARISON WITH THE CANADIAN CHARTER 6-29
F. WHO MAY CLAIM AN INJUNCTION? 6-30
G. WHAT MUST AN APPLICANT PROVE? 6-38
H. THE NEED TO AVOID ANY APPEARANCE OF CENSORSHIP 6-45
I. THE STANDARD OF PROOF 6-47
J. TO WHICH COURT SHOULD AN APPLICATION BE MADE? 6-48
II. INJUNCTIONS CONTRA MUNDUM 6-51
A. INJUNCTIONS CONTRA MUNDUM 6-51
B. THE HISTORY OF THE PARENS PATRIAE (OR INHERENT ) JURISDICTION
GENERALLY 6-77
C. RESTRICTING THE REPORTING OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 6-118
D. ANONYMITY ORDERS IN LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 6-141
E. THE PRINCIPLES TO BE APPLIED 6-146
F. EXAMPLES OF ANONYMITY ORDERS BEING GRANTED, EITHER WHOLLY OR
IN PART, OR REFUSED ALTOGETHER 6-159
G. NON-CONTACT ORDERS 6-175
III. INJUNCTIONS AFFECTING PERSONS WHO ARE NOT DIRECTLY BOUND 6-177
A. INJUNCTIONS INTENDED TO BIND NON-PARTIES 6-177
B. INJUNCTIONS INDIRECTLY AFFECTING THIRD PARTIES 6-187
C. THE NATURE OF THE LIABILITY OF PERSONS NOT DIRECTLY BOUND BY AN
ORDER 6-197
D. APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES 6-221
[XX|
CONTENTS
E. THE POSSIBLE OPPORTUNITIES FOR AVOIDING THE DIFFICULTY 6-222
F. THE USE OF JOHN DOE INJUNCTIONS 6-225
CHAPTER 7
COURT REPORTING I: RESTRICTIONS UNDER THE 1981
ACT
I. THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND 7-1
A. OPEN JUSTICE 7-1
B. THE RIGHT OF THE PUBLIC TO BE INFORMED 7-23
C. ARBITRATION: A LIMITED QUALIFICATION TO THE PRINCIPLE OF OPEN
JUSTICE 7-36
D. THE LIMITED POWER TO CONFER PRIVACY ON PROCEEDINGS 7-43
E. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEARINGS: A CHANGE
OF PRACTICE 7-60
F. THE TRADITIONALLY RECOGNISED EXCEPTIONS TO THE OPENNESS
PRINCIPLE 7-85
G. THE RESIDUAL DISCRETION: DETERRENCE OF WITNESSES BY PUBLICITY 7-105
H. CIRCUMSTANCES JUSTIFYING THE WITHHOLDING OF PARTICULAR ITEMS OF
INFORMATION IN OPEN COURT 7-113
I. THE CONTINUING RELEVANCE OF THE COMMON LAW 7-123
II. SECTION 11 OF THE CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 7-125
A. THETERMSOFS.IL 7-125
B. THE CONSEQUENCES OF BREACHING A S. 11 ORDER 7-133
C. CRIMINAL PRACTICE DIRECTIONS 2015 7-135
D. MENS REA FOR BREACH OF S.L 1 ORDERS 7-138
E. DECISIONSINTHELIGHTOFS.IL 7-142
III. POSTPONEMENT ORDERS UNDER SECTION 4(2) OF THE 1981 ACT 7-164
A. POSTPONING PUBLICATION: THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND 7-164
B. SECTION 4(2): REPORTING RESTRICTIONS 7-166
C. THE LIMITATIONS OF THE S.4(2) POWER 7-168
D. TEETHING PROBLEMS 7-170
E. SUBSEQUENT CALLS FOR RESTRAINT 7-174
F. THE PRINCIPAL ISSUES RAISED BY S.4(2) OF THE ACT IDENTIFIED 7-178
G. THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND TO THE HORSHAM JUSTICES CASE 7-181
H. THE RELATIONSHIP OF S.4(2) TO THE EXISTING COMMON LAW POWERS,
AND TO THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE 7-184
I. IS BREACH OF A S.4(2) ORDER IPSO FACTO A CONTEMPT? 7-187
J. THE PROCEEDINGS CONTEMPLATED UNDER S.4(2) 7-192
K. WHAT PUBLICATIONS MAY BE POSTPONED? 7-199
L. WHEN ARE PROCEEDINGS PENDING OR IMMINENT UNDER S.4(2)? 7-205
M. FOR HOW LONG MAY A PUBLICATION BE POSTPONED? 7-208
N. ARE JOURNALISTS RESTRAINED EVEN WHERE NO ORDER IS MADE? 7-211
O. THE PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF S.4(2) ORDERS 7-215
P. THE TESTS TO BE APPLIED BEFORE MAKING AN ORDER 7-226
Q. WHAT IS THE REQUIRED MENTAL ELEMENT IN THE CASE OF THE BREACH OF
A S.4(2) ORDER? 7-275
R. WHO HAS THE POWER TO PUNISH A BREACH? 7-301
S. IS A JOURNALIST ALLEGED TO BE IN BREACH ENTITLED TO CHALLENGE THE
VALIDITY OF THE ORDER ITSELF? 7-311
T. THE RECOGNITION OF JOURNALISTS LOCUS STANDI IN RELATION TO SUCH
ORDERS . . 7-320
[XXI]
