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Long awaited West: Eastern Europe since 1944

"What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern E...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Bottoni, Stefano (Author)
Other Authors:	Lambert, Sean (Translator)
Format:	Book
Language:	English Hungarian
Published:	Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2017]
Subjects:	Geschichte 1944- Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik Politischer Wandel Europe, Eastern > History > 1945- Europe, Eastern > Economic policy Europe, Eastern > Social policy Europe, Eastern > Relations > Europe, Western Europe, Western > Relations > Europe, Eastern Osteuropa
Online Access:	Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Summary:	"What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern Europe developed and, more importantly, why it remains so distant from the rest of the continent. He argues that this distance arises in part from psychological divides which have only deepened since the global economic crisis of 2008, and provides new insight into Eastern Europe's significance as it finds itself located...both politically and geographically...between a distracted European Union and Russia's increased aggressions"...Provided by publisher
Physical Description:	x, 292 Seiten Karten
ISBN:	9780253026958 9780253030016

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adam_text	LONG AWAITED WEST / BOTTONI, STEFANOYYEAUTHOR : 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS INTRODUCTION: EASTERN EUROPE : REFRAMING A DEBATED CONCEPT ON SOVIET TURF (1944-1948) TERROR AND THAW (1949-1955) POLITICAL CRISES AND SOCIAL CONSOLIDATION (1956-1972) THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE SOVIET BLOC (1973-1991) RETURN TO EUROPE? : THE POST-COMMUNIST GALAXY EASTERN EUROPE TODAY : WESTERN PERIPHERY OR BUFFER ZONE? EPILOGUE: UNREFLECTIVE MIMETISM AND NATIONAL EGOISM DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abrams, Bradley. “The Politics of Retribution: The Trial of Jozef Tiso in the Czechoslo- vak Environment” in Deák, István, Gross, T. Jan, and Judt, Tony, eds., The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. ------. The Struggle for the Soul of the Nation: Czech Culture and the Rise of Commu- nism. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2004. Ágh, Attila. “The Triple Crisis in Hungary: The ‘Backsliding* of Hungarian Democracy after Twenty Years.” Romanian Journal of Political Science 13, no. 1 (2013): 25-51. Albrecht, Ulrich. The Soviet Armaments Industry. Philadelphia: Harwood Academic Press, 1993. Amar, Cyril Tarik. The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015. Ambrosio, Thomas, ed., Ethnic Identity Groups and U.S. Foreign Policy. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002. Andreea, Andreescu, Lucian, Nastasă, and Andrea, Varga, eds. Maghiarii din Româ- nia (1945-1955). Cluj-Napoca (Romania): Centru de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală, 2002. Andreescu, Gabriel. Cărturari, opozanţi şi documente: Manipularea Arhivei Securităţii. Iaşi (Romania): Polirom, 2013. Antohi, Sorin, and Tismăneanu, Vladimir. Between Past and Future: The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2000. 