Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands
Kluwer Law International
[2012]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Global trade law series
Volume 39 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xiv, 327 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9789041138255 9041138250 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Åhman, Joachim |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law |c Joachim Åhman |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Trade, health, and the burden of proof in World Trade Organization law |
| 264 | 1 | |a Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands |b Kluwer Law International |c [2012] | |
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| 502 | |b Dissertation |c University of Gothenburg |d 2011 | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Foreign trade regulation |x Health aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
Chapter 2
The Burden of Proof Concept 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 The Law and the Facts 10
2.2.1 Legal Consequences Attached to Facts 10
2.2.2 Abstract and Concrete Legal Facts 11
2.2.3 Evidentiary Facts 13
2.2.4 Questions of Law and Questions of Fact 13
2.2.5 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Law? 15
2.2.5.1 The Principle Jura Novit Curia 15
2.2.5.2 The Prohibition of Non Liquet 16
2.2.6 Who Should Provide Answers to Questions of Fact? 17
2.3 The Establishment of the Factum Probandum 18
2.3.1 A Probabilistic Approach 18
2.3.2 The Persuasive Burden 19
2.3.3 The Standard of Proof 21
2.3.4 Arguments for Allocating the Persuasive Burden to a Certain
Party and for Applying a Certain Standard of Proof 23
2.3.4.1 Reducing the Risk of Erroneous Outcomes 23
2.3.4.2 Type I and Type II Errors 24
2.3.4.3 Four Categories of Arguments 26
Table of Contents
2.3.5 Evidence and the Burden to Prove Evidentiary Facts 29
2.3.6 The Evaluation of Evidence and the Tactical Burden 30
2.3.7 The Original Probability 31
2.3.8 Presumptions 33
2.3.9 Prima Facie Evidence 36
2.3.10 The Standard of Review 39
2.4 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio 41
2.4.1 General Burden of Proof Principles 41
2.4.2 How to Apply the Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio 42
2.4.3 General Rules and Exceptions 45
2.4.4 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under
General Rules 48
2.4.5 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Defendant under
Exceptions 51
2.4.6 Arguments for Allocating the Burden to the Claimant under
Exceptions and to the Defendant under General Rules 52
2.5 The Health Risk as a Factum Probandum 53
2.5.1 Two Layers of Uncertainty 53
2.5.2 The Definition of Risk 54
2.5.3 Risk and Uncertainty 55
2.5.4 Analysing Uncertainty 56
2.5.5 Risk Assessment and Risk Management 57
2.5.6 Uncertainty Related to the Health Risk and Uncertainty
Related to the Standard of Proof 58
2.6 Summary and Conclusions 58
Chapter 3
The Burden of Proof in WTO Law 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 The Proceedings 64
3.2.1 Initiating a Proceeding 64
3.2.2 Consultations 66
3.2.3 Panel Proceedings 67
3.2.4 Appellate Body Proceedings 71
3.2.5 Recommendations and Implementation 73
3.3 The Law and the Facts 76
3.3.1 Questions of Law 76
3.3.2 Questions of Fact 78
3.4 The Persuasive Burden 80
3.4.1 The Principle Actori Incumbit Probatio 80
3.4.2 General Rules and Exceptions 82
3.4.2.1 The Approach in Case Law 82
3.4.2.2 Exceptions in the First Sense 83
3.4.2.3 Exceptions in the Second Sense 84
3.5 The Standard of Proof 86
vi
Table of Contents
3.6 Establishing a Prima Facie Case 87
3.7 Summary and Conclusions 90
Chapter 4
Health Protection Measures under the GATT 1994 93
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis 94
4.3 Article XX(b) 95
4.3.1 The Provision 95
4.3.2 Is the Measure’s Objective to Protect Human Life or
Health? 96
4.3.2.1 Where to Look for the Measure’s Objective? 96
4.3.2.2 Measures with Several Objectives 97
4.3.2.3 What Health Risks? 97
4.3.2.4 Does the Health Risk Exist? 98
