From Stalin to Mao: Albania and the socialist world
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Ithaca ; London
Cornell University Press
[2017]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xiii, 329 Seiten Illustrationen |
| ISBN: | 9781501714153 |
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Contents
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgmen ts
XI
IX
Introduction: A New World
Breaks 5
Contacts 9
To Be Modern 12
Mussolini to Mao 14
1
1. Ten Years of War
17
Socialism with a Fascist Fagade 23
Old Plans, New Rules 29
Italy’s Miserable Souls 35
Trial and Error 38
Conspiracy All Around 45
What Does a Communist Party Do? 48
2. The Discovery of a World 54
Mental Map 57
Moscow Days 62
Forging a Friendship 68
Mechanisms of Discovery 71
Months, Weeks, Days, Hours 79
The Language of Lenin 83
The Price of Discovery 86
Gorky’s Shadow 90
3. The Methods of Socialism 94
Soviet Labor, Albanian Lives 96
Kombinat 98
Stakhanov Travels to the Balkans 109
Exemplary Bodies 117
Staging 125
4- Socialism as Exchange 130
Commonwealth of Plans 133
Making Up Socialist Experience 137
The Problem of Comparison 146
Encounters 150
vii
viii
CONTENTS
5- Mud and Concrete 159
The Invention of Urban Planning 161
Borrowing from the Bloc 167
Going to Berlin 172
Albanian Soil, Italian Traces, Socialist Slabs 176
Tirana to Beijing to Havana 182
6. The Great Leap 187
A Garden of Rocks 191
The Ruins of Friendship 195
Saving the Revolution 203
Geopolitics Is Personal 207
701 Million 211
Broken World, New World 216
Destruction: A Crossroads with China 220
Afterword: 1991 226
Note on Sources 233
Notes 237
Bibliography 303
Index 317
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Index
Page numbers in italics indicate illustrations.
Aalto, Alvar, 173
advisors: Chinese, 213-14; Soviet
(See Soviet advisors, aid, and methods)
Afghanistan, 184, 229,30lnl4
Afroviti (Kombinát worker), 106-7
Agrarian Reform (1945-46), 29
agriculture, Soviet push for Albanian invest-
ment in, 188,192,196
aid. See development aid; Soviet advisors, aid,
and methods
Akhmadulina, Bella, 90
Albania and the socialist world, 1-16; after
1960s, 226-32; captivity/failure narrative
of Soviet power, inadequacy of, 5-6,55-56,
96-97,229,268n51; Communist Party/
Party of Labor (See Communist Party in
Albania); Communist/revolutionary legacy
in Albania, forging, 68-71,219; continuing
impact of socialism on Albania, 1-4,2,3;
domestic resistance to, 239nl5; liquidation
of party state in, 226-28; material culture
of, 15,159-86 (See also material culture of
socialism in Albania); as mental world, 14,
54-93 (See also mental world of socialism);
military fortifications, 229,30In 10; moder-
nity, crusade for socialism as quest for,
12-13,98-100,109,126; nationalism, Alba-
nian, 6-7,12,13,19-21,23,39,224-25,
230-31; nationalist narrative, inadequacy
of, 6-7,13; preindustrial nature of Albanian
society and, 6; religious demographics, 6
(See also religion in Albania); self-reliance
movement of 1970s, 228; Sino-Soviet split
(1960s) and, 4,15-16,187-226,228-29
(See also Sino-Soviet split); small states,
significance of, 9; sources for, 233-36; Soviet
advisors, aid, and methods, 14-15,94-129
(See also Soviet advisors, aid, and methods);
Stalinism, Albania’s continuing commit-
ment to, 7-9,16,193-95,205,209-10,
216-17,229,230 (See also Stalinism); ten-
sions within socialist sphere and, 190-91;
transnational socialist exchange and, 9-12,
15, 130-58 (See also transnational socialist
exchange); war and recovery (1939-1949),
4,14,17-53 (See also war and recovery in
Albania)
Albanian Working Youth Union, 218
Albanian-Soviet Friendship Society. See
Society of Albanian-Soviet Friendship
Algeria, 217,218
Alia, Mark, 130,154
Alia, Ramiz, 211,227
Alizoti, Fejzi Bey, 32
All-Union Society for Cultural Ties Abroad
(Vsesoiuznoe obshchestvo kul'turnykh svi-
azei s zagranitsei or VOKS), 70,71,74,78,
79,83,87
America. See United States
Andropov, Yuri, 199
Angelov, Dimo, 167
Angola, 218,229
architecture. See material culture of socialism
in Albania
Arkhitektura SSSR 163,182, 185
Armstrong, Charles, 241n35
AsaFxev, Boris, The Fountain of Bakhchisa-
rai, 82
Asllani, Mustafa, 69
Astrit (war veteran), 31
Azerbaijan, 59-60,61,256nl4,259n57
Badjavaja, Nasho, 122
Bagirova, Basti, 269n71
balance of payments, credit, loans, and
loan forgiveness, 137,138-39,140,197,
275-76n35,277n56,280nl00,292n41
Balzac, Honoré de, Eugénie Grandet, 85
Banac, Ivo, 252nl50
Barsova, Valeria, 58
basic goods. See food and basic goods
The Battle of Stalingrad (movie), 78-79
Bauman, Zygmunt, 238-39nl 1
Bektashi, 57,108,222,300nl77
Belishova, Liri, 197-201,203,231,295nl 11
Bellos, David, 90
317
318
INDEX
Beria, Lavrenti, 29,38, 39,95,169,281nl0
Bert£, Giulio, 25
bitumen, Albanian export of, 96
Bolivia, 299n 161
Bolshevik Revolution. See October Revolution
Bosio, Gherardo, 26-28, 29,33
Brasini, Armando, 25,26,27
Brazil, 217
brick production and bricklaying, 30,109,
118-21,127,132,170,178-80,183,213,
270n89,282n31,283n45
Britain and Albania: radio broadcasting,
47,81; during war years and recovery
(1939-1949), 19-22,35,46-47, 50,243n20,
244n29,245-46n57,250nl26
Bulgaria: material culture of socialism and,
171,172, 176,177,283n45; mausoleum in
Dimitrov, 187; mental world of socialism
and, 71,72,73,81,86; Soviet aid, advisors,
and methods, 104,109,114,120; Tito and,
44; transnational socialist exchange with, 10,
11,131-33,138,140-46,149,152
BulqizS, 162
Burrel, 29,231,281nl0
Bykov, Pavel, 112
Canavese, Eliseo, 35
captivity/failure narrative of Soviet power,
inadequacy of, 5-6,55-56,96-97,229,
268n51
Casa del Fascio, Tirana, 27,33,65
Casasola, Domenico, 36
Castro, Fidel, 218
Catholicism in Albania, 6,41,64,69,108,222,
261n86,262n93, 300nl77
Ceau§escu, Nicolae, 227,238n7
cement works, 12,30,97,110,161,196,213
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), U.S., 81,
105,160,169,236
Central Office for Construction and Urbanism
of Albania (Ufficio Centrale per l’Edilizia e
TUrbanistica delTAlbania), 26,29
Cereghini, Mario, 245n53
Cerrik, oil refinery in, 97
chain method, 120
Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 12
Chaliapin, Feodor, 82
Chapaev (film, 1934),260n74
chemical industry, 96
China: friendship organizations with Albania,
70,214,215; Great Leap Forward, 201; Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 219-25,
224,228,230,299nl67; material culture of
socialism and, 172,175,183-84,289nl56;
military hardware from, 301 n 10,30ІПІ4;
propaganda materials from, 73; Stalin,
criticism of, 203; transnational socialist
