The jews and modern capitalism:
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| Beschreibung: | cxxv, 402 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781138536463 9780878558377 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The jews and modern capitalism |c Werner Sombart ; with a new introduction by Samuel Z. Klausner ; translated by M. Epstein |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804177928526757888 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
[It is hoped that this fairly comprehensive table of contents zci/l make up
for the lack of an Index/]
PART I
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE JEWS TO
MODERN ECONOMIC LIFE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
Statistic and genetic methods, p, 3, Advantages and disadvantages
of the first, pp, 3-4. The need of supplementing it by the second,
p. 4. How the genetic method is to be applied, p. 5. Considerations
to be borne in mind in regard to the term “Jew/ p. 5. Jewish
influence may appear larger than it actually was, p. 6. Reasons for
this, p. 7. Lack of exact information, p. 7. Baptized Jews, p. 7.
Jewesses, p, 8. Crypto-Jews, p. 8. “Unofficial” Jewish influence,
P* 9*
CHAPTER II
THE SHIFTING OF THE CENTRE OF ECONOMIC LIFE SINCE THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Northern Europe succeeds Southern Europe as the centre of economic
life, p. 11. Explanations that have been offered for this phenomenon
VI
CONTENTS
unsatisfactory, p. 11. Striking parallelism between the wanderings of
the Jews and the economic development of nations, p. 13. An attempt
to bring the two into relationship, p. 14. Contemporary opinion on
the matter, p. 17, in Venice, p. 17, in England, p. 17, in France, p. 17*
in the Netherlands, p. 18, in Germany, p. 20. Twofold influence of
the Jews, p. 21.
CHAPTER III
THE QUICKENING OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Jewish influence quantitatively considered, p. 22, in England, p. 22,
at the Leipzig fairs, p. 23, in the Levant trade, p. 24. The com-
modities in which they dealt, p. 25. Their trading on a large scale,
p« 25. They introduced new commodities, p. 26. The variety of
Jewish trade, p. 26. Their predominating influence in gold-producing
countries, p. 27.
CHAPTER IV
THE FOUNDATION OF MODERN COLONIES
Jews keen colonial settlers, p. 28, in East Indies, p. 29, in Australia
and South Africa, p. 29, in America, p. 30. How America was bound
up with the Jews, p. 30. Jews and the discovery of America, p. 31.
Jewish settlers there, p. 32, in the West Indies and in South America,
p. 32, in the United States, p. 37. America’s debt to the Jews, p. 43.
Jewish immigration into America, p. 45.
CHAPTER V
THE FOUNDATION OF THE MODERN STATE
The Jews and the founders of modern States, p. 49. Similarity of
interests, p. 50. What the Jews did for the modern State, p. 51.
(1) The Jews as Purveyors: in England, p, 51 ; in France, p. 51 ;
in Germany, p. . ¡n Austria, p. 53.
(2) The Jews as Financiers: in Holland, p. 54 ; in England, p. 54 ;
CONTENTS
vii
in France, p. 56; in Germany and Austria, p. 57 ; “Court Jews,’1
p. 57 ; in the United States, p. 59.
CHAPTER VI
THE PREDOMINANCE OF COMMERCE IN ECONOMIC LIFE
Influence of Stock Exchange, p. 61 ; Securities—their rise, dealings
in and creation of, p. 61.
(1) The Origin of Securities ; What they are, p. 61 ; what is meant
by the M standardization of credit,** p. 62 ; illustrations from history
of bills of exchange, p. 62. The share of the Jews in creating credit
instruments, p. 63. Probability that the Jews introduced bills ot
exchange, p. 65 ; instances from Holland, p. 65, and Genoa, p. 66.
Illustrations from history of 9tocks and shares, p. 67, from that of
bank-notes, p. 68, and from that of Public Debt Bonds, p. 70. The
extent to which Jews were responsible for the standardization of credit,
p. 71. Only indirect evidence of Jewish influence, p. 72 ; but direct
proof in Rabbinic law, p, 73. The Mamran, p. 73 ; its widespread
use, p. 75 ; standardization of credit is in accordance with the spirit
of Jewish Law, p. 78.