4.3.2.5 The Life and Health of What Humans? 101
4.3.3 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or
Health? 105
4.3.3.1 The Necessity of What? 105
4.3.3.2 The Different Steps of the Necessity Analysis 106
4.3.3.3 The Measure’s Contribution to the Achievement
of the Objective 113
4.3.3.4 The Importance of the Measure’s Objective 115
4.3.3.5 The Trade Restrictiveness of the Measure 118
4.3.3.6 Weighing and Balancing the Factors 121
4.3.3.7 The Comparison with Alternative Measures 122
4.4 The Chapeau of Article XX 128
4.4.1 The Provision 128
4.4.2 The Purpose of the Chapeau 129
4.4.3 The Measure Itself and the Application of the Measure 130
4.4.4 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in Arbitrary
or Unjustifiable Discrimination? 131
4.4.4.1 Three Elements 131
4.4.4.2 Between Countries Where the Same Conditions
Prevail 132
4.4.4.3 Discrimination 133
4.4.4.4 Arbitrary or Unjustifiable 135
4.4.5 Has the Application of the Measure Resulted in a Disguised
Restriction? 143
4.5 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk 145
4.6 The Burden of Proof 147
4.6.1 Case Law 147
4.6.2 Effects and Arguments 152
4.7 Summary and Conclusions 156
Table of Contents
Chapter 5
Health Protection Measures under the SPS Agreement 159
5.1 Introduction 159
5.2 Relevant Provisions and Order of Analysis 160
5.3 Scientific Justification 165
5.3.1 Articles 5.1 and 5.2 165
5.3.1.1 The Provisions 165
5.3.1.2 Two Types of Risk Assessment 166
5.3.1.3 The Elements of the First Type of Risk Assessment 167
5.3.1.4 The Elements of the Second Type of Risk Assessment 172
5.3.1.5 The Risk Assessor 175
5.3.1.6 Risk Assessment and Risk Management 176
5.3.1.7 The Existence of a Risk 180
5.3.1.8 Specificity 182
5.3.1.9 The Scientific Basis 184
5.3.1.10 Appropriate to the Circumstances 187
5.3.1.11 Risk Assessment Techniques Developed by the
Relevant International Organizations 190
5.3.1.12 Is the Measure Based on the Risk Assessment? 192
5.3.2 Article 2.2 196
5.3.2.1 The Provision 196
5.3.2.2 Is the Measure Necessary to Protect Human Life or
Health? 197
5.3.2.3 Is the Measure Based on Scientific Principles and
Not Maintained without Sufficient Scientific
Evidence? 197
5.3.2.4 The Relationship between Articles 2.2 and 5.1 202
5.3.3 Article 5.7 205
5.3.3.1 The Provision 205
5.3.3.2 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles
2.2 and 5.1 207
5.3.3.3 The Relationship between Article 5.7 and Articles
2.3, 5.5, and 5.6 208
5.3.3.4 Is There a Situation Where Relevant Scientific
Evidence Is Insufficient? 209
5.3.3.5 Has the Measure Been Adopted on the Basis of
Available Pertinent Information? 214
5.3.3.6 Has the Member Sought to Obtain the Additional
Information Necessary for a More Objective
Assessment of Risk? 216
5.3.3.7 Has the Member Reviewed the Measure within a
Reasonable Period of Time? 218
5.3.4 Summary ՛ of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk 220
5.3.5 The Burden of Proof 222
vm
Table of Contents
5.4 Consistency and Non-discrimination 226
5.4.1 Article 5.5 226
5.4.1.1 The Provision 226
5.4.1.2 Has the Member Adopted Levels of Protection in
Several Different Situations? 227
5.4.1.3 Do the Levels of Protection Exhibit an Arbitrary or
Unjustifiable Distinction? 233
5.4.1.4 Has the Distinction Resulted in Discrimination or a
Disguised Restriction? 237
5.4.2 Article 2.3 241
5.4.2.1 The Provision 241
5.4.2.2 Does the Measure Arbitrarily or Unjustifiably
Discriminate? 242
5.4.2.3 Has the Measure Been Applied in a Manner, Which
Constitutes a Disguised Restriction? 244
5.4.3 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk 245
5.4.4 The Burden of Proof 246
5.5 Trade Restrictiveness 248
5.5.1 Article 5.6 248
5.5.1.1 The Provision 248
5.5.1.2 Does a Reasonably Available Alternative Measure
Exist? 249
5.5.1.3 Does the Alternative Measure Achieve the Level of
Protection? 250
5.5.1.4 Is the Alternative Measure Significantly Less Trade
Restrictive? 254
5.5.2 Summitry of the Legal Facts Relating to the Health Risk 255
5.5.3 The Burden of Proof 256
5.6 Harmonization 257
