Russia before and after Crimea: nationalism and identity 2010-17
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Russia before and after Crimea |b nationalism and identity 2010-17 |c edited by Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES VII
LIST OF TABLES VIII
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS IX
PREFACE XVII
INTRODUCTION: EXPLORING RUSSIAN NATIONALISMS 1
PAL KOLST0 AND HELGE BLAKKISRUD
PART I OFFICIAL NATIONALISM
1. CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN NATIONALISM IN THE HISTORICAL
STRUGGLE BETWEEN OFFICIAL NATIONALITY AND POPULAR
SOVEREIGNTY 23
EMIL PAIN
2. IMPERIAL AND ETHNIC NATIONALISM: A DILEMMA
OF THE RUSSIAN ELITE 50
EDUARD PONARIN AND MICHAEL KOMIN
3. KREMLIN S POST-2012 NATIONAL POLICIES: ENCOUNTERING
THE MERITS AND PERILS OF IDENTITY-BASED SOCIAL CONTRACT 68
YURI TEPER
4. SOVEREIGNTY AND RUSSIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY-MAKING:
THE BIOPOLITICAL DIMENSION 93
ANDREY MAKARYCHEV AND ALEXANDRA YATSYK
PART II RADICAL AND OTHER SOCIETAL NATIONALISMS
5. REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM IN CONTEMPORARY RUSSIA 119
ALEXANDRA KUZNETSOVA AND SERGEY SERGEEV
6. THE RUSSIAN NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AT LOW EBB 142
ALEXANDER VERKHOVSKY
VI RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
7. IDEOLOGUE OF NEO-NAZI TERROR: ALEKSANDR SEVASTIANOV
AND RUSSIA S PARTISAN INSURGENCY 163
ROBERT HORVATH
8. THE EXTREME RIGHT FRINGE OF RUSSIAN NATIONALISM AND
THE UKRAINE CONFLICT: THE NATIONAL SOCIALIST INITIATIVE 187
SOFIA TIPALDOU
PART III IDENTITIES AND OTHERINGS
9. RESTORE MOSCOW TO THE MUSCOVITES : OTHERING
THE MIGRANTS IN THE 2013 MOSCOW MAYORAL ELECTIONS 213
HELGE BLAKKISRUD AND PAL KOLSTO
10. ANTI-MIGRANT, BUT NOT NATIONALIST: PURSUING STATIST
LEGITIMACY THROUGH IMMIGRATION DISCOURSE AND POLICY 236
CARESS SCBENK
11. EVERYDAY PATRIOTISM AND ETHNICITY IN TODAY S RUSSIA 258
/. PAUL GOODE
12. IDENTITY IN CRIMEA BEFORE ANNEXATION:
A BOTTOM-UP PERSPECTIVE 282
ELEANOR KNOTT
INDEX 306
Index
Abdulatipov, Ramazan, 8
Abkhazia, 62
abortion, 106
adoption, 74, 100, 105-6
affirmative action empire, 54
Agamben, Giorgio, 95-96
aggression, theories of, 174;
see also violence
Agurskii, Mikhail, 31
A Just Russia party, 74, 218,
220, 229
Aksenov, Sergei, 302
Aleksandr I, Tsar, 24
Aleksandr II, Tsar, 25
Aleksandr III, Tsar, 6-7, 26
All-Russian March for
Peace, 129
All-Russian National Movement,
6, 146
All-Russian People’s Front, 106
All-Russian Social-Christian
Union for the Liberation
of the People (Vserossiiskii
sotsial-khristianskii soiuz
osvobozhdeniia naroda,
VSKhON), 30
anarchism, 124, 126-30
Anderson, Benedict, 259
anomie, 52
Anpilov, Viktor, 32, 122
anti-alcohol campaigns, 157
anti-authoritarianism, 128, 135
anti-capitalism, 120, 194, 198
anti-Communism, 32-33, 37-38
anti-corruption, 148, 217
anti-establishmentism, 71,
76, 81
anti-extremism legislation,
169, 174
Antifa, 177
anti-fascists, 126, 128, 131, 136
anti-gay sentiments, 74,
104-5
anti-globalism, 64, 127
anti-government protests, 71,
73—75; see also For Fair
Elections movement
anti-immigrant sentiments
anti-migrant campaigns, 147,
176,252
and biopolitics, 99
and Crimean annexation,
75-79
Kremlin policies, 252
migrantophobia, 158,
219,261
INDEX
307
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
219, 221,228
and the patent system, 244
pro-Kremlin nationalist groups,
156-57
rise of, 238
anti-imperialism, 34, 36, 149
anti-IsIamic/anti-Muslim
sentiments, 59, 61,
225, 240
anti-liberalism, 23, 30, 35, 38
Anti-Maidan movement,
155-56, 157
anti-Putin activism, 73—75
anti-regime nationalism, 6
anti-Russian Spring nationalism, 6
anti-Semitism
history of Russian nationalism,
26,29
Movement Against Illegal
Immigration (Dvizhenie protiv
nelegal’noi immigratsii), 197
national socialists, 132
neo-Nazis, 164, 165, 167,
168, 170
post-Soviet Russia, 31, 154
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
anti-Sovietism, 37
anti-Ukrainian Crimeans, 291
anti-US sentiments, 55-56, 57, 58,
59-61, 63, 80, 82
anti-Westernism
and biopolitics, 99, 109
in the history of Russian
nationalism, 53, 127
ideological backing for, 75
morality politics, 74
and patriotism, 265
popular support for, 158
post-Soviet Russian nationalism,
31, 34, 39, 55, 57, 61, 63, 155
and Syria, 82
Antonov, Rostislav, 37
Article 282 (inciting racial hatred),
194, 195
arts
counter-biopolitical, 108
counterculture activists, 122
‘Russian character’,
28-29
Soviet period, 30
Arutiunian, Iurii, 40, 41
assassinations, 131, 170, 171-72,
176, 177
assimilation, 78, 225, 244,
246, 291
Attack (Ataka), 144, 145
authoritarianism, 37, 101, 121,
124-25, 128, 134, 158
autocracy, 24, 25, 26, 29, 37
Autonomous Action (Avtonomnoe
deistvie), 128
Baburin, Sergei, 143,
146,157
Baburova, Anastasiia, 131, 177
Balkars, 28
ballistic missile defence, 1
Baltics, 54
bannings
as biopolitical tool, 108
of books, 194
of nationalist political groups,
195-96, 198, 201
from political groups, 98
of political movements, 40,
61-62, 146, 153, 157,
169-70
of re-entry of migrants,
236, 250
Banshantsev, Kirill, 127, 128
Barkashov, Aleksandr, 122, 167,
191, 192
308
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Basmanov, Vladimir, 153, 159n,
196,200
Battle for Donbas (Bitva za
Donbass), 151, 152
Bazylev, Maksim (Adolf), 132
Beketov, Igor, 160n
Belarus, 54, 79, 245
Belousov, Iaroslav, 135
Belov, Aleksandr (Potkin), 81, 142,
145, 146, 153, 196, 197, 198,
200, 202, 228
Beslan terrorist attack, 215
Billig, Michael, 259
biological racism, 166
biopolitics, 93—116
biopower, 95
birth rates, 94-95, 237
Biriulevo riots, 50, 60, 76
Black Bloc (Chernyi blok), 154
Black Hundreds, 3, 26, 31, 122
blacklists, 250, 251
Black Sea Fleet, 287
Blakkisrud, Helge, 78,
190, 268
BloodScHonour/Combat88, 177
Bobrov, Dmitrii, 145, 187, 192,
193, 194, 197, 198, 199,
201-2
Bobrova, Valentina, 152
bodily art, 108
Bolotnaia Square, 103, 125, 135,
199, 202
Bolsheviks, 4, 5, 27, 54-55
bombings, 172-73, 174
Bondarik, Nikolai, 145
borders
and Crimea, 296-97
of in-group vs Other, 214-15
national interests no longer
confined to, 57-58
reinstatement of 1913 borders,
32-33
of the Russian ‘nation’, 238
‘Russian World’ transcending,
50-51, 62
Russia’s boundaries bigger than
Russian Federation, 2
state boundaries and biopolitics,
102-3
BORN see Combat Organisation
of Russian Nationalists
(.Boevaia organizatsiia
russkikh natsionalistov)
Borovikov, Dmitrii, 175, 193
Borovikov-Voevodin skinhead
gang, 170
Bourdieu, Pierre, 261
bourgeoisie, 125, 198
Breivik, Anders Behring, 193
Brezhnev, Leonid,
122, 264
Bright Rus (Svetlaia Rws’),
144,153
Bromlei, Iulian, 25
Brubaker, Rogers, 259, 261, 289
Bunge, Nikolai, 26
bylinas (epic poems), 28
camp mentality, 104
capitalism, 127, 132, 135, 195;
see also neo-liberalism
Caucasus and Central Asia
anti-immigrant sentiments,
75-77, 130
as ‘compatriots’, 246-47
ethnic phobias towards, 39,
59-60
and great-power politics, 64
migration from, 237
national democrats, 134
reducing migration from,
222-23, 226
seen as migrants, 215
as ‘Significant Other’, 59-60
INDEX
309
as subjugated territory of Russia
‘proper’, 54
xenophobia, 195
Celtic cross, 129
censorship, 30
Central Asia see Caucasus and
Central Asia
Chaika, Iurii, 169
Chaplin, Vsevolod, 104
character, national Russian, 26
chauvinism, 70, 270
Chechnya, 28, 41, 64, 167, 245
Cherkizovskii Market bomb,
172-73, 174
Chesnakov, Aleksei, 85
Chest’ i svoboda (Honour and
Freedom), 153
China, 245
Chubais, Anatolii, 171-72
Chuev, Feliks, 30
Chuvashov, Eduard, 131—32
Citadel (TsitadeV), 154
citizenship
for migrants, 221, 247
and patriotism, 268, 272
and the USSR, 263
civic consciousness, 43
civic indifference, 45
civic nationalism
and Eltsin administration, 263
historical attempts to neutralise,
23,24
vs imperial nationalism, 51, 62
and the national democrats, 149
and patriotism, 259, 275
Putin on, 214
civic nations, construction of, 43, 50
civic Russian nation (rossiiskaia
natsiia), 64, 85
civic vs ethno-cultural
understandings of nations,
8-10
civilisational nationalism,
33, 126
civil rights, 125
civil service, non-Russians in, 26
coercive control, 96
Cohen, Stephen F., 69
Cold War rhetoric, 34
collective consciousness, 39, 98
collectivisation, 28
colour revolutions, 276
Combat Brotherhood (Boevoe
bratstvo), 267
Combat Organisation of Russian
Nationalists (Boevaia
organizatsiia russkikh
natsionalistoVy BORN),
50, 62, 131-32, 177, 179
Combat Terrorist Organisation
(Boevaia terroristicbeskaia
organizatsia), 193
combat training groups, 152—53,
154, 193
Committee of 25 January (Komitet
25 ianvaria, K25), 146, 150-51
common descent, myth of, 51
common enemy, 64
Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS)
as ‘compatriots’, 246-47
labour market liberalisation,
243-44
visas, 76, 223, 237, 243
Communism, 31, 33, 34, 54—55
Communist Party, 27, 30, 32
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (KPRF), 32, 71,
122, 157, 218, 220, 229, 263
compatriot policies, 62,
246, 252
Congress of Russian Communities
(Kongress russkikh obsbcbin,
KRO), 165-66
310
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
conscription, 106
conservatism
and biopolitics, 97, 98, 99,
100, 104
conservative revolution
movements, 120, 136
conservative turn in Western
politics, 64
post-Soviet Russia, 31, 74, 79
conspiracy theories, 149
Constitution, Russian, 24,
85, 125
constructivist approaches, 260
consumerist ideologies, 108, 127
contraceptives, 107
corruption, 75, 93-94, 217, 248;
see also anti-corruption
cosmopolitanism, 29, 54, 127
Cossacks, Russian, 40, 105,
265,269
counterculture activists, 108,
122,124
crime, as concern about migration,
219-21, 224, 240
Crimea
‘Crimea is ours!’, 45
as a cultural part of Russia,
291,292
‘sacred’ nature of, 79
as subjugated territory of Russia
‘proper’, 54
Crimean annexation
Aleksandr Sevastianov on, 179
effect on nationalist
organisations, 187
ethnic nationalism, 75-79, 80,
199-201
great-power ideologies, 39
and identity, 53, 282-305
imperial nationalism,
61, 63
mass consciousness, 39
and the national bolsheviks, 125
national democrats, 38,
135-36
patriotism, 260, 265
public support for, 102, 136,
258, 260, 265, 276
as re-imperialisation
strategy, 62
and russkii identity, 283, 284
Crimean Tatars, 28
cult of the empire, 34
cult of the leader, 45
culture
assimilation, 78, 225, 244, 246,
291
and biopolitics, 98
as core of national identity,
239-40
Crimea as a cultural part of
Russia, 291, 292
cultural definitions of ‘migrant’,
215, 222, 245
cultural identities, 41, 239—40
cultural style of the national
bolsheviks, 122
cultural superiority, 35
‘migrants destroy our culture’,
244-48
migrants’ incompatibility with
host-country’s, 239—40
and patriotism, 271, 272
Day of Remembrance for the
Victims of Ethnic Crime, 197
Day of the Russian Nation (Den9
russkoi natsii), 151
death lists, 175
death squads, 166
de Benoist, Alain, 127
Decembrists, 24
Deep and Comprehensive Trade
Agreement with EU, 1
INDEX
311
Defence of Holy Russia!