(2) Buying and Selling Securities : Necessity for a legal code regulating
exchange, p. 80 ; Jewish influence in the formation of such a code,
p. 81 ; as in the establishment of a market for securities, p, 82. History
of Stock Exchange activities, p* 83 ; Jews and their relation to these
activities, p. 83 ; in Venice and Amsterdam, p. 83 ; in Frankfort,
Hamburg, and Bordeaux, p. 84. Where Stock Exchanges first arose,
p. 85 5 assumption—Jews were prominent speculators, p. 85 ; facts in
support of the assumption, p. 86 ; predominance of Jews on the London
Stock Exchange, p. 88; “Jews Walk” in *Change Alley, p. 88;
wealthy Jews in England in 17th and 18th centuries, p. 89. Stock-
jobbing as a specialized profession introduced into the London Stock
Exchange by Jews, p. 90 ; proof of this, p. 90. London owes to the
Jews its position as the chief financial centre of the world, p. 91.
Jews and the Stock Exchange in Paris, p. 92 ; in Frankfort, Hamburg,
and Berlin, p. 93. Contemporary opinion concerning the Stock
Exchange in the 18th century, p. 95 5 Postlethwayt, p. 95 ; Hume
and Adam Smith, p. 96 ; change in public opinion, p. 97. Hence
beginning of a new period in the history of the Stock Exchange, p. 97.
Some characteristics of the new state of affairs, p. 98 ; increase in the
volume of securities, p. 98 ; Jews and the new state of affairs, p. 99.
The Rothschilds, p. 99 ; their influence, p. 99.
• * ·
VIII
CONTENTS
(3) The Creation of Securities : a new kind of activity, p. 101 ; which
owes its origin to Jews, p. 103. Company-promoting, p. 104 ; a
speciality of Jewish undertakers, p. 105.
(4) The Commercialization of Industry; meaning of the expression,
p. 109. Illustration from the electrical industry, p. 109. Jews as
industrial undertakers, p. ill.
CHAPTER VII
THE GROWTH OF A CAPITALISTIC POINT OF VIEW
IN ECONOMIC LIFE
The outer structure of modern economic life owes much to Jews,
p. 115 ; so does its inner spirit, p. 115* Illustrations from contem-
porary opinion, p. 115» Jews regarded as 44 Interlopers/ p, 116.
Instances from Germany, p. 116 ; England (Sir Josiah Child), p, 117 ;
France, p. 118; Sweden and Poland, p. 118. Why were the Jews
such keen competitors i p. 118. Contemporary opinion offered
various reasons, p. 118. Real reason : Jews were the pioneers of
a new economic order, p. 119. The economic outlook of the 17th
and 18th centuries, p. 120 ; regulated economic activities, p. 121 ;
no competition, p. 122 ; no advertisement, p. 122 5 just price, p. 126.
Attitude of the Jews to this outlook, p. 127 5 they were not the only
44 interlopers/* p. 128 ; what distinguished the Jews from the others,
p. 129 ; the jew a business man, p. 131 ; illustration from the Memoirs
of Gliickel von Hameln, p. 131 ; from non-Jewish sources, p. 133 ;
including popular proverbs, p. 134. Specific charges against Jewish
traders all characteristic of modern commerce : their enterprise,
p. 136; their attempts to catch customers, p. 137 ; their utilization
of advertisements, p. 140 5 their cutting of prices, p. 141.* Explan-
ations for the last, p. 1435 allegation that Jews lowered quality
of goods, p. 145 ; in reality Jews adopted principle of substitution,
p. 146. Jews sold more cheaply than others because they were
content with lesser profits, p. 148. Small profits, quick returns, p. 1 50.
Instances of Jewish commercial enterprise : the waste products
business, p. 151 ; the general store, p. 151 ; payment by instalments,
p. 15* i anc^ catering, p. 152. The Jewish outlook was the modern
outlook, p. 153. How may it be accounted for ? p. 153.
