Russia: a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present
"This lucid account of Russian and Soviet history presents major trends and events from ancient Kievan Rus' to Vladimir Putin's renewed presidency in the twenty-first century. Russia does not shy away from controversial topics, including the impact of the Mongol conquest, the paradoxe...
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New York, NY
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2017
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| Ausgabe: | Eighth edition |
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| Zusammenfassung: | "This lucid account of Russian and Soviet history presents major trends and events from ancient Kievan Rus' to Vladimir Putin's renewed presidency in the twenty-first century. Russia does not shy away from controversial topics, including the impact of the Mongol conquest, the paradoxes of Peter the Great, the "inevitability" of the 1917 Revolution, the Stalinist terror, and the Gorbachev reform effort. Tackling those topics and others, the new edition is updated to discuss the Russia-Georgia war of 2008, the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine of 2013-2014, the war in eastern Ukraine, and the Russian annexation of Crimea. Distinguished by its brevity and amply supplemented with useful images and suggested readings, this essential text provides balanced coverage of all periods of Russian history and incorporates economic, social, and cultural developments as well as politics and foreign policy."...Provided by publisher |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits, genealogische Tafeln |
| ISBN: | 9780813349855 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments xi
Preface xiii
Preface to the First Edition xiv
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION: ANCIENT RUSSIA AND KIEVAN RUS'_1
The Geography of Russia and the Former Soviet Union 1
The Peoples of Russia and the Former Soviet Union 6
The Formation of Kievan Rus’ 8
How Did the Peoples of Kievan Rus’ Make a Living? 10
The Societies of Kievan Rus’ 13
Religion and Culture in Kievan Rus’ 14
Power and Politics in Kievan Rus’ 18
Conclusion 20
Further Reading 21
Chapter 2
KIEVAN RUS' IN CRISIS AND
THE MONGOL CONTACT. 1054-1462_23
Kievan Rus’ and Its Rivals 23
The Arrival of the Mongols 27
The Impact of the Mongols 33
The Decline of Mongol Power 37
Conclusion 38
Further Reading 39
Chapter 3
THE RISE OF MOSCOW, 1528-1555_40
The Odds Against Moscow 41
Moscow’s Advantages 42
VI
Moscow's Ascent, 1328-1533
Conclusion
Further Reading
ContentJ
48
55
56
Chapter 4
IVAN THE TERRIBLE AND
THE TIME OF TROUBLES. 1535-1618_58
The Personality and Character of Ivan the Terrible 59
The Reforms of Ivan IV 61
Ivan Versus the Aristocracy 63
The Time of Troubles, 1598-1613 67
Conclusion 74
Further Reading 75
Chapter 5
THE MOLDING OF IMPERIAL
RUSSIAN SOCIETY. 1615-1689_ 16
Serfdom 78
The Autocracy 82
The Orthodox Church 85
The Expansion of the Russian Imperial State 88
Relations with the West 91
Conclusion 92
Further Reading 93
Chapter 6
PETER THE GREAT AND THE
CONUNDRUM OF WESTERNIZATION. 1689-1725_95
Peter s Coming of Age 98
Peter s Personality and Character 99
Peter in War and Diplomacy 100
Peter s Reforms 103
Resistance to Peter 108
Conclusion 109
Further Reading 110
Chapter 7
CHANGE AND CONTINUITY. 1725-1801_112
Peters Successors, 1725-1762
Catherine the Great, 1762-1796
Russian Imperial Expansion and Colonization
115
117
122
Content'd vii
Economic and Social Development 125
The Changing Role of the Nobility 126
Education and Culture 128
The Reign of Paul I, 1796-1801 130
Conclusion 132
Further Reading 133
Chapter 8
AUTOCRACY. DISSENT. AND FERMENT. 1801-1855_135
The Serf Economy 137
The Dilemma of Reform 139
Creativity and Dissent 145
The Russian Empire: Arbiter of Europe,
Colonizer of Asia and America 148
Conclusion 152
Further Reading 153
Chapter 9
REFORM. REACTION. AND MODERNIZATION. 1855-1904 155
The Era of the Great Reforms, 1855-1881 157
Terror and Reaction 161
Economic and Social Modernization, 1861-1905 165
Competing Ideologies 170
Foreign Policy 173
Conclusion 176
Further Reading 177
Chapter 10
REVOLUTION. REFORM. AND WAR. 1904-1917_179
The Revolution of 1905 180
The Duma Period, 1906-1914 186
The Silver Age: Russian Imperial Culture, 1890-1917 190
The Russian Empire in World War I, 1914-1917 193
Conclusion 196
Further Reading 198
Chapter 11
REVOLUTION, CIVIL WAR, AND THE
FOUNDING OF THE SOVIET STATE. 1917-1928_200
The February Revolution: The Collapse of Autocracy
The October Revolution: The Bolsheviks Come to Power
201
207
viii
Contente
Civil War and Foreign Intervention, 1918-1921 211
The New Economic Policy and Coexistence, 1921-1928 216
The Struggle for Power 219
Conclusion 222
Further Reading 223
Chapter 12
THE STALIN REVOLUTION
AND WORLD WAR II. 1928-1946_225
Stalinism: Industrialization and Collectivization 225
Stalinism: Societal Change and Repression 233
Soviet Culture, 1917-1953 238
The Soviet Union Before and During
the Second World War, 1928-1946 239
Conclusion 246
Further Reading 247
Chapter 13
THE SOVIET UNION DURING THE COLD WAR:
SUPERPOWER. STABILITY, AND STAGNATION. 1946-1984 250
After the War: Reconstruction and Repression 251
The Cold War 252
The Final Years of Stalinism 259
Khrushchev and De-Stalinization 260
Peaceful Coexistence and Troubles in Eastern Europe 264
The Sino-Soviet Split 267
Soviet Relations with the West 269
Khrushchev: Reformer or Repairman? 271
Stability and Stagnation: The Brezhnev Years 274
Detente and Renewed Cold War 276
Soviet Society in Flux 281
Conclusion 284
Further Reading 285
Chapter 14
GORBACHEV AND THE COLLAPSE
OF THE SOVIET UNION. 1985-1991_287
The Origins of the Gorbachev Reforms 288
Perestroika and Economic Reforms 291
New Attitudes in Soviet Foreign Policy 294
Glasnosf 29g
ContentJ ix
Democratization 300
Gorbachev’s Later Reforms and Faltering Control 302
The Attempted Coup of August 1991 307
Conclusion 309
Further Reading 310
Chapter 15
RUSSIA IN A POST-SOVIET WORLD. 1991-2000_312
Boris Yeltsin and the New Russian Federation 313
On the Road to Capitalism 315
Setbacks and Problems 316
Challenges of Life in Post-Soviet Russia 318
Changing Cultural Attitudes 320
Incomplete Democracy in the Yeltsin Era 323
Terrorism and War in the Caucasus 329
Post-Soviet Russian Foreign Policy 331
Conclusion 336
Further Reading 337
Chapter 16
THE PUTIN ERA: RUSSIA IN
THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY_339
The Rise of Vladimir Putin 340
Economic Growth and Contraction 343
The Putin-Medvedev Administration 349
New Challenges in the Caucasus 355
Russian Foreign Policy in the Twenty-First Century 359
Conclusion 367
