Memory laws, memory wars: the politics of the past in Europe and Russia
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Cambridge University Press
2018
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| Schriftenreihe: | New studies in European history
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| Beschreibung: | xvi, 321 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781108410168 1108410162 9781108419727 1108419720 |
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| 653 | 0 | |a Atrocities / Law and legislation | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments page ix
Chronological Table xiii
Introduction i
1 The Rise of Memory and the Origins of Memory Laws 25
2 Memory Laws in Western Europe 60
3 Memory Laws in Eastern Europe 126
4 Memory Laws in Ukraine 177
5 Memory Laws in Yeltsin’s Russia 207
6 Memory Laws in Putin’s Russia 238
Conclusion 300
Index 311
vii
Index
Accoyer, Bernard, 3, 123
Accoyer Commission, 3, 103, 124
Accoyer Report, 3—4
Additional Protocol to the Convention on
Cybercrime, 93-4, 169, 171, 176
Adenauer, Konrad, 29, 72, 77-8, 135
Afghanistan, War in, 199, 224, 227
age of ideologies, 12,59
age of memory, 12—13, 21—2, 40, 49, 59, 127,
302
Albanian Genocide Law, 157
Albanian memory law, 171, 175
Algerian war, 3,33,112-14
Altman, Ilya, 282
American Association for the Advancement of
Slavic Studies, 270
American Historical Association, 123, 270
Americanization of the Holocaust, 3 3,
51» 55
Andorra’s memory law, 94» 101, 125
Ann/ifc School, 42, 47, 137
anti-communism, 28, 128, 130, 152, 157, 173»
196, 231, 248, 255, 263, 301
anti-fascism, 80, 97, 149» 152, 168, 173,
212, 226, 233, 249» 257, 262, 283,
305
anti-fascist legislation, 7, 33, 3^ 60-7, 75, 128,
148-52, 229, 237, 302, 305
anti-Hitler coalition, 192—3, 198—9, 265,
268-70, 273
anti-racist legislation, 38, 45, 60, 66—75, 85, 88,
93, 95, 97, 102, 118-19, i5z *68» 232»
302, 305
anti-Semitism, 15, 26, 33, 67—72, 84—5, 91»
108, 142-5, 166, 186, 195» 227 255
301
Antonescu, Ion, 145, 166
archives
laws on, 200-1
opening of, 155—7» J88, 200, 245» 27°
Aristotelian logic, 5
Armenian genocide, 3, 21, 6c^i, 92, 100-1,
103, 105-6, 108, 111-12, 122, 296,
300, 309
Allied Joint Declaration on, 60
attempts to criminalize its denial in France,
102—8
French “Armenian” law, 3, 101-2, 112, 117,
124
memory of, 98-100
recognition of, 99—102,110
Turkey’s position on, 99, 110—12
asymmetry of European memory, 9,130,
303
August putsch in Russia, 213, 225, 248
Auschwitz, 135, 307
Auschwitz trials, 67
Auschwitz-lie, 2, 7, 300
Austrian Insignia Act, 72
Austrian memory law, 88, 92, 124, 301
Austrian Prohibition Law (Verbotsgesetz), 63,
88, 151
Bandera, Stepan, 183—4, 280
Banner of Victory, 197,259
Barbie, Klaus, 84
Barkashov, Aleksandr, 225
Belgian memory law, 89, 92, 124
Bereza, Borislav, 205
Berlusconi, Silvio, 97
Bevz, Ihor, 193
Brtburg scandal, 79
Blair, Tony, 117-18
BJois Appeal (Appel de Blois), 122—3
Bolotnaya affair, 277
Boyer, Valerie, 103—7
Brandenburg doctrine, 18
Brandt, Willy, 76-7
Brezhnev, Leonid, 135, 213, 216, 248
British Holocaust Denial Act (draft), 117
Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, 146, 259
Buchenwald, 13 4_ 5
312
Index
Bulgarian memory law, 171, 175
Bush, George W., 178
Carto, Willis, 26
Catherine II, 213, 215, 252
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 132
censorship of historical thought, 8, 21, 120
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 183
Chechen War
First, 219, 227-8
Second, 23 5—6
Chirac, Jacques, 41, 84, 114
Chomsky, Noam, 83
Chubais, Anatoliy, 181, 214
Chubarov, Refat, 205
cité domestique-, 56—7
cité industrielley 57
cité marchandey 56—7
civil law countries, 18-19,118
civil rights movement, 36—7, 45,67
class struggle, 33, 42-3, 209, 263
age of, 25, 33, 39-40» 42-4, 53, 55, 132
Cold War, 28, 33, 38-9, 45, 54, 66, 72, 80, 88,
134, 146, 152, 254, 257-8, 301, 304
colonialism, 36, 38, 44, 60, 69, 75, 98, 112-13,
119, 121, 133, 137, 216, 302
Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes
against the Polish Nation, 151, 160, 162
Commission Reporting to the President to
Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the
Detriment of Russia’s Interests, 267, 270
Committee for Vigilance on the Public Uses of
History, 120-1
common law countries, 18-19,117
communism, 46, 83, 126—34, 136, 138, 140,
147, 152, 154, 156-7, 162, 165, 180, 184,
206, 212, 216-17, 242-3, 248, 252-3
appeal of, 131
criminal nature of, 154, 157, 196, 204
fall of, 25, 45» 54» 78-9» 97» 131-2» 138»
140-1, 144, 146, 151-2, 161, 163, 180,
210, 213, 219, 244, 305
and Gaullism, 84
propaganda of, 149, 158, 160, 195, 205
resistance to, 126, 131, 139, 145, 150, 157,
176, 179, 187-8, 202, 306
communist crimes, 80, 92, 98, 134, 144, 153,
156-8, 162, 165-6, 172, 174-6, 185» r95»
206, 230, 249, 253-4, 306-8
denial of, 98, 147—8, 152, 160—4, 169-74,
176, 237, 303, 306-8
justification of, 163-4, 174
communist ideology, 12, 137-8, 149, 153, 188,
194, 196, 214, 244, 305
communist narrative, 132-3, 209, 263
communist parties, prohibition of, 15 3—4,
158-9, 188
Communist Party of the Russian Federation,
212, 214, 225, 227, 233, 274
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 189,
212, 214, 216, 221, 223—6, 248
trial of, 214, 233
Communist Party of Ukraine, 181, 189
communist symbols, ban on, 153, 15 8—60, 188,
194, 196, 201, 204, 214
communitarianism, 18
competition of victims, 4, 24, 39, 41, 120—1,
309
Condorcet, Nicolas de, 61
Continuation War. See Winter War
Convention on the Non-Applicability of
Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and
Crimes against Humanity, 74, 152, 234
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide, 62, 6 5—6, 1 51
Costa, Jean-Paul, 106
counter-memories, 40, 43, 132, 138, 217, 280
Crime and Disorder Act, 118
Crimea, annexation of, 10, 181, 200, 204, 207,
260, 280, 287, 290
Crimean Tatars, 197
crimes against humanity, 1, 6—7, 28, 44, 63, 66,
81, 84-5, 87-8, 90, 92-3, 95, 98, 1 o 1, 105,
112-13, 121, 124—5, 148, 157-8, 161,
163, 166-7, I7I i84 2°2» 2°5 234» 2 ^2»
272, 284, 293-5, 300, 306-7
concept of, 60-2, 176
denial of, 7, 18, 88, 91-2, 95-6, 101, 105—6,
118, 161, 164-5» 167» 169, 171-5» *93»
198, 285
imprescriptibility of, 74—5,151—2
justification of, 7, 91, 105-6, 164—5, 167,
169, 171-3» 193» 198
crimes against peace, 28, 86, 94, 125, 158, 164,
167, 231, 233-4, 272, 284-5, 294
concept of, 61
denial of, 96, 161, 165, 171-2, 175, 268, 272
justification of, 164-5, 171-2» J75» I9°» 268,
272
crimes against the Jewish people, 66, 81
crimes against the Polish nation, 162
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 92
crisis of history, 22, 46-7, 49, 55, 57
crisis of objectivity, 46—9
crisis of the future, 22—3, 35, 46, 52, 83, 136,
140, 210, 216
Cuban missile crisis, 33
cultural history, 11, 42, 44, 137
cultural turn in historiography, 42-3, *37
Cypriot memory law, 94, 96, toi
Index
3x3
Czech Act on the Illegality of the Communist
Regime and on Resistance to It, 157,
163
Czech Institute for the Study of Totalitarian
Regimes, 156
Czech memory law, 163—4, 170, 175
Czechoslovak Lustration Act, 155
Daladier, Édouard, 67
Day of Remembrance and Reconciliation in
Ukraine, 202
Day of Remembrance for the Armenian Martyrs
in Uruguay, 100
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political
Repressions in Russia, 271
de Gaulle, Charles, 30, 68, 82—4
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
Colonial Countries and Peoples, 69
declarative memory laws, 3, 6, 23, 122, 154,
157, 222
decolonization, 36-7, 69
de-communization laws, 7, 129, 152—60, 168
205
in Ukraine, 171, 188, 204-5, 306
Degtyaryov, Mikhail, 296-8
democracy
concept of, 243
transition to, 114-15, 136, 138, 170, 209
as a universalistic project, 14
democratic culture of memory, 44-5, 137, 220,
295, 304, 308
democratic revolution in historiography, 25, 42,
137
denazification, 29, 63, 149
and de-communization, 159,162
deportations, 38, 190
of Armenians, 108
of civilians, 62
of the Crimean Tatars, 204—5
of French Jews, 4, 41, 82, 84, 112
of the repressed peoples in the USSR, 222,
298
of the Roma people, 167
of Ukrainians from Poland, 198
desecration of graves, 71, 191—2, 194-6, 199,
203, 229
destalinization, 133, 216
dictatorship laws in Ukraine, 175, 191,
198-200, 229
discrimination
incitement to, 73-4, 88, 90, 94, 97, 169,
262
racial, 38, 69-71, 74, 77, 85, 91, 96, 151,
22i, 232, 255, 287
Dobrynin, Konstantin, 289, 291-2, 294, 298
Donbass, 10, 193, 200, 207
Dugin, Aleksandr, 211, 251—2
duty of memory, 4, 22, 122, 245, 307
Dyukov, Aleksandr, 282
Dzhemilev, Mustafa, 198, 205
Dzurinda, Mikulas, 164
Eastern bloc, 132, 134, 136, 144, 148, 151, 153,
209, 250, 252
Eichmann trial, 32, 66
end of history, 46—7, 301
Enlightenment, 29, 45—6
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 99, 309
Eurasian civilization, concept of, 212, 251
Eurasianism, 209, 211-12, 241, 251
European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance, 127, 295
European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, 63
European Council Framework Decision of
2008, 15, 92-8, 122-3, 125, 147, 164-5,
170-1, 175, 190, 268, 283, 285, 293,
301, 303
European Court of Human Rights, 15—16, 106,
108-9
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of
Stalinism and Nazism, 148
European Union Joint Action of 1996, 93,
303
European Union’s politics of memory, 10, 34,
81, 92, 148, 160, 176, 282, 303, 307
event-centered historical consciousness. See
historical consciousness
extremism, 26, 97, 190, 293
concept of, 236—7
and fascism, 227, 229-31
and rehabilitation of Nazism, 294
fallen soldiers, 4, 6, 31, 202, 223-4, 2,29
family resemblance, 5, 263, 300
far right, 6, 19, 26, 68, 71, 73, 81, 87, 96, 117,
141, 170, 179, 186, 190, 205, 212, 219,
225, 227, 229, 237, 241, 257, 264-5, *96,
305
fascism, 8,19, 29-30, 63-5, 82, 84, 90, 97, n8
127, 13 3—4» 143» 149-5^ 158-93 163»
186, 188, 205, 208, 211, 226, 228, 235,
249-50, 256-7, 269
concept of, 149, 179, 233-4, 237, 262-4,
297
justification of, 164, 233
propaganda of, 7-8, 64-5, 149-50, 158, 160,
186, 188, 191, 193, 195, 229, 232-3, 236,
262
314
Index
fascism (cont.)