(Za Rus* sviatuiu/), 33
Degtiarev, Mikhail, 218, 220, 222,
224, 228, 229
democracy
‘democratic turn’, 37
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127
and the national bolsheviks,
124-25
national-democratic nationalism,
36-40, 133-36
and national identity, 69
and the national socialists, 132
‘new’ nationalism, 55
non-imperial nationalism, 71
threats from the far-right, 189
Democratic Choice
(Demokraticheskii vybor),
148,226
demographic crisis, 237
Demushkin, Dmitrii, 6, 81, 143,
145, 153, 154, 192-93,
198-99, 200
deportations, 28, 29, 130, 227,
236,251
despotism, 25
diaspora, Russian, 134, 222,
289-90
Dima Iakovlev law, 74, 100, 105
‘direct action’, 177
Dissenters’ Marches, 125
dissident organisations, 29-30,
31, 33
‘divided Russian people’
ideology, 32
Donbas
combat training groups, 152-53
effect on nationalist
organisations, 187
and ethnic nationalism,
200-1, 202
great-power ideologies, 39
and imperial nationalism, 2, 6,
34, 63, 81
media coverage, 17
nationalism, 200
Russian identification, 286
Donetsk, 79, 125, 135—36, 144,
200, 202
Donetsk People’s Republic, 78
Donskoi, Dmitrii, 42
Dostoevskii, Fedor, 30, 196
DPNI see Movement Against
Illegal Immigration (Dvizhenie
protiv nelegaVnoi immigratsii)
Drobizheva, Leokadiia,
40, 42
Dugin, Aleksandr, 80, 123, 151,
155, 164, 196
Dvorkovich, Arkadii, 93
Dzaparidze, Ilia, 131
Dzhibladze, Iurii, 171
economic prosperity, 61, 70, 72,
84, 265
economic sanctions, 57, 100
egalitarianism, 124
Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 119
Ekaterina II, Tsarina, 42
Ekishev, Iurii, 146
elections
1990s State Duma, 36
2011 State Duma, 71, 72
2016 State Duma, 85, 157,
158, 202
electoral fraud, 72
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
7-8, 76, 213-35
presidential, 61, 85
protests for fair, 37, 107, 125,
135, 147, 178
elites, 53-65, 97, 260-61,
262, 287
312
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Eltsin, Boris, 8, 9, 34, 35-36, 69,
166, 167, 192, 263
empire, Russian, 3; see also
imperial nationalism
enemies, perceived, 39, 101
enemies of the Russian people,
171, 178
E.N.O.T Corp, 144, 153
Enteo, Dmitrii (Tsorionov), 74
environmentalism, 267
essentialism, 25, 272
Estonia, 41
ethnically ‘clean’ communes, 126
ethnic cleansing, 28, 29
ethnic core nationalism, 5,
190-91,214
ethnicisation of everyday patriotic
practices, 269-76
ethnic nihilism, 41
ethnic quotas, 175
ethnic riots, 219, 246
ethnic Russians, history of, 3, 4,
25; see also russkii vs
rossiiskii
ethnic separatism, history of, 25
ethnic turn, 72-75, 214, 238
‘ethnic war’, 174
ethnocentric non-imperial
nationalism, 71
ethnocentrism, 40-41, 225
ethnocide, 78, 179
ethno-conservative turn, 72-75
ethnogenesis, 173, 179
ethnographic studies,
189-90,260
ethno-nationalism
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 166
Aleksei Navalnyi, 217,
220-21
alliances with other
organisations, 191
and the concept of nationality, 25
ethnic core nationalism, 5,
190-91,214
history of, 4, 23-27
versus imperial nationalism, 51
Kremlin ethnic policies, 61—63,
75-79, 252
Motherland (Rodina), 156
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126, 129
national democrats,
133-36, 149
National Socialist Initiative
(Natsional-sotsialisticbeskaia
initsiativa, NSI), 144, 187—209
and patriotism, 259
popular attitudes, 226
post-Soviet Russia, 33
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3,
8-10, 70, 72, 77-78,
23In, 273
ethnonyms, 25
ethnophobias, 39-40, 43
ethno-political upsurge, 42
ethno-sociology, 40
EU (European Union), 1, 62
eugenics, 166
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU),
243-44, 252
Eurasian integration, 61,
80, 229
Eurasian Youth Union (Evraziiskii
soiuz molodezbi), 151, 196
Euromaidan events, 187, 199-201,
202, 265, 302
Europe; see also anti-Westernism;
Western models
conservative turn in Western
politics, 64
European nation model, 10
freedom of thought, 24
returning Russia to
Europe, 34
INDEX
313
as Russia’s ‘Significant
Other’, 99
everyday nationalism, 282-305
Evtushenko, Dmitrii ‘Beshenyi’, 145
extraditions, 75
extremists
arrests for extremist activities,
80-81
bannings for, 198-99
criminal convictions, 145
nationalism seen as, 40,
270, 271
and the Ukraine conflict, 187-209
family
and biopolitics, 94, 99, 106-7
family values as security
priority, 100
and the national bolsheviks, 124
far-right politics, 170, 187-209;
see also ultranationalism
fascism, 42, 195
fatherland, 259, 262, 264, 274
Federal Financial Monitoring
Service (Rosfinmonitoring),
196
Fedorov, Evgenii, 6, 156
feminised ‘Russian people’, 108
feminism, 107
fifth column, 79
Filatov, Fedor, 131
flags, 34, 73, 198
folk culture, 127
folklore and national identity, 28
Fomenkov, Artem, 29—30
For Fair Elections movement, 37,
107, 125, 135, 147, 178
For Responsible Power,
146, 151
Foucault, Michel, 43, 44, 95
Fox, John E., 261, 289
France, 4-5, 9, 43, 51, 53, 149
Free Russia (Svobodnaia
Rossiia), 153
From Under the Rubble, 31
Gaaze, Konstantin, 85
Gagarin, Iurii, 42
Gagauzia, 62
gay culture, 74, 100,
102-3, 105
gay marriage, 99
Gellner, Ernest, 52
gender representations, 107—8
genocide, 197
geopolitics, 2, 33, 51, 82, 94, 95
Georgia, 1, 41, 56, 59, 62, 64, 75,
100, 276
German nationalism, 4-5, 9,
53, 149
German revolution, 119, 120
Gertsenshtein, Mikhail, 26
Gessen, Masha, 228
Girenko, Nikolai, 170—71
Girkin (Strelkov), Igor, 6, 146,
150,154
Girs, Nikolai, 26
Glazev, Sergei, 73
Glazunov, Ilia, 73
global financial crisis (2008),
59, 241
globalisation, 195
global power, Russia as, 82;
see also great-power ideologies
God’s Will (Bozb’ia volia), 74
Golosov, Grigorii, 217
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 35, 123
Goriachev, Ilia, 132
grand narratives, 94, 99
grassroots, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36,
68, 74, 142-62, 199
Great Fatherland Party {Partita
velikoe otechestvo),
156, 157
314
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Great Patriotic War, 28, 42, 262,
264, 267
great-power ideologies
after Syria, 64
and biopolitics, 99
and ethnic self-identification, 42
Eurasian integration, 229
history of Russian nationalism,
27, 34, 36,
39, 264
and morality politics, 75
and national identity, 68, 69
Putin’s, 69-70
and suppression of nationalist
extremism, 81
and Syria, 82-83
Great Russia (Velikaia Rossiia), 4,
27, 28,54, 55, 151
Greenfeld, Liah, 53
Green Party (Zelenye), 152
Greenpeace, 267
Grigas, Agnia, 2, 62
Gubarev, Pavel, 2
Gudkov, Gennadii, 125, 230n
guest workers (gastarbaitery), 219,
222,226
Guliaev, Sergei, 133
Gumilev, Lev, 30, 33
Gushchin, Ilia, 135
Gypsies, 245
habitus, 261
Harding, Sue-Ann, 219,
229-30
hate crimes, 132, 144,
145,154
health, 93, 94-95, 99, 157
hegemonic masculinity, 94, 107
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 26
heroes, national, 39, 42,
127-28, 178
hierarchy of peoples, 28, 123
high state functionaries, as targets,
171, 175, 176
history
of revolution, 120-21
of Russian nationalism, 23-45,
53-55
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 52
homelands, 3, 5, 262, 285,
292; see also fatherland;
motherland
homophobia, 99, 103, 105, 128
homosexuality, 96, 101, 104-5,
143, 171
Honour and Freedom (Chest* i
svoboda), 153
hooligans, 40, 156
Hosking, Geoffrey, 44, 54
human rights, 169, 171, 175,
191,249
Iabloko, 218, 221, 228, 229
Iarovaia, Irina, 74
identity
and biopolitics, 97, 98, 99
Crimea pre-annexation, 282-305
cultural identities, 4, 41
ethnic identities, 195
ethnic vs imperial, 61
against geopolitical rival, 51
hyphenated identities, 286,
288-89, 293
identity-based social contract,
68-92
multi-ethnic identities, 286-87,
288-89, 293
negative collective identities, 55
ontological void in post-Soviet
Russia, 94
patriotic identity, 261
post-Soviet crisis in, 52
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3, 8—10,
70, 72, 77-78, 231n, 273
INDEX
315
self-identification of the ethnic
majority, 40-44
‘Soviet5 vs ‘Russian5, 41
state identity stronger than
national, 40—44
illegal immigration
and ‘compatriots5, 247
in Moscow, 219, 224
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 76, 214-15, 219,
221,227, 228-29
national socialists, 196
neo-Nazis, 168
Putin on, 249
imagined communities, 50,
51, 98
Immortal Regiment movement,
267
imperial eagle symbol, 34
imperial flag, 198
imperialism vs nationalism,
2-3
Imperial Legion (Imperskii
legion), 153
imperial nationalism, 50-67
and collapse of Soviet Union, 2
ethno-symbolism, 51
imperial consciousness, 45
national bolsheviks, 123
and the national
democrats, 149
post-Soviet Russia, 32-33
import bans, 100
import substitution, 267
incitement to racial hatred, 80, 81,
167, 169, 199
inclusive exclusion, 98, 104
In Defence of Holy Russia!
{Za Rus’ sviatuiul), 33
indigenisation (korenizatsiia), 54
information warfare, 62,
177, 267
in-groups/insiders, 4-5, 39,
214,259
Ingushetians, 28
Institute of Ethnology and
Anthropology, 41
intellectuals, 2, 5, 123, 149, 152,
164, 262
Aleksandr Sevastianov,
163-86
intelligentsia, 29, 30, 165, 227,
228, 262
inter-communal violence,
76, 84
inter-ethnic tensions, 76,
224, 245
inter-ethnic tolerance, spending on,
265, 269
Internationale, The, 28
International Eurasian
Movement, 33
internationalism, 27, 28, 29,
120, 127
internet, 37, 105, 196, 290
Iollos, Grigorii, 26
Iraq war, 59
irredentism, 10, 77, 81, 288
Islam, hostility to see
anti-Islamic/anti-Muslim
sentiments
Islamic expansion, 159
Islamic State (IS), 82
Islamisation, 195
Islamist violence, 71
isolationism, 159
Ivanov, Pavel, 170
Ivan the Terrible, 28, 42
Izborsk Club, 157
Jews, 26, 29, 31, 132, 165, 168,
169; see also anti-Semitism
jingoism, 136
journals, 194
316
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Just Russia party see A Just Russia
party
juvenile justice, 107
K25, 146, 150-51
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 64
Kalashnikov, Maksim (Kucherenko,
Vladimir), 151
Kaliningrad protests, 135
Kalmyks, 28
Karachais, 28
Karaganov, Sergei, 35
Kara-Murza, Sergei, 32
Karamzin, Nikolai, 53
Karelia, 60
Kasianov, Mikhail, 123
Katasonova, Mariia, 157
Katkov, Mikhail, 26
Kazakhstan, 79
KGB, 30
Khasis, Evgeniia, 131, 132, 177-78
Khirurg (Zadolstanov,
Aleksandr), 74
Khodorkovskii, Mikhail,
103, 104
Kholmogorov, Egor, 77,
78,151
Kholmogorova, Nataliia, 180
Khramov, Aleksandr, 37, 134
Khrushchev thaw, 29, 35
Khutorskoi, Ivan, 131
Kirill, Patriarch, 155
Kisilev, Dmitrii, 83, 155
Kliuchevskii, Vasilii, 53, 54
knife-fighting clubs, 154
Kobzev, Igor, 30
Kohn, Hans, 4
Kolegov, Aleksei, 145
Kolmanovskii, Ilia, 105
Kolsto, Pal, 5, 8, 63, 190
Kondopoga riots, 50, 60,
196, 246
Korchagin, Viktor, 33
korenizatsiia (indigenisation), 54
Korolev, Nikolai, 175
Kosenko, Mikhail, 103
Kosmarskaya, Natalya, 261
Kosovo crisis, 59
Kostin, Konstantin, 159n
Kozhinov, Vadim, 30
Kozyrev, Andrei, 171
Krasovskii, Anton, 105
KRO (Congress of Russian
Communities, Kongress
russkikb obshcbin),
165-66
Krylov, Konstantin, 36-37, 40, 71,
134, 146, 147, 151, 191, 197,
200, 230n
Kryshtanovskaia, Olga, 106
Kucherenko, Vladimir
(Kalashnikov, Maksim), 151
Kuniaev, Stanislav, 30
Kurekhin, Sergei, 122
Kvachkov, Vladimir, 146
Kyrgyzstan, 237, 244, 276;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
labour permits, 223-24, 236,
243-44, 247
Labour Russia (Trudovaia
Rossiia), 32, 122
Laitin, David, 297
language
indigenisation (korenizatsiia)
policy, 54
migrants and the Russian
language, 215, 221, 227, 246,
247-48, 252
native Russian speakers as
community, 78
as part of ethnic identity, 4, 10
and patriotism, 272
INDEX
317
protection for Russian-speaking
minorities, 62, 69
Russian language in Crimea,
284, 287, 291, 292,
295, 299
in Ukraine, 284
Ukrainian language, 285, 295,
299
Laruelle, Marlene, 264
Latvia, 297
Lavrov, Sergei, 35, 79
Lazarenko, Ilia, 37, 133, 148
League for the Defence of the
National Heritage of Russia,
165
Lebed, Aleksandr, 166
Left Front, 128
left-wing politics
leftist imperial nationalism, 32
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127-28
national democrats, 135
revolutionary nationalism,
120, 167
legislation
anti-extremism legislation,
169, 174
Article 282 (inciting racial
hatred), 194, 195
Dima Iakovlev law, 74,
100, 105
migration, 243, 249, 250
profane language laws, 74
restrictive legislation post-Pussy
Riot, 74
threats against legislators,
175
Lenin, Vladimir, 27, 28
Levada Centre, 39, 40, 44, 59,
231n, 244
Levichev, Nikolai, 218, 220,
222-23, 228, 229
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender) issues, 74, 99,
104-5
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
(LDPR), 6, 156, 158, 166,
178,218,220, 222, 229
liberalisation, 29—30, 35-36, 243
liberalism
Aleksandr Sevastianov against,
178
alliance with ultra-rightists, 154
and anti-Westernism, 75
and biopolitics, 98, 99, 101,
104, 107
and nationalism, 179
and nationalist
movements, 153
non-imperial nationalism, 71
perestroika, 69
pre-Revolution liberals vs
conservatives, 3
response to National Great-Power
Party, 169
traditionalism as counter to,
73-74
Western models of, 31, 59
Liberal Russian party (LiberaVnaia
Ross Ha), 169
life without mediation, 97
Likhachev, Dmitrii, 165
Limonka, 122
Limonov, Eduard (Savenko), 32,
121-26, 136, 146,
151, 199
Lion Against (Lev protiv), 157
literary-patriotic circles,
30, 33
‘little motherland’ (malaia rodina),
269, 292
Little Russians (malorossy),
4, 54
Lorenz, Konrad, 174
318
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
‘love for the motherland’ (liubov’ k
rodine), 269, 272, 275
Luhansk, 79, 125, 135-36,
144, 202
Luzhkov, Iurii, 36
Lysenko, Nikolai, 122
Mad Crowd, 193
Magnitskii affair, 103
Maidan Square, Kiev, 38, 128,
155-56
Makhno, Nestor, 124
malaia rodina (‘little motherland’),
269, 292
Malakhov, Vladimir, 31-32, 33
Malia, Martin, 119
Maltsev, Viacheslav, 153—54
Manezhnaia Square unrest, 60, 71,
196, 246
Markelov, Stanislav, 131, 177
market economies, 135, 243
Markov, Sergei, 82
martial arts training, 154
Martsinkevich, Maksim (Tesak),
145
Martynov, Kirill, 85
Marxism, 29, 127, 132
mass consciousness
anti-US sentiments, 58-59
anti-Westernism, 63
of the Great Patriotic War, 42
and imperial nationalism, 65
manipulation of, 34
Matvienko, Valentina, 123
media
anti-immigrant sentiments, 219,
236
anti-Westernism, 63—64
consumerist ideologies, 108
coverage of Syria, 82
folklore and national
identity, 28
gender representations, 107-8
media-based identity campaigns,
84
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 228
and national identity, 70
patriotism, 264, 269
Putin’s majority, 79
sexual representations,
107-8
and the social contract, 72
Ukraine coverage, 17, 80
ultra-rightist, 175
Medinskii, Vladimir, 74