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INDEX Abkhazia, 179 abortion, 127,152 Acquis communautaire y 222 Aczél, Gyorgy, 101 Afghanistan, Soviet war in, 133,159 agents, 80, i29n78,193; as informants, 72,92,147, 163,193 agriculture, 58; collectivization of, 67-68, 79, 104,106, no, 124; investment in, 112; kolkhoz, 69; reform of, 47; production of, 69, 81, 99, 106,117,158 Albania, 2-3, 21-22, 25, 27, 35-37» 50-51» 67, 74, 80,107,110-112,114,121,124,126,140,178,184, 190-192, 206, 210, 212-213, 219» 230, 242; Alia, Ramiz, 210, 212; Democratic Forum of, 37; Democratic Party of Albania, 210, 212; King Zog, of Albania, 80; Party of Labor in, 210; relations with Yugoslavia, 80; relations with Greece, 80; relations with China, 111; socialist Party of Albania, 210, 212; state atheism, 111 Albright, Madeleine, 208 alcoholism,137,158-159,192,233;anti֊alchoholism (campaign in the USSR), 159 Alliance of Free Democrats, Hungary, 163, 238 Allied Control Commission, 17, 27, 34, 41, 46-47 Allied Control Commission (Soviet), 16, 27, 34, 41» 46 Amato, Giuliano, 221 Andrew, Janos C., 192 Andropov, Yuri, 82, 92,120,127ns, 140,142,158 anti-Bolshevik, 11 anticommunism, 76,133 anti-elite (behavior), 252 anti-fascism/fascist, 17, 22,34, 51, 75, 98,148 anti-German, 34, 79, 244 anti-globalist, 253 anti-Jewish/anti-Semitic policies and actions, 10, 20, 44, 75-76, 96,105 anti-liberal, 186, 244 anti-national, 41 anti-Polish, 19, 39 anti-politics, 243 anti-privatization, 228 anti-reform, 140,162 anti-regime, 169,171 anti-Russian, 31, 42, 49, 244 anti-socialist, 119 anti-Soviet, 12, 31» 33» 55H59» 92-93» 119» 121» 135» 143» 195 anti-terrorist, 169 anti-West/Western, 8, 50,133» 224» 247» 252 anti-Zionist, 75,105 Antonescu, Ion, 11, 23, 25,152 Antonescu, Mihai, 23 Arab-Israeli War, 105 Armenia, 160,179 Aromanians, 77 Ash, Timothy Garton, 177 Asia, 98,190 Aslund, Anders, 239 Attack Party, Bulgaria, 222 Auschwitz, 12-13 austerity, 138-139,146,150,152» 156,162,171, 239 Austria, 3, 12, 22, 24, 26-27, 29, 39» 49» 85, 91, 95» 113, 126, 164, 200; Austrian State Treaty, 83; Carinthia, 27; Vienna, 14, 26 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, empire, 5,127 authoritarianism, 5, 193, 195, 205, 212, 222-224, 228-229, 246-247, 252-253; Horthy, Miklós, 79 Axis powers, 18, 21, 34, 39, 70; anti-Axis resis- tance, 43; occupation, 11; troops, 10 Azerbaijan, 160,179 Baberowski, Jorg, 100 Balcerowicz, Leszek, 161; Balcerowicz Plan, 188 Balkan Bloc, 51 Balkan Confederation, 51 Balkan Peninsula, 12, 20 Balkans, 14, 26-27, 69, 149, 180, 197, 207, 229, 234, 236, 240, 243, 251 Baltic Sea, 2, 236; Council of the, 217 Baltic States, 12-13, 20,31,178,193» 237» 252 Bandera, Stepan, 11 281 շՏշ j Index banks, banking system, io, 38-39, 117, 138-139» 146, 212, 237; International Bank for Econo- mic Cooperation, 112; International Invest- ment Bank, 113; International Bank for Re- construction and Development, 139՞» National Bank of Hungary, 146; World Bank, 108, 117, 138-139,143. MS, 237 Bäragan Plain, deportation to, 77-78 Bárdossy, László, 23 Bartlet, David L., 187 Bäsescu, Traian, 227, 248017 Batt, Judy, 221 Belarus, 11-13,30,162,180,193, 219, 228-229; Lu- kashenko, Alexander, 228-229 Belgium, 13,35» Brussels: 25; anti-Brussels rheto- ric: 247 BeneS, Edvard, 18, 20, 24, 43-44» 46,184; Beneš decrees, 18,182 Beobanka, 197 Berend, Iván T., 5,116 Beria, Lavrentiy, 32, 75, 80-83 Berisha, Sali, 210 Berlin, 28, 98,131-132,166, 251; Berlin Wall, 107, 165,167,178; East Berlin, 60, 81,115, 167; West Berlin, 83,115,167 Berlinguer, Enrico, 154 Beszélô, 146,163 