Russian, 211-12, 225-8, 250, 264
victory over, 134, 258
fascist crimes
denial of, 164, 198, 231-2
justification of, 164, 198, 232
fascist danger, 26, 60, 186, 219, 226-7, 257
266
fascist ideology, 63, 167, 193, 228, 233, 237
fascist parties, prohibition of, 63-5, 73, 150,
154, 158-60, 166, 226, 228-9
fascist symbols, ban on, 63, 73, 159-60, 166-7,
228-9, 233, 237, 267
Faurisson case, 26, 82-3, 85
Faurisson, Robert, 83, 87
Feldman, Oleksandr, 186, 197, 205
Filippov, Aleksandr, 242, 245
Filippov textbook, 242-4
Finnish Civil War, 119
First Amendment, 18,117
Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian
Federation, 254, 258
fragmentation of history, 13, 23, 46-9, 56—7,
244, 302
Franco regime, 2, 90, 114-16
Frank, Anne, 32
freedom of expression, 14-18, 70, 83, 90, 93,
108, 117-18, 122, 160, 165, 189-90, 201,
278, 294, 304
freedom of historical research, 15, 21, 97, 270
freedom of the press, French law of 1881, 72,
74, 102-3, 106
French memory law of 2017, 91, 175
Front National) 26, 84
Froyanov, Igor, 211
future, projects of, 14, 46, 216, 245
future-oriented ideologies, 34, 46, 58—9, 304
Gaidar, Yegor, 181, 214, 226
Gapes, Michael, 117-18
Garody, Roger, 87
Gayssot, Jean-Claude, 84
Gayssot Act (loi Gayssot), 3-4, 8, 22, 24, 26,
67, 75, 81-7, 92-4, 102-6, 119-21,
124-5, t^2» 165-6, 220, 231, 234, 237,
268, 301
genocide, 16, 19, 21, 31, 36, 44-5, 65, 69, 73-4,
78, 81, 89, 91, 93-5, 97, 100, 102-5, no-
12, 118, 120-1, 124-5, 157» 163-5,
169, 171, 184-5, 189, 195, 203-5, 222
227, 231, 233, 235, 262, 284, 294-5, 298,
300
concept of, 21, 60—2, 89
denial of, 8, 79, 88, 90-2, 95-6, 103, 105-8,
164-5, i67 I7i”3» I75 301
justification of, 8, 88, 90-1, 105-6, 164-5,
167, 169, 171-3, 236, 301
and modern states, 16
Gerber, Alla, 219, 226
German Federal Court of Justice, ruling of 1979,
77» 300
German guilt, 28-9, 85
German history, normalization of, 77—9, 163
German memory law, 8, 26, 75, 81, 92, 124—5,
163, 300, 306
German Penal Code
Article 130, 71, 76, 88, 135
Article 131, 72, 76
Article 185, 76
Article 86a, 63
Germans as victims, 78, 80, 145
Ginzburg, Carlo, 122
global history, 14, 43, 46-50, 56-8, 302
globalization, 50
good war myth, 129, 147, 218, 280
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 98, 138, 218, 222-5, 274
Gozman, Leonid, 287-9
Great Patriotic War, 202, 207, 224, 228, 251,
254, 261, 297
cult of, 10, 76, 87, 134-6, 143, 146, 170,
178-80, 182-3, 185-8, 192, 194, 200,
206-7, 216-19, 223-5, 227~9 237
247-59» 28o, 282-3, 292-3, 296, 308
Russian law on the commemoration of, 187,
228
Ukrainian law on the commemoration of,
187, 200
Greek memory law, 96, 1 o 1, 124- 5
Gryzlov, Boris, 268
Gudkov, Dmitriy, 299
guilt of nations, 40
Gulag, 27, 83, 133, 249, 307
Habermas, Jürgen, 12, 79, 130, 301
harkis, 113
hate speech, 7, 17, 20, 38, 66, 68-72, 74—5, 83,
98, 118, 135, 302
Havel, Vaclav, 153
hegemony of the West, 126, 130
Heimat, 54
Helsinki Accords, 45,152
heritage, 22, 27, 54, 82, 85, no, 136, 147, 215,
220, 238-9, 304
heroic war myths, 30-2, 40, 83, 89, 129, 134,
188, 202, 218
Hiroshima, 32, 268
historians’ protests against memory laws, 21-2, 97,
119-24, 201, 245, 270
historic turn in contemporary thought, 49—50,
309
Index
315
Historical Archives of Hungarian State Security,
156
historical concepts, 5-6, 13, 47, 50, 58-9, 243
historical consciousness, 6, 11—12, 25, 27-8, 33,
35, 40, 45, 49, 52-3, 57-9, 144, 209, 212,
301-2, 304, 307
event-centered, 14, 52, 302, 310
historical memory
Eastern European model of, 127—8, 132, 305
Russian model of, 309
Western model of, 294, 303
Historical Memory Foundation, 282—3
historical memory, concept of, 11
historical revisionism, 26, 79, 190, 218, 254-6,
258, 261, 274, 282
historical time, 51, 55-8, 126, 135, 138, 239
historicism, 5, 49, 244
Historikerstreit, 12, 54, 79, 83
history as an object of law, 17
history from below, 42, 44, 54
history without guilt, 126
history-based ideologies, 12, 21, 43, 57, 59, 302
historyless elites, 139, 165, 181
Hitler, Adolf, 7, 30, 71, 129, 178, 246, 250,
252, 256, 258, 262, 273, 294, 306
Hobsbawm, Eric, 122
Hollande, François, 105-7
Holocaust
as a caesura in civilization, 34
justification of, 89, 164, 167, 169, 190
television miniseries, 5 5
as a universal symbol, 24, 33, 37, 50-1, 303
Holocaust denial, 1-3, 7-8, 15—20, 22, 26-7,
38, 44, 54, 60, 63, 72-3, 77-8, 82-4,
87-90, 92-4, 96-7, 100-1, 108, 115,
117-19, 124-5, I27. x35, 145, 152, 160,
162-4, 166-9, 172, 176, 189, 195, 200,
237, 259, 272, 284-7, 293-5, 2,97» 3O0
302, 307
Holocaust memorials, 134
Holocaust-and-heritage paradigm, 54, 82, 163,
304
Holocaust-centered memory regime, 10, 34—5,
38, 45, 51, 76, 79, 82, 89, 97, 119, 125,
127, 220
Holodomor, 21, 133, 183—6, 189, 194, 196,
198, 204
denial of, 189-90, 195, 200, 204, 300
and the Holocaust, 189-90, 195, 200, 204
justification of, 190
recognition of, 98, 185, 189
Horthy, Miklos, 145
human dignity, concept of, 17, 72, 172
human rights ideology, 25, 39, 45—6, 49, 52, 82,
152
human rights legislation, 63, 69, 74
human rights revolution, 45
Hungarian memory law, 95, 171—3, 175-6
Hungarian revolution of 1956, 154
ideal image of the West, 136, 138, 209
identity
concept of, 11,37
and memory, n-12, 19, 38, 41, 43, 243, 265
ideology
and geopolitics, 256
and history, 244
incitement to hatred, 68, 70-4, 88, 90, 96,
117-18, 149, 151, 154, 164-6, 169, 173,
175, 221, 226, 228, 232, 235, 266, 287, 290
Institute for Historical Review, 26
International Committee of Historical Sciences,
123
International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 69,73,
97»
International Criminal Court
Judgment of, 168
Statute of, 92, 95, 98, 105-6, 125, 165, 168,
176
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,,
168
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia, 168
Interregional Holocaust Foundation in Russia,
219
Irving, David, 26, 117
Israeli memory law, 8, 81, 124
Italian Constitution of 1947, Disposition XII of
the Transitional and Final Provisions, 64
Italian memory law, 91, 96-7, 123—5
Italian Society for the Study of Contemporary
History, 123
Jaspers, Karl, 29
Jedwabne, 142, 144
Jordan, Colin, 71
juditialization of the past, 60, 122, 304
juridification, 12, 67, 168, 301
Kaczyriski, Jarosfaw, 205
Kaczyriski, Lech, 161, 170
Katyn massacre, 133, 218, 271, 274
Kemalist revolution, 61, 99
KGB, 131, 156, 188, 225, 227, 288
and SS, 288
KGB Museum (Genocide and Resistance
Research Center) in Lithuania, 157
Khrushchev, Nikita, 132-4, 136, 187, 216
Kirilenko, Vyacheslav, 195-6, 204
3i 6
Index
Kiriyenko, Sergey, 234-5
Klarsfeld, Beate, 121
Klarsfeld, Serge, i2r
Kohl, Helmut, 53-4, 77, 79-80, 85, 215
Kolerov, Modest, 186, 191, 256, 260-1, 266,
282, 284
Kolesnichenko, Vadim, 186, 191—2, 198
Korean War, 33
Kosiv, Mikhailo, 198
Kosovo crisis, 213
Kravchuk, Leonid, 181, 187
Kuchma, Leonid, 181—2, 187
Lanzmann, Claude, 121
last utopia, 25, 46, 49
late capitalism, 55-6
Latvian memory law, 95, 171-2, 175
Lavrov, Sergey, 250,255-9,273
Le Goff, Jacques, 122
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 26
leader cult, 133, 166-7, 216, 233, 262
League of Nations, Covenant of, 67
Leipzig trial of German war criminals, 61
Lemkin, Raphael, 62
Lenin, Vladimir, 204, 209, 252
Lewis, Bernard, 21
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 212, 226,
296
liberal narrative, 51—2, 136, 138, 140, 209—13,
215, 220, 241, 244, 277
liberal nationalism (or national liberalism), 140-1,
179, 188, 194
libertarianism, 18
Liberté pour P Histoire, 120—4, 270
Liechtenstein’s memory law, 91, 101, 125
Lincoln, Abraham, 209
linguistic turn in historiography, 46—7
Lipstadt, Deborah, 19, 26, 117
Lithuanian memory law, 95, 171, 173—6
logic of proper names, 6, 13, 59, 243, 263—5,
310
London Agreement of August 1945, 61, 86, 91,
93, 165, 168, 272, 275
lustration, 6, 153, 155, 157, 169, 188, 196, 204