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 36-38, 72, 93,
215
Medvedev, Sergei, 103-4
Melnikov, Ivan, 218, 220, 222,
223-24, 228, 229
Melnikov, Oleg, 135
‘melting pot’ nation-building
strategies, 4
mental hospitals, 103
migration; see also anti-immigrant
sentiments; illegal immigration
and crime, 219-21, 224, 240,
248-51
and the elites, 59
ethnic phobias towards
immigrants, 43
integration vs repatriation,
221-23, 225
internal migration, 76
limiting, 39-40, 225-26
migrantophobia, 158, 219, 261
‘migrants are a security threat’,
248-51
‘migrants destroy our culture’,
244-48
‘migrants take our jobs’, 239,
241-44
migration crisis, 237-38
INDEX
319
migration myths and Kremlin’s
nationalist rhetoric,
236-57
migration—nationalism nexus,
238-41,251
no distinction made between
legal and illegal, 221
non-Slav migration to Russian
core, 71, 76
Othering of migrants in the 2013
Moscow mayoral elections,
213-35
‘raids’ on migrants, 143-44
reduction in flow of,
222-24
Mikhailov, Viacheslav, 85
Mikhalkov, Nikita, 123
military force
anti-Westernism, 57
combat training groups, 152-53,
154,193
and imperial nationalism, 64
media coverage of, 82
military patriotism, 263-64
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
Miller, Aleksei, 24, 54
Miller-Idriss, Cynthia, 289
Milov, Vladimir, 148
Minin and Pozharskii’s People’s
Militia (Narodnoe opolcbenie
imeni Minina i Pozbarskogo,
NOMP), 146
Mironov, Boris, 33, 154, 167,
168, 169
Mironov, Ivan, 172
Misanthropic Division, 145
Mitrokhin, Sergei, 218, 221,
222-23, 226, 227, 228, 229
Mizulina, Elena, 74, 100, 106
modernisation, 52, 55, 93,
123,249
Moldova, 62, 100
Molodaia gvardiia (Young Guard),
30, 33
Molotkov, Lev, 132
monarchists, 122, 151, 198
monarchy, history of, 24-25
moral conservatism, 155
morality politics, 72-75, 79, 93,
102-3, 143-44, 159
Mordovia, 103
Moscow
2013 mayoral elections, 7-8, 76,
148,213-35
Cherkizovskii Market bomb,
172-73, 174
ethnic homogeneity of, 219, 224,
226
ethnic unrest in, 60
Manezhnaia Square unrest, 60,
71, 196, 246
Moscow Bureau for Human
Rights, 172
Moscow Patriarchate, 44
motherland, 269, 271—72, 274—75,
292
‘little motherland’ (malaia
rodina), 269, 292
Motherland party (Rodina), 33,
70, 73, 152, 156, 157-58
Movement Against Illegal
Immigration (Dvizbenie protiv
nelegaPnoi immigratsii, DPNI),
50, 81, 127, 134, 142-43, 148,
170, 187, 190-91, 196-99,
200, 201,202,217, 228
multi-culturalism, 99, 245
multi-ethnic identities, 286—87,
288-89
multi-ethnic nation, 61, 174, 240,
245, 268
320
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
multinational empire, Russia as,
62, 73,214,268,274
Munich speech (Putin,
2007), 34
murders, 26, 131-32, 144, 170,
173, 193
Muromets, Ilia, 28
Muslim ethnic groups, 59, 61, 64,
71, 73, 75; see also anti-Islamic/
anti-Muslim sentiments
myth of common descent, 51
NAROD (National Russian
Liberation Movement,
Natsional’noe russkoe
osvoboditeVnoe dvizhenie),
133-36, 148,217
Narodnaia diplomatiia (People’s
Diplomacy), 152, 157
Narodnaia Volia (Popular Will),
128-29
narodniki, 128
narodnosf (‘Orthodoxy, autocracy,
nationality’) doctrine, 6, 24,
262
Narodnyi sobor (People’s
Assembly), 153
Nash sovremennik
(Our Contemporary),
30, 33
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 120, 121,
126-30, 263
national anthem, 28, 263
National Bolshevik Party
[Natsional-boVshevistskaia
partiia), 32, 120,
121-26, 136
national bolsheviks, 54, 151
National Bolshevist Platform
(Natsional-boVshevistskaia
platforma), 126, 129
National Conservative Movement
‘Russian World’ (NatsionaVno-
konservativnoe dvizhenie
6Russkii mir’), 151, 152
National Democratic Alliance
(Natsional-demokraticheskii
aVians), 37, 38, 133,
148, 153
National Democratic
Party (NatsionaVno-
demokraticheskaia partiia,
NDP), 37, 134, 146-48, 149,
191, 197, 199, 200
national democrats, 36-40,
120-21, 133-36, 143, 147-50,
187, 198, 200
National Democrats
(.NatsionaVnye demokraty),
198
National Front, 133, 151, 156
National Great-Power
Party of Russia
(NatsionaVno-derzhavnaia
partiia Rossii, NDPR), 33,
167-68, 172, 173, 196
National Great-Power Path of Rus
(NatsionaVno-derzhavnyi put’
Rusi, NDPR), 170
nationalism
bottom-up, 6
core-oriented vs larger imperial
predecessors, 5
Crimea as watershed moment
in, 5-6
decline of, 142-62
dynamism of, 17
between French and German
models, 4-5
imperialism vs nationalism,
2-3
imperialist vs ethnic, 3, 4-5
mainstreamisation of, 236
INDEX
321
migration—nationalism nexus,
238-41,251
‘nationalist turn’, 7
negative views of
‘nationalism’, 52
and patriotism, 258—61, 262—69,
270-72, 276
political ideological spectrum,
5-6
positive views of
nationalism, 52
post-Crimea, 142-62
prohibition under Soviet
Union, 27
pro- vs anti-regime, 6
pro- vs anti-Russian Spring, 6
revival of state nationalism, 7—8
russkii vs rossiiskii, 8-10
as a social movement, 188-91
sources of, 6-7
as tool to mobilise popular
support (history), 7
nationality, official, 24, 29, 30,
34-36, 78
nationality vs nation, 25
national liberals, 187, 200, 213,
217, 226, 228
National Liberation Movement
(Natsional’no-osvoboditel’noe
dvizhenie, NOD), 6, 156, 157
national liberation struggles in
Soviet period, 27
National-Patriotic Front ‘Pamiat’
(Natsional-patritoticheskii
front ‘Pamiat”), 35
national pride, 61; see also
patriotism
national provocateurs, 133
‘national question’, history
of, 25
national revolutionaries,
120-41
National Revolutionary Action
Front (Front
natsional-revoliutsionnogo
deistviia, FNRD), 133
National Revolutionary Bloc
(.Natsional-revoliutsionnyi
blok), 126, 129
National Russian Liberation
Movement (Natsional’noe
russkoe osvoboditel’noe
dvizhenie, NAROD), 133-36,
148, 217
National Social Initiative, 144
National Socialist Initiative
(Na ts iona l-sotsialistich es kaia
initsiativa, NSI), 144,
187-209
national socialists, 120, 130—32,
191-94
National Socialist Society-North
(Na ts iona /-so tsia lis tick eskoe
obshcbestvo-Sever,
NSO-Sever), 132
national traitors, 79
National Unity Day, 196
‘Nation and Freedom’ Committee
(Komitet ‘Natsiia i svoboda
KNS), 153
nation-building
and biopolitics, 94, 98, 100, 109
‘melting pot’ nation-building
strategies, 4
and the national
democrats, 149
obscured by state-building, 44
and Putin, 200
russkii vs rossiiskii, 9, 190
nation-states
civic nations as constructs
of, 50
civic vs ethno-cultural
understandings of, 8—10
322
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
nation-states (cont.)
co-ethnic groupings residing
outside, 10
historical evolution of, 23-27
nineteenth century, 24
Putin’s model, 8-9
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation), 1, 56, 57, 59,
62, 287
NatsionaPnaia gazeta, 163-64,
171, 172
Navalnyi, Aleksei, 7-8, 71, 76,
103, 133, 148, 213, 217-18,
220-21, 223, 226, 227, 229
Nazis, 122, 136, 165, 192
Near Abroad, 123, 220
Nemtsov, Boris, 45, 71
neo-Eurasianism, 164
neo-fascists, 5
neo-liberalism, 194, 195
neo-Nazis, 130—32, 163—86
anti-extremism legislation, 169
decline of, 154
decline of traditional
nationalism, 142, 144, 145
and the extreme far-right, 188
lack of public support for, 147
revolutionary nationalism, 120,
126, 130-32, 136
security crackdown on, 173
skinheads, 193
Slavic Union (Slavianskii
soiuz, SS), 143, 146, 173,
187, 190-94, 197, 201-2
neo-pagans, 33
NEORUSS study, xvii, 143, 237,
241,244, 248
neo-Slavophiles, 78
Nevskii, Aleksandr, 28, 42
New Force (Novaia sila), 37,
147-48,200
‘new’ nationalism, 36-40, 55—61
New Right, 120, 126
New Russian Barometer
(NRB), 58
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 53
Night Wolves, 267
Nikolai I, Tsar, 6, 24, 35, 262
Nikolai II, Tsar, 7
non-systemic opposition, 5
nonviolent action, 123, 135
North Caucasus, 59, 64, 75, 76;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
Northern Boundary (Rubezh
sever a), 14 5
Notes from a Prisoner of War
(Zapiski voennoplennogo,
Bobrov), 194, 196
Novgorod Republic, 129
Novikov, Sergei, 31
Novorossiia (New Russia), 79,
80-81, 125, 136, 146, 150,
151, 152-53,201,202
NPSR, Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz
Rossii (People’s Patriotic Union
of Russia), 32
occupation government, 149
official identity, 68-69, 78, 83-84
official nationality, 24, 29, 30,
34-36, 78
offshore capital, 178
Ogurtsov, Igor, 30
Onishchenko, Gennadii, 100
oppositional nationalism, 150-54
Orthodox Christianity
and familial biopolitics, 106
history of Russian nationalism,
30
and national identity, 73-74
nationalist movements, 153
and racism, 33
replaced by Stalinism, 29
INDEX
323
Syria, 83
and traditionalism, 34
and Western antagonism, 79
‘Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality’
(■narodnost’) doctrine, 6,
24, 262
OSCE (Organisation for Security
and Co-operation in
Europe), 34
Other
borders of in-group vs Other,
214-15
Caucasus and Central Asia as
‘Significant Other5, 59-60
constitutive other, 43
Crimea as ‘Other5 to Ukraine,
285-86
Europe as ‘Significant
Other5, 99
migrants as ‘Other5,
213-35, 240
and religion, 78
Ukrainians as, 78
USA as ‘Significant Other5,
55, 61
‘us5 and ‘them5, 43
West as ‘Significant
Other5, 155
xenophobia, 195
Other Russia (Drugaia Rossiia),
125, 135, 146, 151, 199
Other Russia, The (Limonov,
2003), 124
Oushakine, Serguei, 263
pagans, 33
Pain, Emil, 3, 6, 8, 62, 84, 171,
215,217, 221
Pamiat, 35, 36, 197
paramilitary groups, 102, 105,
166, 168, 177, 179, 192
Parkhomenko, Sergei, 125
PARNAS (People’s Freedom Party,
Partita narodnoi svobody),
153-54, 202
partisans, 174-75, 176-77,
178, 179
Party of Nationalists (Partiia
natsionalistov), 198, 199
passportisation, 62, 223
patents (work permits), 243-44,
251-52
paternalism, 23, 24-25, 29
patriarchy, 24-25, 64,
94, 107
patriotism
aggressive, 39
and anti-Westernism, 265
and biopolitics, 101—2
and citizenship, 268, 272
and civic nationalism,
259, 275
compatriot policies, 62,
246, 252
conservative-patriotic
values, 74
‘Crimeans’, 298, 299
and culture, 272
ethnicisation of everyday
patriotic practices, 270-76
and ethno-nationalism, 259
everyday patriotism, 269-70
following Chechnya war, 167
great-power ideologies, 70,
82-83, 84
growth of, 155
media, 264, 269
military patriotism, 263—64
and nationalism, 258-61,
262-69, 270-72, 276
and propaganda, 265
and Putin, 79, 260, 263-64
and racism, 259
and religion, 83
324
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
patriotism (cont.)
Soviet period, 29, 55, 263
statist patriotism (derzhavnosf),
70, 83, 149, 268
and Ukraine conflict, 265,
272-73
Western models of, 274
and xenophobia, 271
Patriots of Russia (Patrioty
Rossii), 152
Patrushev, Nikolai, 100
Pavlenskii, Petr, 108
People’s Assembly (Narodnyi
sobor), 153
People’s Diplomacy (Narodnaia
diplomatiia), 152,
157
People’s Freedom Party (Partiia
narodnoi svobody, PARNAS),
153-54, 202
People’s Patriotic Union of Russia
(Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz
Rossii, NPSR), 32
People’s Republican Party
(Respublikanskaia narodnaia
partiia), 122
perestroika, 35, 69
Petr the Great, 53, 262
Pikhtelev, Semen, 198
Pilkington, Hilary, 190
pluralism, 270
pochvennichestvo, 30, 32, 33
Podberezkin, Aleksei, 32
Poland, 24, 54
Polish Independence Day
march, 128
Polish uprising (1830-31), 24
Politkovskaia, Anna, 171
Popular Will {Narodnaia Volia),
128-29
populism
and migration, 240-41, 251
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
213, 219, 222, 229, 236, 239,
248, 249
national bolsheviks, 124
Putin eschewing, 251, 252
security issues, 250
post-Communists, 32
post-politics, 98
Potkin (Belov, Aleksandr), 81
poverty, 52, 58
Pozner, Vladimir, 169
Prilepin, Zakhar, 101-2
Primakov, Evgenii, 56
prisons, 103-4, 175
Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 2, 32
Prokhorenko, Artem, 193
pro-Kremlin nationalist groups,
151,152,154-58
propaganda
ban on gay propaganda, 74,
104-5
and the Crimean annexation,
199
cult of the empire, 34
folklore and national identity, 28
fuelling xenophobia (Soviet
period), 29
national identity, 69
official rhetoric, 155
and patriotism, 265
post-Soviet Russia, 32, 34
Russian culture and history
promulgation, 55
Proshechkin, Evgenii, 171
Prosvirnin, Egor, 37-38, 80, 145,
151
psychiatry, 93, 103
Public Chamber, 93
public offices, symbolic takeovers
of, 123
Pushilin, Denis, 78
Pussy Riot, 73-75, 103, 108, 109
INDEX
325
Putin, Vladimir
Aleksandr Sevastianov on,
178-79
and the anti-immigrant
agenda, 76
‘beseiged fortress’ rhetoric, 34
biopolitics, 96, 97, 99, 100-1,
106-7
body of, 100-1
condemned by national
democrats, 136
on Crimea, 2, 200
describing collapse of Soviet
Union, 2
disappearance of Ukraine events
from speeches, 17
divorce, 100
identity issues, 68
on illegal immigration, 249
King of Nature/King of the
Beasts, 108
Limonov’s approval of, 125
on migration, 227, 230, 236,
237, 240-51
Munich speech (2007), 34
and national identity, 69-70
nationalism, 7-8, 155
and the ‘national question’,
69-70, 72-73, 214-15,
245-46, 249
nation-state model, 8—9, 61
on Novorossiia, 80
on patriotism, 260, 263-64
popularity of, 38
portrayed as masculine and
virile, 107-8
power vertical, 97
and the revival of state
nationalism, 7-8
rossiiskaia natsiia (civic Russian
nation), 64
and Russian imperialism, 2-3
‘Russia: the national question’,
214-15,
245-46, 249
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2—3, 70,
72, 77
and Sergei Sobianin, 216
on Syria, 82
and the Ukraine, 292
Valdai Discussion Club, 72,
74, 79
racism
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 165,
168, 179
Article 282 (inciting racial
hatred), 194
biological racism, 166
decline in street violence,
144
growth of racially-motivated
violence, 70
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 221
national democrats, 133,
134, 154
and patriotism, 259
pocbvennichestvo, 33
racist violence, 163-64
revolutionary nationalism,
120-21
skinheads, 130
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
Radonezhtsy, 30
‘raids’, 143-44, 156-57
rasologiia (‘raciology’), 164
Razin, Stepan, 128
Razumkov Centre, 285, 287
Red Army, 54
red-brown ideologies, 33, 37,
166,167
redistributive policies, 59
326
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
re-ethnicisation, 130
regime of truth, new, 98
re-imperialisation, 62
religion; see also Muslim ethnic
groups; Orthodox Christianity
and familial biopolitics, 106
fundamentalism, 134
legislation to protect, 74
morality politics, 73, 74, 75, 79
and national identity, 73-74
and otherness, 78
as part of ethnic identity, 4
and racism, 33
Soviet period, 29
statist patriotism
(derzhavnost’), 83
Syria, 83
and traditionalism, 34
tsar’s right to rule, 25
reproductive behaviour, 94, 99,
100, 106-7
Republican Party of
Russia-People’s Freedom
Party (Respublikanskaia
