The Biomechanics of Impact Injury: Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
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Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Cham
Springer International Publishing
2018
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Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (LVI, 662 p. 526 illus., 249 illus. in color) |
ISBN: | 9783319497921 |
DOI: | 10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Contents
1 Introduction 1
1 1 Injury and Injury Prevention 2
1 2 Some US and Global Statistics 2
1 3 Impact Biomechanics 4
1 4 History of Impact Biomechanics 5
1 5 The Role of the Federal Government and Automotive
Safety Standards 8
1 6 Major Subdivisions of the Field of Impact Biomechanics 9
161 Injury Mechanisms 10
162 Response to Impact 11
163 Human Tolerance to Impact 14
164 Technology Assessment 21
Questions for Chapter 1 28
Answers to Problems by Chapter 32
References 33
2 Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury 35
2 1 Introduction 35
2 2 Anatomy of the Head and Brain 36
221 Anatomy of the Brain 38
222 Histology of Brain Cells 42
2 3 Types of Head Injury 46
231 Brain Tissue Damage 47
2 4 Theories of Brain Injury Mechanisms 49
2 5 Mechanical Response of the Head and Brain 52
251 Visualization of Brain Response 54
252 Mechanical Properties of the Pia-Arachnoid
Complex 59
xi
Contents
xii
2 6 Tolerance of the Head and Brain to Blunt Impact 64
261 Tolerance of the Skull to Fracture 65
262 Tolerance of the Brain to Blunt Impact 66
Questions for Chapter 2 70
Answers to Problems by Chapter 73
References 74
3 Head Injury Research: Experimental Studies 77
3 1 Experimental Research on Head Injury Mechanisms 78
311 The Linear Acceleration Mechanism 78
312 The Angular Acceleration Mechanism 80
3 2 Experimental Research on Head Impact Response 83
321 Visualization of Brain Motion during Impact 84
322 Experiments on Diffuse Axonal Injury 89
323 Experiments on Focal Brain Injuries 90
3 3 Experimental Research on Human Head Tolerance
to Impact 92
34A Hypothesis for the Cause of Acute Subdural Hematoma 94
341 The Dura Mater 95
342 The Arachnoids 95
343 Anatomy of Cortical Vessels 96
344 Acute Subdural Hematomas 97
345 Epidemiology 97
346 Biomechanical Mechanisms for the Formation of ASDH 98
3 5 Concluding Remarks 103
Questions for Chapter 3 103
Answers to Problems by Chapter 107
References 107
4 Head Injury Research: Computer Models of Head Impact Ill
4 1 Pre-finite Element Models of Head Impact Ill
4 2 Finite Element Models of the Brain 113
421 Brain Model by Ruan et al (1994) 113
422 Brain Model by Zhou et al (1995) 117
423 Brain Model by Al-Bsharat et al (1999) 118
424 Brain Model by Zhang et al (2001): The Wayne
State University Brain Injury Model (WSUBIM) 125
425 Other Finite Element Models of Brain Injury 129
4 3 Computer Models of Animal Brains 130
431 Two-Dimensional Swine Model with an Inhomogeneous
Brain 131
432 Models of Focal Brain Injuries 135
4 4 Concluding Remarks 145
Questions for Chapter 4 146
Contents
xiii
Answers to Problems by Chapter 148
References 149
5 Measurement of Angular Acceleration 153
5 1 The Unstable Six-Accelerometer Scheme 153
5 2 The Stable Measurement of Angular Acceleration
Using the Wayne State Method 156
5 3 Other Methods of Measuring Angular Acceleration 159
531 Other Measurement Schemes Using Linear
Accelerometers 159
532 Measurement Schemes Using Specially Designed
Angular Accelerometers 160
5 4 Validation of the Wayne State Method 161
541 Criteria for Validation 161
542 Validation of the Wayne State Method Using Sled
Impact Data 163
543 Concluding Remarks 168
5 5 Miscellaneous Problems in the Measurement of Angular
Acceleration 169
551 Frequency Response of Linear Accelerometers 169
552 Cross Talk in Linear Accelerometers 169
553 Methods of Calibrating Accelerometers 170
554 Low-Frequency Response of Accelerometer 171
555 Effect of Errors in the Data 172
5 6 Conclusions 174
Questions for Chapter 5 175
Answers to Problems by Chapter 178