CONTENTS
U. APPEALS AGAINST S.L 1 AND 4(2) ORDERS: SECTION 159 OF THE 1988
ACT 7-335
V. APPEALS IN RESPECT OF SPENT ORDERS 7-345
X. PROCEDURE ON S. 159 APPEALS 7-346
Y. PROVISION FOR COSTS ON S.L59 APPEALS 7-352
CHAPTER 8
COURT REPORTING II: OTHER STATUTORY RESTRICTIONS
I. JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS (REGULATION OF REPORTS) ACT 1926 8-1
A. INTRODUCTION 8-1
B. THE PROVISIONS OF THE 1926 ACT 8-2
C. EXTENSION OF THE 1926 ACT TO OTHER PROCEEDINGS 8-14
II. RESTRICTIONS ON PUBLICATION UNDER THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 2003 ...
8-16
A. PROSECUTION APPEALS 8-16
B. RETRIALS FOLLOWING THE QUASHING OF AN ACQUITTAL 8-17
III. STATUTORY ANONYMITY FOR COMPLAINANTS OF SEXUAL OFFENCES 8-18
A. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY 8-18
B. ANONYMITY EXTENDED TO COMPLAINANTS OF OTHER SEXUAL OFFENCES .. 8-19
C. THE TIME WHEN PROTECTION BEGINS 8-20
D. POWER TO DISPLACE THE RESTRICTIONS 8-21
E. OFFENCES 8-22
F. ANONYMITY FOR THE ACCUSED 8-25
IV PROTECTION FOR JUVENILES (CHILDREN AND YOUNG PERSONS): THE 1933
ACT 8-27
A. INTRODUCTION 8-27
B. THE NEW STATUTORY SCHEME 8-28
C. ACCESS TO YOUTH COURT PROCEEDINGS: S.47 OF THE 1933 ACT 8-33
D. THE REPORTING RESTRICTIONS: THE CURRENT TERMS OF S.49 8-34
E. THE POWER TO LIFT THE STATUTORY RESTRICTIONS 8-39
F. THE PROCEEDINGS TO WHICH THE S.49 RESTRICTIONS APPLY 8-46
G. THE DUTY TO ANNOUNCE THAT THE SECTION APPLIES 8-51
H. DOES THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ACT 1960 S.L2 APPLY? 8-52
I. PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN OR YOUNG PERSONS IN ADULT PROCEEDINGS:
S.39 OF THE 1933 ACT 8-54
J. THE ANOMALIES AND THE RESIDUAL ROLE OF THE INHERENT JURISDICTION .
8-56
K. THE AMENDMENTS CONTAINED IN THE YOUTH JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL
EVIDENCEACT 1999 8-60
L. GUIDANCE FROM THE COURTS ON THE EXERCISE OF THE S.39 DISCRETION .
8-62
M. CHALLENGING DECISIONS UNDER THE YOUTH JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL
EVIDENCE ACT 1999 S.45 AND 45A 8-78
N. THE POWER TO CLEAR THE COURT: S.37 8-81
O. THE PROBLEM OF JIGSAW IDENTIFICATION 8-82
V. ANONYMITY AND SPECIAL MEASURES FOR WITNESSES AND PARTIES 8-84
A. PROTECTION AND SPECIAL MEASURES FOR WITNESSES: YOUTH JUSTICE
AND CRIMINAL EVIDENCE ACT 1999 SS.46 AND 47 8-84
B. POWER TO HEAR EVIDENCE IN PRIVATE: YOUTH JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL
EVIDENCEACT 1999 S.25 8-87
VI. PROTECTION FOR FAMILY PROCEEDINGS 8-88
A. THE ABOLITION OF THE FAMILY PROCEEDINGS COURT 8-94
B. RESTRICTIONS ON ATTENDANCE: THE FAMILY COURT 8-95
C. MEDIA REPORTING OF FAMILY PROCEEDINGS IN PRIVATE 8-107
D. PRIVACY UNDER THE CHILDREN ACT 1989 S.97(2) 8-114
[XXII]
CONTENTS
E. THE COURT OF PROTECTION 8-121
VII. PRE-TRIAL HEARINGS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 8-124
A. SENDING AND ALLOCATION PROCEEDINGS: MAGISTRATES COURTS ACT
1980 AND CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998 8-124
B. CONSTRAINTS UPON REPORTING WHERE RESTRICTIONS ARE LIFTED 8-130
C. REPORTING RESTRICTIONS FOR PREPARATORY HEARINGS IN CASES OF
SERIOUS AND COMPLEX FRAUD 8-132
D. TRANSFERS IN CHILD WITNESS CASES: CRIMINAL JUSTICE ACT 1991
SCH.6 PARA.6, AND THE CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998 S.51C 8-135
E. RULINGS AT PRE-TRIAL HEARINGS: CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND
INVESTIGATIONS ACT 1996 S.41 AND THE MAGISTRATES COURTS ACT
1980 S.8C 8-138
F. APPLICATIONS FOR DISMISSAL: CRIME AND DISORDER ACT 1998 SCH.3,
PARA.3 8-139
VIILPOSTPONED REPORTS OF DEROGATORY REMARKS IN MITIGATION:
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND INVESTIGATIONS ACT 1996 S.58 8-140