partiia Rossii-Partiia
narodnoi svobody,
RPR-PARNAS), 217-18
Reserve (Rezerv), 153
Respublikanskaia narodnaia
partiia (People’s Republican
Party), 122
ressentiment, 53, 57, 121
Restrukt! 144, 145
reunification of Russian people, 32
revolutionary nationalism, 119—41,
176, 190
Revolution of 1917, 3, 262
Right-Conservative Alliance
(.Pravo-konservativnyi aPians,
PKA), 151, 152
Right March, 170
right-wing politics
far-right politics, 152, 154,
170, 175, 187-209; see also
ultranationalism
history of extreme radical
Russian nationalism, 26
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126
national democrats, 148
New Right, 120, 126
post-Soviet Russia, 32—33
racially-motivated
violence, 70
and revolution, 120
riot police, 175
riots, 50, 60, 76, 196, 219, 246
RNE (Russian National Unity,
Russkoe natsionaPnoe
edinstvo), 35, 36, 40,
121-22, 166, 191-92,
197, 201
ROD (Russian People’s Movement,
Russkoe obshchestvennoe
dvizhenie)^ 191, 197
Rogozin, Dmitrii, 178
ROK (Russian Community of
Crimea, Russkaia obsbchina
Kryma), 283,291,297
ROS (Russian All-People’s Union,
Rossiiskii obsbchenarodnyi
soiuz), 143, 146, 157
Rose, Richard, 58
Roshal, Leonid, 105
rossiiane nationalism, 214, 298
rossiiskaia natsiia (civic Russian
nation), 64
rossiiskii identity, 2, 8—10, 64, 70
rubber apartments, 248, 250
‘Russia for Russians’ (Rossiia dlia
russkikh), 26, 130, 150, 197,
225, 260
‘Russian 1 May’ (russkii
pervomai), 151
INDEX
327
Russian All-People’s Union
(Rossiiskii obshchenarodnyi
soiuz, ROS), 143, 146,
157
‘Russian character’, 28—29
Russian Civic Union (Russkii
grazhdanskii soiuz, RGS),
134, 135, 148
Russian Cleansing (Russkaia
zacbistka), 145
Russian Community of Crimea
(Russkaia obshchina
Kryma, ROK), 283,
291,297
Russian-Georgian war, 59
Russian Image (Russkii obraz),
132, 135, 175
Russian Imperial Movement
(Russkoe imperskoe
dvizbenie), 151, 153,
197-99,201
Russian Joint National Alliance
(.Russkii ob” edinennyi
natsional’nyi aVians,
RONA), 153
Russian language
in Crimea, 284, 287, 291, 292,
295,299
indigenisation (korenizatsiia)
policy, 54
migrants, 215, 221, 227, 246,
247-48, 252
‘nationality’ in, 8-10, 25
native Russian speakers as
community, 78
and patriotism, 272
protection for Russian-speaking
minorities, 62, 69
in Ukraine, 284
Russian Liberation Front ‘Pamiat’
(Russkii front osvobozbdeniia
‘Pamiat”), 197
Russian Marches
2012, 37
2014, 199
2015, 45, 63, 143, 154
declining numbers attending,
8, 143
and the DPNI, 196
Motherland (Rodina), 156
national socialists, 170, 197
Navalnyi’s participation in,
217, 228
social marginalisation, 51
as symbol of nationalism,
50, 142
Russian March of Labour, 197
Russian Mothers (Russkie materi)
movement, 105
Russian National Front (Russkii
natsionaVnyi front, RNF), 151
Russian National Party, 29
Russian National-Socialist Party, 29
Russian National Unity (Russkoe
natsionaVnoe edinstvo, RNE),
35, 36, 40, 122, 166,
191-92, 197
Russian Opposition Coordination
Council, 135
Russian Orthodox Church
and Jewish ancestry of clerics,
170
and national identity, 73—74
and ‘official nationality’, 44
on punishment, 104
and ‘traditional values’, 159
and Western antagonism, 79
Russian Party (Russkaia partiia), 33
Russian People’s Movement
(Russkoe obsbchestvennoe
dvizbenie, ROD),
191, 197
Russian Popular Party (Russkaia
narodnaia partiia), 29
328
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Russian Public Movement
(Russkoe obsbchestvennoe
dvizbenie), 134, 135
Russian Resistance (Russkoe
soprotivlenie), 175
Russian Right Party (Rossiiskaia
pravaia partiia), 153
Russian Socialist Movement
(Russkoe sotsialisticheskoe
dvizbenie, RSD), 129
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (RSFSR), 3, 28
Russian Spring (Russkaia vesna),
6, 63, 200,
201,202
Russian Union of Youth, 133
Russian Union of Youth—National
Revolutionary Action
(Soiuz russkoi molodezbi-
Natsional-revoliutsionnoe
deistvie, SRM-NRD), 133
Russian Unity (Russkoe edinstvo,
RE), 283, 291,297, 302
Russian Verdict (Russkii
verdikt), 175
Russian World (Russkii mir),
50-51, 62, 99, 109, 151-52
Russia’s special path’, 24, 26
Russia Will be Freed by Our
Forces (Rossiia osvoboditsia
nashimi silami, RONS), 200
Russification, 27, 299
Russkie movement
banning of, 6, 62, 198
as coalition, 197-98
Dmitrii Bobrov, 197
Dmitrii Demushkin, 6,
193,201
revolutionary nationalism, 135,
144, 145, 148-49,
150,153
and Ukraine, 200
russkie territories, 79
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3, 8-10, 70,
72,77-78, 231n, 273
Russo-centrism, 68, 71, 73-74, 78,
85,215
Russophobia, 35, 171, 177, 201
Russophone category, 222;
see also Russian language
Ryno, Artur, 174-75, 193
Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 125
Sagra riots, 246
samizdat, 31
Samokhin, Aleksei, 154
sanitation, 100
Sankia (Prilepin, 2006), 101-2
Saveliev, Andrei, 33, 151
Savenko, Eduard (Limonov), 121
Savin, Igor, 261
Schultz-88 (Shul’ts-88)y 193-94
secessionist movements, 62, 253n,
282,285,297
Second World War see Great
Patriotic War
secular racists, 33
securitisation, 240, 249, 251,
252,302
self-awareness, ethnic, 41—42
self-determination, 54, 68, 199
self-governance, 129
self-identification of the ethnic
majority, 40-44, 68
semi-legal nationalist
groups, 30
separate ethnic identities,
41—42
separatism, 41-42, 102, 136, 146,
179, 270, 282-83, 287-88,
297-301
SERB (South East Radical Bloc),
156
Serbskii Centre, 103
INDEX
329
serial killings, 174, 193
Sevastianov, Aleksandr, 33,
163-86, 196
sexuality, 94-95, 100, 107-8, 124;
see also gay culture
Shafarevich, Igor, 30, 31
Shargunov, Sergei, 32
shestidesiatniki (‘60’s
generation’), 29
Shevchenko, Maksim, 155
Shevel, Oxana, 8, 259
Shevtsov, Ivan, 30
Shield of Moscow (Shchit
Moskvy), 144
Shiropaev, Aleksei, 37, 38, 133,
136, 148
Significant Other, 51, 55,
59-61
Siniavskii, Andrei, 45n
Skachevskii, Pavel, 174,
175, 193
skinheads
bans on nationalist
groups, 40
collective action, 192
decline of traditional
nationalism, 142, 147, 164
ethnographic studies, 190
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126
national socialists,
130-32, 189
neo-Nazis, 170, 174, 175
and the right-wing, 190
Skokov, Iurii, 166
Slavic Community (Slavianskaia
obshchina)y 127
Slavic Force (Slavianskaia
sila), 193
Slavic Union (Slavianskii soiuz, SS),
143, 146, 173, 187, 190, 191,
192-93, 194, 197, 201, 202
Slavophiles, 25—26, 78
Slezkine, Yuri, 27
Sober Courtyards (Trezvye dvory),
157
Sobianin, Sergei, 76, 213, 215-16,
218, 219, 222-23, 226-27,
229, 230, 240
Sobolev, Rikhard, 135
sobornosf (preference for
collectivism), 26
Sochi Olympic Games, 109,
264-65
social and material poverty,
52, 58
social cohesion, 70, 98
social contract, 68-92
Social Darwinism, 124
social engineering, 51-52
socialism, 123, 128, 263
Socialist International, 262
social media, 105, 196
social mobility, 121
social movement approaches,
188-91
social psychology, 259
social solidarity, 52
social stability, 85
societal nationalism, 6, 8, 17
soft power, 62, 94-95
Solidarity movement, 148
Soloukhin, Vladimir, 30
Solovei, Valerii, 2, 3, 37, 79, 85,
133, 148, 149, 200
Solovev, Vladimir, 78, 155
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
30, 31
Sonderiveg, 32
South East Radical Block (SERB),
160n
South Ossetia, 56, 62
SOVA Center, 130-31, 143, 144,
151, 172, 193, 197
330
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
sovereignty
and anti-migrant
sentiments, 240
biopolitics, 93-116
‘parade of sovereignties’, 41
principles of popular sovereignty,
43-44
Soviet period
identification with, 55
and the identity of the Russian
Federation, 69
imperialist vs ethnic
nationalism, 3
nationalism, 54
and patriotism, 263
and Russian identity, 55
and Russian imperialism, 2
state nationalism and
autonomous nationalism,
27-31
Spain, 42-43
Spas (electoral bloc), 166-67
Spas (military-patriotic club),
173
Special Purpose Mobility
Unit (Otriad mobiPnyi
osobogo naznacbeniia,
OMON), 125
Spiritual Heritage (Dukhovnoe
nasledie), 32
Sputnik i Pogrom, 37-38, 80,
145, 152
spy-mania, 34
Stalin, Iosif, 7, 27-28, 29, 35, 42,
54-55
Stalinists, 31, 32, 37, 39,
146, 151
Starikov, Nikolai, 156
state, Russian
and biopolitical sovereignty,
101-3
ideologies, 6-7
national-democratic
nationalism, 36
Putin on, 214
and societal nationalism, 6-7,
8, 17
‘state-forming nation’
(gosudarstvo o brazu iusb chit
narod), 214
state identity stronger than
national, 40-44
state ideology, 52
stateless society, 124, 126
State Programme for Patriotic
Education (SPPE), 263-64,
265,266-68
state repression, 144—45,
146, 196
state symbols, 263-64, 268
state terror, 28
state vs societal nationalism,
23-49
statism, 45, 80—83, 252
statist patriotism (derzbavnosf),
70, 83, 149
stereotypes, ethnic, 40
Strategiia-2020, 176-77
Strategy-31, 125
Strelkov, Igor (Girkin), 6, 146,
150, 154
Struve, Petr, 3
suicide, 93
superpower status, 58, 75
Surkov, Vladislav, 171
surrogacy, 100
surveillance, 96, 99, 108
Suslov, Vitalii, 165
Susov, Anton, 134
Svanidze, Nikolai, 171
Svoboda, 199
Syria
ethnonationalist discourse,
82-83
INDEX
331
great-power ideologies, 39
and imperial nationalism,
34-35, 64
and Russian identity, 53
Szporluk, Roman, 62
Tajikistan, 237, 244; see also
Caucasus and Central
Asia
Tatars, 28,215,274
technocratic strategies, 97, 241,
243, 249, 252, 253
Terekhov, Stanislav, 167,
168, 170
terrorism
anti-migrant campaigns, 176
and ethno-national
identity, 82
and migrants, 248, 249
revolutionary nationalism, 163,
170, 177, 179
and Russian identity, 53
Third Way, 127
Tigers of the Motherland (TIGRy
Rodiny), 157
Tikhonov, Nikita, 131, 132,
177-78
Tishkov, Valerii, 8, 171
tolerance, 127, 171, 174, 245,
265, 268, 270
Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda, 103-4
Tolz, Vera, 219, 229-30
Tor, Vladimir, 37, 71, 230n
Torch of Novorossiia, The
(Gubarev, 2016), 2
totalitarianism, 34, 188, 190
traditionalism
history of Russian nationalism,
28, 34,41,42
and imperial nationalism, 64
vs modernisation, 159
moral conservatism, 155
and the national
bolsheviks, 123
against Western liberalism, 74
‘traitor-peoples’, 29
trans-ideological politics, 98
Transnistria, 62
trauma, historical, 45
Trofimov, Viktor, 29
‘trophy art’, repatriation of,
165, 171
Trudovaia Rossiia (Labour
Russia), 32, 122
tsarist period, 4, 25, 53-54, 262
Tsorionov (Enteo, Dmitrii), 74
Turkey, 51
Turkic-Muslim peoples, 33;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
two Russias, 54
UK, 42
Ukraine; see also Crimea; Crimean
annexation; Donbas
Crimea as ‘Other’ to, 285-86
and Crimean identity,
288-96
and Crimean separatism,
297—98
Donetsk, 78, 79, 125, 135-36,
144, 200, 202
ethnic phobias towards, 39
ethnic Ukrainians seen as
culturally compatible, 245
ethno-national appeal, 77-79
Euromaidan events, 187,
199-201,202, 265, 302
and imperial nationalism, 61
import bans, 100
Little Russians (malorossy),
4,54
Luhansk, 79, 125, 135—36,
144, 202
332
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Ukraine (cont.)
Maidan Square, Kiev, 38, 128,
155-56
migration and citizen
status, 248
popular mobilisations in, 276
public support for, 102
revolutionary nationalism,
128-29
Russian reaction to, 57
as Russian re-imperialisation
strategy, 62
as Russia’s Other, 78
seen as backyard, 63—64
seen as ‘ethnic enemy’, 179
Ukraine conflict
Aleksandr Sevastianov on, 179
and the decline of
migrantophobia, 158
ethnic nationalism, 199—201
and the national
bolsheviks, 125
and patriotism, 265, 272-73
radical activists drawn to,
145, 154
Ukrainian language, 285,
295, 299
ultranationalism, 6, 35, 152,
163-64, 166, 197
ultra-rightists, 152, 154, 175
Unappeasable League
(Neprimirimaia liga), 154
uncivil society, 189-90
underground dissident
organisations, 29—30
unemployment, 241—42
unification, Russian, 77
Union of Officers (Soiuz
ofitserov), 167
Union of Orthodox Banner-
Bearers (Soiuz pravoslavnykh
khorugvonostsev), 33
Union of Orthodox Brotherhoods
{Soiuz pravoslavnykh
bratstv), 33
Union of the Russian People
{Soiuz russkogo naroda), 26,
122,197
United Russia Party {Edinaia
Rossiia), 74, 123, 156, 157-58,
216,218, 303n
USA
anti-US sentiments, 55—56, 57,
58, 59-61, 63, 80, 82, 195
conflict with, 56
conservative turn in, 64
as Russia’s ‘Significant Other’,
55, 61
Russophobia, 35
‘us’ and ‘them’, 43
USSR see Soviet period
utopianism, 124
Uvarov, Count Sergei, 6, 24, 29
Uzbekistan, 41, 237, 244; see also
Caucasus and Central Asia
Valdai Discussion Club, 72, 74, 79
Valiaev, Evgenii, 151, 152
Valuev, Count Petr, 25
Vasilev, Dmitrii, 35
Veletskii, Maksim, 136
vengeance, party of, 168-72
Verkhovskii, Aleksandr, 40
Veshniakov, Aleksandr, 123
victimisation, 100
Victory Day (9 May) parades,
264, 265
vigilante groups, 105, 157, 192
violence
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 170, 174,
179-80
anti-immigrant, 176, 189
inter-communal violence,
76, 84
INDEX
333
Islamist violence, 71
lack of public support for, 147
linked to migration, 221,
224, 249
and the national socialists, 130,
132
neo-Nazis, 163—86
in pro-Kremlin nationalism,
156-57
‘raids’, 144
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
skinheads, 130-31
Slavic Union (Slavianskii
soiuz), 193
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
theories of aggression, 174
and the ultra-right, 166
virginity promotion, 93
visa regimes, 76, 223, 242
Vitukhnovskaia, Alina, 122
Vladimir, Prince, 79
Vladivostok protests, 135
Voevodin, Aleksei, 193
Volnitsa, 127-28
Vorobev, Stanislav, 151
VSKhON (All-Russian
Social-Christian Union
for the Liberation of
the People, Vserossiiskii
sotsial-khristianskii soiuz
osvobozbdeniia naroda), 30
Weberian ideology, 8, 52
Westernisation of Russia, 59
Western models
of liberalism, 217
of masculinity, 107
of nationality, 24, 25, 31,
53, 155
of patriotism, 274
White armies, 54
White Memory (Belaia
pamiat’), 175
white ribbons, 106-7
White Russians (belarusy), 4, 54
white supremacists, 133, 164, 190,
194
White Wolves, 131-32
Wilson, Andrew, 286
Working Russia (Trudovaia
Rossiia), 32, 122
work visas, 223-24, 236,
243-44, 247
world moral leader, Russia as, 75
world revolution, 128
World War II see Great Patriotic
War
World Wildlife Foundation, 267
xenophobia
and Aleksei Navalnyi, 217,
220-21
attitudes of, 189
co-existence with
multiculturalism, 245
electoral campaigns explicitly
condemned, 72
history of, 26
in mainstream politics, 76
in Moscow 2013 mayoral
elections, 148, 217, 220,
221,228
and nationalism, 147
national socialists, 195
and patriotism, 271
popular anti-migrant views,
225-26
post-Soviet Russia, 31
Putin’s policies against, 70
racist violence, 163
related to economic
prosperity, 84
334
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
xenophobia (cont.)