References 178
6 Real-World Brain Injuries 179
6 1 Tolerance of US Football Players to Mild Concussion 179
611 Study Methodology 180
612 Discussion of the Results of the NFL Study 188
6 2 Simulation of Real-World Vehicular Crashes 189
6 3 Head Injuries Sustained in Indy Racecars 193
631 Some Background Information About Racecar
Safety and Crash Severities 194
632 Use of the WSUHIM to Predict Brain Response
in Indy Car Crashes 196
6 4 Concluding Remarks 197
Questions for Chapter 6 197
Answers to Problems by Chapter 199
References 199
xiv
Contents
7 Impact Biomechanics of Neck Injury 201
71A Brief Anatomical Review of the Spinal Column 201
7 2 Impact Injuries of the Cervical Spine 207
721 Activities that Can Cause Neck Injuries 208
722 Mechanisms of Cervical Spine Injuries due to Impact 208
7 3 Experimental Studies on Cervical Spine Injuries 213
7 4 Tolerance of the Cervical Spine 219
741 Tolerance of the Cervical Spine to Extension
and Flexion 219
742 Tolerance of the Cervical Spine to Compression 221
743 Tolerance of the Cervical Spine to Tension 222
744 Tolerance of the Cervical Spine in Shear 223
7 5 Computer Models of the Cervical Spine 223
751 The Three-Dimensional Neck Model
by Yang et al (1998) 224
7 6 Concluding Remarks 232
Questions for Chapter 7 234
Answers to Problems by Chapter 238
References 239
8 The Biomechanics of Whiplash 243
8 1 Anatomy of the Spinal Cord and Neurophysiology of Pain 243
811 Spinal Cord Anatomy 244
812 Neurophysiology of Pain 244
8 2 Hypotheses for Whiplash Pain 245
821 The Hyperextension Hypothesis for Whiplash Pain 246
822 The Muscle Hypothesis for Whiplash Pain 246
823 The Muscle Flexion Hypothesis for Whiplash Pain 247
824A Pinching Hypothesis 248
825 The Pressure Hypothesis 248
826 The Shear Hypothesis for Whiplash Pain 249
8 3 Experimental Studies on Whiplash 251
831 Whiplash Experiments Using Volunteers 251
832 Whiplash Experiments Using Cadavers 253
833 Whiplash Experiments Using Cadavers
and High-Speed X-ray Cinematography 254
8 4 Tolerance of the Neck to Whiplash 271
8 5 Concluding Remarks 272
Questions for Chapter 8 273
Answers to Problems by Chapter 277
References 278
9 Impact Injuries of the Thoracolumbar Spine 281
9 1 Brief Anatomical Review of the Thoracolumbar Spine 281
9 2 Impact Injuries of the Thoracolumbar Spine 283
Contents
xv
9 3 Experimental Studies on Lumbar Spine Injuries
due to +GZ Acceleration 288
931 Early Results 290
932 Subsequent Test Results 291
933 Commentary 303
9 4 Tolerance of the Thoracolumbar Spine 304
9 5 The Issue of Acute Rupture of the Intervertebral Discs 308
Questions for Chapter 9 310
Answers to Problems by Chapter 315
References 315
10 Biomechanics of Facet Loading in the Lumbar Spine 319
10 1 Direct Measurement of Lumbar Facet Loading 319
10 2 The Sequence of Events Occurring During Seat Ejection 328
10 3 Mechanism of Injury to the Thoracolumbar Spine
due to Ejection 330
10 4 Early Models of the Spine Simulating Vertical Acceleration 331
10 4 1 Lumped Parameter Spinal Models 331
10 4 2 Simple Continuum Models 333
10 4 3 Discrete Parameter Models 333
10 5 A Two-Dimensional Model of the Thoracolumbar Spine 333
10 6 Simulation of Combined Vertical and Horizontal
Acceleration 338
10 6 1 Application of the 2-D Model to the Aircraft
Ditching Problem 339
10 7 Finite Element Modeling of the Thoracolumbar Spine 343
10 8 Concluding Remarks 349
Questions for Chapter 10 349
Answers to Problems by Chapter 354
References 354
11 Impact Biomechanics of the Thorax 357
11 1 Brief Anatomical Review of the Thorax 357
11 2 Thoracic Injury Mechanisms 362
11 2 1 Flail Chest 363
11 2 2 Lung Contusion 364
11 2 3 Hemo-and Pneumothorax 364
11 2 4 Injuries to the Heart and Great Vessels 364
11 3 Thoracic Injury Mechanisms 367
11 4 Experiments on the Thorax: Frontal and Side Impact 367
11 4 1 Frontal Impact Experiments 367
11 4 2 Side Impact Experiments 373
11 5 Thoracic Response to Frontal and Side Impact 381
11 6 Biomechanics of Aortic Rupture due to Thoracic Impact 382
11 7 Tolerance of the Thorax to Impact Loading 388