A. THE MISCHIEF 8-140
B. DIFFICULTIES OF APPLICATION 8-141
C. PROTECTION FOR DEFENDANTS WHO ASSIST INVESTIGATIONS AND
PROSECUTIONS: SERIOUS ORGANISED CRIME AND POLICE ACT 2005
S.75 8-142
IX. DISCLOSURES RELATING TO PROCEEDINGS IN PRIVATE 8-144
A. THE PROVISIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ACT 1960 S. 12 ...
8-144
B. SECTION 12 DOES NOT IN ITSELF PROVIDE A DEFENCE 8-147
C. THE MEANING OF PUBLICATION IN S.L2 8-149
D. DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION FROM PROCEEDINGS RELATING TO
CHILDREN 8-155
E. DISCLOSURES BY CAFCASS 8-160
F. WHAT CAN BE PUBLISHED ABOUT PROCEEDINGS IN PRIVATE? 8-165
G. THE UNDERLYING POLICY 8-174
H. DOES S. 12 CREATE A STRICT LIABILITY CONTEMPT? 8-179
X. EMPLOYMENT AND OTHER TRIBUNALS 8-191
A. EMPLOYMENT TRIBUNALS: RESTRICTIONS ON REPORTING 8-191
B. TRIBUNALS OF INQUIRY 8-208
C. TRIBUNALS UNDER THE TRIBUNALS, COURTS AND ENFORCEMENT ACT
2007: THE FIRST-TIER TRIBUNAL AND UPPER TRIBUNAL 8-216
D. OTHER TRIBUNALS 8-219
XI. ANONYMITY UNDER THE PREVENTION OF TERRORISM ACT 2005 8-220
CHAPTER 9
PROTECTION OF SOURCES
I. THE COMMON LAW CONTEXT 9-1
A. INTRODUCTION: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JOURNALISTS SOURCES 9-1
B. THE COMMON LAW BACKGROUND 9-4
C. THE DISCRETIONARY OR BALANCING APPROACH OF THE COMMON LAW . 9-13
D. COMPETING POLICY CONSIDERATIONS: THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA 9-16
E. WHISTLEBLOWING 9-27
F. RECONCILING SOURCE PROTECTION WITH THE RULE OF LAW 9-36
G. JUDICIAL DISCRETION AT COMMON LAW 9-50
H. EXPERIENCE IN OTHER COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS 9-58
II. THE GENERAL SCOPE OF SECTION 10 9-61
A. SECTION 10 OF THE 1981 ACT 9-61
[XXIII]
CONTENTS
B. THE MEANING OF ... THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION 9-63
C. THE MEANING OF ... FOR WHICH HE IS RESPONSIBLE 9-67
D. THE INTRODUCTION OF THE WORDS INTERESTS OF JUSTICE 9-69
E. DOES S.L 0 APPLY TO INTERNET WEBSITE OPERATORS? 9-72
F. THE MEANING OF PUBLICATION 9-73
G. INFORMATION CONTAINED IN A PUBLICATION 9-74
H. INFORMATION CONTAINED IN PHOTOGRAPHS 9-77
I. WHERE THE INFORMATION DOES NOT FALL WITHIN THE ACT 9-78
J. DOES THE ACT SUPPLEMENT OR SUPERSEDE THE COMMON LAW? 9-80
K. THE ELUSIVE CONCEPT OF NECESSARY 9-98
L. ATTEMPTS TO DEFINE THE WORD NECESSARY 9-101
M. THE ONUS OF PROOF 9-106
N. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING NECESSITY 9-108
O. NECESSITY AND PROPORTIONALITY 9-123
P. THE PROBLEM OF ESTABLISHING NECESSITY AT THE INTERLOCUTORY
STAGE 9-124
Q. WAIVER 9-128
R. STATUTORY EXCLUSION OF S.L0 9-130
S. DURESS AND THE JOURNALIST 9-136
III. THE FOUR STATUTORY EXCEPTIONS FURTHER ANALYSED 9-143
A. NECESSITY IN THE INTERESTS OF JUSTICE : TWO VIEWS 9-143
B. THE SIGNIFICANCE OR OTHERWISE OF PUBLIC INTEREST 9-159
C. INTERESTS OF JUSTICE CONSIDERED BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS 9-165
D. THE GOVERNMENT S RESPONSE TO THE RULING OF THE EUROPEAN COURT
OF HUMAN RIGHTS 9-172
E. LATER JUDICIAL DEVELOPMENTS 9-173
F. NATIONAL SECURITY 9-197
G. PREVENTION OF CRIME 9-204
H. THE PREVENTION OF DISORDER 9-223
IV. WHEN DOES A JOURNALIST S REFUSAL BECOME CONTEMPT? 9-224
A. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 9-224
B. THE NEED TO RECONCILE TWO LINES OF AUTHORITY 9-230
C. THE VOID AND VOIDABLE DISTINCTION 9-232
D. ORDERS MADE WITHOUT JURISDICTION 9-233
E. THE RULE THAT COURT ORDERS MUST BE IMPLICITLY OBEYED 9-235
F. AUTHORITIES SUGGESTING AN EXCEPTION IN RELATION TO JOURNALISTS
SOURCES 9-252
G. THE PROBLEM OF RECONCILING DPP V CHANNEL FOUR 9-260
H. THE LACK OF ANY RIGHT OF APPEAL 9-264
V. SHOULD THE ATTORNEY GENERAL HAVE A ROLE TO PLAY? 9-267
A. THE ATTORNEY GENERAL AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST 9-267
B. THE UNRESOLVED QUESTION 9-271
VI. A GENERAL SUMMARY OF THE PRINCIPLES 9-273
VII. SIMILAR POLICY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF INVESTIGATORY
POWERS 9-274
CHAPTER 10
CONTEMPT IN THE FACE OF THE COURT
I. INTRODUCTION 10-1
A. THE COMMON THREAD 10-1
B. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTEMPT IN THE FACE 10-5
[XXIV]
CONTENTS
C. WHAT CONSTITUTES THE FACE OF THE COURT ? 10-11
D. PROCEDURE TO BE USED SPARINGLY 10-29