Further Reading 369
Notes
Index
371
375
INDEX
Abkhazia, 334, 357, 358
Adashev, 62, 65-66
Adrian, Patriarch, 107
Afghanistan, 280, 295
AIDS, 319
Akhmadulina, Bella, 299
Akhmatova, Anna, 239, 299
Alaska, 151
alcoholism, 283, 291, 300, 315» 319
Alexander 1,140-143» 141 fig· 8.1,148-150,
153
Alexander II, 151-152,156 fig. 921,157-163,
158 fig. 9.2,161-163
Alexander III, 163-165
Alexandra, Tsarina, 195 fig. 10.1,196, 200,
202
Alexandrovich, Grand Duke Michael,
202
Alexei (son of Nicholas II), 195 fig. 10.1,
196, 202
Alexis, Tsar, 76-77, 78, 82, 86,90, 92
Alexis (son of Peter the Great), 109
All-Russian Popular Front, 353
Anastasia, Tsarina, 61, 65
Andropov, Yuri, 284
Angola, 280, 296
Anna (daughter of Ivan V), 115-116
anti-Semitism, 164,185, 259, 321
\
appanage (udel) system, 41
April Theses, 206
Arakcheyev, Alexis, 142
Armenia, 151,173, 305» 306» 334, 337, 357,
367
arms control, 277-278, 295, 297-298
Article 6 of Soviet constitution, 302
Assad, Bashar al-, 367
Astrakhan, Khanate of, 65
Astrakhan rebellion, 108
Atlantic Charter (1942), 252
Austerlitz, Battle of, 149
Austria, 123,149,150,151,152
Austria-Hungary, 89,173,189,193,194
autocrat, 52
Avvakum, Archpriest, 86-87
Azerbaijan, 305, 308, 334,357
Azov, 95-96, 95 map 6.1
Baikal-Amur Mainline Railway, 274
Bakunin, Michael, 147
Balakirev, Milii, 147
Balkan states, 151,174,193
Ballets Russes, 192
Bashkirs, 109,120
Batu Khan, 30,31,32
Belarus, 36, 50,123,124, 295, 308, 331։ 333
335։ 362, 367
375
Index
376
Belinsky, Vissarion, 147
Belskii family, 61
Benois, Alexandre, 192
Beria, Lavrentiy, 260
Berlin, 255, 269, 270, 304
Beslan, North Ossetia, 339
Bessarabia, 148,157, 255
Biron, Count, 116
Bismarck, Otto von, 174
Black Hundreds, 185
Black Sea, 50,123,124,151
Blok, Alexander, 191
Bloody Sunday, 183
Bogoliubskii, Andrei, 21
Bolotnaya Square Movement, 353, 354
Bolotnikov, Ivan, 72
Bolsheviks
civil war, 212-215, 214 map 11.1
creation of Soviet Russia, 210
economic policies, 216-218
establishment of Cheka (forerunner of
secret police), 215
goal of, 205
internationalism philosophy, 228
money from Germans, 204
October Revolution, 209
positive contributions of, 223
rule against “factionalism,” 218
slogan of, 208
social policies, 216
use of repressive policies, 215
Bolshoi Theater, 322
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 148-150
Boris Godunov (opera), 69
Borodin, Aleksandr, 147
Bosnia, 193
Bosphorus Straits, 151,194
boyars, 12,13, 24, 25,41, 44, 53, 60-66, 68,
69» 71, 74, 75, 83,106
Brest-Litovsk Treaty (1918), 212
Brezhnev, Leonid
abandonment of transition to
communism, 275
background, 274
Brezhnev Doctrine, 277
campaign to extend Soviet influence,
279
death of, 284
ousting of Khrushchev, 273
photo, 275 fig. 13.2
signing of SALT I and II treaties, 278
See also Soviet Union (1946-1984)
Bukharin, Nicholai, 222, 227, 235, 237
Bulavin, Kondratii, 108-109
Bulgaria, 174, 305
Bush, George H. W., 298
Bush, George W., 334, 358, 359, 360, 361
Carter, Jimmy, 279
Castro, Fidel, 265, 296
Catherine I (second wife of Peter the
Great), 115
Catherine II (the Great), 117-130
appearance, 117
autocracy, strengthening of, 113,118,133
born Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst, 117
censorship and repression, 130
charter of rights for nobility and towns,
121
Charter of the Nobility, 126-127
codification of laws, 120
conquest and colonization, 124,133
coronation, 113
economic policies, 126
Index
377
education improvement, 128-129
Enlightenment leaders as inspiration,
118
industrialization, 113
legitimate heirs to throne, 119
personality, 117
political system, 114
portrait of, 119 fig.7.1
preparation for role as tsar's wife, 118
pretenders to the throne, 120
promotion of Western cultural
activities, 129-130
reform of governance, 120
reorganization of imperial
administration, 121
serfdom, 113
See also Russian Empire (1725-1801)
Caucasus, 148,151,157,173,175 map 9.1,
243, 305, 324, 329֊33i 333 355-359
Ceaucescu, Nicolae, 305
Central Committee, 234, 237, 259, 272
Central Powers, 194, 203, 213
Chaadayev, Peter, 147
Chagall, Marc, 192, 238
Chancellor, Richard, 63
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 101-102
Chechnya, 329-33i 355-357
Chekhov, Anton, 191
Chernenko, Konstantin, 284
Chernigov, 50
Chernobyl nuclear plant meltdown,
299
Chernomyrdin, Viktor, 325, 328
Chernyshevsky, Nicholas, 162
Chiang Kai-shek, 240, 258, 267
China, 279, 346, 348, 363
Chinese Communists, 240, 257-258
Christianity, split in, 14-17
See also Orthodox Church; Russian
Orthodox Church
Church of the Assumption, Moscow, 46
fig- 3-2
Churchill, Winston, 252, 255
civil war, 211-216, 214 map 11.1
Clinton, Bill, 328, 334
Cold War, 252-258
collectivization, 229-230
Cominform, 257
Commonwealth of Independent States,
308, 331-332» 367
communes, farming, 12, 56, 80
Communist International (Comintern),
215
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(CPSU)
attack on organized religion, 230
campaign in Third World, 279-280
government role of, 234-235
pressure on peasants to organize
collective farms, 230
purges of, 237
second revolution, 226
structural revamping of, 273
united front policy, 240
Congress of Berlin, 174
Congress of Vienna, 150
Congresses of People’s Deputies, 301
Constantine (brother of Alexander I),
135
Constantinople, 151,194
Constitutional Democratic Party
(Kadets), 173,184, 202
constructivist movement, 192
Contarini, Ambrogio, 54
378
Index
corruption, 76, 84,197, 276, 290, 298, 302,
3i3 315 317,346,347
Cossacks, 70-72,77-78,90,108-109,120,
200
Council of Peoples Commissars,
209-210
Council of the Hundred Chapters, 63
crime, 283, 299 307, 3i3 3*5 318-319, 326
Crimea, 124, 332,366
Crimean Khanate, 65
Crimean War (1854-1856), 148,152,153,
159,173
Cuba, 265, 270, 271, 295, 296
Cuban missile crisis, 270-271
Cui, Cesar, 147
Cumans, 13, 20, 25
Cyril, Saint, 15
Cyrillic alphabet, 15
Czech Republic, 305
Czechoslovakia, 241-242, 277, 305
Dagestan, 350,358
Decembrist Uprising, 135-136,143,153
detente, 277
deterrence, strategy of, 278
Diaghilev, Sergei, 192
dialectical and historical materialism,
170-171
Diderot, Denis, 118
Dmitrii Big Eyes, 48
Dmitrii Donskoi, 47, 50
Dmitrii (son of Ivan IV), 64, 69
Don River, 47, 51, 95, 95 map 6.1
Donbas War, 366
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 146
Dubček, Alexander, 277
Dudintsev, Vladimir, 264
dumasy 19, 24, 62, 63,106,184,186-190,
196
East Germany. See German Democratic
Republic
Eastern Question, 151
economism, 172
Egypt, 279
Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, 279
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 264
Eisenstein, Sergei, 61, 238
Elizabeth (daughter of Peter the Great),
115,116
Estonia, 65,101,103,17З1 255» 305, 306,
308, 332, 362
Ethiopia, 240, 280, 295, 296