Luxembourgian memory law, 91, 124—5
Luzgin, Vladimir, 296
Luzhkov, Yuriy, 260, 284
Lyashko, Oleh, 200-1, 204—5
Macedonian memory law, 94, 169—70, 175
Maidan Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, 177,
205
Maltese memory law, 95, 125
Mancino Law (legge Man ci no), 73
Marchandeau, Paul, 67
Marchandeau Act (loi Marchandeau), 67, 85
market reforms, 139, 153, 180, 190, 209—10,
214, 227, 239, 242, 244, 306
Marxism, 39, 42, 47, 56, 137—8, 212, 263,
301
Masse, Christophe, 102—3
master narratives, 13, 25, 43, 46, 49, 136, 244,
302
and singular events, 13
Mazepa, Ivan, 183
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 153
McCarthyism, 3 3
Meciar, Vladimir, 164
Medvedev, Dmitriy, 185, 241, 267—8, 270—1,
278, 282, 284, 289
Meir Kahane, 81
Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, 198, 205
Mekachera, Hamlaoui, 112
Mekachera Act (loi Mekachera), 3, 112—14, 119,
121—2, 203, 295
Memorial society, 222—3, 259—60
Memorial, Aggregated Database, 223
memory
concept of, 23,43,48
rise of, I, ii, 21-3, 25, 27, 34, 37, 40-2,
46-50, 53-5, 57, 75, 100, no, 128, 130,
133» 147 2.39, 265, 304, 309
memory boom, 2, 11, 14, 22, 24, 27-8, 34,
36-8, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52-3, 60, 83, no,
135, 302
memory laws
concept of, 1—8, 300—1
in the Nordic countries, 118-19
types of, 6, 163, 170-1, 176, 205, 301, 305-6
memory of the Holocaust, 21, 27, 32, 34—8, 45,
50-2, 55, 60, 66-7, 71, 76, 78, 80-2, 85,
93, 98, 115, 118, 133-5, *44—5 147-8,
152, 162, 220, 286, 293, 302-3, 306-7,
310
and decolonization, 36
in Eastern Europe, 142—5
in Russia, 219—20, 250, 282-3, 285, 309
in Ukraine, 183
memory studies, 9, 22, 47, 130
and cultural pessimism, 22
memory wars, concept of, n—12
Menthon, François de, 28
Migaud, Didier, 102
militant democracy, 15, 190
militarism, 8, 28, 149—50, 294
Mironov, Sergey, 269
Miroshnichenko, Yuriy, 193
Mitterrand, François, 84
modern idea of history, 50, 56—8
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 178
Index
317
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 178-9, 217, 222,
253, 256-7, 268, 273, 281
Montenegrin memory law, 95, 171, 173,
175-6
Moscal, Gennadiy, 190
Moscow Anti-Fascist Center, 219,226
Moscow City Duma, 226, 229—30, 232—3
Mosley, Oswald, 69
multiculturalism, 23, m, 123
multimemorism, 23, 108, no
Munich agreement, 256-7, 273—4
Museum of Martyrology of the Polish and Other
Nations, 135
museums of occupation, 156
Mussolini, Benito, 263
myth of silence, 32, 36
Nagasaki, 32, 268
Narochnitskaya, Nataliya, 251-2, 259, 268
narrative of human liberation, 49, 57
Naryshkin, Sergey, 268
National Day of Remembrance of Man’s
inhumanity to Man, 100
national liberation movements, 37, 141, 174,
195—6, 200, 203, 280, 305
national narratives, 10, 14, 31, 42, 44, 54, 85,
138, 174, 176, 180, 200, 205, 305-8, 310
culture-centered, 215, 238, 308
state-centered, 207, 238, 308-9
nationalism, 10, 21, 33, 41, 44, 50, 61, 97, 99,
108, no, 117, 132, 140-1, 145, 148, 154,
156, 164, 173, 177, 179-81, 183-4, 186,
191, 193, 195-7, *01, 203, 206-7, 2.09,
211-12, 219-20, 222, 225-7, 23* 233“4
236-8, 241, 251, 255-6, 260, 263, 265-6,
275, 277, 279-80, 286, 289, 293, 296, 298,
304, 308, 310
and communism, 132, 138, 140, 142, 144,
212
in the East and in the West, 140-2
and fascism, 211, 264, 283, 305
and liberalism, 138, 140, 182, 188, 194, 199,
214, 241
and relativism, 14
revival of, 14, no, 140, 145-6, 170, 213,
241, 251, 282, 308-9
nationalization of the past, 80, 277
nation-states, 44, 54, 79, 140-2, 145, 305,
308
NATO-Russia Founding Act, 213
Nazi allies, 179, 197, 207, 258, 263, 269, 279
Nazi crimes, 35, 66-7, 72, 74-6, 78, 86, 121,
130, 148, 151, 157-8, 160, 162, 166, 172,
174-6, 195, 254, 272, 275, 284, 286, 291,
303, 306-8
concept of, 28, 32, 37-8, 61-3, 94-5, I25
143, 164, 175, 219, 231, 234, 275, 285,
293
denial of, 79, 81, 88, 91-2, 95-6, 124, 152,
161-3, 165» 168, 172-4, 193, 195, 231-2,
268, 272, 285, 303, 306-7
justification of, 81, 91-2, 163, 165, 168, 174,
193, 231, 235, 268, 272
Nazi ideology, 29, 72, 196, 221, 228, 282
Nazi symbols, ban on, 63, 72, 158, 160, 201,
204, 221, 228, 230, 232, 234, 280
Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,
66, 82
Nazism, 23, 28-9, 33, 65, 76-8, 89, 119, 126,
150, 154, 199, 202, 253, 265, 269, 284,
306-7
and communism, 133, 139, 144, 146-8, 152,
I54 i57-^4 I72—5 I95~6 201-2, 204,
208, 246, 249, 252, 254, 257-8, 269, 303,
306-8
collaboration with, 84, 88, 142, 151, 156,
165, 183, 187, 193, 196, 217, 280, 283
concept of, 149, 234, 237, 262-4, 2^5, 294
propaganda of, 76, 88, 160, 193, 195, 197,
236
victory over, 29, 134, 150, 170, 182, 187,
197, 200, 202, 219, 226-7, 246-8, 250
negarionism, deflective, 145, 158, 162, 168,
172, 174, 176, 202, 308
neoconservatism, 25, 53-5, 57, 85, no, 304
neo-fascism, 26, 65, 73, 93, 130, 179, 193, 226,
230, 237, 241, 255
neoliberalism, 25, 41, 52-3, 55, 57, 304
neo-Nazism, 26, 135, 193, 226
propaganda of, 198
neo-Ottomanism, 110-11
Netherlands’ Holocaust denial legislation, 119,
300
Nolte, Ernst, 79
Nora, Pierre, 1, 5, 8, n, 22-3, 27, 44, 47-8, 51,
55, 121-2, 124
nostalgia, 22, in, 126-7, I33 181, 2,10, 213,
238, 306
Nuremberg trials, 28, 65-6, 143, 151, 161
Nuremberg Tribunal, 66, 86-7, 93, 148,
151, 157, 166, 168, 235, 254, 261-2,
275 29i
Charter of, 61-2, 66, 86-7, 91, 93, 95, 102,
106, 125, 162, 165, 168, 176, 231, 234,
285, 293
Indictment of, 275
Judgment of, 87, 94-5, 125, 168, 176, 192,
254, 266, 268, 272-5, 284-5, 291-3, 296,
298
Verdict of, 125, 166
3x8
Index
Obama, Barack, 271
October putsch in Russia, 226-7
October Revolution, 134, 248
Orange Revolution, 182, 186, 188, 260, 279
Orban, Viktor, 154, 173
Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe’s Vilnius Declaration, 269
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 18 3-4,
193, 196, 199, 203
Orthodox Church, 212, 241, 279
Ôzal, Turgut, no
Pamyat’ (“Memory”) Society, 225
Panarin, Aleksandr, 211
Paris Commune, 6
Paris Peace Conference, 61, 67
particularism, 23, 35-7, 50-1, 138, 309
Party of the Regions, 182, 186, 189, 191, 193,
198, 205
Pasqua, Charles, 84
patriotism, 30, 68, 248
cultural, 54, 82, 85, 215-16, 220, 238, 304,
309
Pavlovskiy, Gleb, 59, 244» 259-61, 284
perestroika, 98, 136, 138,179, 206, 208-9, 225,
246
Perinçek, Dogu, 108
Pétain, Philippe, 68, 84
Peter the Great, 209, 213, 215, 251-2
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier, 21, 120, 122
philosophies of history, 13, 49, 52, 59, 211-12,
244 3°*
Pleven Act (loi Pleven), 74-5, 84-5
Polish Institute of National Remembrance, 151,
156, 158, 160-1, 189
Polish memory law, 92, 155, 158, 160-4, 166,
170, 173, 175, 303
political crisis in Russia, 2011-2012, 277
political technologies, 214
and historical memory, 244-5
politics of history, concept of, 11-12
populism, 25, 50, 141, 212, 304, 309
Poroshenko, Petro, 201, 205
Portuguese Law on Fascist Organizations, 64-5
Portuguese memory law, 94, 101, 125, 175
post-class struggle, age of, 132, 137
post-colonial system, 38, 67
postmodernism, 34, 43, 49, 52, 55-6, 139
postwar economic growth, 31, 33, 39, 76, 131
Prague Declaration on European Conscience
and Communism, 95, 147, 160, 190, 254,
259
presenrism, 46, 55
Primakov, Evgeniy, 212
Prodi, Romano, 97
propaganda
anti-communist, 301
anti-Soviet, 148, 221
of war, 150, 195, 230
Soviet, 134, 144, 179, 216-17
Proshechkin, Evgeniy, 226, 229—34, 267
prototype theory of classification, 5, 263
public order, concept of, 18
Public Order Act of 1936, 68, 71
Public Order Act of 1986, 71,118
Pushkin, Alexander, 215
Pussy Riot case, 277
Putin, Vladimir, 10, 59, 127, 131, 134, 146,
148, 170, 176-9, 182, 193, 198, 201,
206-7, 235-41, 243-53, *56,
259-60, 264-5, 27x, 277-82, 284,
288-90, 292-4, 299, 308-9
Race Relations Act, 70-1
racial hatred, concept of, 72
racism, 7, 10, 36, 38, 60, 67-70, 74-5, 81,