11 8 Modeling of Thoracic Response 390
xvi Contents
11 9 Concluding Remarks 400
Questions for Chapter 11 401
Answers to Problems by Chapter 405
References 405
12 Impact Biomechanics of the Abdomen 409
12 1 Brief Anatomical Review 409
12 1 1 Solid Abdominal Organs 410
12 1 2 Hollow Abdominal Organs 413
12 2 Abdominal Injuries 413
12 3 Abdominal Injury Mechanisms 414
12 4 Mechanical Response of the Abdomen 414
12 4 1 Abdominal Response to Frontal Impact 414
12 4 2 Abdominal Response to Lateral Impact 420
12 5 Tolerance of the Abdomen to Impact 421
12 6 Mechanical Characterization of Abdominal Organs 424
12 6 1 The QLV Theory 424
12 6 2 Stress-Strain Curves for Solid Abdominal
Organs (Tamura et al 2002) 427
12 7 Computer Models of the Abdomen 431
12 7 1 Model Geometry and Material Properties 431
12 7 2 Material Properties of the Model Elements 434
12 7 3 Model Validation and Predictions 436
12 8 Concluding Remarks 442
Questions for Chapter 12 442
Answers to Problems by Chapter 444
References 445
13 Impact Biomechanics of the Pelvis 447
13 1 Anatomy of the Skeletal Pelvis 447
13 2 Pelvic Injuries Due to Impact 452
13 2 1 Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly 456
13 3 Mechanical Response of the Pelvis to Impact 457
13 3 1 Frontal Response of the Pelvis to Impact 457
13 3 2 Lateral Response of the Pelvis to Impact 461
13 4 Tolerance of the Pelvis 463
13 5 Concluding Remarks 464
Questions for Chapter 13 464
Answers to Problems by Chapter 466
References 466
14 Impact Biomechanics of the Lower Extremities 469
14 1 Anatomy of the Thigh and Leg 469
14 2 Injury Mechanisms of the Thigh and Leg 475
14 2 1 Long Bone Fractures Due to Tensile Strains 475
14 2 2 Injury Mechanisms Involving the Knee 477
14 2 3 Injury Mechanisms Involving the Ankle 484
Contents
XVII
14 3 Mechanical Response of the Thigh and Leg to Impact 488
14 3 1 Response of the Femur (Knee) to Frontal Impact 488
14 3 2 Tibial Response to Impact 492
14 4 Tolerance of the Thigh and Leg to Impact 493
14 4 1 Tolerance of the Thigh (Femur) 493
14 5 Tolerance of the Leg 494
14 6 The Tibia Index 495
14 7 An Impact Model of the Lower Extremity 496
14 8 Concluding Remarks 500
Questions for Chapter 14 501
Answers to Problems by Chapter 505
References 505
15 Impact Biomechanics of the Foot 509
15 1 Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle 509
15 2 Injury Mechanisms and Tolerance of the Foot and Ankle 514
15 3 The Lisfranc Fracture 521
15 4 A Biomechanical Study of Foot Fracture 523
15 5 Modeling of Foot Impact 531
15 6 Concluding Remarks 534
Questions for Chapter 15 534
Answers to Problems by Chapter 536
References 536
16 Side Impact 539
16 1 The Kinematics of Side Impact 539
16 2 Side Impact Injuries and Injury Criteria 541
16 3 A Cadaveric Study of Side Impact—Sled Tests 545
16 4 A Cadaveric Study of Side Impact—Pendulum Impacts 548
16 5 Models of Side Impact 551
16 5 1 Effect of Air Space 557
16 5 2 Effect of Padding 557
16 5 3 Reduction in Door Velocity 558
16 5 4 Loss of Shoulder Engagement 558
16 6 Concluding Remarks 559
Questions for Chapter 16 561
Answers to Problems by Chapter 566
References 566
17 Car-Pedestrian Impact 569
17 1 Epidemiology of Car-Pedestrian Impact 569
17 2 Car-Pedestrian Impact Experiments 571
17 3 Modeling of Car-Pedestrian Impact 580
17 4 Concluding Remarks 590
Questions for Chapter 17 590
Answers to Problems by Chapter 594
References 594
xviii Contents
18 Biomechanics of Automotive Safety Restraints 597
18 1 Effectiveness of Restraints in Frontal Impact 597
18 2 Effectiveness of Restraints in Side Impact 602
18 3 Effectiveness of Restraints in Rear Impact 603
18 4 Types of Rollovers 605
18 5 Rollover Crash Injury Statistics 610
18 6 Experimental Simulation of Rollover Crashes 613
18 7 Modeling of Rollover Crashes 614
18 8 Concluding Remarks 617
Questions for Chapter 18 623
Answers to Problems by Chapter 626
References 627
19 Biomechanics of Sports Injuries 629
19 1 Overview of Sports Injuries 629
19 2 Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in American Football 629