exchange and, 137,138,149,275n26. See
also Mao Zedong; Sino-Soviet split
Chinese language acquisition and translation,
214-15
chrome ore, 96,160
Churchill, Winston, 9,193,244n29
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), U.S., 81,
105,160,169,236
Ciano, Galeazzo, Count, 24,27,244n38
Circolo Garibaldi, 248n89
class. See social class
Clavin, Patricia, 241n34
clock tower, Tirana, 28,65,189
collectivization, 29-33,100
Comecon. See Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance
Cominform (Communist Information
Bureau), 44,252nl49
Communism, as term, 237nl
Communist Information Bureau (Comin-
form), 44,252nl49
Communist Party in Albania (Party of
Labor): Italian occupation and establish-
ment of, 17-19; Italian urban planning
adapted by, 29, 33-35,34\ League of
Albanian-Soviet Cultural Ties (later Society
of Albanian-Soviet Friendship) and, 75-76;
liberation of Albania by ( 1944-1945), 4,
5-6,20-23; liquidation of party state,
226-28; mental world of socialism, role in
promotion of, 75-77; nationalism of, 21-23;
numbers and demographics of members,
76,243n22,260nn72-73; rise to power of,
5-6; Sino-Soviet split and Albanian align-
ment with China, 197-201,210-11,215,
223; Soviet advice on governance, 48-50;
Soviet experience and methods, involve-
ment in adoption of, 123-24; transnational
socialist exchange, involvement in, 144-46,
145; Yugoslavia, Albania as satellite of
(1944-1948), 4,14,18,38-45,237n4; Yugo-
slavia, break with (1948-1949), 43-48
Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU):
distinguishing from Soviet Union itself,
204; Tirana, 19th Congress (1952) honorary
gathering held in, 60
Communist/revolutionary legacy in Albania,
forging, 68-71,219
Company for the Economic Development of
Albania (Società per lo Sviluppo Economico
delTAlbania or SVEA), 24
INDEX
319
comparisons within socialist world, 145,
146-50,153, 158, 169,279n74
Congo, 217
Conrad, Sebastian, 240n32
construction industry: building material,
design, and cost control issues, 178-82; East
Germany as center of transnational coor-
dination of, 172-76,173; heroic figures of,
178,286nl 11; low-cost, mass, and prefab-
ricated building, 154, 169-78, J73,183-86,
185; machinery and vehicles available to,
163-64; soldiers and prisoners, proposal
to use, 282n3I; Soviet methods applied to,
118-25,119,271-72nl07; workforce and
working conditions, 164-65
copper enrichment factory, Kurbnesh, 130—31,
160,273nl
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(Comecon): material culture of socialism
and, 286n98; Sino-Soviet split and, 206—7,
211-12; transnational socialist exchange via,
12,15,133-36,175, 183,273-74nnl2-14,
273nl0, 274nl8
CPSU. See Communist Party of Soviet Union
Cuba, 8,16,133,184-85,191,209,215,
217-19,226, 286n98
cult of personality, 87, 263nl 16,265n3
Cultural Revolution, China, 219-25,224, 228,
230,299nl67
Cyprus, 217
Czechoslovakia: material culture of socialism
and, 171,172, 173, 176-77, 183, 286nl08;
mental world of socialism and, 70,71,
79, 86,128; Prague Spring (1968), 230;
Sino-Soviet split and, 190,217; transna-
tional socialist exchange and, 10,11,15,132,
133, 137-40, 142, 149-50,152-55,279n71
Dagestan, 59,255nl2
Daja, Besim, 163
Dajti Hotel, Tirana, 27,35, 151
Danylow, Peter, 252nl45
Dargomyzhsky, Aleksandr, Rusalka, 82
David-Fox, Michael, 12,70,71
dead, rituals associated with, 222
Dedijer, Vladimir, 46
Democratic Front, 21,243n26
Deng Xiaoping, 202
de-Stalinization, 8,89, 168,190, 195,203,205
Deutsche Lufthansa, Berlin-Tirana flight
route, 156
development aid: agriculture, Soviet push
for Albanian investment in, 188,192,196;
credit, loans, loan forgiveness, and bal-
ance of payments, 137,138-39, 140,197,
275—76n35,277n56, 280nl00,292n41; from
Fascist Italy, 24; industrialization, Albanian
desire for, 188,192,196; Sino-Soviet split
and alignment of Albania with China, 8,
188, 191-92, 196,200,201-2,211-16,214,
221,228,232,296nl26,297nnl30-32;
Soviet portrayal of Albania as model for
other undeveloped countries, 191-92;
from transnational socialist world, 10-12,
137—46,145; Yugoslavia, Albania as satellite
of (1944-1948), 39-40,40,42-43. See also
Soviet advisors, aid, and methods
Dimitrov, Georgi, 187
Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria, 104
Djilas, Milovan, 46, 130
Dobi, Eqerem, 163
doctors reluctant to follow advice of Soviet
surgeons, 270n86
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, Demons, 69
Durrës, 26,27,29, 33,50, 72,102,152,161,
167,222,226,246n62,267n41,272nl 19,
28ІПІ0,299ПІ71
Durrës-Tirana railway, construction of, 39-40,
40,42-43
East Germany: Deutsche Lufthansa, Berlin-
Tirana flight route, 156; friendship orga-
nizations in, 70-71; material culture of
socialism and, 154,169-71,172-76,173,
177,183; mental world of socialism and, 56,
71, 79,80,85, 89; romances and marriages
between Albanians and East Germans, 208;
Sino-Soviet split and, 204,206-8,211,213,
217; Soviet aid, advisors, and methods, 98,
109, 127; transnational socialist exchange
with, 10, 11, 15,130-35, 138-41, 144,145,
150-58,156, 273nl, 273n5,277n53,280n95
Eastern bloc, reality of, 132
Eastern bloc exchange. See transnational
socialist exchange
Eastern Europe, as term, 237nl
economy of Albania. See development aid;
Soviet advisors, aid, and methods; transna-
tional socialist exchange
Eden, Anthony, 244n29
education: Asian university students in Alba-
nia, 299nl61; of Communist Party mem-
bers, 76,260n73; Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution and, 220; illiteracy rates in
Albania, 6,14,47,52,55,61,62,77,86,98,
131, 233,243n26,256nl8; Kombinat mills,
as school, 100; Russian language acquisition,
69,70,83-86; school textbooks, mental
320
INDEX
education (continued)
world of socialism in, 69-70; Sin-Soviet
split and, 205,211,293n74; state univer-
sity, creation of, 82; university students in
Soviet institutions, 62-64,88-93,205,211,
256n21,257n23,263nl20,264nnl25-2 6
Ehrenburg, Il'ia, 54,58-59,82,255n9
Elbasan, 27,29,39,72,161,281nl0
Engels, Friedrich, 72,73,78,85,204,210
Engerman, David, 240n28
Enver Machine Works, 124,269n59
Et’hem Bey mosque, Tirana, 28,65,187,189
exchange, transnational. See transnational
socialist exchange
Fadeev, Aleksandr, 72
failure/captivity narrative of Soviet power,
inadequacy of, 5-6,55-56,96-97,229,
268n51
Faja, Enver, 163
Fascism, Italian. See Italian Fascists
Fausto, Florestano di, 25-26,27-28
Faye, Éric, 92
Fejtő, François, 239nl6
festival months, weeks, days, and evenings, 79-81
Fier, 246n69,281nl0
fish backbone method of ploughing, 115