and revolutionary nationalism,
121
rise of, 238
skinheads, 130
Soviet period, 28
and state repression, 145
subcultures, 189
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
Yakuts, 42
Yanukovych, Viktor, 1, 200, 302
Yeltsin, Boris see Eltsin, Boris
Young Guard (Molodaia gvardiia),
30, 33
Young Russia (Rossiia
Molodaia), 144
youth
and the national bolsheviks,
121, 124
nationalism, 142
neo-Nazis, 174
post-Soviet generation, 290,
293-94
RNE (Russian National Unity),
192
Tigers of the Motherland
(TIGRy Rodiny), 157
youth subcultures, 130, 192
Zaldostanov, Aleksandr, 74
Zelik, Ruslan, 199
Zhirinovskii, Vladimir, 5, 6, 32-33,
70, 158, 166, 178,222
Zhivov, Aleksei, 151, 152
Zhukov, Georgii, 42
Zhuravlev, Aleksei, 157-58
Zimmerman, William, 55-56, 58
Zionism, 31, 168
Ziuganov, Gennadii, 32
¿izek, Slavoj, 52
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
Index
Abdulatipov, Ramazan, 8
Abkhazia, 62
abortion, 106
adoption, 74, 100, 105-6
affirmative action empire, 54
Agamben, Giorgio, 95-96
aggression, theories of, 174;
see also violence
Agurskii, Mikhail, 31
A Just Russia party, 74, 218,
220, 229
Aksenov, Sergei, 302
Aleksandr I, Tsar, 24
Aleksandr II, Tsar, 25
Aleksandr III, Tsar, 6-7, 26
All-Russian March for
Peace, 129
All-Russian National Movement,
6, 146
All-Russian People’s Front, 106
All-Russian Social-Christian
Union for the Liberation
of the People (Vserossiiskii
sotsial-khristianskii soiuz
osvobozhdeniia naroda,
VSKhON), 30
anarchism, 124, 126-30
Anderson, Benedict, 259
anomie, 52
Anpilov, Viktor, 32, 122
anti-alcohol campaigns, 157
anti-authoritarianism, 128, 135
anti-capitalism, 120, 194, 198
anti-Communism, 32-33, 37-38
anti-corruption, 148, 217
anti-establishmentism, 71,
76, 81
anti-extremism legislation,
169, 174
Antifa, 177
anti-fascists, 126, 128, 131, 136
anti-gay sentiments, 74,
104-5
anti-globalism, 64, 127
anti-government protests, 71,
73—75; see also For Fair
Elections movement
anti-immigrant sentiments
anti-migrant campaigns, 147,
176,252
and biopolitics, 99
and Crimean annexation,
75-79
Kremlin policies, 252
migrantophobia, 158,
219,261
INDEX
307
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
219, 221,228
and the patent system, 244
pro-Kremlin nationalist groups,
156-57
rise of, 238
anti-imperialism, 34, 36, 149
anti-IsIamic/anti-Muslim
sentiments, 59, 61,
225, 240
anti-liberalism, 23, 30, 35, 38
Anti-Maidan movement,
155-56, 157
anti-Putin activism, 73—75
anti-regime nationalism, 6
anti-Russian Spring nationalism, 6
anti-Semitism
history of Russian nationalism,
26,29
Movement Against Illegal
Immigration (Dvizhenie protiv
nelegal’noi immigratsii), 197
national socialists, 132
neo-Nazis, 164, 165, 167,
168, 170
post-Soviet Russia, 31, 154
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
anti-Sovietism, 37
anti-Ukrainian Crimeans, 291
anti-US sentiments, 55-56, 57, 58,
59-61, 63, 80, 82
anti-Westernism
and biopolitics, 99, 109
in the history of Russian
nationalism, 53, 127
ideological backing for, 75
morality politics, 74
and patriotism, 265
popular support for, 158
post-Soviet Russian nationalism,
31, 34, 39, 55, 57, 61, 63, 155
and Syria, 82
Antonov, Rostislav, 37
Article 282 (inciting racial hatred),
194, 195
arts
counter-biopolitical, 108
counterculture activists, 122
‘Russian character’,
28-29
Soviet period, 30
Arutiunian, Iurii, 40, 41
assassinations, 131, 170, 171-72,
176, 177
assimilation, 78, 225, 244,
246, 291
Attack (Ataka), 144, 145
authoritarianism, 37, 101, 121,
124-25, 128, 134, 158
autocracy, 24, 25, 26, 29, 37
Autonomous Action (Avtonomnoe
deistvie), 128
Baburin, Sergei, 143,
146,157
Baburova, Anastasiia, 131, 177
Balkars, 28
ballistic missile defence, 1
Baltics, 54
bannings
as biopolitical tool, 108
of books, 194
of nationalist political groups,
195-96, 198, 201
from political groups, 98
of political movements, 40,
61-62, 146, 153, 157,
169-70
of re-entry of migrants,
236, 250
Banshantsev, Kirill, 127, 128
Barkashov, Aleksandr, 122, 167,
191, 192
308
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Basmanov, Vladimir, 153, 159n,
196,200
Battle for Donbas (Bitva za
Donbass), 151, 152
Bazylev, Maksim (Adolf), 132
Beketov, Igor, 160n
Belarus, 54, 79, 245
Belousov, Iaroslav, 135
Belov, Aleksandr (Potkin), 81, 142,
145, 146, 153, 196, 197, 198,
200, 202, 228
Beslan terrorist attack, 215
Billig, Michael, 259
biological racism, 166
biopolitics, 93—116
biopower, 95
birth rates, 94-95, 237
Biriulevo riots, 50, 60, 76
Black Bloc (Chernyi blok), 154
Black Hundreds, 3, 26, 31, 122
blacklists, 250, 251
Black Sea Fleet, 287
Blakkisrud, Helge, 78,
190, 268
BloodScHonour/Combat88, 177
Bobrov, Dmitrii, 145, 187, 192,
193, 194, 197, 198, 199,
201-2
Bobrova, Valentina, 152
bodily art, 108
Bolotnaia Square, 103, 125, 135,
199, 202
Bolsheviks, 4, 5, 27, 54-55
bombings, 172-73, 174
Bondarik, Nikolai, 145
borders
and Crimea, 296-97
of in-group vs Other, 214-15
national interests no longer
confined to, 57-58
reinstatement of 1913 borders,
32-33
of the Russian ‘nation’, 238
‘Russian World’ transcending,
50-51, 62
Russia’s boundaries bigger than
Russian Federation, 2
state boundaries and biopolitics,
102-3
BORN see Combat Organisation
of Russian Nationalists
(.Boevaia organizatsiia
russkikh natsionalistov)
Borovikov, Dmitrii, 175, 193
Borovikov-Voevodin skinhead
gang, 170
Bourdieu, Pierre, 261
bourgeoisie, 125, 198
Breivik, Anders Behring, 193
Brezhnev, Leonid,
122, 264
Bright Rus (Svetlaia Rws’),
144,153
Bromlei, Iulian, 25
Brubaker, Rogers, 259, 261, 289
Bunge, Nikolai, 26
bylinas (epic poems), 28
camp mentality, 104
capitalism, 127, 132, 135, 195;
see also neo-liberalism
Caucasus and Central Asia
anti-immigrant sentiments,
75-77, 130
as ‘compatriots’, 246-47
ethnic phobias towards, 39,
59-60
and great-power politics, 64
migration from, 237
national democrats, 134
reducing migration from,
222-23, 226
seen as migrants, 215
as ‘Significant Other’, 59-60
INDEX
309
as subjugated territory of Russia
‘proper’, 54
xenophobia, 195
Celtic cross, 129
censorship, 30
Central Asia see Caucasus and
Central Asia
Chaika, Iurii, 169
Chaplin, Vsevolod, 104
character, national Russian, 26
chauvinism, 70, 270
Chechnya, 28, 41, 64, 167, 245
Cherkizovskii Market bomb,
172-73, 174
Chesnakov, Aleksei, 85
Chest’ i svoboda (Honour and
Freedom), 153
China, 245
Chubais, Anatolii, 171-72
Chuev, Feliks, 30
Chuvashov, Eduard, 131—32
Citadel (TsitadeV), 154
citizenship
for migrants, 221, 247
and patriotism, 268, 272
and the USSR, 263
civic consciousness, 43
civic indifference, 45
civic nationalism
and Eltsin administration, 263
historical attempts to neutralise,
23,24
vs imperial nationalism, 51, 62
and the national democrats, 149
and patriotism, 259, 275
Putin on, 214
civic nations, construction of, 43, 50
civic Russian nation (rossiiskaia
natsiia), 64, 85
civic vs ethno-cultural
understandings of nations,
8-10
civilisational nationalism,
33, 126
civil rights, 125
civil service, non-Russians in, 26
coercive control, 96
Cohen, Stephen F., 69
Cold War rhetoric, 34
collective consciousness, 39, 98
collectivisation, 28
colour revolutions, 276
Combat Brotherhood (Boevoe
bratstvo), 267
Combat Organisation of Russian
Nationalists (Boevaia
organizatsiia russkikh
natsionalistoVy BORN),
50, 62, 131-32, 177, 179
Combat Terrorist Organisation
(Boevaia terroristicbeskaia
organizatsia), 193
combat training groups, 152—53,
154, 193
Committee of 25 January (Komitet
25 ianvaria, K25), 146, 150-51
common descent, myth of, 51
common enemy, 64
Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS)
as ‘compatriots’, 246-47
labour market liberalisation,
243-44
visas, 76, 223, 237, 243
Communism, 31, 33, 34, 54—55
Communist Party, 27, 30, 32
Communist Party of the Russian
Federation (KPRF), 32, 71,
122, 157, 218, 220, 229, 263
compatriot policies, 62,
246, 252
Congress of Russian Communities
(Kongress russkikh obsbcbin,
KRO), 165-66
310
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
conscription, 106
conservatism
and biopolitics, 97, 98, 99,
100, 104
conservative revolution
movements, 120, 136
conservative turn in Western
politics, 64
post-Soviet Russia, 31, 74, 79
conspiracy theories, 149
Constitution, Russian, 24,
85, 125
constructivist approaches, 260
consumerist ideologies, 108, 127
contraceptives, 107
corruption, 75, 93-94, 217, 248;
see also anti-corruption
cosmopolitanism, 29, 54, 127
Cossacks, Russian, 40, 105,
265,269
counterculture activists, 108,
122,124
crime, as concern about migration,
219-21, 224, 240
Crimea
‘Crimea is ours!’, 45
as a cultural part of Russia,
291,292
‘sacred’ nature of, 79
as subjugated territory of Russia
‘proper’, 54
Crimean annexation
Aleksandr Sevastianov on, 179
effect on nationalist
organisations, 187
ethnic nationalism, 75-79, 80,
199-201
great-power ideologies, 39
and identity, 53, 282-305
imperial nationalism,
61, 63
mass consciousness, 39
and the national bolsheviks, 125
national democrats, 38,
135-36
patriotism, 260, 265
public support for, 102, 136,
258, 260, 265, 276
as re-imperialisation
strategy, 62
and russkii identity, 283, 284
Crimean Tatars, 28
cult of the empire, 34
cult of the leader, 45
culture
assimilation, 78, 225, 244, 246,
291
and biopolitics, 98
as core of national identity,
239-40
Crimea as a cultural part of
Russia, 291, 292
cultural definitions of ‘migrant’,
215, 222, 245
cultural identities, 41, 239—40
cultural style of the national
bolsheviks, 122
cultural superiority, 35
‘migrants destroy our culture’,
244-48
migrants’ incompatibility with
host-country’s, 239—40
and patriotism, 271, 272
Day of Remembrance for the
Victims of Ethnic Crime, 197
Day of the Russian Nation (Den9
russkoi natsii), 151
death lists, 175
death squads, 166
de Benoist, Alain, 127
Decembrists, 24
Deep and Comprehensive Trade
Agreement with EU, 1
INDEX
311
Defence of Holy Russia!
(Za Rus* sviatuiu/), 33
Degtiarev, Mikhail, 218, 220, 222,
224, 228, 229
democracy
‘democratic turn’, 37
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127
and the national bolsheviks,
124-25
national-democratic nationalism,
36-40, 133-36
and national identity, 69
and the national socialists, 132
‘new’ nationalism, 55
non-imperial nationalism, 71
threats from the far-right, 189
Democratic Choice
(Demokraticheskii vybor),
148,226
demographic crisis, 237
Demushkin, Dmitrii, 6, 81, 143,
145, 153, 154, 192-93,
198-99, 200
deportations, 28, 29, 130, 227,
236,251
despotism, 25
diaspora, Russian, 134, 222,
289-90
Dima Iakovlev law, 74, 100, 105
‘direct action’, 177
Dissenters’ Marches, 125
dissident organisations, 29-30,
31, 33
‘divided Russian people’
ideology, 32
Donbas
combat training groups, 152-53
effect on nationalist
organisations, 187
and ethnic nationalism,
200-1, 202
great-power ideologies, 39
and imperial nationalism, 2, 6,
34, 63, 81
media coverage, 17
nationalism, 200
Russian identification, 286
Donetsk, 79, 125, 135—36, 144,
200, 202
Donetsk People’s Republic, 78
Donskoi, Dmitrii, 42
Dostoevskii, Fedor, 30, 196
DPNI see Movement Against
Illegal Immigration (Dvizhenie
protiv nelegaVnoi immigratsii)
Drobizheva, Leokadiia,
40, 42
Dugin, Aleksandr, 80, 123, 151,
155, 164, 196
Dvorkovich, Arkadii, 93
Dzaparidze, Ilia, 131
Dzhibladze, Iurii, 171
economic prosperity, 61, 70, 72,
84, 265
economic sanctions, 57, 100
egalitarianism, 124
Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 119
Ekaterina II, Tsarina, 42
Ekishev, Iurii, 146
elections
1990s State Duma, 36
2011 State Duma, 71, 72
2016 State Duma, 85, 157,
158, 202
electoral fraud, 72
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
7-8, 76, 213-35
presidential, 61, 85
protests for fair, 37, 107, 125,
135, 147, 178
elites, 53-65, 97, 260-61,
262, 287
312
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Eltsin, Boris, 8, 9, 34, 35-36, 69,
166, 167, 192, 263
empire, Russian, 3; see also
imperial nationalism
enemies, perceived, 39, 101
enemies of the Russian people,
171, 178
E.N.O.T Corp, 144, 153
Enteo, Dmitrii (Tsorionov), 74
environmentalism, 267
essentialism, 25, 272
Estonia, 41
ethnically ‘clean’ communes, 126
ethnic cleansing, 28, 29
ethnic core nationalism, 5,
190-91,214
ethnicisation of everyday patriotic
practices, 269-76
ethnic nihilism, 41
ethnic quotas, 175
ethnic riots, 219, 246
ethnic Russians, history of, 3, 4,
25; see also russkii vs
rossiiskii
ethnic separatism, history of, 25
ethnic turn, 72-75, 214, 238
‘ethnic war’, 174
ethnocentric non-imperial
nationalism, 71
ethnocentrism, 40-41, 225
ethnocide, 78, 179
ethno-conservative turn, 72-75
ethnogenesis, 173, 179
ethnographic studies,
189-90,260
ethno-nationalism
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 166
Aleksei Navalnyi, 217,
220-21
alliances with other
organisations, 191
and the concept of nationality, 25
ethnic core nationalism, 5,
190-91,214
history of, 4, 23-27
versus imperial nationalism, 51
Kremlin ethnic policies, 61—63,
75-79, 252
Motherland (Rodina), 156
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126, 129
national democrats,
133-36, 149
National Socialist Initiative
(Natsional-sotsialisticbeskaia
initsiativa, NSI), 144, 187—209
and patriotism, 259
popular attitudes, 226
post-Soviet Russia, 33
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3,
8-10, 70, 72, 77-78,
23In, 273
ethnonyms, 25
ethnophobias, 39-40, 43
ethno-political upsurge, 42
ethno-sociology, 40
EU (European Union), 1, 62
eugenics, 166
Eurasian Economic Union (EEU),
243-44, 252
Eurasian integration, 61,
80, 229
Eurasian Youth Union (Evraziiskii
soiuz molodezbi), 151, 196
Euromaidan events, 187, 199-201,
202, 265, 302
Europe; see also anti-Westernism;
Western models
conservative turn in Western
politics, 64
European nation model, 10
freedom of thought, 24
returning Russia to
Europe, 34
INDEX
313
as Russia’s ‘Significant
Other’, 99
everyday nationalism, 282-305
Evtushenko, Dmitrii ‘Beshenyi’, 145
extraditions, 75
extremists
arrests for extremist activities,
80-81
bannings for, 198-99
criminal convictions, 145
nationalism seen as, 40,
270, 271
and the Ukraine conflict, 187-209
family
and biopolitics, 94, 99, 106-7
family values as security
priority, 100
and the national bolsheviks, 124
far-right politics, 170, 187-209;
see also ultranationalism
fascism, 42, 195
fatherland, 259, 262, 264, 274
Federal Financial Monitoring
Service (Rosfinmonitoring),
196
Fedorov, Evgenii, 6, 156
feminised ‘Russian people’, 108
feminism, 107
fifth column, 79
Filatov, Fedor, 131
flags, 34, 73, 198
folk culture, 127
folklore and national identity, 28
Fomenkov, Artem, 29—30
For Fair Elections movement, 37,
107, 125, 135, 147, 178
For Responsible Power,
146, 151
Foucault, Michel, 43, 44, 95
Fox, John E., 261, 289
France, 4-5, 9, 43, 51, 53, 149
Free Russia (Svobodnaia
Rossiia), 153
From Under the Rubble, 31
Gaaze, Konstantin, 85
Gagarin, Iurii, 42
Gagauzia, 62
gay culture, 74, 100,
102-3, 105
gay marriage, 99
Gellner, Ernest, 52
gender representations, 107—8
genocide, 197
geopolitics, 2, 33, 51, 82, 94, 95
Georgia, 1, 41, 56, 59, 62, 64, 75,
100, 276
German nationalism, 4-5, 9,
53, 149
German revolution, 119, 120
Gertsenshtein, Mikhail, 26
Gessen, Masha, 228
Girenko, Nikolai, 170—71
Girkin (Strelkov), Igor, 6, 146,
150,154
Girs, Nikolai, 26
Glazev, Sergei, 73
Glazunov, Ilia, 73
global financial crisis (2008),
59, 241
globalisation, 195
global power, Russia as, 82;
see also great-power ideologies
God’s Will (Bozb’ia volia), 74
Golosov, Grigorii, 217
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 35, 123
Goriachev, Ilia, 132
grand narratives, 94, 99
grassroots, 23, 27, 29, 31, 35, 36,
68, 74, 142-62, 199
Great Fatherland Party {Partita
velikoe otechestvo),
156, 157
314
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Great Patriotic War, 28, 42, 262,
264, 267
great-power ideologies
after Syria, 64
and biopolitics, 99
and ethnic self-identification, 42
Eurasian integration, 229
history of Russian nationalism,
27, 34, 36,
39, 264
and morality politics, 75
and national identity, 68, 69
Putin’s, 69-70
and suppression of nationalist
extremism, 81
and Syria, 82-83
Great Russia (Velikaia Rossiia), 4,
27, 28,54, 55, 151
Greenfeld, Liah, 53
Green Party (Zelenye), 152
Greenpeace, 267
Grigas, Agnia, 2, 62
Gubarev, Pavel, 2
Gudkov, Gennadii, 125, 230n
guest workers (gastarbaitery), 219,
222,226
Guliaev, Sergei, 133
Gumilev, Lev, 30, 33
Gushchin, Ilia, 135
Gypsies, 245
habitus, 261
Harding, Sue-Ann, 219,
229-30
hate crimes, 132, 144,
145,154
health, 93, 94-95, 99, 157
hegemonic masculinity, 94, 107
Herder, Johann Gottfried, 26
heroes, national, 39, 42,
127-28, 178
hierarchy of peoples, 28, 123
high state functionaries, as targets,
171, 175, 176
history
of revolution, 120-21
of Russian nationalism, 23-45,
53-55
Hobsbawm, Eric J., 52
homelands, 3, 5, 262, 285,
292; see also fatherland;
motherland
homophobia, 99, 103, 105, 128
homosexuality, 96, 101, 104-5,
143, 171
Honour and Freedom (Chest* i
svoboda), 153
hooligans, 40, 156
Hosking, Geoffrey, 44, 54
human rights, 169, 171, 175,
191,249
Iabloko, 218, 221, 228, 229
Iarovaia, Irina, 74
identity
and biopolitics, 97, 98, 99
Crimea pre-annexation, 282-305
cultural identities, 4, 41
ethnic identities, 195
ethnic vs imperial, 61
against geopolitical rival, 51
hyphenated identities, 286,
288-89, 293
identity-based social contract,
68-92
multi-ethnic identities, 286-87,
288-89, 293
negative collective identities, 55
ontological void in post-Soviet
Russia, 94
patriotic identity, 261
post-Soviet crisis in, 52
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3, 8—10,
70, 72, 77-78, 231n, 273
INDEX
315
self-identification of the ethnic
majority, 40-44
‘Soviet5 vs ‘Russian5, 41
state identity stronger than
national, 40—44
illegal immigration
and ‘compatriots5, 247
in Moscow, 219, 224
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 76, 214-15, 219,
221,227, 228-29
national socialists, 196
neo-Nazis, 168
Putin on, 249
imagined communities, 50,
51, 98
Immortal Regiment movement,
267
imperial eagle symbol, 34
imperial flag, 198
imperialism vs nationalism,
2-3
Imperial Legion (Imperskii
legion), 153
imperial nationalism, 50-67
and collapse of Soviet Union, 2
ethno-symbolism, 51
imperial consciousness, 45
national bolsheviks, 123
and the national
democrats, 149
post-Soviet Russia, 32-33
import bans, 100
import substitution, 267
incitement to racial hatred, 80, 81,
167, 169, 199
inclusive exclusion, 98, 104
In Defence of Holy Russia!