Euromaidan Movement, 365-366
Eylau, Battle of, 149
False Dmitriis, 69-73, 71 fig. 4.2
February Revolution, 201, 203-204
Federal Republic of Germany (West
Germany), 255,258, 269, 278, 305
Feodor, Tsar, 68
Feodor III, 98
Filaret, Patriarch, 73, 82-83
Finland, 103,148,157,165,173, 213, 243
Five-Year Plans, 228-231
Fonvizin, Denis, 130
France, 148-150,151,152
Franco, Francisco, 241
Frederick the Great, King of Prussia,
116
Fredericks, Vladimir B., 179
Friedland, Battle of, 149
Fuhrmann, Joseph T., 76
Fundamental Laws, 186
Index
379
Gaddafi, Muammar, 361
Gaidar, Yegor, 315, 325
Galicia, 24-25, 36
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 306
Gapon, George, 183
Genghis Khan, 30, 30 fig. 2,i, 35
George the Long Arm, 48
Georgia, 148,173 306, 331, 332, 334, 357,
358, 367
Gergiev, Valery, 323
German Democratic Republic (East
Germany), 255
Germany, 15,149,151,173,189,193,194,
212, 213, 241, 242, 254, 305
Ginzburg, Eugenia, 236
glasnost, 298-300
Glinka, Michael, 146
Godunov, Boris, 68-71
Gogol, Nicholas, 146
Golden Horde, Khanate of, 32-33, 37-38
Gomułka, Władysław, 266
Goncharova, Natalia, 192
Gorbachev, Mikhail
accomplishments, 309
anti-Saddam Hussein coalition
support, 298
background, 288
citizens’ refusal to change attitudes and
behavior, 294, 303-304
coup attempt, 307-309
as CPSU General Secretary, 291
democratization goals, 301
East Asia policy, 297
economic program, 292-293, 302-303
ending of Cold War, 294
exporting revolution, 296
fall from favor, 304
focus on major problems, 290-291
glasnosty 298-300
goals of, 289, 291
meeting with Reagan, 297
misjudgments, 310
national security policy, 295-296
opposition to, 307
photo, 289 fig. 14.1
reforms, 289-290, 309
toleration of other political parties,
302
See also Soviet Union (1985-1991)
Gorky, Maxim, 191
Gosplan, 228
Grachev, Pavel, 329
Grand Army of Napoleon, 149,150
Great Britain, 122,149,150,151,152,193
Great Northern War, 101,103
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,
279
Greece, 152, 257
Group of Eight (G8) summit meetings,
359
Guards regiments, 113,115,116,117
Gulf War (1990-1991), 298
Helsinki Accords, 278
Hermitage Museum, 323
Hermogen, Patriarch, 73
Herzen, Alexander, 127,147
Hitler, Adolf, 67, 226, 240, 242
Ho Chi Minh, 265, 276
Holy Alliance, 150
Holy Synod, 107,163
Hungary, 25,150, 266, 305
Huns, 28
Hussein, Saddam, 298, 360
380
Index
Iaroslav the Wise, 18, 20
icon painting, 16-17, 44-45. 45 fig- 3L 46
% 3-2
Ingushetia, 252, 358
Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty
(1987), 295, 297
International Monetary Fund, 335, 358
internationalism philosophy, 228
Iran, 334,361-362,365
Iraq, 298, 357, 360
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS/
ISIL), 367
Israel, 279
Italy, 149,193, 240
Ivan I (Ivan Kalita/John the Moneybags),
43» 48, 50
Ivan III (the Great), 47, 51, 52, 55
Ivan IV (the Terrible), 58-67
advisors to, 62
Anastasias death, 65
army reforms, 62
boyars and, 61-66
campaign against Khanates of Kazan
and Astrakhan, 65
childhood, 60-61
coronation as tsar, 61
Council of the Hundred Chapters, 63
expansion of Muscovy, 65, 89 map 5.1
foreign policy goals, 65
government reform, 62-63
illness, 64
killing of own son, 66
marriage to Anastasia, 61
near-ruination of Russia, 67
Orthodox Church backing of, 64
personality, 59-60
portrait of, 60 fig. 4.1
Saint Basils Cathedral construction, 63
strengthening ties to Europe, 63
struggle with aristocracy, 63-66
torture and murder, 66
vendetta against friends and boyars,
65-66
withdrawal to monastery, 66
See also Moscow (1533-1618)
Ivan the Terrible (film), 61
Ivan V, 98
Ivan VI, 115,116,119
Japan, 176, 230, 240, 241, 246, 334
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 281
Jews, 124,185, 204, 279, 282, 298, 300
Job, Metropolitan, 68
Jordan, 279
July Days, 207
Kadets (Constitutional Democratic
Party), 173,184, 202
Kadyrov, Akhmad, 357
Kadyrov, Ramzan, 357
Kamenev, Lev, 221, 236-237
Kandinsky, Wassily, 192
Kankrin, Egor, 144
Kantemir, Antiokh, 130
Karamzin, Nicholas, 130
Kasparov, Gary, 352
Kasyanov, Mikhail, 352
Katkov, Michael, 109
Katyn Forest massacre, 246, 3g3
Kazakhstan, 270, 295» 305, 332j 333 ^
362, 364, 367
Kazan, Khanate of, 52, 65
Kazan Cathedral, 113
Kennedy, John F., 269, 270
Index
381
Kerensky, Alexander, 207-208
KGB, 341,342
Khmelnitsky, Bogdan, 90
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 347
Khrushchev, Nikita, 260-273
background, 260-261
crackdown on religion, 273
de-Stalinization campaign, 263-264
description of, 261, 261 fig. 13*1
photo, 261 fig. 13.1
pressure on West to relinquish Berlin,
269-270
reforms, 271-273
relationship with Mao Zedong,
267-269
removal from power, 273
revamping of CPSU structure, 273
reversal of closed door policy, 265
See also Soviet Union (1946-1984)
Kiev, 10,15,17,19, 24, 25, 27, 48, 50, 91, 92
Kievan Rus*, 8-27
agriculture, 10-12
Byzantine influence, 11,17-19, 21
class differentiation, 13-14
culture, 16-17
decline of, 20-21
disintegration of, 20, 24
egalitarian and collectivist attitudes, 12
farming communes (obshchina), 12
formation of, 8-10
forms of government in, 24-27
importance of, 10
interaction with other societies, 13
intermarriage with other royal
families, 17
land-centered occupations, 10
location, 10,11 map 1.2,13
military activity, 13
Mongol conquest, impact of, 34-36
Olga, first woman ruler, 15
Orthodox Christianity, 14-16, 21
peasant obligations, 12
political-administrative institutions, 19
political weakness, 24
population, 10
power structure, 18-19
princes, 24-27
trade, 9,11,13
Vladimir, Prince, 15,19-20
written language, 15,16
See also Mongols
Kim Il-sung, 297
Kim Jong-un, 364
Kirov, Sergei, 236
Kirov Opera and Ballet, 323
Kliuchevsky, V. O., 42
Korea, 176,181, 258, 265, 297
Kornilov, Lavr, 207
Kosovo, 336, 35 364-365
Kronstadt rebellion, 217
Kublai Khan, 31
kulaks, 229
Kurile Islands, 297, 334
Kursk, Battle of (1943), 244
Kursk (submarine), 351
Kutuzov, Michael, 149-150
Kyrgyzstan, 367
labor camps (gulags), 233, շ35։ 237 259
Lake Baikal, 282
Larionov, Mikhail, 192
Latvia, 65, ιοί, 103,173, 255, 305, 306, 308
League of Nations, 240
Lebed, Alexander, 328, 330
Index
382
Left Opposition» 227
Left Socialist Revolutionaries, 210
Legislative Commission, 120-121
Lenin (Vladimir Ulyanov)
armistice with Germans, 210
background, 171-172
belief in Marxist doctrine, 171, 211
as Bolshevik leader, 205
call for armed revolution, 208-209
death of, 218, 221
doubts about Stalin, 221
economic reform program, 217-218
formation of government, 209
on one-country revolution, 228
one-party dictatorship, 210
opposition to Provisional Government,
206
peace with Central Powers, 212
photo, 205 fig. 11л
return from exile, 204
on Stolypin’s land reform, 188
Leningrad (formerly Petrograd, now St.