92-3, 125, 162, 176, 226, 234, 236, 255,
262, 266, 293—4, 3OÏ
radical conservatism in Russia, politics of,
277-80, 289
Ravensbriick, 134
Reagan, Ronald, 53-4, 78-9, 85
Rebérioux, Madeleine, 84-5
Regnum News Agency, 261, 282
rehabilitation of Nazism, 67, 187, 191-2, 197,
218, 234, 258, 261, 265-9, *74 *82-7,
*93~5 *97
Community of Independent States’ model law
against, 283-6, 295
Reitz, Edgar, 55
relativism, 18, 50, 52
Rémond, René, 1-2, 5, 13, 17, 22-4, 121
reparations, 38, 41, 64
resistance myths, 30-1, 88, 119, 131, 135, 158
restitution, 17, 153
retributive justice, 141, 58, 60-1
reunification of Germany, 78—9, 306
rigid designator, 243
Romanian memory law, 166, 168, 170, 175-6
Romanian National Council for the Study of
Securitate Archives, 156
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 209
Rudenko, Roman, 28
Russian Empire, 209, 215, 242, 250-1
Russian idea of the state, 178, 238, 240-1, 246,
249, 252
Russian law on extremism, 192, 235-7, 265-7,
280, 284, 290, 294
Russian law on the rehabilitation of the repressed
peoples, 222
Index
319
Russian memory law (Yarovaya Act), 10, 87,
175» i92“3^ *99 2-07» 2.66-9, 2.71» 2.81,
283, 285, 289-96, 309
Russian memory law drafts, 163, 186-7, 192
Russian National Unity, 225, 230
Russian neo-imperialism, 127, 146, 148, 170,
182, 206-7, 277, 308
Russian Penal Code, Article 282, 232, 23 5, 266,
287, 293
Russian Rehabilitation Act, 222
Russian Research and Educational Holocaust
Center, 219, 282
Russian-Georgian War, 259
Rwandan memory law, 8
Sachsenhausen, 134
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 103
Sarre, Georges, 84
Satarov, Georgiy, 229
Sattelzeit, 5 8
Scelba, Mario, 64
Scelba Law (legge Scelba), 8, 64-5, 301
Schmidt, Helmut, 76-7
Schumacher, Kurt, 29
search movement, 223, 225, 229
Seleznyov, Gennadiy, 212
self-victimization, 138, 176, 305
Shoah, 17, 27, 32-3, 38, 77, 80, 82, 88, 108-9,
121, 123—4, 130, 142, 145, 162, 167, 183,
220, 303
Shoygu, Sergey, 261
Shukhevych
Roman, 183-4, 200
Yuriy, 200-1, 203-4
Simonenko, Petro, 192-5, 198-9, 204
Six-Day War, 67, 81, 83
Skoybeda, Ulyana, 287
slave trade, 3, 21, 92, 102-3, 107, 112, 120
denial of, 106
justification of, 106
slavery, 3, 36, 38, 61, 112, 209
denial of, 106
justification of, 106
Slavic-Orthodox civilization, concept of,
211-12
Slavophiles in Russia, 209, 211
slippery-siope argument, 16, 304
Slovak memory law, 156, 158, 164-6, 168, 170,
175-6
Slovak Nation’s Memory Act, 158, 166
Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute, 156, 158
Slovenian memory law, 94, 101, 168-70, 175
social history, 42-4, 57
social-liberal consensus, 25, 33, 39
Solzhenitsyn effect, 83
Sonderweg, 14, 209, 212
sovereign democracy, concept of, 241, 243, 263,
265
Soviet army, 178, 194, 197, 202, 217, 249, 273,
289, 297
Soviet conception of history, 208—9
Soviet empire, 45,128,131-2,136-7,177, 180,
217, 222, 239, 251-2, 306
Soviet history, normalization of, 238-41, 243,
245, 248-9, 260
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 136
Soviet invasion of Hungary, 3 3
Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, 10, 174,
197, 217, 250, 257
Soviet Penal Code
Article 190.1, 148, 293
Article 70, 148
Spanish Amnesty Law, 90,114
Spanish Civil War, 2, 6, 89, 114—16
Spanish Historical Memory Law (Ley de la
Memoria Histórica), 2,114—16
Spanish memory law, 90-1, 117, 125, 301
Spiegel, Boris, 186, 285-7, 289-90, 292-5
Spiegel, Gabrielle M., 34, 47
Stalin, Joseph, 10, 65, 98, 129, 133—4, I47»
178-9, 185, 196, 198, 208, 213, 216-18,
221-2, 225, 231, 239, 242, 245, 247, 249,
252, 256, 258, 271, 273, 279, 292, 297-8,
309
popularity of, 180,208,244,246—7
Putin on, 246
Stalinism, 148, 199, 204, 208, 222, 230-1, 247,
257, 260, 298, 307
Stalinist crimes
concept of, 157
denial of, 163, 195, 298
Stasi Records Act, 155
Stasi Records Agency, 156
state repentance, 17, 19, 24, 40, 85, 101, 158,
162, 205, 303
stateless peoples, 178
state-sponsored crimes, 16, 40, 167
Stepashin, Sergey, 235-6
Stockholm International Forum on the
Holocaust, 34
Sungorkin, Vladimir, 288
surfeit of memory, 23
Surkov, Vladislav, 241-2
Svoboda (“Liberty”) Party, 186, 188, 200-1
Swiss memory law, 88, 101, 125
Taubira Act (loi Taubira), 3, 102, 112, 120
Taubira, Christiane, 112, 120
Thälmann, Ernst, 135
Thatcher, Margaret, 53—4, 78, 85
320
Index
thirty glorious years, 31, 39
Timoshenko, Yulia, 186, 189, 196
Tiso, Father Jozef, 145, 156, 165
Tokyo trials of Japanese war criminals,
61, 65
totalitarianism, 29, 34, 43, 60, 12,6, 146,
154» 156» 159» 195-6, 208, 222,
229-30, 253, 258, 262, 264, 271,
298,307
traditional values, 53, 251, 279
trauma, cultural, 13, 34—5, 40-1, 37
Treaty of Sèvres, 61
Treaty of Versailles, 61
trials of Turkish war criminals, 61
Trunov, Mikhail, 225
truth
historical, 20, 12$, 168, 254
legal, 20, 125
Tsarev, Oleh, 193
Turkey’s accession to the European Union, 101
Turkish neo-imperialism, 111
Turkish Penal Code, Article 301, 111, 296, 300,
309
Tusk, Donald, 271
Tyahnibok, Oleh, 188, 204
Tymoshenko, Yulia, 186, 197
Ukraine crisis, 10, 170, 172, 177, 207, 247, 275,
289, 298
Ukraine’s independence, struggle for, 179, 188,
194—6, 200, 202-4, 30°
Ukrainian institute of National Memory,
188—9, 200, 205
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 183—4, I93 196,
199-200, 203
Ukrainian memory law (Simonenko Act),
192-3, 198-9
Ukrainian memory law drafts, 187
Ukrainian Rehabilitation Act, 187, 203
United Russia party, 260—1, 266—8, 271—3,
276—8, 281, 284—5, 2,87, 289
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 63, 65,
151* 2.03
universal values, 13—14, 24, 37, 41, 121
universaiism, 50—1, 59, 209, 309
Varela, Pedro, 90
Vasilyev, Dmitriy, 225
Versailles system, 256
veterans
associations of, 187, 218, 223—5, 227
laws on, 6, 113, 157, 187, 196, 199, 202,
219, 224—5, 2,27—9
Veyne, Paul, 121
Vasilyev, Voiodymyr, 200
Vichy regime, 68, 84
victimhood, culture of, 13, 22—3, 25, 34, 36,
3S-43 75« 12,6, 133, 135, 137-8, 145«
304-5» 307» 309
victimization of the past, 13, 40—1, 44, 54, 57,
64, 117, 140, 145, 147, 184, 228, 303, 305,
309
Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 83, 85, 121
Volhynia massacre, 184, 203, 205
Volodin, Vyacheslav, 268, 277
Waffen-SS, 193, 198—9
Wajda, Andrzej, 271
Walls, Manuel, 107
war crimes, 29, 31, 37—8, 66, 72, 74, 86, 92,
94, 98, 125, 158, 175, 187, 203, 217,
231, 234, 249, 262, 271-3, 275, 284,
294-5
concept of, 61,223—5
denial of, 91—2, 95—6, 161, 164—5, 168—9,
171-3
justification of, 91, 164-5, 168-9, 172—3,
2-3 5
war memorials, 134, 146, 186, 191, 199, 202,
228
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 76—7
Washington, George, 209
welfare state, 33, 39, 41, 46, 53
Westernizers in Russia, 209
Wilson, Harold, 70
Winter War, 119
World Congress of Russian Jewry, 186, 281
World War I, 28—30, 60, 101, 108, 257
World War II, 10, 26, 29—30, 32, 34, 40, 61,
63, 67-8, 74-5» 89, 99» 119» I29 M3»
146-8, 150, 154, 165, 190, 193, 196-9,
202, 218, 227, 246-7, 250, 254—8, 269,
273, 279-80, 288-9, 291-2, 296-7, 303,
307, 309
in recent historiography, 218, 249
world war, threat of, 33, 216
world wars, 30, 33, 44, 60, 257
World without Nazism, 186, 281—4, 286-7
Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 223—4
Yalta System, 10, 65, 127, 130, 146-7, 207,
250, 252, 265
Yanukovych, Viktor, 177, 182-3, l86, 190—1,
193, 198-9
Yarovaya Act, 309
Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 195, 200-1, 203, 205
Year of Heritage, 5 3
Year of Historical Memory, 115
Index
321
Yeltsin, Boris, 153, 180-1, 207» 209-16,
218—20, 222, 225—9, 237—8, 240,
245-6, 248, 274, 309
Yom Kippur War, 81
Yugoslav wars, 92
Yushchenko, Viktor, 170, 182—6, 189—90,
195-6, 200, 204
Zapatero, José Luis Rodriguez, 115
Zatulin, Konstantin, 182, 191, 260—8,
283-6
Zhelezniak, Sergey, 289
Zhirinovskiy, Vladimir, 226
Zorkaltsev, Viktor, 233—4, 262—3
Zundel case, 82
l!