19 2 1 What is Mild Traumatic Brain Injury? 629
19 2 2 The American Football Helmet 631
19 3 Acute Subdural Hematoma (ASDH) 632
19 4 Sports-Related Catastrophic Neck Injuries 632
19 5 Fatal Arrhythmias in Baseball Impacts 633
19 6 Ligament Injuries in Football 637
19 7 Concluding Remarks 643
Questions for Chapter 19 643
Answers to Problems by Chapter 645
References 646
20 Epilogue 649
20 1 We Have Come a Long Way 649
20 2 What is Next for Impact Biomechanics? 651
References 652
Index
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | King, Albert I. |
author_facet | King, Albert I. |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | King, Albert I. |
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building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV044531028 |
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dewey-full | 610.28 |
dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
dewey-ones | 610 - Medicine and health |
dewey-raw | 610.28 |
dewey-search | 610.28 |
dewey-sort | 3610.28 |
dewey-tens | 610 - Medicine and health |
discipline | Elektrotechnik Medizin Maschinenbau |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1 |
format | Electronic eBook |
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id | DE-604.BV044531028 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-08-01T13:01:37Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9783319497921 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029930318 |
oclc_num | 1011398327 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-861 DE-1046 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-M347 DE-859 DE-Aug4 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-634 DE-523 DE-706 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-860 DE-573 |
owner_facet | DE-861 DE-1046 DE-898 DE-BY-UBR DE-92 DE-M347 DE-859 DE-Aug4 DE-862 DE-BY-FWS DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-634 DE-523 DE-706 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-860 DE-573 |
physical | 1 Online-Ressource (LVI, 662 p. 526 illus., 249 illus. in color) |
psigel | ZDB-2-ENG ZDB-2-ENG_2018 |
publishDate | 2018 |
publishDateSearch | 2018 |
publishDateSort | 2018 |
publisher | Springer International Publishing |
record_format | marc |
spellingShingle | King, Albert I. The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation Engineering Orthopedics Biomedical engineering Biomedical Engineering Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics Conservative Orthopedics Ingenieurwissenschaften |
title | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation |
title_auth | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation |
title_exact_search | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation |
title_full | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation by Albert I. King |
title_fullStr | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation by Albert I. King |
title_full_unstemmed | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation by Albert I. King |
title_short | The Biomechanics of Impact Injury |
title_sort | the biomechanics of impact injury biomechanical response mechanisms of injury human tolerance and simulation |
title_sub | Biomechanical Response, Mechanisms of Injury, Human Tolerance and Simulation |
topic | Engineering Orthopedics Biomedical engineering Biomedical Engineering Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics Conservative Orthopedics Ingenieurwissenschaften |
topic_facet | Engineering Orthopedics Biomedical engineering Biomedical Engineering Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics Conservative Orthopedics Ingenieurwissenschaften |
url | https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49792-1 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029930318&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT kingalberti thebiomechanicsofimpactinjurybiomechanicalresponsemechanismsofinjuryhumantoleranceandsimulation |