Bianchini, Stefano, 115 Bibó, István, 4, 20, 95» 147» 251 Bierut, Bolesław, 59, 66, 74, 89 Biszku, Béla, 118 black list, 137 Black Sea, 2,112,126,153; Danube-Black Sea Ca- nal, 77-78, 83 Blagojevic, Marina, 196 Blaty 136 Bogdan Iacob, Cristian, 172 Bohemia, 3, 23, 35, 45, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 17,44 Bohle, Dorothee, 252 bolshevism, 11, 98 Bolyai University (Cluj/Romania): 40 Borhi, László, tXy 26, 34,49 Borissov, Boyko, 242 Borodziej, Włodzimierz, X Bosnia and Hercegovina, 21, 36, 65,156-157,191- 192, 199-205, 219» 227-228, 232» 24L 243; Sa- rajevo, 157» 201-204, Banja Luka, 204; Dayton Agreement, 204-205, 227; Karadžié, Rado- van, 199-200; Republika Srpska in, 201-205, 228 Brandt, Willy, 107, 131, 153; Ostpolitik, 107, 131- 132,147,153,172m Bra§ov/Ora$ul Stalin, 59; riots, 153 Bràtianu, Dinu, 41 Braudel, Fernand, 5 Brezhnev, Leonid, 99-100,116, 118-121,123,134, 140,158; Brezhnev Doctrine, 123,160 Brioni Agreement, 201 Brubaker, Rogers, 7 Bruszt, László, 183 Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 30,133,166 Bulgaria, 3, 7, 13-14» 20-21, 25-27» 34» 37» 42-43» 47» 51» 63-64» 67-69, 70, 73-75» 79, 81, 95» 104, 112-113, 115, 117, 121, 124, 126, 138, 140, 142» 149, 153-155» 159-160, 165-166, 178, 184-193» 210, 218-219, 222, 229-231» 235, 237-238, 242; Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP), 19» 51» 59, 140-105, 154» 165, 242; Dobruja, 77; Southern Dobruja, 105; Lovech; 104; Plovdiv, 81,154; relations with the FRG, 153; relations with Turkey, 105; relations with Yugoslavia, 105; Sofia, 154, 165; Varna, 154; Zveno move- ment, 43 Burakowski, Adam, 171 Burg, Steven, 202 Buzalka, Michał, 66 Byrne, Malcolm, 113 capitalism, 5, 59, 115-117» 168, 182,195» 239» 242» 245; managed capitalism, 245; managerial capitalism, 108; national capitalism, 245; so- cial capitalism, 245; state capitalism, 38, 85; western-type, 165 Caplan, Richard, 204 Case, Holly, 11 Catholic Church, 20, 31, 65-66, 72, 90, 95,141- 142, 144, 241; in the Czech Republic, 241; in Czechoslovakia, 66, 144; in Hungary, 20, 65, 95; in Lithuania: 31; in Poland, 90, 141-142, 241; in Romania, 66; in Slovakia, 241 Caucasus, 98,158 Ceau§escu, Elena, 23,150,169 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 23, 102-104, 112, 122, 127, 138-139,149-154,159,163,169-171,174,176Ո127, 182,195 censorship, 58, 89, 94,119 census, 44-45» 104-105, 108, 157, 209, 216Ո87, 231-232 Central Asia, 98,158,170 Central European University, 196 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 6i, 83,160 a Index j 283 Čepička, Alexej, 71 charismatic leader, 155,164 Chernenko, Konstantin, 158 Chervenkov, Vulko, 59,104 Chetnik, 22, 26 China, 99,103-104,107, m, 121,150, 207; Beijing, 161; cultural revolution in, 111; economic re- forms in, 133; Tiananmen Square massacre in, 161 Chronotope (Bakhtin), 8 Churchill, Winston, 17, 24-26, 49 Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria (GERB), 242 citizenship, 18, 44-45,105, i77 183, 227; dual citi- zenship, 183 civil society, 91,135-136,172, 224, 246 civilized violence, 100 class enemy, 72; kulak, 59, 68-69, 72 dementis, Vladimir, 75 Cohen, Stephen R, 183 Cold War, 1-2, 6, 39, 58, 61, 68, 75, 84-85, 97, 99, 105,113,124,126,131-133,138,166,179,196-197, 219, 240, 243, 247, 250; Détente, 83-84, 98, 131-132, 141; Iron Curtain, 49, 125, 219; Thaw, 57, 80, 89, 91,100,104 collaboration, 12,18, 21-23, 32, 44, 74 collectivization, 30, 