{Za Rus’ sviatuiul), 33
indigenisation (korenizatsiia), 54
information warfare, 62,
177, 267
in-groups/insiders, 4-5, 39,
214,259
Ingushetians, 28
Institute of Ethnology and
Anthropology, 41
intellectuals, 2, 5, 123, 149, 152,
164, 262
Aleksandr Sevastianov,
163-86
intelligentsia, 29, 30, 165, 227,
228, 262
inter-communal violence,
76, 84
inter-ethnic tensions, 76,
224, 245
inter-ethnic tolerance, spending on,
265, 269
Internationale, The, 28
International Eurasian
Movement, 33
internationalism, 27, 28, 29,
120, 127
internet, 37, 105, 196, 290
Iollos, Grigorii, 26
Iraq war, 59
irredentism, 10, 77, 81, 288
Islam, hostility to see
anti-Islamic/anti-Muslim
sentiments
Islamic expansion, 159
Islamic State (IS), 82
Islamisation, 195
Islamist violence, 71
isolationism, 159
Ivanov, Pavel, 170
Ivan the Terrible, 28, 42
Izborsk Club, 157
Jews, 26, 29, 31, 132, 165, 168,
169; see also anti-Semitism
jingoism, 136
journals, 194
316
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Just Russia party see A Just Russia
party
juvenile justice, 107
K25, 146, 150-51
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 64
Kalashnikov, Maksim (Kucherenko,
Vladimir), 151
Kaliningrad protests, 135
Kalmyks, 28
Karachais, 28
Karaganov, Sergei, 35
Kara-Murza, Sergei, 32
Karamzin, Nikolai, 53
Karelia, 60
Kasianov, Mikhail, 123
Katasonova, Mariia, 157
Katkov, Mikhail, 26
Kazakhstan, 79
KGB, 30
Khasis, Evgeniia, 131, 132, 177-78
Khirurg (Zadolstanov,
Aleksandr), 74
Khodorkovskii, Mikhail,
103, 104
Kholmogorov, Egor, 77,
78,151
Kholmogorova, Nataliia, 180
Khramov, Aleksandr, 37, 134
Khrushchev thaw, 29, 35
Khutorskoi, Ivan, 131
Kirill, Patriarch, 155
Kisilev, Dmitrii, 83, 155
Kliuchevskii, Vasilii, 53, 54
knife-fighting clubs, 154
Kobzev, Igor, 30
Kohn, Hans, 4
Kolegov, Aleksei, 145
Kolmanovskii, Ilia, 105
Kolsto, Pal, 5, 8, 63, 190
Kondopoga riots, 50, 60,
196, 246
Korchagin, Viktor, 33
korenizatsiia (indigenisation), 54
Korolev, Nikolai, 175
Kosenko, Mikhail, 103
Kosmarskaya, Natalya, 261
Kosovo crisis, 59
Kostin, Konstantin, 159n
Kozhinov, Vadim, 30
Kozyrev, Andrei, 171
Krasovskii, Anton, 105
KRO (Congress of Russian
Communities, Kongress
russkikb obshcbin),
165-66
Krylov, Konstantin, 36-37, 40, 71,
134, 146, 147, 151, 191, 197,
200, 230n
Kryshtanovskaia, Olga, 106
Kucherenko, Vladimir
(Kalashnikov, Maksim), 151
Kuniaev, Stanislav, 30
Kurekhin, Sergei, 122
Kvachkov, Vladimir, 146
Kyrgyzstan, 237, 244, 276;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
labour permits, 223-24, 236,
243-44, 247
Labour Russia (Trudovaia
Rossiia), 32, 122
Laitin, David, 297
language
indigenisation (korenizatsiia)
policy, 54
migrants and the Russian
language, 215, 221, 227, 246,
247-48, 252
native Russian speakers as
community, 78
as part of ethnic identity, 4, 10
and patriotism, 272
INDEX
317
protection for Russian-speaking
minorities, 62, 69
Russian language in Crimea,
284, 287, 291, 292,
295, 299
in Ukraine, 284
Ukrainian language, 285, 295,
299
Laruelle, Marlene, 264
Latvia, 297
Lavrov, Sergei, 35, 79
Lazarenko, Ilia, 37, 133, 148
League for the Defence of the
National Heritage of Russia,
165
Lebed, Aleksandr, 166
Left Front, 128
left-wing politics
leftist imperial nationalism, 32
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127-28
national democrats, 135
revolutionary nationalism,
120, 167
legislation
anti-extremism legislation,
169, 174
Article 282 (inciting racial
hatred), 194, 195
Dima Iakovlev law, 74,
100, 105
migration, 243, 249, 250
profane language laws, 74
restrictive legislation post-Pussy
Riot, 74
threats against legislators,
175
Lenin, Vladimir, 27, 28
Levada Centre, 39, 40, 44, 59,
231n, 244
Levichev, Nikolai, 218, 220,
222-23, 228, 229
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and
transgender) issues, 74, 99,
104-5
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
(LDPR), 6, 156, 158, 166,
178,218,220, 222, 229
liberalisation, 29—30, 35-36, 243
liberalism
Aleksandr Sevastianov against,
178
alliance with ultra-rightists, 154
and anti-Westernism, 75
and biopolitics, 98, 99, 101,
104, 107
and nationalism, 179
and nationalist
movements, 153
non-imperial nationalism, 71
perestroika, 69
pre-Revolution liberals vs
conservatives, 3
response to National Great-Power
Party, 169
traditionalism as counter to,
73-74
Western models of, 31, 59
Liberal Russian party (LiberaVnaia
Ross Ha), 169
life without mediation, 97
Likhachev, Dmitrii, 165
Limonka, 122
Limonov, Eduard (Savenko), 32,
121-26, 136, 146,
151, 199
Lion Against (Lev protiv), 157
literary-patriotic circles,
30, 33
‘little motherland’ (malaia rodina),
269, 292
Little Russians (malorossy),
4, 54
Lorenz, Konrad, 174
318
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
‘love for the motherland’ (liubov’ k
rodine), 269, 272, 275
Luhansk, 79, 125, 135-36,
144, 202
Luzhkov, Iurii, 36
Lysenko, Nikolai, 122
Mad Crowd, 193
Magnitskii affair, 103
Maidan Square, Kiev, 38, 128,
155-56
Makhno, Nestor, 124
malaia rodina (‘little motherland’),
269, 292
Malakhov, Vladimir, 31-32, 33
Malia, Martin, 119
Maltsev, Viacheslav, 153—54
Manezhnaia Square unrest, 60, 71,
196, 246
Markelov, Stanislav, 131, 177
market economies, 135, 243
Markov, Sergei, 82
martial arts training, 154
Martsinkevich, Maksim (Tesak),
145
Martynov, Kirill, 85
Marxism, 29, 127, 132
mass consciousness
anti-US sentiments, 58-59
anti-Westernism, 63
of the Great Patriotic War, 42
and imperial nationalism, 65
manipulation of, 34
Matvienko, Valentina, 123
media
anti-immigrant sentiments, 219,
236
anti-Westernism, 63—64
consumerist ideologies, 108
coverage of Syria, 82
folklore and national
identity, 28
gender representations, 107-8
media-based identity campaigns,
84
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 228
and national identity, 70
patriotism, 264, 269
Putin’s majority, 79
sexual representations,
107-8
and the social contract, 72
Ukraine coverage, 17, 80
ultra-rightist, 175
Medinskii, Vladimir, 74
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 36-38, 72, 93,
215
Medvedev, Sergei, 103-4
Melnikov, Ivan, 218, 220, 222,
223-24, 228, 229
Melnikov, Oleg, 135
‘melting pot’ nation-building
strategies, 4
mental hospitals, 103
migration; see also anti-immigrant
sentiments; illegal immigration
and crime, 219-21, 224, 240,
248-51
and the elites, 59
ethnic phobias towards
immigrants, 43
integration vs repatriation,
221-23, 225
internal migration, 76
limiting, 39-40, 225-26
migrantophobia, 158, 219, 261
‘migrants are a security threat’,
248-51
‘migrants destroy our culture’,
244-48
‘migrants take our jobs’, 239,
241-44
migration crisis, 237-38
INDEX
319
migration myths and Kremlin’s
nationalist rhetoric,
236-57
migration—nationalism nexus,
238-41,251
no distinction made between
legal and illegal, 221
non-Slav migration to Russian
core, 71, 76
Othering of migrants in the 2013
Moscow mayoral elections,
213-35
‘raids’ on migrants, 143-44
reduction in flow of,
222-24
Mikhailov, Viacheslav, 85
Mikhalkov, Nikita, 123
military force
anti-Westernism, 57
combat training groups, 152-53,
154,193
and imperial nationalism, 64
media coverage of, 82
military patriotism, 263-64
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 127
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
Miller, Aleksei, 24, 54
Miller-Idriss, Cynthia, 289
Milov, Vladimir, 148
Minin and Pozharskii’s People’s
Militia (Narodnoe opolcbenie
imeni Minina i Pozbarskogo,
NOMP), 146
Mironov, Boris, 33, 154, 167,
168, 169
Mironov, Ivan, 172
Misanthropic Division, 145
Mitrokhin, Sergei, 218, 221,
222-23, 226, 227, 228, 229
Mizulina, Elena, 74, 100, 106
modernisation, 52, 55, 93,
123,249
Moldova, 62, 100
Molodaia gvardiia (Young Guard),
30, 33
Molotkov, Lev, 132
monarchists, 122, 151, 198
monarchy, history of, 24-25
moral conservatism, 155
morality politics, 72-75, 79, 93,
102-3, 143-44, 159
Mordovia, 103
Moscow
2013 mayoral elections, 7-8, 76,
148,213-35
Cherkizovskii Market bomb,
172-73, 174
ethnic homogeneity of, 219, 224,
226
ethnic unrest in, 60
Manezhnaia Square unrest, 60,
71, 196, 246
Moscow Bureau for Human
Rights, 172
Moscow Patriarchate, 44
motherland, 269, 271—72, 274—75,
292
‘little motherland’ (malaia
rodina), 269, 292
Motherland party (Rodina), 33,
70, 73, 152, 156, 157-58
Movement Against Illegal
Immigration (Dvizbenie protiv
nelegaPnoi immigratsii, DPNI),
50, 81, 127, 134, 142-43, 148,
170, 187, 190-91, 196-99,
200, 201,202,217, 228
multi-culturalism, 99, 245
multi-ethnic identities, 286—87,
288-89
multi-ethnic nation, 61, 174, 240,
245, 268
320
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
multinational empire, Russia as,
62, 73,214,268,274
Munich speech (Putin,
2007), 34
murders, 26, 131-32, 144, 170,
173, 193
Muromets, Ilia, 28
Muslim ethnic groups, 59, 61, 64,
71, 73, 75; see also anti-Islamic/
anti-Muslim sentiments
myth of common descent, 51
NAROD (National Russian
Liberation Movement,
Natsional’noe russkoe
osvoboditeVnoe dvizhenie),
133-36, 148,217
Narodnaia diplomatiia (People’s
Diplomacy), 152, 157
Narodnaia Volia (Popular Will),
128-29
narodniki, 128
narodnosf (‘Orthodoxy, autocracy,
nationality’) doctrine, 6, 24,
262
Narodnyi sobor (People’s
Assembly), 153
Nash sovremennik
(Our Contemporary),
30, 33
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 120, 121,
126-30, 263
national anthem, 28, 263
National Bolshevik Party
[Natsional-boVshevistskaia
partiia), 32, 120,
121-26, 136
national bolsheviks, 54, 151
National Bolshevist Platform
(Natsional-boVshevistskaia
platforma), 126, 129
National Conservative Movement
‘Russian World’ (NatsionaVno-
konservativnoe dvizhenie
6Russkii mir’), 151, 152
National Democratic Alliance
(Natsional-demokraticheskii
aVians), 37, 38, 133,
148, 153
National Democratic
Party (NatsionaVno-
demokraticheskaia partiia,
NDP), 37, 134, 146-48, 149,
191, 197, 199, 200
national democrats, 36-40,
120-21, 133-36, 143, 147-50,
187, 198, 200
National Democrats
(.NatsionaVnye demokraty),
198
National Front, 133, 151, 156
National Great-Power
Party of Russia
(NatsionaVno-derzhavnaia
partiia Rossii, NDPR), 33,
167-68, 172, 173, 196
National Great-Power Path of Rus
(NatsionaVno-derzhavnyi put’
Rusi, NDPR), 170
nationalism
bottom-up, 6
core-oriented vs larger imperial
predecessors, 5
Crimea as watershed moment
in, 5-6
decline of, 142-62
dynamism of, 17
between French and German
models, 4-5
imperialism vs nationalism,
2-3
imperialist vs ethnic, 3, 4-5
mainstreamisation of, 236
INDEX
321
migration—nationalism nexus,
238-41,251
‘nationalist turn’, 7
negative views of
‘nationalism’, 52
and patriotism, 258—61, 262—69,
270-72, 276
political ideological spectrum,
5-6
positive views of
nationalism, 52
post-Crimea, 142-62
prohibition under Soviet
Union, 27
pro- vs anti-regime, 6
pro- vs anti-Russian Spring, 6
revival of state nationalism, 7—8
russkii vs rossiiskii, 8-10
as a social movement, 188-91
sources of, 6-7
as tool to mobilise popular
support (history), 7
nationality, official, 24, 29, 30,
34-36, 78
nationality vs nation, 25
national liberals, 187, 200, 213,
217, 226, 228
National Liberation Movement
(Natsional’no-osvoboditel’noe
dvizhenie, NOD), 6, 156, 157
national liberation struggles in
Soviet period, 27
National-Patriotic Front ‘Pamiat’
(Natsional-patritoticheskii
front ‘Pamiat”), 35
national pride, 61; see also
patriotism
national provocateurs, 133
‘national question’, history
of, 25
national revolutionaries,
120-41
National Revolutionary Action
Front (Front
natsional-revoliutsionnogo
deistviia, FNRD), 133
National Revolutionary Bloc
(.Natsional-revoliutsionnyi
blok), 126, 129
National Russian Liberation
Movement (Natsional’noe
russkoe osvoboditel’noe
dvizhenie, NAROD), 133-36,
148, 217
National Social Initiative, 144
National Socialist Initiative
(Na ts iona l-sotsialistich es kaia
initsiativa, NSI), 144,
187-209
national socialists, 120, 130—32,
191-94
National Socialist Society-North
(Na ts iona /-so tsia lis tick eskoe
obshcbestvo-Sever,
NSO-Sever), 132
national traitors, 79
National Unity Day, 196
‘Nation and Freedom’ Committee
(Komitet ‘Natsiia i svoboda
KNS), 153
nation-building
and biopolitics, 94, 98, 100, 109
‘melting pot’ nation-building
strategies, 4
and the national
democrats, 149
obscured by state-building, 44
and Putin, 200
russkii vs rossiiskii, 9, 190
nation-states
civic nations as constructs
of, 50
civic vs ethno-cultural
understandings of, 8—10
322
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
nation-states (cont.)