Petersburg), 236, 341, 342
Leningrad State University, 341, 352
Lermontov, Michael, 146
liberalism, 172-173
Libya, 361
Lithuania, 15, 25, 36, 40, 42, 43» 50,173,
255, 287-288,305, 306
Litvinov, Maxim, 242
Livonia, 101
Livonian War (1558-1583), 65, 67
Lomonosov, Michael, 130
Lord Novgorad the Great (town), 25
Lysenko, Trofim, 239
Macarius, Metropolitan, 62
Malenkov, Georgy, 260
Malevich, Kazimir, 192
Manchuria, 176, 230, 241, 267
Mao Zedong, 267-268, 279
Marco Polo, 31
Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 124
Mariinsky Theater, 322
Marshall Plan, 257
Marx, Karl, 170-171, 226
Marxist Social Democrats (SDs), 184,185
Masaryk, Jan, 255
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 191, 238
McCain, John, 357
Medvedev, Dmitry, 348, 350, 352-353
Mensheviks, 205
Menshikov, Alexander, 105
Methodius, Saint, 15
metropolitans (Orthodox Church
officials), 26, 27, 48, 55
Meyerhold, Vsevolod, 238
Michael, Tsar, 73-74, 78, 82
Military Revolutionary Committee,
209
Miloslavsky, Maria, 98
Minin, Kuzma, 73
Ministry of Internal Affairs (secret
police), 235, 237, 238
Mogila, Metropolitan Peter, 92
Moldavia (formerly Moldova), 306, 308
Mongols, 27-39
adaptability, 31
beliefs and culture of conquered
peoples, 37
as cause of severe economic losses,
34-35
continued harassment of Russia, 65
daily lives of conquered peoples, 37
Index
383
decline of power, 37-38
divergence of Slavic civilization from
West, 38-39
indirect nature of rule, 34
material and psychological impact of,
28,31, 35-36, 38
military success, 30-31
Mongol Empire, circa 1250, 29 map 2,1
organization and discipline, 28
Moscow (1328-1533), 40-56
autocratic system, 40
benefits for the people, 56
commerce, 47, 54
concept of state service, 53
conflict with Lithuania, 50
diplomatic skill, 43
expansion, 40
growth to 1533, 49 map 3.1
identification with Orthodox Church,
40-41, 44-46
Ivan III, 47, 51, 52, 55
land-holding systems, 41
location, 47
as major European power, 49 map 3,1,
52
market on frozen river, 54
mid-i3oos centers of power and
civilization, 40
organization and management skill, 43
princes, 41—43, 46, 47-48, 49, 52
principle of obligatory service to ruler,
40
promise of security, 42-43, 55-56
resistance to Mongol oppression, 43
resources, 41-42
two-headed eagle symbol, 53
Moscow (1533-1618), 58-75
alliances with Poland and Sweden, 72,
73
anarchy, 72
Boris Godunov, 68-71
drought and famine, 69
economic problems, 68
establishment of tsarist autocracy, 75
liberation from Poles, 73
Livonian War (1558-1583), 65
Michael Romanov, election as tsar, 73
movement for national defense, 72-73
national regeneration effort, 73
political power struggle, 68-70
pretenders to the throne, 71-73» 71 fig.
4.2
social disorder in, 61-62
social revolution, 70-72
struggle between Ivan IV and boyars,
64-65
support of tsar by Orthodox Church, 74
ties with Europe, 63
Time of Troubles, 67-73
tsar as symbol of unity and security, 74
Tsar Feodor, death of, 68
Tsar Vasilii, 71-73
See also Ivan the Terrible
Moscow Art Theater, 191
Moscow Conservatory, 322
Moscow University, 129
Munich Conference, 242
Muscovy See Moscow
Mussolini, Benito, 240
Mussorgsky, Modest, 69,147
Nagy, Imre, 266
Namibia, 296
Napoleon Bonaparte, 148-150
384
Index
Narva, 101
Naryshkin, Natalia, 98
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 333
“near abroad,” 331, 334
Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689), 88
Neva River, 95 map 6.1,101
Nevskii, Alexander, 32-33, 32 fig. 2.2
New Economic Policy (NEP), 217-218,
226-227
Nicaragua, 280, 295, 296
Nicholas 1,135-136,143-144,151-152,153
See also Crimean War
Nicholas II, 165,180,186-188,195 fig. 10.1,
202
Nijinsky, Vaslav, 192
Nikolai, Grand Duke, 179-180
Nikon, Patriarch, 85-86
Nikulin, Yuri, 318
Nixon, Richard, 278, 279
nobility, 98,105,108,114,120,121, 125-128,
138,15 7 160
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 257, 333, 357-358. 359. 362,
Յ65
North Korea, 363
North Ossetia, 357, 358
Northern Society, 142
Novgorod, 19, 24—27, 32, 43, 52
Novocherkassk, 273
Nystad, Peace of (1721), 103
Obama, Barack, 360, 361
obshchina (farming communes), 12, 56,
80,138,160,166
October Manifesto, 180,184
October Revolution, 201, 207-211
Octobrists, 184, 202
Ogoniok (magazine), 299
Old Believers, 86-87,116,120
Old Church Slavonic alphabet, 16,107
Old Testament Trinity (icon), 45, 45 fig. 3.1
Oleg, Prince, 19
Olga, first woman ruler, 15
Operation Barbarossa, 243
oprichnina (territories set apart), 66
Orlov, Alexei, 112,113
Orthodox Church
architecture, 46, 46 fig. 3.2
as center of artistic and cultural life,
44-45
Church of the Assumption, Moscow,
46 fig. 3.2
establishment of separate Russian
church administration, 51
icon painting, 16-17, 44֊45 45 fig. 3*i
46 fig. 3.2
opposition to Mongols and
Lithuanians, 49
otherworldliness of, 16
Saint Sofia Cathedral, 17, 20
as symbol of unity and continuity,
44
See also Russian Orthodox Church
Orwell, George, 299
Other Russia, 351
Ottoman Empire, 101,103,122,123,124,
148,151,152,174,194
Pale of Settlement, 164
Paleologus, Zoe, 52
Pan-Slavism, 162,174
Pasternak, Boris, 239, 299
Paul 1,115,119,131,131 fig. 7.2,132
Pavlova, Anna, 192
Index,
385
peasants
attunement to revolution, 190
effects of industrialization, 165-166
emancipation of serfs, 159-160
famine, 166
under Nicholas 1,143-144
pattern of obligation, 12, 53, 56, 78-79
peasant socialism, 172
under Peter the Great, 108
population boom, 166
radicalization of military recruits, 195
role of in imperial state, 81
rural life of, 137-138,167 fig. 9.3
social revolution of 1605-1606, 70
taxation, 126,167-168
transformation into serfs, 80
unrest, 182,184-185
uprisings, 217
work on church land, 44
Pechenegs, 13, 20
People’s Will, 155,162,163
perestroika (restructuring), 291-294
Perovskaia, Sophia, 155
Peter, Saint, 48
Peter I (the Great), 95-110
central bureaucracy reorganization,
106
childhood, 98
creation of navy, 96
cultural and psychological reforms,
107-108
economic growth, 105
education and health care
improvements, 107
establishment of Senate, 106
expansion, 96,101,103
foreign policy, 100
goals for government reform, 104
Great Northern War, 101,103
impediments to modernization, 97- 98
military reforms, 105
modernization efforts, 96-97
paradoxes of reign, 109-110