II. THE REQUIREMENTS OF NATURAL JUSTICE: ARTICLE 6 10-40
A. THE CONTEMPT JURISDICTION AS ROUGH JUSTICE 10-40
B. THE NEED FOR SAFEGUARDS 10-42
C. SAFEGUARDS IN OTHER COMMON LAW JURISDICTIONS 10-90
III. DISTURBING PROCEEDINGS IN COURT 10-93
A. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 10-93
B. THE TREASON ACT 1351 10-95
C. ASSAULTING A JUDGE OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS IN THE LEGAL PROCESS 10-98
D. INSULTS OFFERED TO THE COURT 10-102
E. THE MODERN APPROACH TO DISTURBANCES IN COURT 10-104
F. DISOBEYING AN ORDER FOR THE CONTROL OF PROCEEDINGS 10-112
G. EFFECTING AN ARREST IN THE PRECINCTS OF THE COURT 10-115
IV. STATUTORY CONTEMPTS IN THE FACE 10-118
A. CONTEMPT IN FACE OF THE MAGISTRATES COURT: S.12 10-118
B. MENS REA: WILFULLY EQUATED TO RECKLESSLY 10-130
C. COUNTY COURTS ACT 1984 10-134
V. IMPROPER CONDUCT OF A CASE 10-135
A. LITIGANTS 10-135
B. PROFESSIONAL ADVOCATES 10-139
VI. CONTEMPT COMMITTED BY WITNESSES 10-162
A. EXAMPLES OF CONTEMPT BY WITNESSES 10-162
B. PUTTING FORWARD FALSE EVIDENCE 10-164
C. REFUSING TO ANSWER QUESTIONS OR PREVARICATION 10-167
D. WITNESSES AND DURESS 10-170
E. WITNESSES WHO MAY CLAIM PRIVILEGE 10-178
F. JUDICIAL DISCRETION 10-180
VII. CONTEMPT COMMITTED BY JURORS 10-181
A. THE IMPORTANCE OF JURY SERVICE 10-181
B. CONFIDENTIALITY OF A JURY S DELIBERATIONS 10-182
C. STATUTORY SUMMARY OFFENCES 10-183
D. MISCONDUCT IN RELATION TO DELIBERATIONS OR VERDICT 10-184
VII. UNAUTHORISED RECORDING OF COURT PROCEEDINGS 10-200
A. USE OF TAPE RECORDERS IN COURT: S.9 10-200
B. LEAVE TO USE TAPE-RECORDERS 10-206
C. GRANTING LEAVE: THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES 2015 10-207
D. THE MENS REA REQUIREMENT 10-208
E. SKETCHING OR TAKING PHOTOGRAPHS IN COURT 10-210
F. TELEVISING COURT PROCEEDINGS 10-216
VIII.MENS REA FOR CONTEMPT IN THE FACE OF THE COURT 10-221
A. A BACKGROUND OF UNCERTAINTY 10-221
B. THE PRESENT POSITION 10-239
CHAPTER 11
DIRECT INTERFERENCE WITH THE ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE
I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 11-1
A. THE DIMINISHED ROLE FOR THE SUMMARY PROCESS 11-1
B. THE NECESSARY ELEMENTS OF THE ACTUS REUS 11-3
C. OMISSIONS 11-4
FXXV]
CONTKNTS
D. CAN A NEUTRAL ACT BE CONVERTED INTO CONTEMPT AS A RESULT OF
INTENT? 11-7
E. IS IT POSSIBLE TO BE GUILTY OF ATTEMPTED CONTEMPT? 11-14
II. THE MENTAL ELEMENT IN NON-PUBLICATION CONTEMPTS 11-23
A. UNCERTAINTY AS TO THE NATURE OF THE MENS REA REQUIRED 11-23
B. DIFFERING STRANDS OF MODERN AUTHORITY 11-25
C. CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE PRESENT STATE OF THE LAW 11-34
III. SUBVERTING THE ORDERS OR PROCEDURES OF THE COURT 11-36
A. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 11-36
B. THE MASTER OF THE ROLLS HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLES IN SPYCATCHER .. 11-37
C. DESTROYING THE SUBJECT MATTER OF AN ACTION 11-41
D. THE PRINCIPLE APPLICABLE EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF AN ORDER 11-42
E. FREEZING ORDERS 11-50
F. SEARCH AND SEIZURE ORDERS 11-51
IV. ABUSING THE COURT S PROCEDURES 11-52
A. FORGING A COURT DOCUMENT 11-52
B. PUTTING FORWARD A FALSE CASE: THE OLDER CASES 11-55
C. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 11-60
D. A FALSE STATEMENT OF TRUTH: CPR 32.14 11-61
E. A FALSE DISCLOSURE STATEMENT: CPR 31.23 11-68
F. THE TREATMENT OF VEXATIOUS CLAIMS AS CONTEMPT 11 -69
G. IMPROPER COLLUSION 11-71
H. ABUSE OF THE PRIVILEGE ATTACHING TO COURT PROCEEDINGS 11-74
I. MISCONDUCT BY SOLICITORS 11-76
J. GAINING IMPROPER ACCESS TO COURT DOCUMENTS 11-88
K. THE STATUTORY DUTY OF CONFIDENTIALITY FOR DEFENDANTS IN CRIMINAL
PROCEEDINGS 11-93
L. DESTROYING DOCUMENTS WHICH MIGHT BE DISCLOSABLE FOR COURT
PROCEEDINGS 11-95
V. FAILURE TO ATTEND COURT 11-99
A. ADVOCATES 11-99
B. WITNESSES: COMPELLING ATTENDANCE 11-101
C. THE HIGH COURT AND COUNTY COURT PROCEDURE 11-102
D. CROWN COURT: COMPELLING ATTENDANCE UNDER THE 1965 ACT 11-127
E. CROWN COURT: BREACH OF BAIL 11-140
F. MAGISTRATES COURT: ATTENDANCE OF WITNESSES 11-141
G. PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS OR THINGS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS....