food and basic goods: at Durrës local con-
struction enterprise, 267n41; for foreign
specialists in Albania, 116,147,149,152-53,
279n77,297nl31; in Kombinát, 106; prior-
ity not given to agriculture, 266n20; ration
cards, 96,116,165,265n8; rationing, end of
(1957), 96; transnational socialist exchange
and, 138
Forty, Adrian, 170
Foucault, Michel, 240n26
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 130-31
friendship brigades promoting Soviet meth-
ods, 272nl09
Friendship Month and friendship weeks, days,
and evenings, 79-81,86,204
friendship organizations, 70-75,86. See also
specific organizations
Fultz, Harry, 247-48n88
Gagarin, Yuri, 204
Gasperi, Alcide De, 37-38
gender. See women
Georgia, 59-60,159,256nl3
Germany: Nazi occupation of Albania
( 1943-1944), 4,19-20,30,242nl7. See also
East Germany
Ghana, 206,218
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 194
Ginzburg, Carlo, 238n6
Gjadri, Gjovalin, 163,285n89
Gjirokastër, 18,72,90,219,246n66,250nl20
glass manufacturing, 140
globalization: chronology of, 240n30; social-
ism as form of, 12-13
Gorky, Maxim, 198; “In the Steppe,” 69
Gramsci, Antonio, 248n89
Great Britain. See Britain and Albania
Great Leap Forward, 201
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, China,
219-25,224,228,230,299nl67
great-power chauvinism, 22,188,193,205
Greece, 17,22,24,41,61,94,95,227,
250nn125-26
Griffith, William, 293n58
Gropius, Walter, 173
Gross, Jan, 22,243n25
Grossman, Vasily, 72
Grotewohl, Otto, 144
Gulia, Georgy, 108
Hare, A. V., 20-21,243n23
Hasan (Albanian peasant), 255nl2
Havel, Václav, Redevelopment, or, Slum Clear-
ance, 15
Hazbiu, Kadri, 232
Hennecke, Adolf, 109
Hentzschel, Wolfgang, 130,152
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, 69
Hitler, Adolf, 17,23
Ho Chi Minh, 202
Hoti, Enver, 110
housing: building material, design, and cost
control issues, 178-82; in construction
camps, 165; for foreign specialists in Alba-
nia, 151 -52,213-14,279n78,297n 131 ;
housing stock in late 1950s, 180,281nl3;
Kombinát, workers* district housing in,
104-5; local governing committee and,
282n27; low dwellings, ubiquity of, 180-81;
low-cost, mass, and prefabricated housing,
154,169-78, J73,183-86,185; nationaliza-
tion and collectivization of land, housing,
and personal possessions, 29-33,246n59,
246n66; satisfaction with, 181-82; shortages
otf demand for, 165-67,168,180,247n74;
standardized apartment units, 181
Hoxha, Enver: Alia compared, 227; on Balzac,
86; biographical information, 18,242n8;
childhood home of, 219; Chinese admira-
tion for, 223-24; Communism and
INDEX
321
Communist Party, involvement with, 18-19,
242n9; cult of personality of, 263nl 16,
265n3; government positions given up by,
265n6; Great Proletarian Cultural Revolu-
tion and, 220, 222-24,299nl67; on Italian
civilian and military personnel in Albania
after occupation, 36, 37; Kosovë/Kosovo,
Albanians living in, 237n4; liberation of
Albania from Nazis and, 20; Malëshova
compared, 39; on material culture of
socialism, 182,247n74; memoirs of, 200,
293n66; as Muslim, 61, 242n9; portraits of,
60,78,101,223, 300nl87; purges by, 193,
195,200-201, 203,210,231-32; Shehu and,
44,47; Sino-Soviet split and Albanian break
with Soviet Union, 187,192-95, 197—203,
205, 208, 210,212, 215-17, 220,222-24,
292n42, 293n74, 299nnl66-67; Soviet aid
and advisors sought by, 94-95; Stakhano-
vism and, 111; Stalin and, 43,49,83,94-95;
Stalinism, continued commitment to, 8-9,
217,299nl66; statues of, 1, 33; transna-
tional socialist exchange and, 144,147,148,
274nl3; on urban planning, 257n32; on
US treatment of Greek claims to Albanian
territory, 250nl25; writings, dissemination
of, 224,299nl71, 300nl87; Xoxe com-
pared, 38; Yugoslavia, Albania as satellite of
(1944-1948), 39,40, 41,43-44,45;
Yugoslavia, Albanian break with
(1948-1949), 43-48, 193,194; Yugoslavia,
Soviet rapprochement with (1956), 88,
192-93,216
Hoxha, Nexhmije, 46, 76,87,90,115
Hungary: Albanian students in, 88,89,127;
material culture of socialism and, 171,172,
176,177; mental world of socialism and, 70,
71, 88,89; romances and marriages between
Albanians and Hungarians, 208; short-lived
Communist state after WWI, 68; Soviet
aid, advisors, and methods, 109,120,127;
transnational socialist exchange and, 10, 11,
15,130-31, 133, 138, 140, 141, 146, 152, 154,
278-79n71; uprising (1956), 8,10,88,89,
149,154, 187, 193,194,201
Hurricane Flora (1963), 184
Iliescu, Ion, 250nl 19
illiteracy rates in Albania, 6,14,47,52, 55,61,
62, 77,86,98, 131,233,243n26,256nl8
indtferent, 246n68
Indonesia, 218,299nl61
industrialization, Albanian desire for, 188,
192,196
innovations, 110,112, 135,136,144,179,212,
268n55
Institute of Economics of the World Socialist
System, 274n 17
Interbau housing project, West Berlin, 173
international socialism. See transnational
socialist exchange
Iraq, 217,229
Iriye, Akira, 237nl
Islam: Bektashi, 57,108,222,300nl77; Cul-
tural Revolution and treatment of mosques,
219,220, 300nl77; Eťhem Bey mosque,
Tirana, 28,65, 187, 289; Hoxha as Muslim,
61,242n9; religious demographics in Alba-
nia, 6; socialism and, 94; Soviet portrayal
of Albania as model for Muslim countries,
191-92; Soviet Union, Muslim clerics visit-
ing, 57; women, unveiling/liberation of, 7,
94,108
Italian Fascists: building program of, 23-29,
26,28, 244n37; civilian and military
personnel in Albania after occupation,
35-38,46,247-48nn88—89,248nn97-98,
249-50nl 15,249nl05,249nnl02-3,
25 lnl35; Communist adaptation of urban
planning of, 29, 33-35,34,28In 10; Enver
Machine Works and, 269n59; modernity
associated with, 126; occupation of Albania
(1939-1943) by, 4,14,17-19,24-25, 30;
Soviet disregard of Albanian work of, 255n9;
Strazimiri’s urban plan for Tirana and, 64,
65,66
Italy, post-Fascist: Albanian familiarity with,
61; Albanian trade agreement with, 275n30;
populit building materials and, 179-80
Jacobs, Joseph, 21
Jaho (Albanian with East German pen
pal), 207
Jakova, Tuk, 87,255n5,263nl 16
Jersild, Austin, 12, 136
Joyce, James, 92
Kadare, Helena, 265nl44
Kadare, Ismail, 15,90-93,230; Muzgu i peren-
dive tě stepěs (Twilight of the Eastern Gods),
54,90-93
Kafarov method, 115
Kafka, Franz, 92
Kang Sheng, 220
Kapo, Hysni, 86,89, 198-99,211,261n86
Kaser, Michael, 274n 15
Kavaje,214,28 In 10
Kazakhstan, 71,159
322
INDEX
Khrushchev, Nikita: on Albanian inclusion in
Warsaw Pact, 258n36; American National
Exhibition, Moscow (1959), 168; on archi-
tecture and construction, 167-68,169,
176,182-83,283n48; Comecon and, 134,
135; fall from power (1964), 215-16; India,