personality, 99
portrait, 97 fig. 6.1
resistance to, 108-109
self-education, 99
single-inheritance (primogeniture) law,
106
social mobility in civil and military
service, 105
succession problems, 115-117
taxation, 105-106
trip to Western Europe, 100
universal military service requirement,
105
war with Sweden, 101-103
See also Russian Empire (1689-1725)
Peter II (grandson of Peter the Great),
115,116
Peter III, 112,113,116-117
Petrograd, 196, 200, 202-204
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and
Soldiers’ Deputies, 203-204
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 163
Poland
abandonment of socialism, 304
absorption of Galicia by, 36
alliance with Napoleon, 149
alliance with Russia, 73
attack on Soviet Russia, 216
crushing of Solidarity, 280-281
independence, 213
invasion by Germany, 242
386
Indecc
Poland (continued)
nationalist movements, 162,173
opposition to Soviet domination, 266
partitioning and disappearance of, 89
map 5.1,123
peace treaty of 1634, 90
rebellion against Russian rule (1830),
144,150
religious hostility to Russia, 15
union with Lithuania, 40, 50
war with Muscovy, 58, 67
Yalta Conference (1945) results, 255
Politburo, 235, 259, 260, 272
Poltava, 102
pomestie (land grant), 53, 79
Popular Front, 240
Portsmouth, Treaty of, 179-181
Potsdam Conference (1945), 254
Pozharsky, Prince Dmitrii, 73
The Primary Chronicle, 9,15,19, 40, 41, 50
Prokofiev, Sergei, 238
proletariat, 169-170,172,176, 227, 272
Prussia, 123,149, 150
Pskov, 24, 26, 52
Pugachev, Yemelyan, 120
Pushkin, Alexander, 146
Putilov Factory, 168
Putin, Vladimir, 339-369
anti-Western rhetoric, 359
assessment of, 367—369
background, 340-342
Beslan hostage-taking response,
339-340
Chechen terrorism response, 330-33l
education, 341
election as president in 1999, 343
foreign policy, 365
goals, 359
help for US after September 11, 2001,
359-360
as KGB agent, 341-342
manipulation of elections, 350
media suppression, 349
as Medvedev s prime minister, 353
nuclear disarmament pact with US, 335
photo, 341 fig. 16.1
presidential control of regions and
local governments, 349-250
relations with United States, 359-362
treatment of foreign investment,
347-348
as Yeltsin’s prime minister, 342
See also Russian Federation
Qing, Empire, 88,176
Quadruple Alliance, 150
Radishchev, Alexander, 130
Rasputin, Gregory, 196
Razin, Stenka, 77-78, 77 fig. 5.1
Reagan, Ronald, 280, 297
Red Army, 216, 241, 243» 244 247, 255,
267, 277, 280, 296
revolution. See Russian Revolution
Revolution of 1905, 180-186
Reykjavik, 298
Riazan, 28, 31, 41
Rice, Condoleezza, 358
Right Deviation, 227
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai, 147
Riurik, 9
Rodina (Motherland) party, 350-351
Roman Catholic Church, 14, 15, X6։ 25 41j
44» 49։ 50, 51։ 74։ 90
Index
387
Romania, 255, 262, 305
Romanov, Michael, 73-74, 7** 82
Romanovna, Anastasia, 61, 65
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 252, 255
Rose Revolution, 357
Rostov, 27
Round Table for a Free Georgia, 306
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 130
Rublev, Andrei, 45
Russia
agricultural deficiencies, 4-5» 81, 97,
114» 125։ 138-139» 157։ 176, 274
Byzantine influence, 11,17-19, 21, 52
climate, 4-5
as crossroads of cultures and ideas, 4
defense of, 2 map 1.1, 3, 5
difficulties for invaders, 3-4, 5
early forms of government, 24-27
ethnic groups, 8
influence of Russian Orthodox Church,
74
location, 4
natural resources, 5
population diversity, 6-8, 7 fig. 1.2
river transport, 5, 6 fig. 1.1
size, 1, 2 map 1.1, 3, 4
terrain, 3
tsars (1547-1917), 59 table 4.1
xenophobia, 54
See also Kievan Rus’; Mongols;
Moscow; Russian Empire; Soviet
Union
Russian Academy of Sciences, 130
Russian Communist Party, 215
Russian Empire (1328-1533). See Moscow
Russian Empire (1613-1689), 76-93
corruption and harassment of the
people, 84-85
demise of zemskii sobor, 82-83
expansion of, 88-91, 89 map 5.1
government policies leading to
serfdom, 79-80
growth of army and civil service, 84
limits on tsars’ power, 84
Orthodox Church support for
autocracy, 83
rebellion, 76-77
serfdom’s influence on future
development, 81-82
Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy,
Moscow, 92
technical and cultural exchanges with
West, 91-92
Tsar Alexis, 82, 86, 90, 92
war with Poland, 90-91
weakening of Russian Orthodox
Church, 87-88
Russian Empire (1689-1725), 95-110
as dominant power in northern central
Europe
Feodor III, 98
foreign policy, 100-103
impediments to modernization, 97-98
reforms, 103-108
Sweden, war with, 101-103
See also Peter the Great
Russian Empire (1725-1801), 112-133
Anna (daughter of Ivan V), 115-116
artistic creativity in, 130
Austrian alliance, 122
Catherine 1,115
colonization, 124
community good over individual
rights, 144
388
Index
Russian Empire (1725-1801) (continued)
Elizabeth (daughter of Peter the Great),
115,116
expansion, 122-124,151
flowering of culture, 114
intellectual debate and social criticism,
130
Ivan VI, 115,116,119
peasant revolts, 120
Peter II, 115, 116
Peter III, 112,113,116-117
role in foreign affairs, 122
Russification, 124
sequence of rulers in 18th century, 115
state intervention in economy, 114
See also Catherine the Great; Paul I
Russian Empire (1801-1855), 135-153
Alexander 1,140-143,141 fig. 8.1,
148-150,153
Balkan rebellion against Ottoman
authority, 151
bureaucratic civil service growth, 144
community good over individual
rights, 144
control of Black Sea and Bosporus
straits, 151
cotton textile industry, 139
creativity, 145-147
Crimean War, 148,152,153
dilemma of reform, 139-140
economy, 139
ethnic groups in, 136
expansion, 148,151,175 map 9.1
France, war with, 148-150
literature, 146
middle class nonexistence, 144
Moscow population, 136
music, 146-147
Napoleon, defeat of, 148-150
Nicholas 1,135-136,143-144,151-152,153
nobility’s financial position, 138
Ottoman Empire, wars with, 148,
151-152
Paris, Treaty of (1856), 152
peasant family as primary social unit,
137-138
Persia, war with, 148
Polish Rebellion (1830), 144,150
population, 136-137
protection of Christian minorities, 151
role in European affairs, 140,148
Russification, 136,144
Sweden, war with, 148
villages, 138
Russian Empire (1855-1904)» 155-177
Alexander II, 151-152,155-158,156 fig.