■¿yvmor: :
Staatsbibliothek
München
‘j
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments page ix
Chronological Table xiii
Introduction i
1 The Rise of Memory and the Origins of Memory Laws 25
2 Memory Laws in Western Europe 60
3 Memory Laws in Eastern Europe 126
4 Memory Laws in Ukraine 177
5 Memory Laws in Yeltsin’s Russia 207
6 Memory Laws in Putin’s Russia 238
Conclusion 300
Index 311
vii
Index
Accoyer, Bernard, 3, 123
Accoyer Commission, 3, 103, 124
Accoyer Report, 3—4
Additional Protocol to the Convention on
Cybercrime, 93-4, 169, 171, 176
Adenauer, Konrad, 29, 72, 77-8, 135
Afghanistan, War in, 199, 224, 227
age of ideologies, 12,59
age of memory, 12—13, 21—2, 40, 49, 59, 127,
302
Albanian Genocide Law, 157
Albanian memory law, 171, 175
Algerian war, 3,33,112-14
Altman, Ilya, 282
American Association for the Advancement of
Slavic Studies, 270
American Historical Association, 123, 270
Americanization of the Holocaust, 3 3,
51» 55
Andorra’s memory law, 94» 101, 125
Ann/ifc School, 42, 47, 137
anti-communism, 28, 128, 130, 152, 157, 173»
196, 231, 248, 255, 263, 301
anti-fascism, 80, 97, 149» 152, 168, 173,
212, 226, 233, 249» 257, 262, 283,
305
anti-fascist legislation, 7, 33, 3^ 60-7, 75, 128,
148-52, 229, 237, 302, 305
anti-Hitler coalition, 192—3, 198—9, 265,
268-70, 273
anti-racist legislation, 38, 45, 60, 66—75, 85, 88,
93, 95, 97, 102, 118-19, i5z *68» 232»
302, 305
anti-Semitism, 15, 26, 33, 67—72, 84—5, 91»
108, 142-5, 166, 186, 195» 227 255
301
Antonescu, Ion, 145, 166
archives
laws on, 200-1
opening of, 155—7» J88, 200, 245» 27°
Aristotelian logic, 5
Armenian genocide, 3, 21, 6c^i, 92, 100-1,
103, 105-6, 108, 111-12, 122, 296,
300, 309
Allied Joint Declaration on, 60
attempts to criminalize its denial in France,
102—8
French “Armenian” law, 3, 101-2, 112, 117,
124
memory of, 98-100
recognition of, 99—102,110
Turkey’s position on, 99, 110—12
asymmetry of European memory, 9,130,
303
August putsch in Russia, 213, 225, 248
Auschwitz, 135, 307
Auschwitz trials, 67
Auschwitz-lie, 2, 7, 300
Austrian Insignia Act, 72
Austrian memory law, 88, 92, 124, 301
Austrian Prohibition Law (Verbotsgesetz), 63,
88, 151
Bandera, Stepan, 183—4, 280
Banner of Victory, 197,259
Barbie, Klaus, 84
Barkashov, Aleksandr, 225
Belgian memory law, 89, 92, 124
Bereza, Borislav, 205
Berlusconi, Silvio, 97
Bevz, Ihor, 193
Brtburg scandal, 79
Blair, Tony, 117-18
BJois Appeal (Appel de Blois), 122—3
Bolotnaya affair, 277
Boyer, Valerie, 103—7
Brandenburg doctrine, 18
Brandt, Willy, 76-7
Brezhnev, Leonid, 135, 213, 216, 248
British Holocaust Denial Act (draft), 117
Bronze Soldier of Tallinn, 146, 259
Buchenwald, 13 4_ 5
312
Index
Bulgarian memory law, 171, 175
Bush, George W., 178
Carto, Willis, 26
Catherine II, 213, 215, 252
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 132
censorship of historical thought, 8, 21, 120
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 183
Chechen War
First, 219, 227-8
Second, 23 5—6
Chirac, Jacques, 41, 84, 114
Chomsky, Noam, 83
Chubais, Anatoliy, 181, 214
Chubarov, Refat, 205
cité domestique-, 56—7
cité industrielley 57
cité marchandey 56—7
civil law countries, 18-19,118
civil rights movement, 36—7, 45,67
class struggle, 33, 42-3, 209, 263
age of, 25, 33, 39-40» 42-4, 53, 55, 132
Cold War, 28, 33, 38-9, 45, 54, 66, 72, 80, 88,
134, 146, 152, 254, 257-8, 301, 304
colonialism, 36, 38, 44, 60, 69, 75, 98, 112-13,
119, 121, 133, 137, 216, 302
Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes
against the Polish Nation, 151, 160, 162
Commission Reporting to the President to
Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the
Detriment of Russia’s Interests, 267, 270
Committee for Vigilance on the Public Uses of
History, 120-1
common law countries, 18-19,117
communism, 46, 83, 126—34, 136, 138, 140,
147, 152, 154, 156-7, 162, 165, 180, 184,
206, 212, 216-17, 242-3, 248, 252-3
appeal of, 131
criminal nature of, 154, 157, 196, 204
fall of, 25, 45» 54» 78-9» 97» 131-2» 138»
140-1, 144, 146, 151-2, 161, 163, 180,
210, 213, 219, 244, 305
and Gaullism, 84
propaganda of, 149, 158, 160, 195, 205
resistance to, 126, 131, 139, 145, 150, 157,
176, 179, 187-8, 202, 306
communist crimes, 80, 92, 98, 134, 144, 153,
156-8, 162, 165-6, 172, 174-6, 185» r95»
206, 230, 249, 253-4, 306-8
denial of, 98, 147—8, 152, 160—4, 169-74,
176, 237, 303, 306-8
justification of, 163-4, 174
communist ideology, 12, 137-8, 149, 153, 188,
194, 196, 214, 244, 305
communist narrative, 132-3, 209, 263
communist parties, prohibition of, 15 3—4,
158-9, 188
Communist Party of the Russian Federation,
212, 214, 225, 227, 233, 274
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 189,
212, 214, 216, 221, 223—6, 248
trial of, 214, 233
Communist Party of Ukraine, 181, 189
communist symbols, ban on, 153, 15 8—60, 188,
194, 196, 201, 204, 214
communitarianism, 18
competition of victims, 4, 24, 39, 41, 120—1,
309
Condorcet, Nicolas de, 61
Continuation War. See Winter War
Convention on the Non-Applicability of
Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and
Crimes against Humanity, 74, 152, 234
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment
of the Crime of Genocide, 62, 6 5—6, 1 51
Costa, Jean-Paul, 106
counter-memories, 40, 43, 132, 138, 217, 280
Crime and Disorder Act, 118
Crimea, annexation of, 10, 181, 200, 204, 207,
260, 280, 287, 290
Crimean Tatars, 197
crimes against humanity, 1, 6—7, 28, 44, 63, 66,
81, 84-5, 87-8, 90, 92-3, 95, 98, 1 o 1, 105,
112-13, 121, 124—5, 148, 157-8, 161,
163, 166-7, I7I i84 2°2» 2°5 234» 2 ^2»
272, 284, 293-5, 300, 306-7
concept of, 60-2, 176
denial of, 7, 18, 88, 91-2, 95-6, 101, 105—6,
118, 161, 164-5» 167» 169, 171-5» *93»
198, 285
imprescriptibility of, 74—5,151—2
justification of, 7, 91, 105-6, 164—5, 167,
169, 171-3» 193» 198
crimes against peace, 28, 86, 94, 125, 158, 164,
167, 231, 233-4, 272, 284-5, 294
concept of, 61
denial of, 96, 161, 165, 171-2, 175, 268, 272
justification of, 164-5, 171-2» J75» I9°» 268,
272
crimes against the Jewish people, 66, 81
crimes against the Polish nation, 162
Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 92
crisis of history, 22, 46-7, 49, 55, 57
crisis of objectivity, 46—9
crisis of the future, 22—3, 35, 46, 52, 83, 136,
140, 210, 216
Cuban missile crisis, 33
cultural history, 11, 42, 44, 137
cultural turn in historiography, 42-3, *37
Cypriot memory law, 94, 96, toi
Index
3x3
Czech Act on the Illegality of the Communist
Regime and on Resistance to It, 157,
163
Czech Institute for the Study of Totalitarian
Regimes, 156
Czech memory law, 163—4, 170, 175
Czechoslovak Lustration Act, 155
Daladier, Édouard, 67
Day of Remembrance and Reconciliation in
Ukraine, 202
Day of Remembrance for the Armenian Martyrs
in Uruguay, 100
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political
Repressions in Russia, 271
de Gaulle, Charles, 30, 68, 82—4
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to
Colonial Countries and Peoples, 69
declarative memory laws, 3, 6, 23, 122, 154,
157, 222
decolonization, 36-7, 69
de-communization laws, 7, 129, 152—60, 168
205
in Ukraine, 171, 188, 204-5, 306
Degtyaryov, Mikhail, 296-8
democracy
concept of, 243
transition to, 114-15, 136, 138, 170, 209
as a universalistic project, 14
democratic culture of memory, 44-5, 137, 220,
295, 304, 308
democratic revolution in historiography, 25, 42,
137
denazification, 29, 63, 149
and de-communization, 159,162
deportations, 38, 190
of Armenians, 108
of civilians, 62
of the Crimean Tatars, 204—5
of French Jews, 4, 41, 82, 84, 112
of the repressed peoples in the USSR, 222,
298
of the Roma people, 167
of Ukrainians from Poland, 198
desecration of graves, 71, 191—2, 194-6, 199,
203, 229
destalinization, 133, 216
dictatorship laws in Ukraine, 175, 191,
198-200, 229
discrimination
incitement to, 73-4, 88, 90, 94, 97, 169,
262
racial, 38, 69-71, 74, 77, 85, 91, 96, 151,
22i, 232, 255, 287
Dobrynin, Konstantin, 289, 291-2, 294, 298
Donbass, 10, 193, 200, 207
Dugin, Aleksandr, 211, 251—2
duty of memory, 4, 22, 122, 245, 307
Dyukov, Aleksandr, 282
Dzhemilev, Mustafa, 198, 205
Dzurinda, Mikulas, 164
Eastern bloc, 132, 134, 136, 144, 148, 151, 153,
209, 250, 252
Eichmann trial, 32, 66
end of history, 46—7, 301
Enlightenment, 29, 45—6
Erdogan, Recep Tayyip, 99, 309
Eurasian civilization, concept of, 212, 251
Eurasianism, 209, 211-12, 241, 251
European Commission against Racism and
Intolerance, 127, 295
European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms, 63
European Council Framework Decision of
2008, 15, 92-8, 122-3, 125, 147, 164-5,
170-1, 175, 190, 268, 283, 285, 293,
301, 303
European Court of Human Rights, 15—16, 106,
108-9
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of
Stalinism and Nazism, 148
European Union Joint Action of 1996, 93,
303
European Union’s politics of memory, 10, 34,
81, 92, 148, 160, 176, 282, 303, 307
event-centered historical consciousness. See
historical consciousness
extremism, 26, 97, 190, 293
concept of, 236—7
and fascism, 227, 229-31
and rehabilitation of Nazism, 294
fallen soldiers, 4, 6, 31, 202, 223-4, 2,29
family resemblance, 5, 263, 300
far right, 6, 19, 26, 68, 71, 73, 81, 87, 96, 117,
141, 170, 179, 186, 190, 205, 212, 219,
225, 227, 229, 237, 241, 257, 264-5, *96,
305
fascism, 8,19, 29-30, 63-5, 82, 84, 90, 97, n8
127, 13 3—4» 143» 149-5^ 158-93 163»
186, 188, 205, 208, 211, 226, 228, 235,
249-50, 256-7, 269
concept of, 149, 179, 233-4, 237, 262-4,
297
justification of, 164, 233
propaganda of, 7-8, 64-5, 149-50, 158, 160,
186, 188, 191, 193, 195, 229, 232-3, 236,
262
314
Index
fascism (cont.)