footage of 1956 trip to, 79; official visit to
Albania (1959), 195-97,196; Sino-Soviet
split and Albanian alignment with China,
16,187,191,193-97,196,199,201-7,
209-11,215-16,293n74; Stalin denounced
by (1956), 7,8,48,87-88,193; transnational
socialist exchange and, 13,134,135,146,
239n23; Yugoslavia, attempted rapproche-
ment with, 88,192-93, 216
Kim Il-Sung, 203,228
Kołakowski, Leszek, 238nl 1
Koleka, Spiro, 64-65,249nl05,275n29
Kolevica, Petraq, 81-82,159,231
Kombinat (textile mills), Tirana, 97-109;
architectural plans, models, and design, 99,
102-3; construction of, 14-15,99,100-102,
101, 234; current post-socialist use of,
1-2; daily routine for workers at, 105-8;
Khrushchev’s visit to, 196; location of, 99;
as showpiece, 103-4,160; socialist modern-
izing plan, as part of, 98-100,109; Stalin,
association with, 103; women workers, 100,
106-8,107; workers’ club, 103; workers'
district housing, 104-5; workers’ emulation
board, 111; Yugoslavia initially invited to
build (1947), 98
Kommunist, 85
Komsomolskaia Pravda, 121
Konrad, György, The City Builder, 15
Kopalin, Il'ia, 259n52
Korçë, 18,26,72,75,79, 83,242n9,247n84,
281nl0
Korea. See North Korea
Korean language acquisition and transla-
tion, 214
Kornilov, Lavr, 23
Kosel, Gerhard, 172-73,173,174,175,
288nl46
Kosovë/Kosovo, Albanians living in, 19,39,
237n4
Kosygin, Alexei, 198,266n23
Kota, Koço, 33
Kotkin, Stephen, 7,97,128,238nl2
Kovalev bricklaying method, 120
Kraja, Halil, 112,118,124,125
Krujë, 167
Kuka, Ali, 57
Kukës, 41,72,162,244n30
kulaks and antikulak campaigns, 100,165
Kulikov, Andrei, and Kulikov method, 118-20,
124,271n90
kulié (fortified tower), 27
Kun, Béla, 68
Kurbnesh, 130-31,152-54,155,160,183,
273nl
language acquisition and translation: Chinese,
214-15; Italian, 61,249nl02; Korean, 214;
Russian, 69,70,83-86,115,214; transla-
tors, 62,80,82,124,137,151,152,214-15,
259n59,262n95
Le Corbusier, 173
League of Albanian-Soviet Cultural Ties. See
Society of Albanian-Soviet Friendship
League of Nations, 245n54
League of Polish-Soviet Friendship, 70
Lebow, Katherine, 268n51
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: celebration of birthday
of, 72; forging Albania’s socialist legacy and,
68,69,70; Malinovsky and, 242n9; mau-
soleum, Moscow, 187; portraits of, 59,73,
101,204; Russian touted as language of, 83;
Sino-Soviet split and legacy of, 204; statues
of, 1; works of, 72,85,263nl 10
Lenin Polemics, 197-98
Lepeshinskaia, Ol'ga, 58
Lermontov, Mikhail, 72; “Demon,” 231
Levchenko- Mukhanov method, 112-13,113,
120,122
Liebknecht, Kurt, 173
Liri (Freedom; eight-year-old girl), 94
loans, loan forgiveness, credit, and bal-
ance of payments, 137,138-39,140,197,
275-76n35,277n56,280nl00,292n41
low-cost, mass, and prefabricated architecture,
154,169-78,173,183-86,185
Luarasi, Skénder, 163
Lufi, Anton, 163,285n89
Lumumba, Patrice, 204
Lushnje, 215,281nl0
Lüthi, Lorenz, 293n58
Lysenko, Trofim, 255nl2
Machine Works, Tirana, 150-51
Magnitogorsk, Soviet Union, 128
Malenkov, Georgy, 95
Maléshova, Sejfulla, 39
Malinovsky, Roman, 242n9
Maliq, 97,116,118,121, 126
Maliq swamp, draining of (1946), 34,52-53
Mao Zedong: Albanians confounded by some
actions of, 13,215-16,230; cooperative
INDEX
323
farms named after, 215; on development,
201; on friendship, 200; Great Proletarian
Cultural Revolution, 219-25,299nl67; on
isolation of China, 187; portraits of, 223;
publication of works in Albania, 210; Shehu,
meeting with, 220; Stalin and, 49; three
worlds model and, 239nl8. See also China;
Sino-Soviet split
Maoism, 219—20, 223,229
Marko, Petro, 18
marriages and romances, Albanian-Soviet,
208-9
Marshall Plan, Comecon as response to, 133
Marx, Karl, 72, 73,77,78, 85,204,210
Marxism-Leninism: Albanian official docu-
ments and, 43,229; basic laws of, 6,13;
mental world of socialism and, 69,85,
257n23; Sino-Soviet split and, 187,191,
195,197,198,200,206,208,216,218-20,
224,225
material culture of socialism in Albania, 15,
159-86; building material, design, and cost
control issues, 178-82; Communist adapta-
tion of Italian urban planning, 29,33—35,
34, 281nl0; continuing existence of, 2—4;
contradictions of, 159—61; Italian Fascist
building program in Tirana, 23-29,26,28;
Khrushchev and, 167-68, 169,176,182-83;
low-cost, mass, and prefabricated building,
154,169-78,173,183-86,185; move from
industrialization to urban planning, 160,
161-67; nationalization and collectivization
of land, housing, and personal possessions,
29-33,246n59,246n66; Sino-Soviet split
(1960) and realignment with China and
Cuba, 183-85,219; Stalin-era architecture,
Eastern bloc backlash against, 167-72;
Strazimiri’s socialist urban plan for Tirana,
64-67,66,67; transnational coordination
of, 172-76, J73, 183; unfinished structures,
27,103, 180,247n75,287nl26; uniformity,
concerns about, 178-79; wartime destruc-
tion and reconstruction efforts, 29; Western
influence on, 177. See also construction
industry; housing; specific sites and struc-
tures
Mazower, Mark, 10, 24
Mborja, Tefik, 32
Mele, Misto, 163
Memaliaj, 162
mental world of socialism, 14,54-93; cap-
tivity/faiiure narrative of Soviet power,
inadequacy of, 55-56; Communist Party
promoting, 75-77; cultural exchanges
and diplomacy, 57-58,70-71, 86; festival
months, weeks, days, and evenings, 79-81;
friendship organizations, 70-75,86; histori-
cal friendship between Soviet Union and
Albania, forging, 68-71,258n38; illiteracy
rates in Albania, 6, 14,47,52,55,61,62, 77,
86, 98,131,233, 243n26, 256nl8; integra-
tion into, 57-62,59,60,256nl7; Kadare
and, 90-93; League of Albanian-Soviet
Cultural Ties (later Society of
Albanian-Soviet 71-Friendship), 71—79, 78,
81,83,84,86-87,259n59, 261n77; mov-
ies and film footage, 78,78—79,259n52,
260-6 ln74,261n77; problems associated
with, and 1956 Eastern bloc crisis, 86-90,
93; radio broadcasting, 41,47,72, 80-82,
261n84,261n87; Russian language acquisi-
tion, 69,70,83-86; school textbooks, 69-70;
Soviet aggrandizement, ridicule brought on
by, 82; Strazimiri’s socialist urban plan for
Tirana, 64-67, 66, 67; study brigades formed
by volunteers on Durrës-Tirana railway
construction, 250nl 19; Yugoslavia, Albania
as satellite of (1944-1948), 40,41. See also
education
methods, Soviet. See Soviet advisors, aid, and
methods
Míhali, Pando, 125
Miho, Koço, 163
Mikhail (Eastern bloc worker of uncertain
nationality), 148
Mikoyan, Anastas, 95,147,192,197
military fortifications in Albania, 229,
301nl0
Milosz, Czeslaw, 92
Milward, Alan, 273n 12
Mine, Hilary, 278n58
Miqësija, 70-71,73,234
Mirditë, 130,223
MňaČko, Ladislav, 94,107-8