co-ethnic groupings residing
outside, 10
historical evolution of, 23-27
nineteenth century, 24
Putin’s model, 8-9
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation), 1, 56, 57, 59,
62, 287
NatsionaPnaia gazeta, 163-64,
171, 172
Navalnyi, Aleksei, 7-8, 71, 76,
103, 133, 148, 213, 217-18,
220-21, 223, 226, 227, 229
Nazis, 122, 136, 165, 192
Near Abroad, 123, 220
Nemtsov, Boris, 45, 71
neo-Eurasianism, 164
neo-fascists, 5
neo-liberalism, 194, 195
neo-Nazis, 130—32, 163—86
anti-extremism legislation, 169
decline of, 154
decline of traditional
nationalism, 142, 144, 145
and the extreme far-right, 188
lack of public support for, 147
revolutionary nationalism, 120,
126, 130-32, 136
security crackdown on, 173
skinheads, 193
Slavic Union (Slavianskii
soiuz, SS), 143, 146, 173,
187, 190-94, 197, 201-2
neo-pagans, 33
NEORUSS study, xvii, 143, 237,
241,244, 248
neo-Slavophiles, 78
Nevskii, Aleksandr, 28, 42
New Force (Novaia sila), 37,
147-48,200
‘new’ nationalism, 36-40, 55—61
New Right, 120, 126
New Russian Barometer
(NRB), 58
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 53
Night Wolves, 267
Nikolai I, Tsar, 6, 24, 35, 262
Nikolai II, Tsar, 7
non-systemic opposition, 5
nonviolent action, 123, 135
North Caucasus, 59, 64, 75, 76;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
Northern Boundary (Rubezh
sever a), 14 5
Notes from a Prisoner of War
(Zapiski voennoplennogo,
Bobrov), 194, 196
Novgorod Republic, 129
Novikov, Sergei, 31
Novorossiia (New Russia), 79,
80-81, 125, 136, 146, 150,
151, 152-53,201,202
NPSR, Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz
Rossii (People’s Patriotic Union
of Russia), 32
occupation government, 149
official identity, 68-69, 78, 83-84
official nationality, 24, 29, 30,
34-36, 78
offshore capital, 178
Ogurtsov, Igor, 30
Onishchenko, Gennadii, 100
oppositional nationalism, 150-54
Orthodox Christianity
and familial biopolitics, 106
history of Russian nationalism,
30
and national identity, 73-74
nationalist movements, 153
and racism, 33
replaced by Stalinism, 29
INDEX
323
Syria, 83
and traditionalism, 34
and Western antagonism, 79
‘Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality’
(■narodnost’) doctrine, 6,
24, 262
OSCE (Organisation for Security
and Co-operation in
Europe), 34
Other
borders of in-group vs Other,
214-15
Caucasus and Central Asia as
‘Significant Other5, 59-60
constitutive other, 43
Crimea as ‘Other5 to Ukraine,
285-86
Europe as ‘Significant
Other5, 99
migrants as ‘Other5,
213-35, 240
and religion, 78
Ukrainians as, 78
USA as ‘Significant Other5,
55, 61
‘us5 and ‘them5, 43
West as ‘Significant
Other5, 155
xenophobia, 195
Other Russia (Drugaia Rossiia),
125, 135, 146, 151, 199
Other Russia, The (Limonov,
2003), 124
Oushakine, Serguei, 263
pagans, 33
Pain, Emil, 3, 6, 8, 62, 84, 171,
215,217, 221
Pamiat, 35, 36, 197
paramilitary groups, 102, 105,
166, 168, 177, 179, 192
Parkhomenko, Sergei, 125
PARNAS (People’s Freedom Party,
Partita narodnoi svobody),
153-54, 202
partisans, 174-75, 176-77,
178, 179
Party of Nationalists (Partiia
natsionalistov), 198, 199
passportisation, 62, 223
patents (work permits), 243-44,
251-52
paternalism, 23, 24-25, 29
patriarchy, 24-25, 64,
94, 107
patriotism
aggressive, 39
and anti-Westernism, 265
and biopolitics, 101—2
and citizenship, 268, 272
and civic nationalism,
259, 275
compatriot policies, 62,
246, 252
conservative-patriotic
values, 74
‘Crimeans’, 298, 299
and culture, 272
ethnicisation of everyday
patriotic practices, 270-76
and ethno-nationalism, 259
everyday patriotism, 269-70
following Chechnya war, 167
great-power ideologies, 70,
82-83, 84
growth of, 155
media, 264, 269
military patriotism, 263—64
and nationalism, 258-61,
262-69, 270-72, 276
and propaganda, 265
and Putin, 79, 260, 263-64
and racism, 259
and religion, 83
324
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
patriotism (cont.)
Soviet period, 29, 55, 263
statist patriotism (derzhavnosf),
70, 83, 149, 268
and Ukraine conflict, 265,
272-73
Western models of, 274
and xenophobia, 271
Patriots of Russia (Patrioty
Rossii), 152
Patrushev, Nikolai, 100
Pavlenskii, Petr, 108
People’s Assembly (Narodnyi
sobor), 153
People’s Diplomacy (Narodnaia
diplomatiia), 152,
157
People’s Freedom Party (Partiia
narodnoi svobody, PARNAS),
153-54, 202
People’s Patriotic Union of Russia
(Narodno-patrioticheskii soiuz
Rossii, NPSR), 32
People’s Republican Party
(Respublikanskaia narodnaia
partiia), 122
perestroika, 35, 69
Petr the Great, 53, 262
Pikhtelev, Semen, 198
Pilkington, Hilary, 190
pluralism, 270
pochvennichestvo, 30, 32, 33
Podberezkin, Aleksei, 32
Poland, 24, 54
Polish Independence Day
march, 128
Polish uprising (1830-31), 24
Politkovskaia, Anna, 171
Popular Will {Narodnaia Volia),
128-29
populism
and migration, 240-41, 251
Moscow 2013 mayoral elections,
213, 219, 222, 229, 236, 239,
248, 249
national bolsheviks, 124
Putin eschewing, 251, 252
security issues, 250
post-Communists, 32
post-politics, 98
Potkin (Belov, Aleksandr), 81
poverty, 52, 58
Pozner, Vladimir, 169
Prilepin, Zakhar, 101-2
Primakov, Evgenii, 56
prisons, 103-4, 175
Prokhanov, Aleksandr, 2, 32
Prokhorenko, Artem, 193
pro-Kremlin nationalist groups,
151,152,154-58
propaganda
ban on gay propaganda, 74,
104-5
and the Crimean annexation,
199
cult of the empire, 34
folklore and national identity, 28
fuelling xenophobia (Soviet
period), 29
national identity, 69
official rhetoric, 155
and patriotism, 265
post-Soviet Russia, 32, 34
Russian culture and history
promulgation, 55
Proshechkin, Evgenii, 171
Prosvirnin, Egor, 37-38, 80, 145,
151
psychiatry, 93, 103
Public Chamber, 93
public offices, symbolic takeovers
of, 123
Pushilin, Denis, 78
Pussy Riot, 73-75, 103, 108, 109
INDEX
325
Putin, Vladimir
Aleksandr Sevastianov on,
178-79
and the anti-immigrant
agenda, 76
‘beseiged fortress’ rhetoric, 34
biopolitics, 96, 97, 99, 100-1,
106-7
body of, 100-1
condemned by national
democrats, 136
on Crimea, 2, 200
describing collapse of Soviet
Union, 2
disappearance of Ukraine events
from speeches, 17
divorce, 100
identity issues, 68
on illegal immigration, 249
King of Nature/King of the
Beasts, 108
Limonov’s approval of, 125
on migration, 227, 230, 236,
237, 240-51
Munich speech (2007), 34
and national identity, 69-70
nationalism, 7-8, 155
and the ‘national question’,
69-70, 72-73, 214-15,
245-46, 249
nation-state model, 8—9, 61
on Novorossiia, 80
on patriotism, 260, 263-64
popularity of, 38
portrayed as masculine and
virile, 107-8
power vertical, 97
and the revival of state
nationalism, 7-8
rossiiskaia natsiia (civic Russian
nation), 64
and Russian imperialism, 2-3
‘Russia: the national question’,
214-15,
245-46, 249
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2—3, 70,
72, 77
and Sergei Sobianin, 216
on Syria, 82
and the Ukraine, 292
Valdai Discussion Club, 72,
74, 79
racism
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 165,
168, 179
Article 282 (inciting racial
hatred), 194
biological racism, 166
decline in street violence,
144
growth of racially-motivated
violence, 70
and the Moscow 2013 mayoral
campaign, 221
national democrats, 133,
134, 154
and patriotism, 259
pocbvennichestvo, 33
racist violence, 163-64
revolutionary nationalism,
120-21
skinheads, 130
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
Radonezhtsy, 30
‘raids’, 143-44, 156-57
rasologiia (‘raciology’), 164
Razin, Stepan, 128
Razumkov Centre, 285, 287
Red Army, 54
red-brown ideologies, 33, 37,
166,167
redistributive policies, 59
326
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
re-ethnicisation, 130
regime of truth, new, 98
re-imperialisation, 62
religion; see also Muslim ethnic
groups; Orthodox Christianity
and familial biopolitics, 106
fundamentalism, 134
legislation to protect, 74
morality politics, 73, 74, 75, 79
and national identity, 73-74
and otherness, 78
as part of ethnic identity, 4
and racism, 33
Soviet period, 29
statist patriotism
(derzhavnost’), 83
Syria, 83
and traditionalism, 34
tsar’s right to rule, 25
reproductive behaviour, 94, 99,
100, 106-7
Republican Party of
Russia-People’s Freedom
Party (Respublikanskaia
partiia Rossii-Partiia
narodnoi svobody,
RPR-PARNAS), 217-18
Reserve (Rezerv), 153
Respublikanskaia narodnaia
partiia (People’s Republican
Party), 122
ressentiment, 53, 57, 121
Restrukt! 144, 145
reunification of Russian people, 32
revolutionary nationalism, 119—41,
176, 190
Revolution of 1917, 3, 262
Right-Conservative Alliance
(.Pravo-konservativnyi aPians,
PKA), 151, 152
Right March, 170
right-wing politics
far-right politics, 152, 154,
170, 175, 187-209; see also
ultranationalism
history of extreme radical
Russian nationalism, 26
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126
national democrats, 148
New Right, 120, 126
post-Soviet Russia, 32—33
racially-motivated
violence, 70
and revolution, 120
riot police, 175
riots, 50, 60, 76, 196, 219, 246
RNE (Russian National Unity,
Russkoe natsionaPnoe
edinstvo), 35, 36, 40,
121-22, 166, 191-92,
197, 201
ROD (Russian People’s Movement,
Russkoe obshchestvennoe
dvizhenie)^ 191, 197
Rogozin, Dmitrii, 178
ROK (Russian Community of
Crimea, Russkaia obsbchina
Kryma), 283,291,297
ROS (Russian All-People’s Union,
Rossiiskii obsbchenarodnyi
soiuz), 143, 146, 157
Rose, Richard, 58
Roshal, Leonid, 105
rossiiane nationalism, 214, 298
rossiiskaia natsiia (civic Russian
nation), 64
rossiiskii identity, 2, 8—10, 64, 70
rubber apartments, 248, 250
‘Russia for Russians’ (Rossiia dlia
russkikh), 26, 130, 150, 197,
225, 260
‘Russian 1 May’ (russkii
pervomai), 151
INDEX
327
Russian All-People’s Union
(Rossiiskii obshchenarodnyi
soiuz, ROS), 143, 146,
157
‘Russian character’, 28—29
Russian Civic Union (Russkii
grazhdanskii soiuz, RGS),
134, 135, 148
Russian Cleansing (Russkaia
zacbistka), 145
Russian Community of Crimea
(Russkaia obshchina
Kryma, ROK), 283,
291,297
Russian-Georgian war, 59
Russian Image (Russkii obraz),
132, 135, 175
Russian Imperial Movement
(Russkoe imperskoe
dvizbenie), 151, 153,
197-99,201
Russian Joint National Alliance
(.Russkii ob” edinennyi
natsional’nyi aVians,
RONA), 153
Russian language
in Crimea, 284, 287, 291, 292,
295,299
indigenisation (korenizatsiia)
policy, 54
migrants, 215, 221, 227, 246,
247-48, 252
‘nationality’ in, 8-10, 25
native Russian speakers as
community, 78
and patriotism, 272
protection for Russian-speaking
minorities, 62, 69
in Ukraine, 284
Russian Liberation Front ‘Pamiat’
(Russkii front osvobozbdeniia
‘Pamiat”), 197
Russian Marches
2012, 37
2014, 199
2015, 45, 63, 143, 154
declining numbers attending,
8, 143
and the DPNI, 196
Motherland (Rodina), 156
national socialists, 170, 197
Navalnyi’s participation in,
217, 228
social marginalisation, 51
as symbol of nationalism,
50, 142
Russian March of Labour, 197
Russian Mothers (Russkie materi)
movement, 105
Russian National Front (Russkii
natsionaVnyi front, RNF), 151
Russian National Party, 29
Russian National-Socialist Party, 29
Russian National Unity (Russkoe
natsionaVnoe edinstvo, RNE),
35, 36, 40, 122, 166,
191-92, 197
Russian Opposition Coordination
Council, 135
Russian Orthodox Church
and Jewish ancestry of clerics,
170
and national identity, 73—74
and ‘official nationality’, 44
on punishment, 104
and ‘traditional values’, 159
and Western antagonism, 79
Russian Party (Russkaia partiia), 33
Russian People’s Movement
(Russkoe obsbchestvennoe
dvizbenie, ROD),
191, 197
Russian Popular Party (Russkaia
narodnaia partiia), 29
328
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Russian Public Movement
(Russkoe obsbchestvennoe
dvizbenie), 134, 135
Russian Resistance (Russkoe
soprotivlenie), 175
Russian Right Party (Rossiiskaia
pravaia partiia), 153
Russian Socialist Movement
(Russkoe sotsialisticheskoe
dvizbenie, RSD), 129
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (RSFSR), 3, 28
Russian Spring (Russkaia vesna),
6, 63, 200,
201,202
Russian Union of Youth, 133
Russian Union of Youth—National
Revolutionary Action
(Soiuz russkoi molodezbi-
Natsional-revoliutsionnoe
deistvie, SRM-NRD), 133
Russian Unity (Russkoe edinstvo,
RE), 283, 291,297, 302
Russian Verdict (Russkii
verdikt), 175
Russian World (Russkii mir),
50-51, 62, 99, 109, 151-52
Russia’s special path’, 24, 26
Russia Will be Freed by Our
Forces (Rossiia osvoboditsia
nashimi silami, RONS), 200
Russification, 27, 299
Russkie movement
banning of, 6, 62, 198
as coalition, 197-98
Dmitrii Bobrov, 197
Dmitrii Demushkin, 6,
193,201
revolutionary nationalism, 135,
144, 145, 148-49,
150,153
and Ukraine, 200
russkie territories, 79
russkii vs rossiiskii, 2, 3, 8-10, 70,
72,77-78, 231n, 273
Russo-centrism, 68, 71, 73-74, 78,
85,215
Russophobia, 35, 171, 177, 201
Russophone category, 222;
see also Russian language
Ryno, Artur, 174-75, 193
Ryzhkov, Vladimir, 125