Russian, 211-12, 225-8, 250, 264
victory over, 134, 258
fascist crimes
denial of, 164, 198, 231-2
justification of, 164, 198, 232
fascist danger, 26, 60, 186, 219, 226-7, 257
266
fascist ideology, 63, 167, 193, 228, 233, 237
fascist parties, prohibition of, 63-5, 73, 150,
154, 158-60, 166, 226, 228-9
fascist symbols, ban on, 63, 73, 159-60, 166-7,
228-9, 233, 237, 267
Faurisson case, 26, 82-3, 85
Faurisson, Robert, 83, 87
Feldman, Oleksandr, 186, 197, 205
Filippov, Aleksandr, 242, 245
Filippov textbook, 242-4
Finnish Civil War, 119
First Amendment, 18,117
Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian
Federation, 254, 258
fragmentation of history, 13, 23, 46-9, 56—7,
244, 302
Franco regime, 2, 90, 114-16
Frank, Anne, 32
freedom of expression, 14-18, 70, 83, 90, 93,
108, 117-18, 122, 160, 165, 189-90, 201,
278, 294, 304
freedom of historical research, 15, 21, 97, 270
freedom of the press, French law of 1881, 72,
74, 102-3, 106
French memory law of 2017, 91, 175
Front National) 26, 84
Froyanov, Igor, 211
future, projects of, 14, 46, 216, 245
future-oriented ideologies, 34, 46, 58—9, 304
Gaidar, Yegor, 181, 214, 226
Gapes, Michael, 117-18
Garody, Roger, 87
Gayssot, Jean-Claude, 84
Gayssot Act (loi Gayssot), 3-4, 8, 22, 24, 26,
67, 75, 81-7, 92-4, 102-6, 119-21,
124-5, t^2» 165-6, 220, 231, 234, 237,
268, 301
genocide, 16, 19, 21, 31, 36, 44-5, 65, 69, 73-4,
78, 81, 89, 91, 93-5, 97, 100, 102-5, no-
12, 118, 120-1, 124-5, 157» 163-5,
169, 171, 184-5, 189, 195, 203-5, 222
227, 231, 233, 235, 262, 284, 294-5, 298,
300
concept of, 21, 60—2, 89
denial of, 8, 79, 88, 90-2, 95-6, 103, 105-8,
164-5, i67 I7i”3» I75 301
justification of, 8, 88, 90-1, 105-6, 164-5,
167, 169, 171-3, 236, 301
and modern states, 16
Gerber, Alla, 219, 226
German Federal Court of Justice, ruling of 1979,
77» 300
German guilt, 28-9, 85
German history, normalization of, 77—9, 163
German memory law, 8, 26, 75, 81, 92, 124—5,
163, 300, 306
German Penal Code
Article 130, 71, 76, 88, 135
Article 131, 72, 76
Article 185, 76
Article 86a, 63
Germans as victims, 78, 80, 145
Ginzburg, Carlo, 122
global history, 14, 43, 46-50, 56-8, 302
globalization, 50
good war myth, 129, 147, 218, 280
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 98, 138, 218, 222-5, 274
Gozman, Leonid, 287-9
Great Patriotic War, 202, 207, 224, 228, 251,
254, 261, 297
cult of, 10, 76, 87, 134-6, 143, 146, 170,
178-80, 182-3, 185-8, 192, 194, 200,
206-7, 216-19, 223-5, 227~9 237
247-59» 28o, 282-3, 292-3, 296, 308
Russian law on the commemoration of, 187,
228
Ukrainian law on the commemoration of,
187, 200
Greek memory law, 96, 1 o 1, 124- 5
Gryzlov, Boris, 268
Gudkov, Dmitriy, 299
guilt of nations, 40
Gulag, 27, 83, 133, 249, 307
Habermas, Jürgen, 12, 79, 130, 301
harkis, 113
hate speech, 7, 17, 20, 38, 66, 68-72, 74—5, 83,
98, 118, 135, 302
Havel, Vaclav, 153
hegemony of the West, 126, 130
Heimat, 54
Helsinki Accords, 45,152
heritage, 22, 27, 54, 82, 85, no, 136, 147, 215,
220, 238-9, 304
heroic war myths, 30-2, 40, 83, 89, 129, 134,
188, 202, 218
Hiroshima, 32, 268
historians’ protests against memory laws, 21-2, 97,
119-24, 201, 245, 270
historic turn in contemporary thought, 49—50,
309
Index
315
Historical Archives of Hungarian State Security,
156
historical concepts, 5-6, 13, 47, 50, 58-9, 243
historical consciousness, 6, 11—12, 25, 27-8, 33,
35, 40, 45, 49, 52-3, 57-9, 144, 209, 212,
301-2, 304, 307
event-centered, 14, 52, 302, 310
historical memory
Eastern European model of, 127—8, 132, 305
Russian model of, 309
Western model of, 294, 303
Historical Memory Foundation, 282—3
historical memory, concept of, 11
historical revisionism, 26, 79, 190, 218, 254-6,
258, 261, 274, 282
historical time, 51, 55-8, 126, 135, 138, 239
historicism, 5, 49, 244
Historikerstreit, 12, 54, 79, 83
history as an object of law, 17
history from below, 42, 44, 54
history without guilt, 126
history-based ideologies, 12, 21, 43, 57, 59, 302
historyless elites, 139, 165, 181
Hitler, Adolf, 7, 30, 71, 129, 178, 246, 250,
252, 256, 258, 262, 273, 294, 306
Hobsbawm, Eric, 122
Hollande, François, 105-7
Holocaust
as a caesura in civilization, 34
justification of, 89, 164, 167, 169, 190
television miniseries, 5 5
as a universal symbol, 24, 33, 37, 50-1, 303
Holocaust denial, 1-3, 7-8, 15—20, 22, 26-7,
38, 44, 54, 60, 63, 72-3, 77-8, 82-4,
87-90, 92-4, 96-7, 100-1, 108, 115,
117-19, 124-5, I27. x35, 145, 152, 160,
162-4, 166-9, 172, 176, 189, 195, 200,
237, 259, 272, 284-7, 293-5, 2,97» 3O0
302, 307
Holocaust memorials, 134
Holocaust-and-heritage paradigm, 54, 82, 163,
304
Holocaust-centered memory regime, 10, 34—5,
38, 45, 51, 76, 79, 82, 89, 97, 119, 125,
127, 220
Holodomor, 21, 133, 183—6, 189, 194, 196,
198, 204
denial of, 189-90, 195, 200, 204, 300
and the Holocaust, 189-90, 195, 200, 204
justification of, 190
recognition of, 98, 185, 189
Horthy, Miklos, 145
human dignity, concept of, 17, 72, 172
human rights ideology, 25, 39, 45—6, 49, 52, 82,
152
human rights legislation, 63, 69, 74
human rights revolution, 45
Hungarian memory law, 95, 171—3, 175-6
Hungarian revolution of 1956, 154
ideal image of the West, 136, 138, 209
identity
concept of, 11,37
and memory, n-12, 19, 38, 41, 43, 243, 265
ideology
and geopolitics, 256
and history, 244
incitement to hatred, 68, 70-4, 88, 90, 96,
117-18, 149, 151, 154, 164-6, 169, 173,
175, 221, 226, 228, 232, 235, 266, 287, 290
Institute for Historical Review, 26
International Committee of Historical Sciences,
123
International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 69,73,
97»
International Criminal Court
Judgment of, 168
Statute of, 92, 95, 98, 105-6, 125, 165, 168,
176
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda,,
168
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia, 168
Interregional Holocaust Foundation in Russia,
219
Irving, David, 26, 117
Israeli memory law, 8, 81, 124
Italian Constitution of 1947, Disposition XII of
the Transitional and Final Provisions, 64
Italian memory law, 91, 96-7, 123—5
Italian Society for the Study of Contemporary
History, 123
Jaspers, Karl, 29
Jedwabne, 142, 144
Jordan, Colin, 71
juditialization of the past, 60, 122, 304
juridification, 12, 67, 168, 301
Kaczyriski, Jarosfaw, 205
Kaczyriski, Lech, 161, 170
Katyn massacre, 133, 218, 271, 274
Kemalist revolution, 61, 99
KGB, 131, 156, 188, 225, 227, 288
and SS, 288
KGB Museum (Genocide and Resistance
Research Center) in Lithuania, 157
Khrushchev, Nikita, 132-4, 136, 187, 216
Kirilenko, Vyacheslav, 195-6, 204
3i 6
Index
Kiriyenko, Sergey, 234-5
Klarsfeld, Beate, 121
Klarsfeld, Serge, i2r
Kohl, Helmut, 53-4, 77, 79-80, 85, 215
Kolerov, Modest, 186, 191, 256, 260-1, 266,
282, 284
Kolesnichenko, Vadim, 186, 191—2, 198
Korean War, 33
Kosiv, Mikhailo, 198
Kosovo crisis, 213
Kravchuk, Leonid, 181, 187
Kuchma, Leonid, 181—2, 187
Lanzmann, Claude, 121
last utopia, 25, 46, 49
late capitalism, 55-6
Latvian memory law, 95, 171-2, 175
Lavrov, Sergey, 250,255-9,273
Le Goff, Jacques, 122
Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 26
leader cult, 133, 166-7, 216, 233, 262
League of Nations, Covenant of, 67
Leipzig trial of German war criminals, 61
Lemkin, Raphael, 62
Lenin, Vladimir, 204, 209, 252
Lewis, Bernard, 21
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, 212, 226,
296
liberal narrative, 51—2, 136, 138, 140, 209—13,
215, 220, 241, 244, 277
liberal nationalism (or national liberalism), 140-1,
179, 188, 194
libertarianism, 18
Liberté pour P Histoire, 120—4, 270
Liechtenstein’s memory law, 91, 101, 125
Lincoln, Abraham, 209
linguistic turn in historiography, 46—7
Lipstadt, Deborah, 19, 26, 117
Lithuanian memory law, 95, 171, 173—6
logic of proper names, 6, 13, 59, 243, 263—5,
310
London Agreement of August 1945, 61, 86, 91,
93, 165, 168, 272, 275
lustration, 6, 153, 155, 157, 169, 188, 196, 204
Luxembourgian memory law, 91, 124—5
Luzgin, Vladimir, 296
Luzhkov, Yuriy, 260, 284
Lyashko, Oleh, 200-1, 204—5
Macedonian memory law, 94, 169—70, 175
Maidan Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine, 177,
205
Maltese memory law, 95, 125
Mancino Law (legge Man ci no), 73
Marchandeau, Paul, 67
Marchandeau Act (loi Marchandeau), 67, 85
market reforms, 139, 153, 180, 190, 209—10,
214, 227, 239, 242, 244, 306
Marxism, 39, 42, 47, 56, 137—8, 212, 263,
301
Masse, Christophe, 102—3
master narratives, 13, 25, 43, 46, 49, 136, 244,
302
and singular events, 13
Mazepa, Ivan, 183
Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 153
McCarthyism, 3 3
Meciar, Vladimir, 164
Medvedev, Dmitriy, 185, 241, 267—8, 270—1,
278, 282, 284, 289
Meir Kahane, 81
Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People, 198, 205
Mekachera, Hamlaoui, 112
Mekachera Act (loi Mekachera), 3, 112—14, 119,
121—2, 203, 295
Memorial society, 222—3, 259—60
Memorial, Aggregated Database, 223
memory
concept of, 23,43,48
rise of, I, ii, 21-3, 25, 27, 34, 37, 40-2,
46-50, 53-5, 57, 75, 100, no, 128, 130,
133» 147 2.39, 265, 304, 309
memory boom, 2, 11, 14, 22, 24, 27-8, 34,
36-8, 40, 43, 46, 50, 52-3, 60, 83, no,
135, 302
memory laws
concept of, 1—8, 300—1
in the Nordic countries, 118-19