9.1,158 fig. 9-2 161-163
Alexander III, 163-165
autocratic rule, 157» 158» 160,161,176
Crimean War, 159,173
expansion, 174» 175 map 9.1,176
foreign investment, 168
industrialization, 166-169
land shortage, 157,160
Nicholas II, 173» 176
non-Russian minorities’ desire for
autonomy or independence, 173
Ottoman Empire, wars with, 151-152»
174
population boom, 159» 166
revolutionaries, 162,163
revolutionary political philosophies,
170-173
threats to tsarist autocracy, 173
J
Index
389
Three Emperors' League, 173-174
Russian Empire (1904-1917), 179-198
anti-Semitism, 185
Bloody Sunday, 183
broad national movement for change,
183
creativity, 190-193
Dumas, 184,186-190
education improvements, 190
financial position of government, 185
forceful suppression of national
disorders, 185
illegal land seizures, 184
industrial growth, 189
labor unrest, 189-190
nationalist feeling, 194
Nicholas II, 165,180,186-188,195 fig.
10.1, 202
October Manifesto, 180,184
peasant disorders, 182,184-185
political radicalization of workers, 184
Portsmouth, Treaty of, 179,181
positive trends, 190
Revolution of 1905,180-186
right-wing organizations, 185
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905),
181-182
Silver Age, 190-193
soviets, 185
strikes, 182,184
terrorist activity, 182
Union of Unions, 182
See also Russian Revolution; World
War I
Russian Federation (1991-2000), 312-337
AIDS epidemic, 319
alcoholism, 315, 319
anti-Semitism, 321
basic aspects of Soviet system needing
reform, 314, 318
Chechen rebellion, 324, 329-33X
conflict between central government
and peripheral regions, 324
constitution reform, 326
corruption, 315
crime, 313, 315, 326
cronyism, 313, 326, 329
cultural revival, 322-323
description, 313-314
economic reform, 315-316
elections of 1996, 327-328
environmental problems, 319
ethnic Russians in former Soviet states,
332
Federation Council, 324
fertility rate drop, 319
film industry, 323
financial system collapse, 317
free speech and press freedom, 326
gap between rich and poor, 318
gender imbalance, 320
health concerns, 319
infant mortality, 319
inflation, 315
Islamic fundamentalism, 334
job insecurity, 319
major economic problems, 317-318
nuclear disarmament, 334-335
obstacles to reform, 314-315
occupation of Moscow White House,
325
oligarchy emergence, 316
pensioners, growing number of, 320
poverty rate, 315
390
índex
Russian Federation (1991-2000)
(continued)
presidential power, 326
privatization program, 316
publishing industry, 323
racism, 321
relations with Far Eastern nations, 334
religion, 322
removal of military units and bases, 332
resistance to economic reform, 316
Stalin regime, attitudes toward, 321
terrorism, 330
womens challenges, 320
xenophobia, 321
See also Yeltsin, Boris
Russian Federation (2000-2016), 339-369
annexation of Crimea, 366
arms export dependency, 348
Asian relationships, 363-364
Beslan hostage taking, 339-340
centralization and authoritarianism,
349
Chechen seizure of Moscow theater,
356
Communist representation in Duma,
35i
corruption, 346,347
disenchantment with Putin regime, 354
disparity between Moscow and rest of
country, 345
Donbas War involvement, 366
economy, 343-345» 344 6g-16.2,348
election fraud in 2011,353
energy export overdependence, 345,
348
environmental conditions, 346
Eurasian Economic Union, 367
European dependence on Russian
natural gas, 364
European missile defense system,
361-362
European Union, 364-365
foreign investment, 347-348
government control of economy,
346-347
government control of regions and
local governments, 349-250
income disparity, 345
infrastructure crisis, 346
Islamic fundamentalism spread, 358
manufacturing inefficiency, 345
oligarchs, 346
pensioners’ street protests, 351
Poland-Russia relations, 362-363
police brutality and intimidation, 355
population shrinkage, 319
presidential term extension, 353
protest demonstrations, 351-352
racism, 358
relations with “near abroad,” 362-363
relations with United States, 359-362
Russian army deficiencies, 351
small businesses, 346
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of
2010,360
suppression of media, 349
technology and innovation, 348
terrorism, 356,358
Winter Olympics 2014,348
See also Putin, Vladimir
Russian Imperial State. See Russian
Empire
Russian Orthodox Church
autocracy support, 83
Indeed
391
as center of cultural life, 129
characterization of Poles as heretics, 73
competition with Catholic and Uniate
Churches, 91
Council of the Hundred Chapters, 63
focus on ritual and tradition, 55
during glasnost, 300
Holy Synod, 107
national resistance movement, role in,
73
Old Believers, 86-87,116,120
patriarchate, 68
persecution of in Soviet Russia, 216
reorganization of parishes and
administration, 161
during Russian Federation, 322
Saint Basil’s Cathedral construction, 63
the Schism, 83-88
separate church administration, 51
Third Rome, 54
Trans-Volga Elders, 55
Russian Revolution (1917), 200-211
abdication of Nicholas II, 202
assessment of, 211
causes of, 202
Constituent Assembly, 210
counterrevolution threat, 207-208
February Revolution, 201, 203-204
Marxist socialism and, 222
Mensheviks, 206
military support for, 200-201
murder of Nicholas II and family, 202
October Revolution, 201, 207-211
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and
Soldiers’ Deputies, 203-204
Provisional Government, 202-204,
206-207
United States’ and Allies’ view of, 203
See also Bolsheviks; Lenin; Trotsky;
World War I
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party
(SD), 171,184,185,194
Russian State Museum, 322
Russo-Turkish peace treaty (1878), 174
Rutskoi, Alexander, 325
Rybakov, Anatoly, 299
Rysakov, Nicholas, 156
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 357
Saint Basil’s Cathedral, 63
Saint Sofia Cathedral, 17, 20
Sąjūdis, 306
Sakhalin Island, 176
Sakharov, Andrei, 282, 299
Saltykov, Sergei, 119
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 358
Scythians, 9 fig. 1.3, 28
secret police, 237
Seraphim, Metropolitan, 135
Serbia, 194
serfdom
abolition of, 158-160
as administrative and social
mechanism, 139
agricultural serfs, 120
in annexed lands, 124
under Catherine the Great, 125
causes of, 81
criticism of in Radishchev’s book, 130