CONTENTS
ix
PART II
THE APTITUDE OF THE JEWS FOR MODERN
CAPITALISM
CHAPTER VI II
THE PROBLEM
Need for clear formulation of the question to be solved, p. 157.
The Jewish aptitude—for what ? p. 157 ; how did this aptitude
develop? p. *57, The answer to the first question is Capitalism,
p. 158. Previous considerations of the question somewhat vague,
p. 158. The answer to the second question may refer to either
։ subjective ” or “objective 99 circumstances, p. 158.
CHAPTER IX
WHAT 18 A CAPITALIST UNDERTAKER i
Conception of capitalism, p, 160 ; profit the mainspring of the
system, p. 160 ; economic rationalism, p. 160, The functions of the
capitalistic undertaker, p. 161 ; his twofold nature, p. 162 ; he is an
undertaker—a man with an object in view, p. 162 ; he is also a trader,
p. 162. Analysis of the conception “ undertaker,99 p. 163. Analysis
of that of “ trader,” p.165.
CHAPTER X
THE OBJECTIVE CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE JEWISH APTITUDE
FOR MODERN CAPITALISM
These circumstances looked at in a fourfold aspect, p. 169.
(1) Jewish Dispersion over a wide area: The Jews a scattered
people, p. 170. Branches of one family in different centres, p. 170 ;
hence their 44 great correspondence,” p. 17i, The Spectator quoted,
p. 172 ; their linguistic ability, p. 173; consequences of this gift,
p. 174 ; consequence of their “great correspondence,” p. 175.
(2) The Jews as Aliens : in what sense true ? p. 175. Advantages of
this position, p. 176. True also in the sense that Jews looked upon
X
CONTENTS
themselves, and were regarded, as a peculiar people, p. 177. Conse-
quences of this psychological contrast, p. 177.
(3) Jews as Semi·citizens : Subject to restrictions, p. 178 5 economic
effects slight, p. 178. Some instances of restrictions, p. 178 ; case of
Prussia most instructive, p. 179. The restrictions to a large extent a
dead letter, p. 181« Real restrictions : their exclusion from gilds and
from public life, p. i8r. Economic consequences of the latter, p. 182.
(4) The JVeaith of the Jews : Much wealth found among Jews,
p. 184. Instances from Dutch Jews in the 17th and 18th centuries,
p. 184 ; from English Jews in the 17th century, p. 185 ; from the
Jews of Hamburg and Frankfort, p. 186. Jewish money called into
existence the large undertakings of the 17th century, p. 188. Money-
lending, p. 189 ; its relation to the growth of capitalism, p. 189.
CHAPTER XI
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE JEWISH RELIGION IN
ECONOMIC LIFE
(1) The Importance of Religion for the Jewish People: Religion and
economic life, p. 191. The Jewish religion : some characteristics,
p. 192. Its comprehensive influence, p. 192 ; it is known of all,
p. 192. Jews a most ·· God-fearing ” people, p. 193. Obedience to
religious precepts found among all classes of jews, p. 195.
(2) The Sources of the Jewish Religion : The Bible, the Talmud, and
the Codes, p. 197. Realistic [critical] attitude towards the sources,
p. 198. The attitude of the orthodox Jew, p. 201. Significance of
the sources for practical life, p. 202. To what extent is the Talmud a
norm İ p. 203. Influence of the Codes, p. 205,
(3) The Fundamental Ideas of the Jewish Religion: Judaism and
Capitalism, p. 205. Judaism a product of intellect, p. 206 ; has no
mysteries, p. 207 ; docs not appeal to the sensuous, p. 208 ; rests on a
contract between God and Israel, p. 209. Illustrations of the last,
p. 210. The quantitative conception of sin, p. 211. In theological
literature money is regarded as a means to an end, p. 212. The Tal-
mudic doctors are acquainted with business, p. 213.