11-145
H. ATTENDANCE BY JURORS: JURIES ACT 1974 S.20 11-150
I. CORONER S COURT 11-157
VI. THE STATUTORY PROVISIONS AGAINST INTIMIDATION 11-158
A. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC ORDER ACT 1994 S.51 11-158
B. THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROVISION TO THE COMMON LAW 11-161
C. PROTECTION FOR CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 11-163
D. PRIMA FACIE LAWFUL ACTIONS AND INTIMIDATION 11-164
E. MENS REA UNDER THE ACT 11-165
VII. INTERFERENCE AT COMMON LAW: THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES 11-168
A. THE UNDERLYING POLICY 11-168
B. THE GENERAL REQUIREMENT FOR MENS REA AT COMMON LAW 11-173
C. GUIDANCE FROM THE OLD ARREST CASES 11-181
D. THE PRINCIPLES EXEMPLIFIED IN THE OLD CASES ON SERVING CIVIL
PROCESS 11-185
VIII.COMMON LAW: JUDGES, JURORS AND LEGAL ADVISERS 11-186
FXXVI]
CONTENTS
A. JUDGES 11-186
B. INTERFERENCE WITH THE JURY SYSTEM 11-191
IX. COMMON LAW: INTERFERENCE WITH WITNESSES 11-203
A. THE MISCHIEF 11-203
B. REPRISALS AGAINST WITNESSES 11-210
C. THE PERSUASION OF WITNESSES (ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL) 11-229
D. PAYMENT OF WITNESSES (WHETHER ACTUAL OR POTENTIAL) 11-273
E. CHEQUE-BOOK JOURNALISM 11-278
X. COMMON LAW: LITIGANTS AND PARTIES 11-290
A. THE CONSIDERATIONS OF PUBLIC POLICY 11-292
B. PRESSURISING OR INTIMIDATION 11-294
C. THE THREAT TO EXERCISE LEGAL RIGHTS AGAINST A PARTY 11-303
D. THE APPROACH OF THE PHILLIMORE COMMITTEE 11-310
E. HINDERING ACCESS TO THE COURTS 11-314
F. PICKETING THE COURTS 11-321
G. INTERFERENCE WITH LEGAL ADVISERS 11-324
XL INTERFERENCE WITH OFFICERS OF THE COURT 11-326
A. COMMON LAW AND STATUTE 11-326
B. THE PROVISIONS OF THE COUNTY COURTS ACT 11-328
C. OBSTRUCTION OF ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS AND COURT OFFICERS
EXECUTING PROCESS 11-332
D. THE COMMON LAW RELATING TO OFFICERS OF THE COURT 11-333
XII. INTERFERENCE WITH THE WARDSHIP OR PARENS PATRIAE JURISDICTION
11-349
A. INTERFERENCE WITH THE COURT S INHERENT PROTECTIVE JURISDICTION 11-349
B. SUCH INTERFERENCE TREATED AS CRIMINAL CONTEMPT 11-350
C. PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO PERSONS UNDER THE COURT S PROTECTION 11-356
D. IS MENS REA REQUIRED IN RELATION TO THE INHERENT JURISDICTION? 11-358
XIII.THE SECRECY ATTACHING TO JURY DELIBERATIONS 11-368
A. DISCLOSING THE DELIBERATIONS OF A JURY: THE BACKGROUND 11-368
B. POSSIBLE EXCEPTIONS TO THE GENERAL EXCLUSIONARY RULE AT COMMON
LAW 11-373
C. THE ORIGINS OF STATUTORY PROTECTION FOR THE SECRECY OF JURY
DELIBERATIONS 11-377
D. THETEXTOFS.20D 11-380
E. THE MEANING OF DISCLOSES IN S.20D 11-382
F. OFFERING TO DISCLOSE 11-384
G. THE MEANING OF DELIBERATIONS 11-385
H. STATUTORY EXCEPTIONS: SS.20E-20G 11-390
I. JURY COUNSELLING 11-400
J- THE COMPATIBILITY OF JURY SECRECY WITH THE EUROPEAN
CONVENTION 11-401
K. A COMPARISON WITH THE CANADIAN CHARTER 11-407
CHAPTER 12
CIVIL CONTEMPT
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 12-1
A. THE NATURE OF CIVIL CONTEMPT 12-1
B. THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ASPECTS OF CIVIL CONTEMPT 12-5
C. THE JURISDICTION TO BE KEPT SEPARATE FROM CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS . 12-9
D. THE ARBITRARY NATURE OF COURT S JURISDICTION 12-17
E. COMMITTAL AND SEQUESTRATION TO BE SPARINGLY USED 12-20
[XXVII]
CONTENTS
F. COMMITTAL AS A MATTER OF VERY LAST RESORT IN FAMILY
PROCEEDINGS 12-25
G. THE PRINCIPLE THAT PROCEDURAL STEPS HAD TO BE STRICTLY ENFORCED ...
12-38
H. THE SAFEGUARD OF PERSONAL SERVICE OF THE NOTICE OF COMMITTAL
PROCEEDINGS 12-40
I. REQUIREMENTS AS TO SERVICE OF THE ORDER SAID TO BE BREACHED 12-41
J. THE CRIMINAL STANDARD OF PROOF: A FURTHER SAFEGUARD 12-50
K. AMBIGUOUS OR VAGUE ORDERS OR UNDERTAKINGS 12-55
L. THE POSSIBILITY OF APPROACHING THE COURT FOR CLARIFICATION 12-65
M. FURTHER ANALOGIES WITH CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 12-70
N. THE COURT S DISCRETION NOT TO HEAR A CONTEMNOR UNTIL THE
CONTEMPT IS PURGED 12-73
II. THE MENTAL ELEMENT FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT 12-93
A. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO MENS REA IN CIVIL CONTEMPT 12-93
B. AN APPARENT POLICY SHIFT: THE DOUBTFUL CASE OF IRTELLI V SQUATRITI
.12-101
C. STATE OF MIND RELEVANT TO PENALTY 12-108
D. THE RELEVANCE OF THE FORMER CPR SCH. 1 ORD. 45.5: ABSENCE OF
WILFULLY 12-110
III. WHO CAN BE LIABLE FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT? 12-113
A. VICARIOUS LIABILITY FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT 12-113
B. CORPORATIONS 12-115
C. SERVANTS OR AGENTS 12-119
D. DIRECTORS 12-124
E. TRADE UNIONS 12-137
F. VICARIOUS LIABILITY OF UNINCORPORATED BODIES GENERALLY 12-139
G. MINISTERS OF THE CROWN 12-144