modernity, crusade for socialism as quest for,
12-13,98-100,109, 126
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 194,258n36,274nl3
Mongolia, 133,137,174,213,275n26,275n30,
284n73, 286n98
Monnet, Jean, 273nl2
Montanelli, Sestilio and Indro, 244n39
Morpurgo, Vittorio Ballio, 25,26
Moscow: American National Exhibition
(1959), 168; Kadare’s Twilight of the Eastern
Gods on, 90-93; Lenin Mausoleum, 187;
students from Albania in, 62-64,90-93,
257n23; Tirana compared by Kadare to, 93;
visitors from Albania on, 57,255nl2
324
INDEX
Moško, Sokrat, 163
movies and film footage, 78»78-79,115,153,
259n52,260-6 ln74,261n77
Mozambique, 229
Mozzi, Bruno, 38
mud bricks (qerpig), 103,104,179,180
Mugoša, Dušan, 18
Mukhanov, Grigory, 112-13,113,120,124
Musaraj, Shevqet, 60,256nl3
Mušič, Marjan, 250nl29
Mussolini, Benito, 5,14,17,19,23-25, 33,179
Nagy, Imre, 193
Naimark, Norman, 56
Nasreddin v Bukhare (film, 1943), 260n74
National Front (Balli Kombetar), 19
National Liberation Movement, 19,21
National Library, 33
nationalism: Albanian, 6-7,12,13,19-21,23,
39,224-25,230-31; antireformism, nation-
alization of, 238n8; of Communist Party of
Albania, 21-23; inadequacy of nationalist
narrative for Albania, 6-7,13
nationalization and collectivization of land,
housing, and personal possessions, 29-33,
100,246n59,246n66
Nazi occupation of Albania (1943-1944), 4,
19-20,30,242nl7
Neues Deutschland, 175
nickel mining, 138,280n98
Nikolla, Negri, 118-20, 122,124,125,127
Nixon, Richard, 168,228
Nkrumah, Kwame, 218
No^ka, Vasil, 163
Noli, Fan, 17
Non-Aligned Movement, 217
norma (daily quotas), 110,269n67
North Korea: material culture of socialism
and, 172,173,174,184; mental world of
socialism and, 71,79,80,81; self-reliance
preached by, 228,301n4; Sino-Soviet split
and alignment of Albania with China,
191,203,209,211,212,213,215,218,219,
293n74; transnational socialist exchange
and, 8,13,16,133,139
Novaia Albaniia (New Albania; film), 259n52
Nushi, Gogo, 145
October Revolution, 69,72,80,128,204-5,
209,278n67
oil and petroleum industry, 96,97,115,116,
161,196
Olivetti, 30,248n97
Ollga (Kombinat worker), 106-7
Omodeo, Angelo, 34
Organization for European Economic Coop-
eration, 133
Orthodox Christians in Albania, 6,38,75,108,
222,242n9,300nl77
Ottoman Empire: as Albanian legacy, 230,
231; bazaar in Tirana, 187-88,189; housing
from, 160,161; Kadaré comparing socialism
to, 15; mental world of socialism and, 55,68;
separate social spheres as legacy of, 239nl5;
Soviet influence compared, 6; war years and,
19,25
Ožaňski, Piotr, 109
Palace of Culture, Tirana, 104,187-90,
189.195
Palace of the Brigades, Tirana, 33
Palermo, Mario, 35-36
Paris Peace Conference (1946), 41,250nl25
Party of Labor. See Communist Party in Alba-
nia
Pashko, Josif, 171
Pasho, Ibrush, 286nl 11
Pasternak, Boris, Doctor Zhivago, 92
Pauker, Ana, 138
Paustovsky, Konstantin, 91
Pavlov, Ivan, 115
pay: for construction workers, 165; for Soviet
and Eastern bloc specialists in Albania,
147-48,279n74
peasants: collectivization of land and, 29-33,
100; Communist Party in Albania, social
makeup of, 76; industrial work and, 100;
Tirana, settlement in, 282n35; traditional
Albanian dress of, 300nl83
Perpara, 233
Peru, 299nl61
Perventsev, Arkadi, 103-4,120
Peshkopi, 72,281nI0
Péteri, György, 12
petroleum and oil industry, 96,97,115,116,
161.196
Pieck, Wilhelm, 130,157
Pióker, Ignác, 109
Pipa, Arshi, 53,242n8
Pištoli, Valentina, 163
Pogodin, Nikolai, 120
Pogradec, 162,167,224,28Inl0
Poland: Albanian students in, 87,88,89;
League of Polish-Soviet Friendship, 70;
material culture of socialism and, 171,
172,173,177; mental world of socialism
and, 56,70-71,73,79,86,87,88,89,92;
Parade Square, Warsaw, 187; romances and
INDEX
325
marriages between Albanians and Poles,
208; Sino-Soviet split and, 206,211; Soviet
aid, advisors, and methods, 109, 120,127;
transnational socialist exchange and, 11,13,
132,133,135, 136,139,153; women pushed
toward gendered work in, 267-68n44
Poliakov, Leonid (?), 257n28
Popovic, Miladin, 18
populity 179
porcelain workshop, Tirana, 153
Potapova, Nina, The Russian Language for
Albanians, 83
Prague Spring (1968), 230
Pravda, 85,113,159
preindustrial nature of Albanian society, 6
productivity and production methods, 14,
109—15,lil-13,114,269n67,270-7 ln89
propaganda materials, 73-74,78,78-79
Pstrowski, Wincenty, 109
Puerto Rico, 218
Pula, Besnik, 19
Punètori Sovjetik (The Soviet Worker), 121
Puto, Arben, 262n95
qerpi$ (mud bricks), 103, 104,179, 180
Quaroni, Pietro, 255n9
Qyteti Stalin (Stalin City, formerly Ku^ove),
58,59, 110,116-17,125
radio broadcasting, 41, 47, 72, 80-82,206,
261n84,261n87,290nl4,294n91, 295nl08
railways, 39-40,40,42-43,155
Rajk, László, 193
Rákosi, Mátyás, 193
ration cards, 96, 116,165,265n8
rationing, end of (1957), 96
Reale, Eugenio, 249nl 11
Red Army, 5,54,55,68,69, 72,74, 79,114,205,
259n54
reformism and revisionism, 8; Chinese aban-
donment of Cultural Revolution and, 228;
in constitution of 1976,229; mental world
of socialism and, 88, 257n22; nationaliza-
tion of antireformism, 238n8; Sino-Soviet
split and Albanian alignment with China,
190,195,202, 205,206,208,210,211,
215-18, 291n30,293n74, 301n8
Reizen, Mark, 81,82
religion in Albania; Catholicism, 6,41,64,
69,108, 222,261n86, 262n93, 300nl77;
churches and mosques, treatment of, 219,
220, 300nl77; Cultural Revolution and, 220,
222-23,229; dead, rituals associated with,
222; demographics of, 6; Orthodox
Christians, 6,38,75,108,222,242n9,
300nl77; party directives, communities
required to follow, 108. See also Islam
revisionism. See reformism and revisionism
Richard (East German with Albanian pen
pal), 207
Rabotnitsa, 121
Rodogno, Davide, 24,245n42
Roman Catholicism in Albania, 6,41,64,69,
108,222,261n86,262n93,300nl77
romances and marriages, Albanian-Soviet,
208-9
Romania: Albania compared to, 238n7;
Ceauçescu, fall of, 227; material culture
of socialism and, 171,172,176,177; men-
tal world of socialism and, 70-71,86;
Sino-Soviet split and, 194,197—99,212,
216,217,293n74; transnational social-
ist exchange and, 133,134,138,277n56,
279n71,280n95
Roselli, Alessandro, 28
Russian language acquisition and translation,
69,70, 83-86,115,214
Russian Revolution. See October Revolution
Russo-Turkish War (1768—74), 69
Rustemi, Avni, 68
Salisbury, Harrison, 17,159-60,163,168—69,
182,238n9
Sarandë, 162,281nl0,282n35
Sauvy, Alfred, 239nl8
Scharoun, Hans, 173
Schnytzer, Adi, 30 ln3
Schuman, Robert, 273nl2
Scott, James, 240n27
seaside tourism in Albania, 155
Second World War. See war and recovery in
Albania
security police. See Sigurimi