types of, 6, 163, 170-1, 176, 205, 301, 305-6
memory of the Holocaust, 21, 27, 32, 34—8, 45,
50-2, 55, 60, 66-7, 71, 76, 78, 80-2, 85,
93, 98, 115, 118, 133-5, *44—5 147-8,
152, 162, 220, 286, 293, 302-3, 306-7,
310
and decolonization, 36
in Eastern Europe, 142—5
in Russia, 219—20, 250, 282-3, 285, 309
in Ukraine, 183
memory studies, 9, 22, 47, 130
and cultural pessimism, 22
memory wars, concept of, n—12
Menthon, François de, 28
Migaud, Didier, 102
militant democracy, 15, 190
militarism, 8, 28, 149—50, 294
Mironov, Sergey, 269
Miroshnichenko, Yuriy, 193
Mitterrand, François, 84
modern idea of history, 50, 56—8
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 178
Index
317
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 178-9, 217, 222,
253, 256-7, 268, 273, 281
Montenegrin memory law, 95, 171, 173,
175-6
Moscal, Gennadiy, 190
Moscow Anti-Fascist Center, 219,226
Moscow City Duma, 226, 229—30, 232—3
Mosley, Oswald, 69
multiculturalism, 23, m, 123
multimemorism, 23, 108, no
Munich agreement, 256-7, 273—4
Museum of Martyrology of the Polish and Other
Nations, 135
museums of occupation, 156
Mussolini, Benito, 263
myth of silence, 32, 36
Nagasaki, 32, 268
Narochnitskaya, Nataliya, 251-2, 259, 268
narrative of human liberation, 49, 57
Naryshkin, Sergey, 268
National Day of Remembrance of Man’s
inhumanity to Man, 100
national liberation movements, 37, 141, 174,
195—6, 200, 203, 280, 305
national narratives, 10, 14, 31, 42, 44, 54, 85,
138, 174, 176, 180, 200, 205, 305-8, 310
culture-centered, 215, 238, 308
state-centered, 207, 238, 308-9
nationalism, 10, 21, 33, 41, 44, 50, 61, 97, 99,
108, no, 117, 132, 140-1, 145, 148, 154,
156, 164, 173, 177, 179-81, 183-4, 186,
191, 193, 195-7, *01, 203, 206-7, 2.09,
211-12, 219-20, 222, 225-7, 23* 233“4
236-8, 241, 251, 255-6, 260, 263, 265-6,
275, 277, 279-80, 286, 289, 293, 296, 298,
304, 308, 310
and communism, 132, 138, 140, 142, 144,
212
in the East and in the West, 140-2
and fascism, 211, 264, 283, 305
and liberalism, 138, 140, 182, 188, 194, 199,
214, 241
and relativism, 14
revival of, 14, no, 140, 145-6, 170, 213,
241, 251, 282, 308-9
nationalization of the past, 80, 277
nation-states, 44, 54, 79, 140-2, 145, 305,
308
NATO-Russia Founding Act, 213
Nazi allies, 179, 197, 207, 258, 263, 269, 279
Nazi crimes, 35, 66-7, 72, 74-6, 78, 86, 121,
130, 148, 151, 157-8, 160, 162, 166, 172,
174-6, 195, 254, 272, 275, 284, 286, 291,
303, 306-8
concept of, 28, 32, 37-8, 61-3, 94-5, I25
143, 164, 175, 219, 231, 234, 275, 285,
293
denial of, 79, 81, 88, 91-2, 95-6, 124, 152,
161-3, 165» 168, 172-4, 193, 195, 231-2,
268, 272, 285, 303, 306-7
justification of, 81, 91-2, 163, 165, 168, 174,
193, 231, 235, 268, 272
Nazi ideology, 29, 72, 196, 221, 228, 282
Nazi symbols, ban on, 63, 72, 158, 160, 201,
204, 221, 228, 230, 232, 234, 280
Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law,
66, 82
Nazism, 23, 28-9, 33, 65, 76-8, 89, 119, 126,
150, 154, 199, 202, 253, 265, 269, 284,
306-7
and communism, 133, 139, 144, 146-8, 152,
I54 i57-^4 I72—5 I95~6 201-2, 204,
208, 246, 249, 252, 254, 257-8, 269, 303,
306-8
collaboration with, 84, 88, 142, 151, 156,
165, 183, 187, 193, 196, 217, 280, 283
concept of, 149, 234, 237, 262-4, 2^5, 294
propaganda of, 76, 88, 160, 193, 195, 197,
236
victory over, 29, 134, 150, 170, 182, 187,
197, 200, 202, 219, 226-7, 246-8, 250
negarionism, deflective, 145, 158, 162, 168,
172, 174, 176, 202, 308
neoconservatism, 25, 53-5, 57, 85, no, 304
neo-fascism, 26, 65, 73, 93, 130, 179, 193, 226,
230, 237, 241, 255
neoliberalism, 25, 41, 52-3, 55, 57, 304
neo-Nazism, 26, 135, 193, 226
propaganda of, 198
neo-Ottomanism, 110-11
Netherlands’ Holocaust denial legislation, 119,
300
Nolte, Ernst, 79
Nora, Pierre, 1, 5, 8, n, 22-3, 27, 44, 47-8, 51,
55, 121-2, 124
nostalgia, 22, in, 126-7, I33 181, 2,10, 213,
238, 306
Nuremberg trials, 28, 65-6, 143, 151, 161
Nuremberg Tribunal, 66, 86-7, 93, 148,
151, 157, 166, 168, 235, 254, 261-2,
275 29i
Charter of, 61-2, 66, 86-7, 91, 93, 95, 102,
106, 125, 162, 165, 168, 176, 231, 234,
285, 293
Indictment of, 275
Judgment of, 87, 94-5, 125, 168, 176, 192,
254, 266, 268, 272-5, 284-5, 291-3, 296,
298
Verdict of, 125, 166
3x8
Index
Obama, Barack, 271
October putsch in Russia, 226-7
October Revolution, 134, 248
Orange Revolution, 182, 186, 188, 260, 279
Orban, Viktor, 154, 173
Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe’s Vilnius Declaration, 269
Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, 18 3-4,
193, 196, 199, 203
Orthodox Church, 212, 241, 279
Ôzal, Turgut, no
Pamyat’ (“Memory”) Society, 225
Panarin, Aleksandr, 211
Paris Commune, 6
Paris Peace Conference, 61, 67
particularism, 23, 35-7, 50-1, 138, 309
Party of the Regions, 182, 186, 189, 191, 193,
198, 205
Pasqua, Charles, 84
patriotism, 30, 68, 248
cultural, 54, 82, 85, 215-16, 220, 238, 304,
309
Pavlovskiy, Gleb, 59, 244» 259-61, 284
perestroika, 98, 136, 138,179, 206, 208-9, 225,
246
Perinçek, Dogu, 108
Pétain, Philippe, 68, 84
Peter the Great, 209, 213, 215, 251-2
Pétré-Grenouilleau, Olivier, 21, 120, 122
philosophies of history, 13, 49, 52, 59, 211-12,
244 3°*
Pleven Act (loi Pleven), 74-5, 84-5
Polish Institute of National Remembrance, 151,
156, 158, 160-1, 189
Polish memory law, 92, 155, 158, 160-4, 166,
170, 173, 175, 303
political crisis in Russia, 2011-2012, 277
political technologies, 214
and historical memory, 244-5
politics of history, concept of, 11-12
populism, 25, 50, 141, 212, 304, 309
Poroshenko, Petro, 201, 205
Portuguese Law on Fascist Organizations, 64-5
Portuguese memory law, 94, 101, 125, 175
post-class struggle, age of, 132, 137
post-colonial system, 38, 67
postmodernism, 34, 43, 49, 52, 55-6, 139
postwar economic growth, 31, 33, 39, 76, 131
Prague Declaration on European Conscience
and Communism, 95, 147, 160, 190, 254,
259
presenrism, 46, 55
Primakov, Evgeniy, 212
Prodi, Romano, 97
propaganda
anti-communist, 301
anti-Soviet, 148, 221
of war, 150, 195, 230
Soviet, 134, 144, 179, 216-17
Proshechkin, Evgeniy, 226, 229—34, 267
prototype theory of classification, 5, 263
public order, concept of, 18
Public Order Act of 1936, 68, 71
Public Order Act of 1986, 71,118
Pushkin, Alexander, 215
Pussy Riot case, 277
Putin, Vladimir, 10, 59, 127, 131, 134, 146,
148, 170, 176-9, 182, 193, 198, 201,
206-7, 235-41, 243-53, *56,
259-60, 264-5, 27x, 277-82, 284,
288-90, 292-4, 299, 308-9
Race Relations Act, 70-1
racial hatred, concept of, 72
racism, 7, 10, 36, 38, 60, 67-70, 74-5, 81,
92-3, 125, 162, 176, 226, 234, 236, 255,
262, 266, 293—4, 3OÏ
radical conservatism in Russia, politics of,
277-80, 289
Ravensbriick, 134
Reagan, Ronald, 53-4, 78-9, 85
Rebérioux, Madeleine, 84-5
Regnum News Agency, 261, 282
rehabilitation of Nazism, 67, 187, 191-2, 197,
218, 234, 258, 261, 265-9, *74 *82-7,
*93~5 *97
Community of Independent States’ model law
against, 283-6, 295
Reitz, Edgar, 55
relativism, 18, 50, 52
Rémond, René, 1-2, 5, 13, 17, 22-4, 121
reparations, 38, 41, 64
resistance myths, 30-1, 88, 119, 131, 135, 158
restitution, 17, 153
retributive justice, 141, 58, 60-1
reunification of Germany, 78—9, 306
rigid designator, 243
Romanian memory law, 166, 168, 170, 175-6
Romanian National Council for the Study of
Securitate Archives, 156
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 209
Rudenko, Roman, 28
Russian Empire, 209, 215, 242, 250-1
Russian idea of the state, 178, 238, 240-1, 246,
249, 252
Russian law on extremism, 192, 235-7, 265-7,
280, 284, 290, 294
Russian law on the rehabilitation of the repressed
peoples, 222
Index
319
Russian memory law (Yarovaya Act), 10, 87,
175» i92“3^ *99 2-07» 2.66-9, 2.71» 2.81,
283, 285, 289-96, 309
Russian memory law drafts, 163, 186-7, 192
Russian National Unity, 225, 230
Russian neo-imperialism, 127, 146, 148, 170,
182, 206-7, 277, 308
Russian Penal Code, Article 282, 232, 23 5, 266,
287, 293
Russian Rehabilitation Act, 222
Russian Research and Educational Holocaust
Center, 219, 282
Russian-Georgian War, 259
Rwandan memory law, 8
Sachsenhausen, 134
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 103
Sarre, Georges, 84
Satarov, Georgiy, 229
Sattelzeit, 5 8
Scelba, Mario, 64
Scelba Law (legge Scelba), 8, 64-5, 301
Schmidt, Helmut, 76-7
Schumacher, Kurt, 29
search movement, 223, 225, 229
Seleznyov, Gennadiy, 212
self-victimization, 138, 176, 305
Shoah, 17, 27, 32-3, 38, 77, 80, 82, 88, 108-9,
121, 123—4, 130, 142, 145, 162, 167, 183,
220, 303
Shoygu, Sergey, 261
Shukhevych
Roman, 183-4, 200
Yuriy, 200-1, 203-4
Simonenko, Petro, 192-5, 198-9, 204
Six-Day War, 67, 81, 83
Skoybeda, Ulyana, 287
slave trade, 3, 21, 92, 102-3, 107, 112, 120
denial of, 106
justification of, 106
slavery, 3, 36, 38, 61, 112, 209
denial of, 106
justification of, 106
Slavic-Orthodox civilization, concept of,
211-12
Slavophiles in Russia, 209, 211
slippery-siope argument, 16, 304
Slovak memory law, 156, 158, 164-6, 168, 170,
175-6
Slovak Nation’s Memory Act, 158, 166
Slovak Nation’s Memory Institute, 156, 158
Slovenian memory law, 94, 101, 168-70, 175
social history, 42-4, 57
social-liberal consensus, 25, 33, 39
Solzhenitsyn effect, 83