IV. BREACHES OF COURT ORDERS GENERALLY 12-145
A. DISOBEDIENCE TO A JUDGMENT OR ORDER REQUIRING A POSITIVE ACT 12-145
B. DISOBEDIENCE TO A JUDGMENT OR ORDER TO ABSTAIN FROM DOING ANY
ACT 12-153
C. CASES IN WHICH A JUDGMENT OR ORDER HAS BEEN WRONGLY
OBTAINED 12-155
V. FREEZING AND SEARCH AND SEIZURE ORDERS 12-161
A. FREEZING ORDERS 12-161
B. SEARCH AND SEIZURE ORDERS 12-194
C. PERSONS NOT DIRECTLY BOUND 12-200
VI. BREACHES OF UNDERTAKINGS 12-201
A. UNDERTAKINGS ARE EQUIVALENT TO INJUNCTIONS 12-201
B. THE IMPLIED UNDERTAKING GIVEN UPON DISCLOSURE OF DOCUMENTS ... 12-223
C. BREACH OF UNDERTAKINGS GIVEN BY STRANGERS 12-265
D. UNDERTAKINGS BY SOLICITORS 12-273
CHAPTER 13
JURISDICTION
I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES 13-1
A. THE TWO ASPECTS OF JURISDICTION 13-1
B. THE EFFECT OF THE 1981 ACT 13-3
C. DIFFICULTIES OF ASCERTAINING WHICH INFERIOR TRIBUNALS ARE COVERED
BY THE LAW OF CONTEMPT 13-6
D. DISTINCTIONS IN JURISDICTION BETWEEN SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
COURTS 13-7
II. SUPERIOR COURTS OF RECORD 13-8
[ XXVIII |
CONTHNTS
A. SUPERIOR COURTS OF RECORD: GENERALLY 13-8
B. THE SUPREME COURT 13-12
C. COURT OF APPEAL 13-14
D. COURT MARTIAL APPEAL COURT 13-18
E. HIGH COURT 13-19
F. EMPLOYMENT APPEAL TRIBUNAL 13-22
G. UPPER TRIBUNAL 13-23
H. THE JURISDICTION OF THE DIVISIONAL COURT OVER CONTEMPT OF THE
CROWN COURT 13-24
I. THE CROWN COURT S OWN JURISDICTION 13-38
J. INFERIOR TRIBUNALS: THE ROLE OF THE HIGH COURT 13-48
K. WHAT IS AN INFERIOR COURT ? 13-50
L. ATT-GEN V BBC 13-54
M. EMPLOYMENT TRIBUNALS 13-68
N. MENTAL HEALTH REVIEW TRIBUNALS 13-72
0. THE REMAINING UNCERTAINTY AS TO TRIBUNALS 13-76
P. JURISDICTION CONFERRED ON THE HIGH COURT BY STATUTE 13-83
III. OTHER COURTS OF RECORD 13-86
A. THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE 13-86
B. COUNTY COURTS 13-87
C. CORONERS 13-109
D. MISCELLANEOUS OTHER COURTS OF RECORD 13-112
IV. MAGISTRATES COURTS 13-113
A. THE NATURE OF MAGISTRATES COURTS 13-113
B. MEANS OF EXERCISING THE S.12 POWERS 13-121
C. DISOBEDIENCE TO ORDERS OF THE MAGISTRATES COURT 13-125
D. JURISDICTION IN RELATION TO WITNESSES 13-126
V. APPELLATE JURISDICTION 13-127
A. THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE ACT 1960 13-127
B. APPEALS TO THE HIGH COURT 13-135
C. THE PRESCRIBED APPELLATE TRIBUNALS 13-143
CHAPTER 14
SANCTIONS AND REMEDIES
I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 14-1
II. CUSTODIAL PENALTIES 14-5
A. HISTORICAL USE OF IMPRISONMENT 14-5
B. IMPRISONMENT FOR CIVIL CONTEMPT 14-7
C. SECTION 14(1) OF THE 1981 ACT 14-8
D. GUIDANCE AS TO NATURE AND LENGTH OF CUSTODIAL PENALTY: CRIMINAL
CONTEMPT 14-10
E. GUIDANCE AS TO THE NATURE AND LENGTH OF PENALTY: CIVIL CONTEMPT.
14-11
F. RELATING A SENTENCE FOR CONTEMPT TO OTHER PENALTIES IMPOSED 14-12
G. THE APPLICATION OF S.L4 TO CIVIL CONTEMPT 14-13
H. WHAT IS THE OCCASION REFERRED TO IN S. 14? 14-16
1. GUIDANCE AS TO CUSTODIAL PENALTIES IN FAMILY OR DOMESTIC CASES ..
14-21
J. IMPRISONMENT: POWERS OF MAGISTRATES COURTS 14-25
K. THE COUNTY COURT: POWERS OF IMPRISONMENT 14-28
L. THE POWER TO DISCHARGE: SUPERIOR COURTS 14-33
M. THE POWER TO DISCHARGE: INFERIOR COURTS 14-36
N. AUTOMATIC RELEASE 14-38
O. NO PROVISION FOR DEDUCTING TIME SPENT ON REMAND 14-43
[XXIX]
CONTENTS
P. THE APPLICATION OF THE PRISON RULES 14-44
Q. PARDONS 14-47
R. THE POWER TO SUSPEND 14-48
S. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSPENDED SENTENCES 14-56
T. POSTPONEMENT OF SENTENCE 14-62
U. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES 14-68
V. NO ONE SHOULD BE PUNISHED TWICE OVER 14-71
W. THE NEED FOR THE PRESENCE OF THE ALLEGED CONTEMNOR 14-72
X. CUSTODIAL SENTENCES IN RESPECT OF PERSONS UNDER 21 14-74
Y. ATTENDANCE CENTRES 14-79
Z. PRE-SENTENCE INFORMATION 14-81
III. ATTACHING A POWER OF ARREST 14-85
A. THE JURISDICTION IN FAMILY PROCEEDINGS TO ATTACH A POWER OF
ARREST 14-85
B. THE DIFFICULTIES OF APPLICATION 14-86
C. THE 1996 REFORMS 14-91
D. BAIL 14-99
E. THE PRACTICE DIRECTIONS 14-100
F. INJUNCTIONS UNDER THE POLICING AND CRIME ACT 2009 AND UNDER
THE ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR, CRIME AND POLICING ACT 2014 PT
1 14-103
G. OFFENCE OF BREACHING NON-MOLESTATION ORDERS 14-111
IV. NON-CUSTODIAL SENTENCES 14-112
A. ORDERS UNDER THE MENTAL HEALTH ACT 1983 14-112
B. COMMUNITY SENTENCES 14-114
C. FINES: SUPERIOR COURTS 14-118
D. IS THERE A POWER TO SUSPEND? 14-119
E. FINES: INFERIOR COURTS 14-120
F. THE STANDARD SCALE 14-123
G. CORONERS 14-124
H. INDEMNIFYING AS TO PAYMENT OF FINES 14-125
I. THE ENFORCEMENT OF FINES IMPOSED BY SUPERIOR COURTS 14-126
J. BINDING OVER 14-127
K. SEQUESTRATION 14-128
L. INJUNCTIONS 14-151
M. COSTS 14-154
V. THE UNAVAILABILITY OF FINANCIAL COMPENSATION 14-162