(4) The Idea of Rewards and Punishments : The idea old, p. 214 ; its
earliest form : prosperity in this world, p. 215 ; in the time of Ezra,
the conception of “a world to come” appeared, p. 21$. Great
possessions good, but only if they are used in the service of God, p. 216.
In praise of riches, p. 216. Effect of this doctrine on economic
activities, p. 22 1.
CONTENTS
xi
(5) The Rationalization of Life : The duty of the pious man is to be
holy and to obey God s commandments, p. 222. Holiness degene-
rated into Formalism, p. *23* Holiness understood to mean the
Rationalization of Life, p. 225, The very existence of the law has
an influence on man, p. a26. What was the purpose of its enact-
ments f p. 227* Rationalization of the love of Nature, p. 228 ; of the
love for art, p. 228« Self-control and circumspection in speech,
p. 229 ; food, p. 230 ; and sexual life, p. 231. The Jewish view of
marriage, p. 233* Effect of the rationalization of life, more especially
of the sexual life, on economic activities, p. 234. The Jews intense
love of family-life, p, 235 ։ purity of Jewish family-life, p. 23$ ;
Jewish family-life and economic activities, p. 237.
(6) Israel and the Nations: The Jew created the Ghetto, p. 238.
Jewish self-consciousness, p. 239. Jews always a people apart, p. 239·
Economic effect of this seclusion, p. 241. Lending at interest, p. 242.
‘‘Your neighbour and the stranger, p. 242. Intercourse with the
stranger, p. 24$. The Jews the apostles of la։sstx fa։re p. 246.
(7) fudatsm and Puritanism: Identity of view in the two, p. 249,
How the latter was influenced by the former is a very difficult
question, p. 249.
CHAPTER XII
JEWISH CHARACTERISTICS
(1) The Problem: National characteristics in general, p. 252. Are
there specifically Jewish characteristics ? p. 253. What are they?
p. 25$. Only those will be touched upon that have reference to
economic life, p. 257.
(2) An Attempt at a Solution : Striking unanimity concerning Jewish
characteristics, p. 258. Jewish intellectuality, p. 258. Intellectual
pursuits held in high esteem, p. 259. Moach v. Koach% p. 260. Weak-
ness of the quality, p. 261. The teleology of the Jew the result of his
intellectuality, p. 265. Tachlis, p. 266. Characteristics of some
Jewish writers, p. 267. Jewish energy, p. 267, Mobility of the
Jew, p. 268. His adaptability, p. 268.
(3) ft wish Characteristics at applied to Capitalism : Similarity between
Judaism and Capitalism, p. 274. The kindred trio—Capitalism,
Judaism, and Liberalism, p. 27$. The Jew is well fitted to be an
undertaker, p. 276 ; and also a trader, p. 277,
CONTENTS
xii
PART III
THE ORIGIN OF THE JEWISH GENIUS
CHAPTER XIII
THE RACE PROBLEM
Consideration of the origin of the Jewish genius necessary to supple-
ment the conclusion already arrived at, p. 281. The problem many-
sided, p. 282. The question of Jewish race and the general race
question, p. 283.
(1) The Anthropology of the Jew: Agreement as to the essential
facts, p. 283. Are the Jews a pure race ? p. 285. Influence of
proselytes overestimated, p. 28Ç. Mixed marriages, p. 286. Physio-
logical differences, p. 289 ; differences in physiognomy, p. 289.
(2) The Jewish “Race” : What is a “race”? p. 291. The Jews a
distinct anthropological group, p. 291.
(3) How the Jewish Genius remained constant : Jewish qualities may be
found throughout Jewish history, p. 293. Constancy in the attitude
of the Jews to the peoples among whom they dwelt, p. 293. Hatred
of the Jews, p. 294. Jewish elasticity, p. 295. The Jewish
Diaspora, p. 297. All Jewish dispersion not enforced, p. 298, The
Jewish religion and Jewish characteristics, p. 299. The economic
activities of the Jew also show a remarkable constancy, p. 300. The
generally accepted view of the economic history of the Jews, p. 300.