Sonderweg, 14, 209, 212
sovereign democracy, concept of, 241, 243, 263,
265
Soviet army, 178, 194, 197, 202, 217, 249, 273,
289, 297
Soviet conception of history, 208—9
Soviet empire, 45,128,131-2,136-7,177, 180,
217, 222, 239, 251-2, 306
Soviet history, normalization of, 238-41, 243,
245, 248-9, 260
Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, 136
Soviet invasion of Hungary, 3 3
Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe, 10, 174,
197, 217, 250, 257
Soviet Penal Code
Article 190.1, 148, 293
Article 70, 148
Spanish Amnesty Law, 90,114
Spanish Civil War, 2, 6, 89, 114—16
Spanish Historical Memory Law (Ley de la
Memoria Histórica), 2,114—16
Spanish memory law, 90-1, 117, 125, 301
Spiegel, Boris, 186, 285-7, 289-90, 292-5
Spiegel, Gabrielle M., 34, 47
Stalin, Joseph, 10, 65, 98, 129, 133—4, I47»
178-9, 185, 196, 198, 208, 213, 216-18,
221-2, 225, 231, 239, 242, 245, 247, 249,
252, 256, 258, 271, 273, 279, 292, 297-8,
309
popularity of, 180,208,244,246—7
Putin on, 246
Stalinism, 148, 199, 204, 208, 222, 230-1, 247,
257, 260, 298, 307
Stalinist crimes
concept of, 157
denial of, 163, 195, 298
Stasi Records Act, 155
Stasi Records Agency, 156
state repentance, 17, 19, 24, 40, 85, 101, 158,
162, 205, 303
stateless peoples, 178
state-sponsored crimes, 16, 40, 167
Stepashin, Sergey, 235-6
Stockholm International Forum on the
Holocaust, 34
Sungorkin, Vladimir, 288
surfeit of memory, 23
Surkov, Vladislav, 241-2
Svoboda (“Liberty”) Party, 186, 188, 200-1
Swiss memory law, 88, 101, 125
Taubira Act (loi Taubira), 3, 102, 112, 120
Taubira, Christiane, 112, 120
Thälmann, Ernst, 135
Thatcher, Margaret, 53—4, 78, 85
320
Index
thirty glorious years, 31, 39
Timoshenko, Yulia, 186, 189, 196
Tiso, Father Jozef, 145, 156, 165
Tokyo trials of Japanese war criminals,
61, 65
totalitarianism, 29, 34, 43, 60, 12,6, 146,
154» 156» 159» 195-6, 208, 222,
229-30, 253, 258, 262, 264, 271,
298,307
traditional values, 53, 251, 279
trauma, cultural, 13, 34—5, 40-1, 37
Treaty of Sèvres, 61
Treaty of Versailles, 61
trials of Turkish war criminals, 61
Trunov, Mikhail, 225
truth
historical, 20, 12$, 168, 254
legal, 20, 125
Tsarev, Oleh, 193
Turkey’s accession to the European Union, 101
Turkish neo-imperialism, 111
Turkish Penal Code, Article 301, 111, 296, 300,
309
Tusk, Donald, 271
Tyahnibok, Oleh, 188, 204
Tymoshenko, Yulia, 186, 197
Ukraine crisis, 10, 170, 172, 177, 207, 247, 275,
289, 298
Ukraine’s independence, struggle for, 179, 188,
194—6, 200, 202-4, 30°
Ukrainian institute of National Memory,
188—9, 200, 205
Ukrainian Insurgent Army, 183—4, I93 196,
199-200, 203
Ukrainian memory law (Simonenko Act),
192-3, 198-9
Ukrainian memory law drafts, 187
Ukrainian Rehabilitation Act, 187, 203
United Russia party, 260—1, 266—8, 271—3,
276—8, 281, 284—5, 2,87, 289
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 63, 65,
151* 2.03
universal values, 13—14, 24, 37, 41, 121
universaiism, 50—1, 59, 209, 309
Varela, Pedro, 90
Vasilyev, Dmitriy, 225
Versailles system, 256
veterans
associations of, 187, 218, 223—5, 227
laws on, 6, 113, 157, 187, 196, 199, 202,
219, 224—5, 2,27—9
Veyne, Paul, 121
Vasilyev, Voiodymyr, 200
Vichy regime, 68, 84
victimhood, culture of, 13, 22—3, 25, 34, 36,
3S-43 75« 12,6, 133, 135, 137-8, 145«
304-5» 307» 309
victimization of the past, 13, 40—1, 44, 54, 57,
64, 117, 140, 145, 147, 184, 228, 303, 305,
309
Vidal-Naquet, Pierre, 83, 85, 121
Volhynia massacre, 184, 203, 205
Volodin, Vyacheslav, 268, 277
Waffen-SS, 193, 198—9
Wajda, Andrzej, 271
Walls, Manuel, 107
war crimes, 29, 31, 37—8, 66, 72, 74, 86, 92,
94, 98, 125, 158, 175, 187, 203, 217,
231, 234, 249, 262, 271-3, 275, 284,
294-5
concept of, 61,223—5
denial of, 91—2, 95—6, 161, 164—5, 168—9,
171-3
justification of, 91, 164-5, 168-9, 172—3,
2-3 5
war memorials, 134, 146, 186, 191, 199, 202,
228
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, 76—7
Washington, George, 209
welfare state, 33, 39, 41, 46, 53
Westernizers in Russia, 209
Wilson, Harold, 70
Winter War, 119
World Congress of Russian Jewry, 186, 281
World War I, 28—30, 60, 101, 108, 257
World War II, 10, 26, 29—30, 32, 34, 40, 61,
63, 67-8, 74-5» 89, 99» 119» I29 M3»
146-8, 150, 154, 165, 190, 193, 196-9,
202, 218, 227, 246-7, 250, 254—8, 269,
273, 279-80, 288-9, 291-2, 296-7, 303,
307, 309
in recent historiography, 218, 249
world war, threat of, 33, 216
world wars, 30, 33, 44, 60, 257
World without Nazism, 186, 281—4, 286-7
Yakovlev, Aleksandr, 223—4
Yalta System, 10, 65, 127, 130, 146-7, 207,
250, 252, 265
Yanukovych, Viktor, 177, 182-3, l86, 190—1,
193, 198-9
Yarovaya Act, 309
Yatsenyuk, Arseniy, 195, 200-1, 203, 205
Year of Heritage, 5 3
Year of Historical Memory, 115
Index
321
Yeltsin, Boris, 153, 180-1, 207» 209-16,
218—20, 222, 225—9, 237—8, 240,
245-6, 248, 274, 309
Yom Kippur War, 81
Yugoslav wars, 92
Yushchenko, Viktor, 170, 182—6, 189—90,
195-6, 200, 204
Zapatero, José Luis Rodriguez, 115
Zatulin, Konstantin, 182, 191, 260—8,
283-6
Zhelezniak, Sergey, 289
Zhirinovskiy, Vladimir, 226
Zorkaltsev, Viktor, 233—4, 262—3
Zundel case, 82
l!
■¿yvmor: :
Staatsbibliothek
München
‘j
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Koposov, Nikolaj Evgenʹevič 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1150339853 |
| author_facet | Koposov, Nikolaj Evgenʹevič 1945- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Koposov, Nikolaj Evgenʹevič 1945- |
| author_variant | n e k ne nek |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044618484 |
| classification_rvk | NB 3400 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1013739572 (DE-599)BVBBV044618484 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa |
| id | DE-604.BV044618484 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:57:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781108410168 1108410162 9781108419727 1108419720 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-030016804 |
| oclc_num | 1013739572 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-521 DE-188 DE-12 DE-824 DE-11 DE-M352 |
| owner_facet | DE-521 DE-188 DE-12 DE-824 DE-11 DE-M352 |
| physical | xvi, 321 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | New studies in European history |
| spelling | Koposov, Nikolaj Evgenʹevič 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)1150339853 aut Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia Nikolay Koposov (Emory University) Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2018 xvi, 321 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier New studies in European history Vergangenheitsbewältigung (DE-588)4061672-1 gnd rswk-swf Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd rswk-swf Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd rswk-swf Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd rswk-swf Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 gnd rswk-swf Memory laws Memory / Political aspects Collective memory / Europe Collective memory / Russia (Federation) Hate speech / Law and legislation Atrocities / Law and legislation Holocaust denial / Law and legislation Historiography Europa (DE-588)4015701-5 g Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 s Vergangenheitsbewältigung (DE-588)4061672-1 s Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 s Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 s DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000006&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Koposov, Nikolaj Evgenʹevič 1945- Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia Vergangenheitsbewältigung (DE-588)4061672-1 gnd Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4061672-1 (DE-588)4020682-8 (DE-588)1041864515 (DE-588)4200793-8 (DE-588)4015701-5 |
| title | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia |
| title_auth | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia |
| title_exact_search | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia |
| title_full | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia Nikolay Koposov (Emory University) |
| title_fullStr | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia Nikolay Koposov (Emory University) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Memory laws, memory wars the politics of the past in Europe and Russia Nikolay Koposov (Emory University) |
| title_short | Memory laws, memory wars |
| title_sort | memory laws memory wars the politics of the past in europe and russia |
| title_sub | the politics of the past in Europe and Russia |
| topic | Vergangenheitsbewältigung (DE-588)4061672-1 gnd Gesetzgebung (DE-588)4020682-8 gnd Geschichtspolitik (DE-588)1041864515 gnd Kollektives Gedächtnis (DE-588)4200793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Vergangenheitsbewältigung Gesetzgebung Geschichtspolitik Kollektives Gedächtnis Europa |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030016804&sequence=000006&line_number=0004&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT koposovnikolajevgenʹevic memorylawsmemorywarsthepoliticsofthepastineuropeandrussia |
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