Front Cover -- Traffic Safety and Human Behavior -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- References -- Part A: Background, Methods, and Models -- 1 Introduction and Background -- Background -- Definitions: Safety, accidents, and crashes -- Safety has come a lo...

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1. Verfasser:	Shinar, David (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Elektronisch E-Book
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Bingley, UK Emerald Publishing 2017
Ausgabe:	Second edition
Schlagworte:	Traffic safetyxPsychological aspects Public safety Verkehrspsychologie Verkehrsverhalten Verkehrsunfall Verhalten Verkehrssicherheit
Online-Zugang:	FAW01 UBY01 Volltext
Zusammenfassung:	Front Cover -- Traffic Safety and Human Behavior -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- References -- Part A: Background, Methods, and Models -- 1 Introduction and Background -- Background -- Definitions: Safety, accidents, and crashes -- Safety has come a long way in the past half century -- Scope and Measurement of Traffic Crashes and Injuries -- The scope of the problem in terms of property-damage, injury, and fatal crashes -- Defining severe injury: MAIS3+ -- Measuring safety -- Motorization and Crashes - Smeed's Law -- The Reliability and Validity of Crash Data -- The Concern for Traffic Safety -- Organization of This Book, Additional Resources, and the Rationale for the New Edition -- Book organization -- Additional resources -- The rationale for a new edition -- References -- 2 Research Methods -- Key Concepts in Behavioral Research -- Variables of interest -- Independent and dependent variables -- Control variables -- Intervening variables: Mediation between the independent and dependent variables -- Confounding variables -- Moderating variables -- Validity and reliability -- Study Design -- Experimental versus observational studies -- Between subjects versus within subjects study designs, and treatment versus control conditions -- Statistical versus practical significance -- Research Methods: From Basic/Laboratory to Applied/Field -- A case in point: Reducing rear-end collisions -- Laboratory "Basic" research -- Digital Simulation Studies -- Driving Simulator Studies -- Validity of driving simulators -- On-the-Road Studies -- Experimental studies -- Field operational test (FOT) - A quasi-experimental method -- Observational/correlational/associational studies -- Naturalistic driving studies -- Meta-analysis - Quantitative synthesis of the results of multiple studies -- Concluding Remarks References -- 3 Theories and Models of Driver Behavior -- Why We Need Driver Theories and Models -- The Context of Driving: Hierarchical Decision-Making -- Attention and Information Processing Models -- Attentional capacity and distribution of attention -- A driver information processing model -- Measuring mental task load -- Performance on a secondary task -- Physiological indicators of stress -- Subjective scales of mental load -- Endsley's situation awareness model and efficient information processing -- Rational Decision-Making Models -- Application of "bounded rationality" to driver behavior -- Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) -- Fuller's task-capability interface (TCI) model and risk allostasis theory (RAT) of driving behavior -- Motivational Models -- Behavioral adaptation -- Risk homeostasis model of driver behavior -- Integrative Models: Information Processing in the Context of Motivational Factors -- Practical Implications of Theoretical Considerations -- References -- Part B: Driver Capacities and Individual Differences -- 4 Vision, Visual Attention, and Visual Search -- Our Visual System -- Driving-Related Visual Functions -- Visual acuity -- Definition of visual acuity -- Standards of visual acuity -- Visual acuity and driving performance -- Visual acuity and crash involvement -- Visual acuity under degraded conditions: Low illumination and glare -- Dynamic visual acuity -- Color vision -- Motion detection -- Contrast sensitivity -- Stereopsis and monocular vision -- Visual field -- Night vision and the implications of a dual vision system -- Distributed Visual Attention -- Useful field of view (UFOV) -- UFOV and driving performance of older drivers -- UFOV as a predictor of crash involvement -- Visual Search and Eye Movements -- The nature of eye movements -- Eye movements in driving -- Concluding Comments -- References 5 Driver Information Processing: Attention, Perception, Reaction Time, and Comprehension -- Allocation of Attention: Selective and Divided Attention -- Information processing levels: Looking, attending, acting, and recalling -- Levels of processing -- Controlled (top-down) and automated (bottom-up) processes in driving -- Perception Reaction Time and Brake Reaction Time -- The relevance of brake reaction time to safety -- Reaction times in laboratory experiments, driving simulators, and on the road -- Expectancy and brake reaction time -- Age and gender differences in brake reaction time -- Driver reaction time in more complex situations -- Yellow light dilemma -- Reaction time to different stimuli -- Hazard perception: Situation awareness for lurking dangers -- Hazard perception and experience -- Judgments of Gaps, Clearances, and Headways -- Drivers' estimation of minimum safe headways and comfortable headways -- Can we learn to improve on-the-road headway estimation -- Drivers can and are inclined to improve their headways -- Comprehension of Information: Road Signs and In-Vehicle Displays -- Comprehension of road signs -- Road markings -- Finally, a note of caution -- In-vehicle symbol comprehension -- Concluding Comments -- References -- 6 Young and Novice Drivers -- The Magnitude of the Young Driver Problem -- Sources of the Problem: Inexperience and Immaturity -- The accumulation of driver experience -- Causes of Novice Drivers' Crashes -- Hazard perception -- Managing Experience: Driver Education, Graduated Licensing, and Training in Hazard Perception -- Driver Education and Driver Training -- Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL): Integrating Driver Education, Training, and Licensing -- Pre GDL programs -- Characteristics of the GDL -- Evaluations of the GDL -- Importance of the number of GDL components -- Importance of specific GDL components
Beschreibung:	1 Online-Ressource (xii, 1249 Seiten) Illustrationen, Diagramme
ISBN:	9781786352217 9781787146334 9781786352224
DOI:	10.1108/9781786352217