67, 69, 74, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86, 100,104,106,110,124 color revolutions, 224; Orange Revolution, Ukraine, 186, 224 cominform (Informational Bureau of the Com- munist Parties), 36, 49-51, 53, 70, 73, 89 Comintern, 24 Commonwealth of Independent States, 178 communism, 6, 8,41,50,61,65, 80, 85, 91, 96,134, 136,143,145,152,158,160,180,188,191,193, 221, 245; national communism, 153,171 Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia, 184,186 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Eu- rope: 132 Connelly, John, 60 Constantinescu, Emil, 223 constitution, 36-38, 42-43, 46, 57, 65, 84, 106, 108,110-111,133,153,155-157,161,179, 228 Constitutional Court, 185; in Hungary, 164 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Ex- port Controls, 67 cordon sanitaire, 24, 222 corruption, 99, 136, 152, 157-158, 189, 235, 242, 244; Anti-corruption, 158, 228, 235 cosmopolitanism, 75,116; anti-cosmopolitanism, 141 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon, CMEA), 67-68, 85, 110-113, 116- 117,122,132,137 Council of Czechoslovak Women, 79 Council of Europe, 231 Council of Foreign Ministers, 27, 47 Council of Ministers; in Bulgaria, 73; in Hun- gary, 82, 85, 93; in Romania, 77; in the USSR, 80,116 Council of National Salvation (Poland), 143 Coup d’etat, 143,165,178 Crampton, Richard J., 43 Crimean Peninsula, 32, 98, 218, 225 criminal code, 57,111 Croatia, 13, 22, 36, 108-109, 180, 184, 191-192, 197-205, 230, 232, 235, 242; Dalmatia, 18, 201; Dubrovnik; 201; Istria, 18, 27, 201; Kninska Krajna,/Serbian Krajna, 199, 201, 204; Slavo- nia, 201, 203-204; Osijek, 199; Vukovar, 201; Zagreb, 22,109,199 Croatian Democratic Union, 199; in Bosnia and Hercegovina, 200, 202 Croatian Spring, 109,129 Csizmadia, Ervin, 100,146 Cuban missile crisis, 99 Czech Republic, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190-192, 218, 232, 235-236, 238, 241 Czechoslovakia, 3, 6-7, 14, 18, 20, 23-26, 30, 34-35, 42-47, 55Ո88, 60-61, 63-64, 66-69, 74-75, 79, 81, 95,100,105-106,111,113-117,124, 126, 134-135, 137-138, 140, 142-145, 15Յ, 159, 166,168,173Ո11,180,182,184-185,188-189, 217, 232-233, 240; Communist Party of Czecho- slovakia (CPC), 44“46, 63, 73, 75, 81, 106, 119-124; Cultural Association of Czechoslo- vak Hungarian Workers, 63; expulsion of Germans, 17-18, 20, 41, 44; Moravia, 3, 23, 35, 45; Prague, 14,17-18, 23, 26, 34, 44, 46, 66, 74,106,144, 166,168; Plzeň strike, 81; Prague Spring and Soviet invasion, 118-123, 133, 135; relations with Austria, 3; relations with Ger- many, 3; relations with Hungary, 63,144; Ta- tra Mountains, 126 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 177 Danube River, 27, 77,102,121,144, 201 Davies, Norman, 14 deep state, 243, 250Ո60 Delors, Jacques, 178 284 I Index democracy, 25, 45-46, 96, 125, 165-166, 172, 183-185, 198, 208, 210, 2131120, 221-225, 239, 243-247, 251-253; illiberal democracy, 238, 246; people’s democracy, 30 Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Roma- nia, 222 Democratic League of Kosovo, 206 Democratic Left Alliance (Poland), 186 Democratic Party of Albanians (Macedonia), 222 demography, 249028; infant mortality, 69, 125, 150,233; life expectancy, 125,135,193,233; mor- tality, 11,102,192 denazification, 28 Deng Xiaoping, 133 Denmark, 13 deportation, 11-14, 22-23,3i~33,75,77~79 destabilization, 142,166, 206, 208, 227 destalinization, in Czechoslovakia, 119; in the