self-reliance movement of 1970s, 228
Servete (Stakhanovite woodworker), 114
Sever'ianova, A. A., 266n23
Shaban (Stakhanovite worker), 113-14
Shehu, Feçor, 232
Shehu, Mehmet: death and denunciation by
Hoxha, 231-32; Sino-Soviet split and, 187,
193, 197, 198,200,201,202,216,220,225;
on Soviet advisors, aid, and methods, 96,
114; transnational socialist exchange and,
144, 147,154; in war years and recovery, 44,
47, 48; wife and family of, 90, 301nl5
shfaqje anti-sovjetike, 127
Shkodër, 23,33,41,53,69, 72,81,83,110,112,
214,227,262n93,262nl05,281nl0
326
INDEX
shock workers, 109,110,114,122
Short Course, 69
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 82
Shqipëri-B.R.S.S., 70,72,234
Siegfried (East German with Albanian pen
pal), 207-8
Sigurimi (security police): Albania’s break
with Yugoslavia (1948-1949) and, 47-48;
anti-Soviet activity investigated by, 88-89;
archives, inaccessibility of, 235; education
and background of staff, 47,253nl64; on
enterprises refusing to execute tipizime,
287nl 18; establishment of, 47,253nl63;
number of people “processed” by, 291n23;
production tracked by, 267n26; Soviet train-
ing for ( 1949), 50; Xoxe as chief of, 38,47
Siliqi, Llazar, 262n95
Sino-Albanian Friendship Society, 215
Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, 70
Sino-Soviet split (1960s), 4,15-16,187-226,
228-30; Albanian alignment with China
in, 8-9,16,197-203,228-30; background
Soviet-Albanian tensions and, 191-95;
breakdown of Soviet relations and estab-
lishment of Chinese relations, 197-203;
Chinese advisors and specialists in Albania,
213-14; continuities across, 216-20,229,
301n8; development aid for Albania and, 8,
188,191-92,196,200,201-2,211-16,214,
221, 228,232,296nl26,297nnl30-32; Great
Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 219-25,
224y 228,230,299nl67; great-power chau-
vinism, role of, 188,193,205; housing and
construction in Albania and, 183-85; ideo-
logical adaptation to, 203-7; Khrushchev’s
official visit to Albania (1959), 195-97,196;
Palace of Culture, Tirana, and, 104,187-90,
189y 195; propaganda issues, 215-16;
relationship issues between Albania and
China, 13,215-16,228,230; significance
of, 190-91; Soviet advisors and aid, with-
drawal of, 188,201,204,211-12; Stalinism
and, 193-95,205-6,209-10,216-17,229;
transnational socialist exchange and per-
sonal relations, 13,205-6,207-11,217-19;
warfare, use of language of, 220-21,224-25,
299nl68; Yugoslavia and, 193-95,199
Skanderbeg (Gjergi Kastrioti), 25,140,230
Skendi, Stavro, 33,247n78
Slutsky, Boris, 55
small states, significance of, 9
SMT (machine and tractor station), 162
social class: Communist Party in Albania,
social makeup of, 76; Cultural Revolution
and, 225; defined categories of, 256-57n22.
See also peasants; working class
socialism: Albania and (See Albania and the
socialist world); modernity, crusade for
socialism as quest for, 12-13,98-100,109,
126; reforming or revising (See reformism
and revisionism); Stalinist (See Stalinism);
as term, 237nl
socialist realism, 14,54,62,90,92,93,160,168,
170,231
Società per lo Sviluppo Economico
dell’Albania (SVEA or Company for the
Economie Development of Albania), 24
Society of Albanian-Soviet Friendship (for-
merly League of Albanian-Soviet Cultural
Ties): mental world of socialism and, 71-79,
78y 81,83,84,86-87,259n59,261n77;
Sino-Soviet split and Albanian alignment
with China, 209; Soviet aid, advisors, and
methods promoted by, 98,105,114-15,118,
121,122,123,125,269n71
Soiuz sovetskikh obshchestv druzhby i
kul'turnoi sviazi s zarubezhnymi stranami
(SSOD or Union of Soviet Societies of
Friendship and Cultural Ties with Foreign
Countries), 71
Solov’ev, Peter Epifanovich, 124
Somalia, 229
Sophocles, Electra, 86
Sotiri, Kristo, 163
Soviet advisors, aid, and methods, 14-15,
94-129; construction industry, 118-25,119,
271-72nl07; friendship brigades promot-
ing, 272nl09; ideology and geopolitical
insecurity, interaction of, 6; innovations,
110,112,268n55; letter-writing campaigns
to Soviet counterparts, 125; loss of, after
Sino-Soviet split, 8; party involvement in,
123-24; Sino-Soviet split and withdrawal
of, 188,201,204,211-12; Soviet personnel
in Albania, 115-18,124,147,150,270n84;
staging of, 125-29; Stakhanovism and other
productivity methods, 14,109-15,111-13,
114,121,122,129; Stalinism and, 96-98,
104; wariness of Soviets regarding, 94-96;
Yugoslavian sphere of influence, after Alba-
nian withdrawal from, 48-53,51,98. See
also Kombinat
Soviet Union: agriculture, push for Albanian
investment in, 188,192,196; captivity/fail-
ure narrative of Soviet power, inadequacy
of, 5-6,55-56,96-97,229,268n51; material
culture of socialism and, 172,173,176,177;
post-1948 involvement with Albania, 48-53;
INDEX
327
recognition of Communist government of
Albania by, 21; Russians moving from Yugo-
slavia to Albania, 148,278n67; visitors from
Albania in, 57. See also Communist Party of
Soviet Union; Sino-Soviet split
Spahiu, Bedri, 86,87,263nl 16
Spanish Civil War, 44
spazio vitale, 24
Spiru, Nako, 43,72,87,259n57
SSOD (Soiuz sovetskikh obshchestv druzhby
i kul'turnoi sviazi s zarubezhnymi stranami
or Union of Soviet Societies of Friendship
and Cultural Ties with Foreign Coun-
tries), 71
Stakhanov, Aleksei, 109
Stakhanovism and Stakhanovites, 14,109-15,
111-13,114,121,122,129, 180
StaV (Steel), 177
Stalin, Joseph: on aid for Albania, 94-95, 192;
celebration of birthday of, 72; Chinese criti-
cism of, 203; Comecon and, 135; cult of per-
sonality, 87, 265n3; death of (1953), 7,71,
89; forging Albania's socialist legacy and, 69;
Hoxha and, 43,49,83, 94-95; Khrushchev's
denunciation of (1956), 7, 8,48,87—88,193;
Kombinat associated with, 102-4; portraits
of, 33, 40, 60, 73,101,204; questions about
Albania, 61; Soviet aid to Albania and, 95,
97; statues of, 1,2-3,15, 65,66,103,108,
159,187,230; Tito, split with (1948), 14,18,
43-45, 46, 51, 148,198,252nl50,278n67;
works of, 85; Yugoslavia, Albania as satellite
of (1944-1948), 43,44
Stalinism: architecture of, Eastern bloc
backlash against, 167—72; defined, 8;
de-Stalinization, 8,89,168, 190,195,203,
205; embraced and used by Albanian lead-
ers, 6, 48—53; international appeal and
malleability of, 7—8; Sino-Soviet split and,
193-95, 205-6,209-10,216-17; Soviet aid
and Albanian allegiance to, 96—98,104; sur-
vival in Albania after 1956,7-9, 16,193-95,
205,209-10,216-17,229, 230; for Tito and
Yugoslavia, 193
Stalinstadt, East Germany, 173
Stanislavski system, 115
statues, foundry for manufacturing, 1,2
Stojnic, Velimir, 38
Strazimiri, Gani: later career of, 230; mate-