A new view, p, 301. Jews not traders, p. 301. Money-lending from
the earliest times the prime factor in the economic history of the Jews,
p. 306, In this too there is a constancy, p. 312. Knowledge of
economics among the Rabbis of the Talmud remarkable, p. 313.
Jewish wealth, p. 316 ; the thrift of the Jews, p. 318.
(4) Is the Jewish Genius natural or artificial; Unreliability of the
conclusions of race-theorists, p. 320. Are Jewish characteristics
accidental ? p. 321 ; do they spring from the blood ? p. 321 ; are they
the outcome of environment i p, 321.
CHAPTER XIV
THE VICISSITUDES OF THE JEWISH PEOPLE
The great outstanding fact—a Southern people transplanted among
Northern peoples, p. 323. The Jews a desert and nomadic people,
CONTENTS
xiii
p. 324. They conquer Canaan, p. 325 ; yet continue to be filled
with the nomadic spirit, p. 326. Proof of this in the nomadic
character of their early literature, p. 327. The term “ Nomadic ”
by no means uncomplimentary, p. 328. The influence of the Exile,
p. 329. The Diaspora, p. 331. The Wandering Jew, p. 333. The
Jews become town-dwellers, p. 334. Modern cities are great deserts,
p. 334. Contrast between the cold North and the warm South,
p. 335· Jewish characteristics due to peculiar environment, p. 337,
The opinions of Juan Huarte de San Juan, p. 337. Jewish intellectu-
ality and desert life, p. 339. Jewish adaptability and nomad life,
p, 341. Jewish energy and their Southern origin, p. 342. “Sylvanism ”
and Feudalism compared with “ Saharaism ” and Capitalism, p. 343.
The Jews and money, p, 344. The Jews and the Ghetto, p. 347.
NOTES AND REFERENCES, p. 355.
|
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Bibliografie |
| geographic | Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044558924 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:55:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781138536463 9780878558377 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029957588 |
| oclc_num | 1014092066 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | cxxv, 402 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Sombart, Werner 1863-1941 Verfasser (DE-588)118751433 aut Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben The jews and modern capitalism Werner Sombart ; with a new introduction by Samuel Z. Klausner ; translated by M. Epstein London and New York Routledge 2017 cxxv, 402 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1600-1912 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Kapitalismus (DE-588)4029577-1 gnd rswk-swf Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd rswk-swf Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4006432-3 Bibliografie gnd-content Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 s Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 s DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Geschichte 1600-1912 z 2\p DE-604 Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 s Kapitalismus (DE-588)4029577-1 s 3\p DE-604 Geschichte z 4\p DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029957588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Sombart, Werner 1863-1941 The jews and modern capitalism Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Kapitalismus (DE-588)4029577-1 gnd Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4029577-1 (DE-588)4114087-4 (DE-588)4020517-4 (DE-588)4028808-0 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4006432-3 |
| title | The jews and modern capitalism |
| title_alt | Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben |
| title_auth | The jews and modern capitalism |
| title_exact_search | The jews and modern capitalism |
| title_full | The jews and modern capitalism Werner Sombart ; with a new introduction by Samuel Z. Klausner ; translated by M. Epstein |
| title_fullStr | The jews and modern capitalism Werner Sombart ; with a new introduction by Samuel Z. Klausner ; translated by M. Epstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | The jews and modern capitalism Werner Sombart ; with a new introduction by Samuel Z. Klausner ; translated by M. Epstein |
| title_short | The jews and modern capitalism |
| title_sort | the jews and modern capitalism |
| topic | Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd Kapitalismus (DE-588)4029577-1 gnd Judentum (DE-588)4114087-4 gnd Geschichte (DE-588)4020517-4 gnd Juden (DE-588)4028808-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Kapitalismus Judentum Geschichte Juden Russland Bibliografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029957588&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sombartwerner diejudenunddaswirtschaftsleben AT sombartwerner thejewsandmoderncapitalism |