A. POSSIBLE SOURCES OF COMPENSATION 14-162
B. THE OLDER CASES ON COMPENSATION 14-170
CHAPTER 15
PRACTICE, PROCEDURE AND PUBLIC FUNDING
I. COMMITTAL: THE HIGH COURT 15-1
A. CRIMINAL CONTEMPTS: THE ROLE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL 15-1
B. CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981 S.7 15-2
C. COMMITTAL 15-4
D. PROCEDURES UNDER PT 81 15-9
E. SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO APPLICATIONS IN THE FAMILY
DIVISION 15-18
F. THE CONTENTS OF THE NOTICE OR CLAIM FORM 15-20
G. THE NEED TO SHOW PRIOR SERVICE OF THE RELEVANT COURT ORDER ON
THE RESPONDENT 15-27
[XXX|
CONTKNTS
H. DISPENSING WITH SERVICE 15-29
I. THE NEED FOR A PENAL NOTICE 15-37
J. RECOMMENDED WORDING FOR PENAL NOTICES 15-43
K. ENFORCEMENT OF UNDERTAKINGS 15-44
L. THE POWER TO SIT IN PRIVATE 15-45
M. PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS AT COMMITTAL HEARINGS 15-49
N. MUST THE RESPONDENT BE PUT TO HIS ELECTION? 15-68
0. CONTENT OF COMMITTAL ORDER 15-71
P. THE EFFECT OF A COMMITTAL ORDER 15-74
II. COMMITTAL IN THE COUNTY COURT 15-77
A. THE CHANGES IN THE RULES 15-77
B. APPLICATIONS TO COMMIT WITHOUT NOTICE: EXCEPTIONAL
CIRCUMSTANCES REQUIRED 15-84
C. THE NEED FOR STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH THE RULES 15-90
D. CONTENTS OF COMMITTAL ORDER 15-92
E. CAN A DEFECTIVE ORDER BE CORRECTED ON APPEAL? 15-95
F. ENFORCING THE COUNTY COURT S STATUTORY JURISDICTION 15-103
III. APPLICATIONS FOR SEQUESTRATION 15-104
A. MODE OF APPLICATION 15-104
B. HEARING USUALLY IN OPEN COURT 15-106
C. FUNCTION OF THE COURT AT HEARING 15-107
IV. APPEALS PROCEDURE 15-108
A. INTRODUCTION 15-108
B. THE TERMS OF THE ADMINISTRATION ACT 1960 S. 13 15-112
C. APPEALS TO THE COURT OF APPEAL 15-115
D. APPEALS TO THE SUPREME COURT 15-128
V. LEGAL SERVICES COMMISSION: ADVICE, ASSISTANCE AND
REPRESENTATION 15-133
A. THE DESIRABILITY OF LEGAL REPRESENTATION 15-133
B. THE ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT 1999 15-136
CHAPTER 16
SCOTLAND
I. CONTEMPT IN SCOTS LAW: THE COMMON LAW BASIS 16-1
A. UPHOLDING THE AUTHORITY OF THE COURT 16-2
B. THE DOMESTIC JURISDICTION COMMON TO ALL COURTS 16-11
C. CONTEMPTS ALSO CONSTITUTING CRIMES 16-17
D. TO WHAT EXTENT IS CONTEMPT ITSELF CRIMINAL ? 16-21
E. PROCEDURAL PROTECTIONS FOR THE ALLEGED CONTEMNOR 16-25
F. SUMMARY CONTEMPT JURISDICTION TO BE USED WITH RESTRAINT AND
DISCRETION 16-29
G. THE CONTINUING NEED FOR A SUMMARY PROCEDURE 16-39
H. PROCEDURE IN NON-SUMMARY CASES 16-46
1. THE ROLE OF THE LORD ADVOCATE 16-48
J. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN DIRECT AND CONSTRUCTIVE CONTEMPTS 16-49
K. THE APPROACH TO MENS REA OR DOLE AT COMMON LAW 16-53
II. DIRECT CONTEMPT INVOLVING JUDGES 16-69
A. ASSAULTING JUDGES 16-69
B. ABUSING OR MURMURING JUDGES 16-70
C. THE HISTORY OF MURMURING 16-72
D. THE RIGHT TO CRITICISE THE JUDICIARY 16-86
E. SEEKING TO INFLUENCE JUDGES BY CRITICISM 16-89
[XXXI]
CONTENTS
F. PROTECTION FOR COMPLAINTS TO THE PROPER AUTHORITY 16-90
III. MISBEHAVIOUR IN COURT 16-93
A. INTOXICATION IN COURT 16-93
B. INSULTS IN COURT 16-96
C. NON-ATTENDANCE: THE COMMON LAW SUPPLEMENTED 16-98
D. OTHER FORMS OF MISBEHAVIOUR AT COURT 16-101
IV. PREVARICATION 16-102
A. PREVARICATION UPON OATH 16-102
B. PREVARICATION AS A CONSTRUCTIVE CONTEMPT 16-108
C. PREVARICATION AND PERJURY DISTINGUISHED 16-112
D. STATUTORY PREVARICATION 16-113
E. PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF PREVARICATION 16-115
V. INTERFERENCE WITH EVIDENCE 16-119
A. THE RULE STATED 16-119
B. CONTEMPT INVOLVING PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OR DOCUMENTS OF
PROCESS 16-120
C. INTIMIDATION 16-124
D. INTERFERENCE WITH AN ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS 16-125
VI. MEDIA CONTEMPTS 16-126
A. TRIAL BY NEWSPAPER: THE COMMON LAW APPROACH 16-126
B. EARLY CASES 16-130
C. THE COMMON LAW CRITERIA BEFORE THE 1981 ACT 16-142
D. THE QUESTION OF THE TERMINUS A QUO 16-148
E. POLICE PRESS ANNOUNCEMENTS 16-168
F. THE REMAINING UNCERTAINTY 16-171
G. WHEN WERE PROCEEDINGS TREATED AS CONCLUDED? 16-175
H. DISCUSSION OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS: ATKINS V LONDON WEEKEND
TELEVISION LTD 16-176
I. REPORTING COURT PROCEEDINGS 16-184
J. PROHIBITING THE PUBLICATION OF PREJUDICIAL MATERIAL 16-207
K. STATUTES PROHIBITING OR RESTRICTING PUBLICATION 16-213
L. ATTEMPTING TO PERVERT THE COURSE OF JUSTICE 16-214
VII. BREACH OF INTERDICT OR UNDERTAKING 16-217
A. BREACH OF AN ORDER OF INTERDICT 16-217
B. BREACH OF AN UNDERTAKING 16-220
C. THE MENTAL ELEMENT IN BREACH OF INTERDICT 16-226
D. IS BREACH OF INTERDICT PROPERLY DESCRIBED AS CONTEMPT ? 16-229
E. BREACH OF INTERDICT AS QUASI-CRIMINAL 16-234
F. THE IMPACT OF THE QUASI-CRIMINAL NATURE OF THE JURISDICTION 16-243