rial culture of socialism and, 161,163,171;
socialist urban plan for Tirana, 64-67,66,
67, 81, 90,93, 257n32,257nn27-28
submarine base, joint Albanian-Soviet, 202
Sudan, 108, 160, 290nl9,299nl61
sugar-processing factories, 97,116,161
Sukacev, Lev Pavlovich, 23-24,108
Suslov, Mikhail, 49—50, 191
SVEA (Société per lo Sviluppo Economico
dell'Albania or Company for the Economic
Development of Albania), 24
Syria, 232,275n30,299nl61
Tashko, Koço, 17-18, 57,200-201,203,231,
242n9
Taut, Bruno, 174
Taylor, Frederick Winslow, and Taylorism,
270-7ln89
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich, 81,85
technoscientific exchange: across Eastern bloc,
135-37, 138-46,273n9, 275n32,276n38;
with China, 201-2,221
Tërbuf, 196
textile mills, Tirana. See Kombinat
three worlds model, 9,239nl8
Tirana: bazaar, 187-88,189; as capital of Alba-
nia, 23; Casa del Fascio, 27, 33,65; clock
tower, 28,65,189; Dajti Hotel, 27,35,151;
Et'hem Bey mosque, 28,65,187,189; gath-
ering in honor of 19th Congress of CPSU
(1952) in, 60; Machine Works, 150—51;
Moscow compared by Kadare to, 93; Palace
of Culture, 104, 187-90,189,195; Palace
of the Brigades, 33; peasants settling in,
282n35; porcelain workshop, 153; Salisbury
on, 159; Strazimiri's urban plan for, 64-67,
66,67,257—58nn32—33,257n28; Western
embassies, Albanians seeking refuge in,
227. See also Kombinat; material culture of
socialism in Albania
Tismaneanu, Vladimir, 238n7
Tito: Albania surrounded by Yugoslavia
under, 94; Eastern bloc, anti-Tito hys-
teria in (early 1950s), 52; Khrushchev's
attempted rapprochement with, 192-93,
216; Non-Aligned Movement and, 217;
Stalin, split with (1948), 14,18,43-45,46,
51,148,198,252nl50,278n67; Stalinism
and, 193; Yugoslavia, Albania as satellite
of (1944-1948), 40,41,43-45; Yugoslavia,
Albanian break with (1948-1949), 43-45,
46,194. See also Yugoslavia
Tolstoy, Leo, 69,72
Tomsky, Nikolai, 66
trade relationships across Eastern bloc,
133-35,137-38,275n30
translation and translators. See language
transnational socialist exchange, 9-12,15,
130-58; adaptation of socialist experience to
328
INDEX
transnational socialist exchange (continued)
local conditions, 141-42; aspirations versus
reality, 9-10; Comecon and, 12, 15,133-36,
175,183,273-74nnl2-14,273nl0,274nl8;
comparisons within socialist world and, 145,
146-50,153,158,169,279n74; construction,
East Germany as center of transnational
coordination of, 172-76,173; credit, loans,
loan forgiveness, and balance of payments,
137,138-39,140,197,275-76n35,277n56,
280nl00,292n41; development aid from
other Soviet bloc countries, 10-12,137-46,
145; globalization, socialism as form of,
12-13; on material culture of socialism,
172-76,173,183; organization of, 133-37;
party involvement in, 144-46,145; personal
interactions, 150-57,156,207-11; reciproc-
ity, problem of, 142-44,277n53; Russians
moving from Yugoslavia to Albania, 148,
278n67; shared material and mental culture
engendered by, 4; significance for Alba-
nians, 7; Sino-Soviet split and, 13,205-6,
207-11,217-19; Soviet methods and, 120;
technoscientific exchange, 135-37,138-46,
273n9,275n32,276n38; tensions between
Albanian and Eastern bloc workers, 130-33,
146-57,280n95; terminology for, 9-10,
239nnl9-20; trade relationships, 133-35,
137-38,275n30
Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance
with Yugoslavia, 39
Turcato, Ugo, 36,37
Turgenev, Ivan, 72
Tvardovsky, Aleksandr, The Land ofMuravia, 58
U-2 incident, 197
Ufficio Centrale per l’Edilizia e 1’Urbanistica
dell’Albania (Central Office for Construc-
tion and Urbanism of Albania), 26,29
Ukraine, 69-70
Ulbricht, Walter, 169,170
Unger, Corinna, 240n28
Union of Soviet Societies of Friendship and
Cultural Ties with Foreign Countries
(Soiuz sovetskikh obshchestv druzhby i
kul'turnoi sviazi s zarubezhnymi stranami
or SSOD), 71
United Kingdom. See Britain and Albania
United Nations, 176,201
United States: Afghanistan and, 301nl4;
American National Exhibition, Moscow
(1959), 168; CIA,81,105,160,169,236;
material culture of, Albanian lack of interest
in, 168-69; mental world of socialism and,
81,88-90; Non-Aligned Movement and,
217; radio broadcasting, 47,81,261n87; on
Soviet methods, 105,112,269n63; standard
of living comparisons, 88-90,154;
U-2 incident, 197; during war years
and recovery (1939-1949), 21,46-47,
247~48n88,250nl25; Yugoslavia, aid
for, 191
urban planning. See material culture of social-
ism in Albania
Uzbekistan, 61
Vasillaq (Albanian with East German pen pal),
207-8
Vata, Sali, 286n 111
veils, women’s removal of, 7,94,108,223
Velo, Maks, 163,231
Venezuela, 218
Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy and Alba-
nia), 17,33
Vietnam: material culture of socialism and,
284n73; mental world of socialism and, 79;
Sino-Soviet split and, 209,212,213,215,
217,219,293n74,299nl61; transnational
socialist exchange and, 133,275n26
Viora (ship), 226,232
Vlorë, 23,27,29,69,72,97, 138,196,202,223,
250nl 15,281nl0,281nl3,296nl28
Vsesoiuznoe obshchestvo kul'turnykh sviazei
s zagranitsei (VOKS or All-Union Society
for Cultural Ties Abroad), 70,71,74,78,79,
83,87
Wajda, Andrzej, Man of Marble, 109
war and recovery in Albania (1939-1949),
4, 14,17-53; Communist adaptation of
Italian urban planning, 29,33-35,34;
Communist-led liberation (1944-1945), 4,
5-6,20-23; continuation of war mental-
ity in Albania after 1945,45,52; elections
(December 1945), 21,243nn25-26; Ger-
man/Nazi occupation (1943-1944), 4,
19-20,30,242nl7; Italian civilian and mili-
tary personnel in Albania after occupation,
35-38,46,247-48nn88-89,248nn97-98,
249-50nl 15,249nl05,249nnl02-3,
251nl35; Italian Fascist building program,
23-29,26,28y 244n37; Italian occupation of
Albania (1939-1943), 4,14,17-19,24-25,
30; nationalization and collectivization of
land, housing, and personal possessions,
29-33,246n59,246n66; Soviet influence
and involvement (after 1948), 48-53; Yugo-
slavia, Albania as satellite of (1944-1948), 4,
INDEX
329
14, 18, 38-45,237n4; Yugoslavia, break with
(1948-1949), 43-48, 251 ռ 139
Warsaw Pact (1955), 68,202,209,258n36
Warsaw Treaty Organization, 12
Weiner, Amir, 254nl 82
Westad, Arne, 239nl7,299nl68
women: Albanian-Soviet romances and
marriages, 208—9; as Communist Party
members, 76; fate of Belishova and, 199; as
Kombinat workers, 100,106—8,107; mental
world of socialism and, 73,75,80, 84; at Pal-
ace of Culture construction site, Tirana, 189;
in Poland, pushed toward gendered work,
267—68n44; religious icons defended by,
223; as soldiers, 30In 10; Stalinist execution
of woman in Albania (1956), 194; unveiling/