5.6.1 Article 3.1 257
5.6.1.1 The Provision 257
5.6.1.2 Does a Relevant Standard Exist? 257
5.6.1.3 Is the Measure Based on the Standard? 258
5.6.2 Article 3.2 262
5.6.2.1 The Provision 262
5.6.2.2 Does the Measure Conform to the Standard? 262
5.6.2.3 The Presumption of Consistency 263
5.6.3 Article 3.3 264
5.6.3.1 The Provision 264
5.6.3.2 Measures Deviating from Standards 265
5.6.3.3 Scientific Justification of Deviating Measures 266
5.6.4 Summary of the Legal Facts Relating to the
Health Risk 267
5.6.5 The Burden of Proof 268
ix
Table of Contents
5.7 The Burden of Proof 271
5.7.1 Case Law 271
5.7.2 Effects and Arguments 273
5.8 Summary and Conclusions 277
Chapter 6
Summary and Conclusions 281
Bibliography 291
Table of Cases 303
Index 319
X
Trade, Health, and the Burden of Proof
in WTO Law
joachim Ahman
Most of us do not immediately think of health protection measures as trade barriers. Yet to the
trade liberalization interest they are often exactly that - ‘hidden protectionism,’ some would
say. When the conflict between trade and health hardens into a confrontation, allocation of the
burden of proof becomes the critical factor in determining the outcome. And the outcome of
such a WTO dispute may affect a very large number of people.
This important book examines the WTO provisions applicable to health protection measures
from a burden of proof perspective, with an up-to-date and thorough analysis of all relevant
case law. It clearly demonstrates and explains the following and more:
- how burden of proof decisions, following from the burden of proof concept as it has
developed in national legal systems and in general international law, may favour or disfavour
different interests;
- the problems that may occur when risk-related facts have to be proved;
- how the burden of proof has been handled in WTO law, focusing particularly on the
requirement to establish a so-called prima facie case’;
- how the legal facts in the WTO provisions specifically regulating the adoption of health
protection measures have been interpreted in case law; and
- how the burden of proof concept can be used to balance the conflicting interests in ways
other than those used so far.
No other source offers such a comprehensive analysis of WTO provisions applicable to health
protection measures. This book s burden of proof perspective makes it an especially valuable
resource for trade law experts, WTO member representatives, and interested NGOs seeking to
understand and discuss the balancing of health protection and trade liberalization.
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| spelling | Åhman, Joachim Verfasser aut Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law Joachim Åhman Trade, health, and the burden of proof in World Trade Organization law Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands Kluwer Law International [2012] xiv, 327 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Global trade law series Volume 39 Dissertation University of Gothenburg 2011 World Trade Organization Rules and practice Foreign trade regulation Health aspects (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Global trade law series Volume 39 (DE-604)BV023239791 39 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029942661&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029942661&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
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| subject_GND | (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law |
| title_alt | Trade, health, and the burden of proof in World Trade Organization law |
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| title_exact_search | Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law |
| title_full | Trade, health, and the burden of proof in WTO law Joachim Åhman |
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| topic_facet | World Trade Organization Rules and practice Foreign trade regulation Health aspects Hochschulschrift |
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