Sagra riots, 246
samizdat, 31
Samokhin, Aleksei, 154
sanitation, 100
Sankia (Prilepin, 2006), 101-2
Saveliev, Andrei, 33, 151
Savenko, Eduard (Limonov), 121
Savin, Igor, 261
Schultz-88 (Shul’ts-88)y 193-94
secessionist movements, 62, 253n,
282,285,297
Second World War see Great
Patriotic War
secular racists, 33
securitisation, 240, 249, 251,
252,302
self-awareness, ethnic, 41—42
self-determination, 54, 68, 199
self-governance, 129
self-identification of the ethnic
majority, 40-44, 68
semi-legal nationalist
groups, 30
separate ethnic identities,
41—42
separatism, 41-42, 102, 136, 146,
179, 270, 282-83, 287-88,
297-301
SERB (South East Radical Bloc),
156
Serbskii Centre, 103
INDEX
329
serial killings, 174, 193
Sevastianov, Aleksandr, 33,
163-86, 196
sexuality, 94-95, 100, 107-8, 124;
see also gay culture
Shafarevich, Igor, 30, 31
Shargunov, Sergei, 32
shestidesiatniki (‘60’s
generation’), 29
Shevchenko, Maksim, 155
Shevel, Oxana, 8, 259
Shevtsov, Ivan, 30
Shield of Moscow (Shchit
Moskvy), 144
Shiropaev, Aleksei, 37, 38, 133,
136, 148
Significant Other, 51, 55,
59-61
Siniavskii, Andrei, 45n
Skachevskii, Pavel, 174,
175, 193
skinheads
bans on nationalist
groups, 40
collective action, 192
decline of traditional
nationalism, 142, 147, 164
ethnographic studies, 190
national anarchists/national
revolutionaries, 126
national socialists,
130-32, 189
neo-Nazis, 170, 174, 175
and the right-wing, 190
Skokov, Iurii, 166
Slavic Community (Slavianskaia
obshchina)y 127
Slavic Force (Slavianskaia
sila), 193
Slavic Union (Slavianskii soiuz, SS),
143, 146, 173, 187, 190, 191,
192-93, 194, 197, 201, 202
Slavophiles, 25—26, 78
Slezkine, Yuri, 27
Sober Courtyards (Trezvye dvory),
157
Sobianin, Sergei, 76, 213, 215-16,
218, 219, 222-23, 226-27,
229, 230, 240
Sobolev, Rikhard, 135
sobornosf (preference for
collectivism), 26
Sochi Olympic Games, 109,
264-65
social and material poverty,
52, 58
social cohesion, 70, 98
social contract, 68-92
Social Darwinism, 124
social engineering, 51-52
socialism, 123, 128, 263
Socialist International, 262
social media, 105, 196
social mobility, 121
social movement approaches,
188-91
social psychology, 259
social solidarity, 52
social stability, 85
societal nationalism, 6, 8, 17
soft power, 62, 94-95
Solidarity movement, 148
Soloukhin, Vladimir, 30
Solovei, Valerii, 2, 3, 37, 79, 85,
133, 148, 149, 200
Solovev, Vladimir, 78, 155
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
30, 31
Sonderiveg, 32
South East Radical Block (SERB),
160n
South Ossetia, 56, 62
SOVA Center, 130-31, 143, 144,
151, 172, 193, 197
330
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
sovereignty
and anti-migrant
sentiments, 240
biopolitics, 93-116
‘parade of sovereignties’, 41
principles of popular sovereignty,
43-44
Soviet period
identification with, 55
and the identity of the Russian
Federation, 69
imperialist vs ethnic
nationalism, 3
nationalism, 54
and patriotism, 263
and Russian identity, 55
and Russian imperialism, 2
state nationalism and
autonomous nationalism,
27-31
Spain, 42-43
Spas (electoral bloc), 166-67
Spas (military-patriotic club),
173
Special Purpose Mobility
Unit (Otriad mobiPnyi
osobogo naznacbeniia,
OMON), 125
Spiritual Heritage (Dukhovnoe
nasledie), 32
Sputnik i Pogrom, 37-38, 80,
145, 152
spy-mania, 34
Stalin, Iosif, 7, 27-28, 29, 35, 42,
54-55
Stalinists, 31, 32, 37, 39,
146, 151
Starikov, Nikolai, 156
state, Russian
and biopolitical sovereignty,
101-3
ideologies, 6-7
national-democratic
nationalism, 36
Putin on, 214
and societal nationalism, 6-7,
8, 17
‘state-forming nation’
(gosudarstvo o brazu iusb chit
narod), 214
state identity stronger than
national, 40-44
state ideology, 52
stateless society, 124, 126
State Programme for Patriotic
Education (SPPE), 263-64,
265,266-68
state repression, 144—45,
146, 196
state symbols, 263-64, 268
state terror, 28
state vs societal nationalism,
23-49
statism, 45, 80—83, 252
statist patriotism (derzbavnosf),
70, 83, 149
stereotypes, ethnic, 40
Strategiia-2020, 176-77
Strategy-31, 125
Strelkov, Igor (Girkin), 6, 146,
150, 154
Struve, Petr, 3
suicide, 93
superpower status, 58, 75
Surkov, Vladislav, 171
surrogacy, 100
surveillance, 96, 99, 108
Suslov, Vitalii, 165
Susov, Anton, 134
Svanidze, Nikolai, 171
Svoboda, 199
Syria
ethnonationalist discourse,
82-83
INDEX
331
great-power ideologies, 39
and imperial nationalism,
34-35, 64
and Russian identity, 53
Szporluk, Roman, 62
Tajikistan, 237, 244; see also
Caucasus and Central
Asia
Tatars, 28,215,274
technocratic strategies, 97, 241,
243, 249, 252, 253
Terekhov, Stanislav, 167,
168, 170
terrorism
anti-migrant campaigns, 176
and ethno-national
identity, 82
and migrants, 248, 249
revolutionary nationalism, 163,
170, 177, 179
and Russian identity, 53
Third Way, 127
Tigers of the Motherland (TIGRy
Rodiny), 157
Tikhonov, Nikita, 131, 132,
177-78
Tishkov, Valerii, 8, 171
tolerance, 127, 171, 174, 245,
265, 268, 270
Tolokonnikova, Nadezhda, 103-4
Tolz, Vera, 219, 229-30
Tor, Vladimir, 37, 71, 230n
Torch of Novorossiia, The
(Gubarev, 2016), 2
totalitarianism, 34, 188, 190
traditionalism
history of Russian nationalism,
28, 34,41,42
and imperial nationalism, 64
vs modernisation, 159
moral conservatism, 155
and the national
bolsheviks, 123
against Western liberalism, 74
‘traitor-peoples’, 29
trans-ideological politics, 98
Transnistria, 62
trauma, historical, 45
Trofimov, Viktor, 29
‘trophy art’, repatriation of,
165, 171
Trudovaia Rossiia (Labour
Russia), 32, 122
tsarist period, 4, 25, 53-54, 262
Tsorionov (Enteo, Dmitrii), 74
Turkey, 51
Turkic-Muslim peoples, 33;
see also Caucasus and Central
Asia
two Russias, 54
UK, 42
Ukraine; see also Crimea; Crimean
annexation; Donbas
Crimea as ‘Other’ to, 285-86
and Crimean identity,
288-96
and Crimean separatism,
297—98
Donetsk, 78, 79, 125, 135-36,
144, 200, 202
ethnic phobias towards, 39
ethnic Ukrainians seen as
culturally compatible, 245
ethno-national appeal, 77-79
Euromaidan events, 187,
199-201,202, 265, 302
and imperial nationalism, 61
import bans, 100
Little Russians (malorossy),
4,54
Luhansk, 79, 125, 135—36,
144, 202
332
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
Ukraine (cont.)
Maidan Square, Kiev, 38, 128,
155-56
migration and citizen
status, 248
popular mobilisations in, 276
public support for, 102
revolutionary nationalism,
128-29
Russian reaction to, 57
as Russian re-imperialisation
strategy, 62
as Russia’s Other, 78
seen as backyard, 63—64
seen as ‘ethnic enemy’, 179
Ukraine conflict
Aleksandr Sevastianov on, 179
and the decline of
migrantophobia, 158
ethnic nationalism, 199—201
and the national
bolsheviks, 125
and patriotism, 265, 272-73
radical activists drawn to,
145, 154
Ukrainian language, 285,
295, 299
ultranationalism, 6, 35, 152,
163-64, 166, 197
ultra-rightists, 152, 154, 175
Unappeasable League
(Neprimirimaia liga), 154
uncivil society, 189-90
underground dissident
organisations, 29—30
unemployment, 241—42
unification, Russian, 77
Union of Officers (Soiuz
ofitserov), 167
Union of Orthodox Banner-
Bearers (Soiuz pravoslavnykh
khorugvonostsev), 33
Union of Orthodox Brotherhoods
{Soiuz pravoslavnykh
bratstv), 33
Union of the Russian People
{Soiuz russkogo naroda), 26,
122,197
United Russia Party {Edinaia
Rossiia), 74, 123, 156, 157-58,
216,218, 303n
USA
anti-US sentiments, 55—56, 57,
58, 59-61, 63, 80, 82, 195
conflict with, 56
conservative turn in, 64
as Russia’s ‘Significant Other’,
55, 61
Russophobia, 35
‘us’ and ‘them’, 43
USSR see Soviet period
utopianism, 124
Uvarov, Count Sergei, 6, 24, 29
Uzbekistan, 41, 237, 244; see also
Caucasus and Central Asia
Valdai Discussion Club, 72, 74, 79
Valiaev, Evgenii, 151, 152
Valuev, Count Petr, 25
Vasilev, Dmitrii, 35
Veletskii, Maksim, 136
vengeance, party of, 168-72
Verkhovskii, Aleksandr, 40
Veshniakov, Aleksandr, 123
victimisation, 100
Victory Day (9 May) parades,
264, 265
vigilante groups, 105, 157, 192
violence
Aleksandr Sevastianov, 170, 174,
179-80
anti-immigrant, 176, 189
inter-communal violence,
76, 84
INDEX
333
Islamist violence, 71
lack of public support for, 147
linked to migration, 221,
224, 249
and the national socialists, 130,
132
neo-Nazis, 163—86
in pro-Kremlin nationalism,
156-57
‘raids’, 144
RNE (Russian National
Unity), 192
skinheads, 130-31
Slavic Union (Slavianskii
soiuz), 193
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
theories of aggression, 174
and the ultra-right, 166
virginity promotion, 93
visa regimes, 76, 223, 242
Vitukhnovskaia, Alina, 122
Vladimir, Prince, 79
Vladivostok protests, 135
Voevodin, Aleksei, 193
Volnitsa, 127-28
Vorobev, Stanislav, 151
VSKhON (All-Russian
Social-Christian Union
for the Liberation of
the People, Vserossiiskii
sotsial-khristianskii soiuz
osvobozbdeniia naroda), 30
Weberian ideology, 8, 52
Westernisation of Russia, 59
Western models
of liberalism, 217
of masculinity, 107
of nationality, 24, 25, 31,
53, 155
of patriotism, 274
White armies, 54
White Memory (Belaia
pamiat’), 175
white ribbons, 106-7
White Russians (belarusy), 4, 54
white supremacists, 133, 164, 190,
194
White Wolves, 131-32
Wilson, Andrew, 286
Working Russia (Trudovaia
Rossiia), 32, 122
work visas, 223-24, 236,
243-44, 247
world moral leader, Russia as, 75
world revolution, 128
World War II see Great Patriotic
War
World Wildlife Foundation, 267
xenophobia
and Aleksei Navalnyi, 217,
220-21
attitudes of, 189
co-existence with
multiculturalism, 245
electoral campaigns explicitly
condemned, 72
history of, 26
in mainstream politics, 76
in Moscow 2013 mayoral
elections, 148, 217, 220,
221,228
and nationalism, 147
national socialists, 195
and patriotism, 271
popular anti-migrant views,
225-26
post-Soviet Russia, 31
Putin’s policies against, 70
racist violence, 163
related to economic
prosperity, 84
334
RUSSIA BEFORE AND AFTER CRIMEA
xenophobia (cont.)
and revolutionary nationalism,
121
rise of, 238
skinheads, 130
Soviet period, 28
and state repression, 145
subcultures, 189
surge in xenophobic
violence, 172
Yakuts, 42
Yanukovych, Viktor, 1, 200, 302
Yeltsin, Boris see Eltsin, Boris
Young Guard (Molodaia gvardiia),
30, 33
Young Russia (Rossiia
Molodaia), 144
youth
and the national bolsheviks,
121, 124
nationalism, 142
neo-Nazis, 174
post-Soviet generation, 290,
293-94
RNE (Russian National Unity),
192
Tigers of the Motherland
(TIGRy Rodiny), 157
youth subcultures, 130, 192
Zaldostanov, Aleksandr, 74
Zelik, Ruslan, 199
Zhirinovskii, Vladimir, 5, 6, 32-33,
70, 158, 166, 178,222
Zhivov, Aleksei, 151, 152
Zhukov, Georgii, 42
Zhuravlev, Aleksei, 157-58
Zimmerman, William, 55-56, 58
Zionism, 31, 168
Ziuganov, Gennadii, 32
¿izek, Slavoj, 52
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| spelling | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 edited by Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud Edinburgh Edinburgh University Press [2018] © 2018 xvii, 334 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 2010-2017 gnd rswk-swf Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd rswk-swf Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2016 Oslo gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 s Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 s Geschichte 2010-2017 z DE-604 Kolstø, Pål 1953- (DE-588)129379190 edt Blakkisrud, Helge 1967- (DE-588)132284391 edt Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, webready PDF 978-1-4744-3387-7 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ePub 978-1-4744-3388-4 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041300-7 (DE-588)4041282-9 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 |
| title_auth | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 |
| title_exact_search | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 |
| title_full | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 edited by Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud |
| title_fullStr | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 edited by Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia before and after Crimea nationalism and identity 2010-17 edited by Pål Kolstø and Helge Blakkisrud |
| title_short | Russia before and after Crimea |
| title_sort | russia before and after crimea nationalism and identity 2010 17 |
| title_sub | nationalism and identity 2010-17 |
| topic | Nationalismus (DE-588)4041300-7 gnd Nationalbewusstsein (DE-588)4041282-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nationalismus Nationalbewusstsein Russland Konferenzschrift 2016 Oslo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030043776&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kolstøpal russiabeforeandaftercrimeanationalismandidentity201017 AT blakkisrudhelge russiabeforeandaftercrimeanationalismandidentity201017 |