liberation of, 7,94,108,223; in war years
and recovery (1939-1949), 21,22,34,41
Women’s Union, 76,105
wooden toy industry, 155
working class: Albania’s initial lack of, 6; Com-
munist Party in Albania, social makeup of,
76; socialism both requiring and undermin-
ing, 100
World War II. See war and recovery in Albania
Xoxe, Ko$i, 38-39,43,45, 46,47-48,51,
87,193
Xu Jianguo, 216
Yao Wenyuan, 225
Yemen, 229,286n98
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 90
youth and youth groups: Alia and, 211,227;
mental world of socialism and, 73,75,81,
82; Sino-Soviet split and realignment with
China, 218,222,225; transnational socialist
exchange and, 132; in war years and recov-
ery (1939-1949), 20,21,24,27,32,39,48.
See abo education
Yugoslavia: Albania as satellite of (1944-1948),
4,14,18, 38-45,237n4; Albania surrounded
by, 94; Albanian break with (1948—1949),
43-48,193-95, 25In 139; Albanians try-
ing to flee to, 227; American aid for, 191;
Comecon and, 133, 286n98; continued
presence of, 51-52; Khrushchev’s attempted
rapprochement with, 88,192-93,216;
modernity associated with, 126; queries
about improving relations with (1956), 88;
recognition of Communist government of
Albania by, 21; Russians moving from Yugo-
slavia to Albania, 148,278n67; Sino-Soviet
split (1960s) and, 193-95, 199; Soviet ties to
Albania under, 72; Stalin’s advice on provo-
cations by, 95; textile mills, invited to build
(1947), 98; transnational socialist exchange
and, 133, 146; Treaty of Friendship and
Mutual Assistance with, 39. See also Tito
Yzberish, 3,99,102,104-6, 118,171. See also
Kombinat
Zeri i Popullit, 81
Zhdanov, Andrei, 239n 19
Zhou Enlai, 213,216
Zlatič, Savo, 42,25 In 133
Zog (king of Albania), 17,23-24,31-33,47,
53,97,108,244n29,255nl85y 259n52
Zogists, 20,243n20
Zubok, Vladislav, 55
^5 0 'ƒ O*'? T֊
Խ\ա Æto |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Mëhilli, Elidor 1981- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1037361431 |
| author_facet | Mëhilli, Elidor 1981- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Mëhilli, Elidor 1981- |
| author_variant | e m em |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044621568 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR953 |
| callnumber-raw | DR953.C725 |
| callnumber-search | DR953.C725 |
| callnumber-sort | DR 3953 C725 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| classification_rvk | NQ 8260 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1015767508 (DE-599)BVBBV044621568 |
| dewey-full | 303.48/249650171709045 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 303 - Social processes |
| dewey-raw | 303.48/249650171709045 |
| dewey-search | 303.48/249650171709045 |
| dewey-sort | 3303.48 15249650171709045 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1991 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1991 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Albania Relations Communist countries Communist countries Relations Albania Albania Civilization 20th century Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Albania Relations Communist countries Communist countries Relations Albania Albania Civilization 20th century Albanien |
| id | DE-604.BV044621568 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T00:28:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781501714153 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 017022614 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030019834 |
| oclc_num | 1015767508 |
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| owner | DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-188 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 DE-29 |
| physical | xiii, 329 Seiten Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Cornell University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Mëhilli, Elidor 1981- (DE-588)1037361431 aut From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world Elidor Mëhilli Ithaca ; London Cornell University Press [2017] © 2017 xiii, 329 Seiten Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1945-1991 gnd rswk-swf Socialism and culture Albania City planning Albania History 20th century Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf Albania Relations Communist countries Communist countries Relations Albania Albania Civilization 20th century Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 gnd rswk-swf Albanien (DE-588)4001028-4 g Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 s Geschichte 1945-1991 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB Mëhilli, Elidor, 1981- author From Stalin to Mao Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 2017 9781501712234 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, PDF 9781501709593 https://www.recensio.net/r/ef7de5e4bf264f86a12f703bedbefeb0 rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, jgo.e-reviews 2019, 3, S. 53-56 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030019834&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030019834&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030019834&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Mëhilli, Elidor 1981- From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world Socialism and culture Albania City planning Albania History 20th century Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4072885-7 (DE-588)4046514-7 (DE-588)4001028-4 |
| title | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world |
| title_auth | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world |
| title_exact_search | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world |
| title_full | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world Elidor Mëhilli |
| title_fullStr | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world Elidor Mëhilli |
| title_full_unstemmed | From Stalin to Mao Albania and the socialist world Elidor Mëhilli |
| title_short | From Stalin to Mao |
| title_sort | from stalin to mao albania and the socialist world |
| title_sub | Albania and the socialist world |
| topic | Socialism and culture Albania City planning Albania History 20th century Internationale Politik (DE-588)4072885-7 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Socialism and culture Albania City planning Albania History 20th century Internationale Politik Politik Albania Relations Communist countries Communist countries Relations Albania Albania Civilization 20th century Albanien |
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