factory serfs, 120
fugitive serf recovery, 80
grants of land to servitors (pomestie),
79
inefficiency of, 138
392
Index
serfdom (continued)
influence on Russia’s development,
81-82,126
moral dilemma of, 82,114
under Nicholas 1,143-144
under Peter the Great, 97,105
proportion of serfs in population, 125
restrictions on peasants’ rights to
move, 79
roots of, 12, 53, 70, 78-79
state or church peasants, 80
Ulozhenie (Law Code) of 1649, 80
Sergius, Saint, 44
Sevastopol, 332
Shamil, 151
Shcherbina, Tatyana, 299
Shostakovich, Dmitri, 239
Shuiskii family, 61
Shuisky, Vasilii, 71, 72-73
Siberia, 88, 90,124,125,187, 259, 274, 282,
334
Sigismund III, King of Poland, 72
Silver Age, 190-193
Six Day War, 279
slaves, 9,11,13-14, 25, 31, 70,106,141
Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy, 92
Slavophiles, 147-148
Slovakia, 305
smerdy (peasants), 13-14
Smolensk, 50, 52, 91
Smolny Institute, St* Petersburg, 129
Snow Revolution, 353
Sobchak, Anatoly, 308, 342, 352
sobornost’ (spirit of the congregation),
16, 56
Social Democrats, 171,184,185,194
socialism, 170-171
Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Party, 172,
184
Solovetskii Monastery, 86
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 264, 282
Somalia, 280
Sophia (regent for Peter I), 78, 98
Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst (Catherine II/
Catherine the Great), 117
Sorskii, Nil, 55
Southern Society, 142
Soviet culture (1917-1953), 238-239
Soviet of Workers’ Deputies, 184
Soviet Union (1921-1928), 216-223
economy, 217
Kronstadt rebellion, 217
New Economic Policy (NEP), 217-218
one-party dictatorship, 210, 222
peasant uprisings, 217
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR) created, 219
Soviet Union (1928-1946), 225-247
alliance with Axis nations, 241
Anglo-Soviet treaty (1941), 243
annexation of Baltic lands, 242
doctrine of collective security, 240-241
famine, 230
Five-Year Plans, 228-231
Great Patriotic War (World War II),
243-247, 245 map 12*1
industrialization, 226, 230-231
labor camps, 233, 235
minorities in, 234
nonaggression pacts, 240, 242
purges of Red Army, 238
secret police (Ministry of Internal
Affairs), 235, 237 238
social differentiation, 235
I
Index
393
Stalinist system’s roots, 233-234
structure of society, 234-235
terror, 235-237
victims of Stalinism, 237
war with Nazi Germany, 243-244, 244
fig. 12.1, 245 map 12.1
wartime relations between Soviet
Union and Western allies, 246
See also Communist Party of the
Soviet Union; Stalin
Soviet Union (1946-1984), 250-285
Afghanistan invasion, 280
alcoholism, 167, 283
American U-2 spy plane incident,
269
anti religion campaign end, 274
arms control, 277-278
Atlantic Charter (1942), 252
Berlin blockade, 255
Berlin Wall construction, 270
Brezhnev Doctrine, 277
buildup of military capabilities, 274
closed door policy reversal, 265
Council of Mutual Economic
Assistance, 258
Cuban missile crisis, 270-271
Czechoslovakia invasion, 277
détente, 277, 281
deterrence, strategy of, 278
dissident movement in, 281-282
domination of non-Russian
nationalities, 251-252, 273
environmental concerns, 273* 282
Five-Year Plans, 252
goods shortages, 275
historical preservation concerns,
282-283
human rights issues, 279, 282
“iron curtain,” 252
need to update Soviet system, 262-263
non-Russian nationalism, 284
opposition to Soviet domination, 266
peaceful coexistence, 265
postwar program, 251
pro-Soviet regimes in Eastern Europe,
255, 256 map 13.1, 257
punishment of repatriated POWs and
civilians, 251
recovery from Second World War, 251
reduction of Stalin’s arbitrary terror,
262
relations with West, 269-270
resentment of party officials’ privileges,
276
“second economy,” 275
Sino-Soviet relations, 267-269, 279
space program, 272
suppression of criticism, 273
territorial gains in Europe, 256 map 13.1
Warsaw Pact, 257, 277
women’s status, 283-285
See also Brezhnev
Soviet Union (1985-1991), 287-310
Chernobyl nuclear plant meltdown, 299
citizens’ refusal to change attitudes and
behavior, 294, 303-304
Cold War end, 294
democratization, 300-302
disillusionment with socialism, 304
dissolution of, 309
economic reform roadblocks, 293-294
effect of glasnost on Soviet society, 299
elections, 302
foreign policy innovations, 294-298
394
Index
Soviet Union (1985-1991) (continued)
lifestyle changes of Russians, 288-289
nationalism among non-Russian
groups, 305
political reforms, 301
poor morale, 290-291
reaction to Lithuanian bid for
independence, 287-288
reforms, 289-290, 309
Sino-Soviet relations, 297
technology and manufacturing, 290
United Nations, relations with, 297
withdrawal of Soviet troops from
Europe, 305
See also Gorbachev, Mikhail;
Khrushchev, Nikita
soviets, 184-185, 203, 234
sovnarkhozy (regional economic
councils), 272
Spanish Civil War, 241
Speransky, Michael, 141,144
Sputnik, 136,196, 272
St. Petersburg, 89 map 5.1, 95 map 6.1,101,
103,112,127,155,179,183-185,189
stag, gold, 9 fig. 1.3
Stakhanov, Aleksey, 233
Stakhanovism, 233
Stalin, Joseph, 225-260
anti-Semitism, 259
approval of United Nations, 253
background, 220-221
Cold War, 252-258
crackdown on intellectual life, 259
death of, 260
“Doctors' Plot," 260
ensured participation in Stalinist
system, 231-233
Five-Year Plans, 228-231
ideological attack on capitalism, 259
increasing paranoia, 259
Lenins doubts about, 221
objectives of Nazi-Soviet pact, 242
on pace of industrialization, 226
photo, 220 fig. 11.2
postwar foreign policy, 258
reliance on terror, 235-237
roots of Stalinist system
second revolution, 226
“socialism in one country” doctrine,
228
“Song of Stalin," 225
at Teheran Conference (1943), 252
Stalingrad (Volgograd), 244
Stanislavsky, Konstantin, 191
Stolypin, Peter, 187,188,189,190
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties
(SALT I SALT II) of 1972 and 1979
278
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties
(START I and START II), 295, 298,
334-335
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of 2010
360
Stravinsky, Igor, 192
Sumner, B. H., 103
Suprematism, 192
Supreme Privy Council, 127
Supreme Soviet, 234, 301
Suzdal, 2, 27
Suzdal-Vladimir, 21, 27, 41
Sviatoslav, 19
Sweden, 58, 67, 72-73,101-102,148
Sylvester, 62, 65-66
Syria, 279, 360
Index.