G. BREACH OF INTERDICT: PROCEDURE 16-245
H. PRESENCE OF DEFENDANT REQUIRED 16-249
I. BREACH OF ORDERS AD FACTUM PRAESTANDUM 16-250
J. BREACH OF OTHER ORDERS OF THE COURT 16-253
VIII.THE PHILLIMORE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SCOTLAND 16-255
IX. THE CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981: APPLICATION TO SCOTLAND 16-260
A. CLOSING THE GAP BETWEEN SCOTLAND AND ENGLAND 16-260
B. THE PROVISIONS RELATING SPECIFICALLY TO SCOTLAND 16-293
C. THE PROVISIONS OF THE 1981 ACT WHICH DO NOT APPLY IN SCOTLAND .
16-308
X. THE CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981: A COMMENTARY 16-309
A. INTRODUCTION 16-309
B. THE ACT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE COMMON LAW 16-310
C. THE STRICT LIABILITY RULE INTERPRETED IN SCOTLAND 16-311
[XXXII|
CONTENTS
D. APPLICATIONS RELATING TO PREJUDICIAL REPORTS TO BE MADE
PROMPTLY 16-317
E. THE STATUTORY DEFENCES 16-318
F. REPORTING COURT PROCEEDINGS 16-325
G. DISCLOSURE OF SOURCES 16-344
H. JURY ROOM SECRECY: S.8 16-348
I. CONTEMPT BARRING TRIAL 16-360
J. PHOTOGRAPHS OF SUSPECTED PERSONS 16-374
K. PHOTOGRAPHY, SOUND RECORDINGS AND TELEVISION IN THE VICINITY OF
THE COURT 16-377
L. PENALTIES FOR CONTEMPT AFTER THE ACT 16-386
M. LACK OF A SPECIFIC APPEALS PROCEDURE 16-393
APPENDIX 1
CONTEMPT OF COURT ACT 1981 AL-1
APPENDIX 2
2A. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES 2015, PART 6 A2-1
2B. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE RULES 2015, PART 48 A2-2
2C. FAMILY PROCEDURE RULES 2010, PRACTICE DIRECTION 121 A2-3
2D. FAMILY PROCEDURE RULES 2010, PRACTICE DIRECTION 27B A2-4
2E. CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES 1998, PART 81 A2-5
2F. CIVIL PROCEDURE RULES 1998, PRACTICE DIRECTION 81 A2-6
2G. PRACTICE DIRECTION: COMMITTAL FOR CONTEMPT OF COURT * OPEN
COURT A2-7
APPENDIX 3
EXAMPLES OF PENALTIES IMPOSED SINCE 1981 A3-1
INDEX 1563
[XXXIII]
|
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spelling | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt Doctor Patricia Londono LLB, MSC (Oxon), editor in chief ; Sir David Eady, consultant editor ; Professor A.T.H. Smith, LL.D., consultant editor ; Rt Hon Lord Eassie, Scottish law editor Contempt Law of contempt Fifth edition London Thomson Reuters trading as Sweet & Maxwell 2017 clv, 1594 Seiten 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The common law library Previous edition: 2011 Table of cases: Seiten xxxv - cxxiii "Table of statutes": Seiten cxxv - cxli Ungebühr vor Gericht (DE-588)4186867-5 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Contempt of court / Great Britain Contempt of court / England Contempt of court / Wales Contempt of court / Scotland Contempt of court Scotland Great Britain England Wales Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Ungebühr vor Gericht (DE-588)4186867-5 s 1\p DE-604 Londono, Patricia 1970- (DE-588)1154291758 edt Eady, David 1943- (DE-588)102639662X edt Smith, A. T. H. (DE-588)124169368 edt Mackay, Ronald David 1945- (DE-588)1028749953 edt SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030086864&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt Ungebühr vor Gericht (DE-588)4186867-5 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4186867-5 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
title | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt |
title_alt | Contempt Law of contempt |
title_auth | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt |
title_exact_search | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt |
title_full | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt Doctor Patricia Londono LLB, MSC (Oxon), editor in chief ; Sir David Eady, consultant editor ; Professor A.T.H. Smith, LL.D., consultant editor ; Rt Hon Lord Eassie, Scottish law editor |
title_fullStr | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt Doctor Patricia Londono LLB, MSC (Oxon), editor in chief ; Sir David Eady, consultant editor ; Professor A.T.H. Smith, LL.D., consultant editor ; Rt Hon Lord Eassie, Scottish law editor |
title_full_unstemmed | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt Doctor Patricia Londono LLB, MSC (Oxon), editor in chief ; Sir David Eady, consultant editor ; Professor A.T.H. Smith, LL.D., consultant editor ; Rt Hon Lord Eassie, Scottish law editor |
title_short | Arlidge, Eady & Smith on contempt |
title_sort | arlidge eady smith on contempt |
topic | Ungebühr vor Gericht (DE-588)4186867-5 gnd |
topic_facet | Ungebühr vor Gericht Großbritannien |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030086864&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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