395
Table of Ranks, 105
Tajikistan, 332, 334, 360, 367
The Tale of the Host of Igor, 17
Tannenberg, Battle of (1410), 50
Tatars, 28, 52, 56, 65, 98,101,120,122-124,
324
Tatlin, Vladimir, 192
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr, 146,147
Teheran Conference (1943), 252
Theater Olympics, 322
Third Rome, 54
Third Section of His Majesty's Own
Chancery, 144
Thompson, John M., 1, 3, 99, 317, 32i, 341
Tilsit agreement, 149
Time of Troubles, 67-73
Tito (Josip Broz), 257
Tolstoy, Leo, 146
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 176
Trans-Volga Elders, 55
Transnistria, 363
Triple Alliance, 193
Triple Entente, 193
Trotsky, Leon, 185, 209, 215, 216, 221,
227-228, 235, 240, 300
Truman, Harry S., 257
Truman Doctrine, 257
tsar, defined, 52
Tsars of Russia, 1547-1917, 59 table 4л
Tsushima, Straits of, 181
Tucker, Robert C., 228
Turgenev, Ivan, 146
Turkey, 101
Turkmenistan, 364
Tver, 40, 41» 43 48, 52
udel (appanage) system, 41
Ugedei Khan, 32
Ukraine
desire for autonomy and self-
determination, 305-306, 308
Donbas War, 366
as member of Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS), 324,
33i“332
nationalist movements in, 162,173
Orange Revolution, 363
rebellion against Polish rule, 90
relationship with Russia, 91, 332-333
religious division in, 90
Russian intervention in elections, 363
serfdom in, 124
surrender of former Soviet nuclear
weapons, 335
transfer of Crimean Peninsula to
Ukrainian Soviet Republic, 332
Ulozhenie (Law Code) of 1649, 80
Ulyanov, Alexander, 171
Ulyanov, Vladimir (Lenin), 171
Uniate Church, 90, 91
Union of Lublin, 50
Union of Russian People, 185
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR)
See Soviet Union
Union of Unions, 182
United Russia party, 350֊35i 352, 353
United States’ and Allies’ view of Russian
Revolution, 203
Uzbekistan, 360, 367
Varangians, 9-10,19, 21
Vasilii, Tsar (Vasilii Shuisky), 71-73
Vasilii I, 51
396
Inàex
Vasilii II (the Blind), 51
Vasilii III, 51, 52, 55, 60
veche, 19, 24, 26, 52
Vietnam, 265, 276, 295, 296, 334
Vikings, 5, 9,13,19, 21
Vladimir, Prince, 15,19-20
Vladimir-Suzdal, 21, 27, 41
Vladimir (town), 48
Vladivostok, 176
Volga River, 6 fig. 1.1, 9, 25, 31, 47,120,
124
volost system, 160
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 118
Volynia, 24-25, 36, 50
votchinas (hereditary estates), 41, 53
Walesa, Lech, 304
war communism, 216, 225, 232
Ward, Christopher J., 317, 342
Warsaw Pact, 257, 277, 296, 305
West Germany. See Federal Republic of
Germany
Westernizers, 147
White armies, 213, 214 map 11.1, 215-216
White House (soviet headquarters), 308,
325
Wilson, Woodrow, 213
Winter War with Finland, 243
Witte, Sergei, 165,179-180,184,185,188,
190
World Trade Organization, 348, 360
World War I (1914-1918), 193-198
acceleration of society’s disorientation,
196
Central Powers, 194
decline in civilian morale, 195
defeats and losses, 194
discrediting of Nicholas I regime, 197
food supply problems, 195
Franco-Russian alliance, 193
intensification of sense of injustice and
resentment, 197
partial collapse of economy, 197
radicalization of peasant recruits, 195
Triple Alliance, 193
Triple Entente, 193
See also Russian Revolution
World War II (Great Patriotic War ),
243-247, 245 map 12.1
xenophobia, 54, 321
Yalta Conference (1945), 254, 255
Yanukovych, Viktor, 365-366
yarlyk (charter of authority), 33
Yavlinsky, Grigory, 328
Yeltsin, Boris
assessment of, 312-313, 329
bypassing of Duma, 327
condemnation of coup against
Gorbachev, 307-308
conflict with Supreme Soviet, 325
economic assistance from West, 335
economic reform, 315-316
foreign policy goals, 331
opposition to, 323-325
photo, 313 fig.15.1
poor health and alcoholism, 316, 328
privatization of agriculture, 316-317
reelection in 1996, 328
relations with West, 334-336
relationship with Bill Clinton, 328, 334
relationships with close neighbors,
331-334
Index
39 7
resignation, 312, 342
Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister,
328
Yevlich, Ivan, 26
Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 264
Yugoslavia, 257, 335
zemskii sobor (assembly of the land), 62,
69, 73, 82, 90,106
zemstvo organizations, 161,182
Zhelyabov, Andrei, 162
Zinoviev, Grigory, 221, 222, 227, 235, 236
Zyuganov, Gennady, 327-328, 343
( Bay 01*1*50 he
;· Staatsbibliothek
V
München
J |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Thompson, John M. Ward, Christopher J. 1972- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1241486506 (DE-588)1346050236 |
| author_facet | Thompson, John M. Ward, Christopher J. 1972- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Thompson, John M. |
| author_variant | j m t jm jmt c j w cj cjw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044602309 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK40 |
| callnumber-raw | DK40 |
| callnumber-search | DK40 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 240 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1012381230 (DE-599)BVBBV044602309 |
| dewey-full | 947 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947 |
| dewey-search | 947 |
| dewey-sort | 3947 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Eighth edition |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV044602309 |
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| indexdate | 2024-10-30T15:01:01Z |
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| spelling | Thompson, John M. Verfasser (DE-588)1241486506 aut Russia and the Soviet Union Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present John M. Thompson and Christopher J. Ward Russia, a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present Eighth edition New York, NY Westview Press 2017 © 2018 xvi, 397 Seiten Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits, genealogische Tafeln txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "This lucid account of Russian and Soviet history presents major trends and events from ancient Kievan Rus' to Vladimir Putin's renewed presidency in the twenty-first century. Russia does not shy away from controversial topics, including the impact of the Mongol conquest, the paradoxes of Peter the Great, the "inevitability" of the 1917 Revolution, the Stalinist terror, and the Gorbachev reform effort. Tackling those topics and others, the new edition is updated to discuss the Russia-Georgia war of 2008, the Euromaidan protests in Ukraine of 2013-2014, the war in eastern Ukraine, and the Russian annexation of Crimea. Distinguished by its brevity and amply supplemented with useful images and suggested readings, this essential text provides balanced coverage of all periods of Russian history and incorporates economic, social, and cultural developments as well as politics and foreign policy."...Provided by publisher Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Kievan Rus History Russia History Soviet Union History Russia (Federation) History Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte z DE-604 Ward, Christopher J. 1972- Verfasser (DE-588)1346050236 aut Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, ebk. 978-0-8133-5077-6 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030000712&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=030000712&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
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| title | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_alt | Russia and the Soviet Union Russia, a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_auth | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_exact_search | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present |
| title_full | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present John M. Thompson and Christopher J. Ward |
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| title_full_unstemmed | Russia a historical introduction from Kievan Rus' to the present John M. Thompson and Christopher J. Ward |
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