GDR, 81; in Hungary, 81; in Poland, 91; in Ro- mania, 83; in the USSR, 80-81 (the events of the party congress) Dilas, Milovan, 61,84-85 Dimitrov, Georgi, 27, 42-43, 51 Dimitrov, Vesselin, 154 dissent, 153,164; samizdat, 146,152,163 dissident, 97,134-135, 144, 151, 153-154,167,193- 195,197, 244, 252 Dinnyés, Lajos, 49 Dniester River, 11,179 Doctor’s Plot, 75,81 Dresden, 120 Dubček, Alexander, 106,119-123,144 Dukanovič, Milo, 242 Dulles, John Foster, 94 Duray, Miklós, 145 Džurinda, Mikuliš, 223 East Prussia, 17,30 economy, 34-36,38,41-42,46,49,67-68,80,84, 91,102-103,108-109,113,116-118,126,132,138, 142, 146, 149, 153, 155, 158, 162-164, 16 8, 187- 190, 196, 207, 213, 217, 238-239, 244-245, 247, 251; bankruptcy, 157, 164, 188; external debt, 138,156; the crisis of 2008-2009:8,187,2i5ns6, 229, 237-240, 252; economic crisis, 8,107,134, 138-140, 145, 156, 160, 187, 195, 206, 209, 229, 235» 237-240, 243, 245, 252i economic growth, 118-119, 124, 126, 162, 187, 190-191, 223, 230, 235, 237-239, 247 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 36, 106, 118,124, 138, 161, 191, 214038, 235, 237-238, 249; Gross National Product (GNP), 67 EEC (European Economic Community), 97,132, 200-201, 203 Egypt, 84, 94,104,137 Einsatzgruppen, 10-11 Enver Hoxha, 22,37, 80,110-111,140, 210 Ernesto “Che” Guevara, 108 Estonia, 12,30-31,64,178,180,182-183,188,190- 191, 218, 230, 235, 238; Tallinn, 31,182-183 Euro-Atlantic, system of alliances, 218,247 Euromaidan, 194,225 European Commission, 178, 218, 234 European Council, 217,221 European Parliament, 122, 242 European People’s Party, 242, 247 European Union, 2, 8, 180, 184, 191, 194, 200, 207, 209, 213, 215, 217-219, 221-224, 228-231, 234-236, 238-239, 241, 247, 252-253; Asso- ciation Agreement with Ukraine, 224-225; Common Agricultural Policy, 236; Maas- tricht Treaty, 178, 217; Structural and Cohe- sion Funds, 235 Farrell, Darragh, 228 Fava, Valentina, x, 86П32, 262 Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 85, 107- 108,131-132,148,167; Bonn, 28,167 Ferrara, Antonio, 13 Fico, Robert, 187 Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Union, 187,240,244-245 Fierlinger, Zdenék, 44 Filitov, Alexei, 24 Finland, 25, 27,121 First World War, 2,3,5,7,11,16, 24,35,47,68,127 Five-Year Plan, 36,67,70,104,106,139,158 Fodor, Pál, ix forced labor, 18, 74,78-79,154 foreign debt, 139,143,145,150,158,162,188,238 France, 13, 21, 28, 46, 50, 84, 125, 167, 185, 188, 206-207, 221, 234, 240 Franzinetti, Guido, x, 9m, 908,166 Free market, 96,109, 162,165, 184, 186-187,189, 210, 217» 221, 240 Friendship Pipeline, 113 Fukuyama, Francis, 221 Funar, Gheorge, 182 FYROM (Macedonia), 27, 36, 104, 156, 190-191, 200,206-207,209-210,219,222,232» 242243, Skopje, 209 Index j 28s Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Dam, 144 Gellner, Ernest, 4,134,180 General Agreements on TarifFs and Trade, 117 Geneva Summit, 84 genocide, ío-ii, 13-14, 16, 20, 23, 76, 202; Holo- caust, 13, 96,195; Srebrenica, 202, 204 Georgia, 179, 224 Georgiev, Kimon, 34 German communities, in Czechoslovakia, 17- 18, 20, 23, 25 35» 4Ն 44» 79, 182; in Hungary, 17, 20; in Poland, 17; in Romania, 17-18, 35, 40, 77, 150; in Yugoslavia, 17-18, 22, 35, 41 German Démocratie Republic (GDR), 28,64,67, 81, 98, 103, 106-107, m, 115-116, 124, 131-132, 137, 140, i42-i43 148-149, 159, 164, 167, 194; Lutheran Church, 64, 148; Oder-Neisse bor- der with Poland, 105,131 Germany, 2, 3, 6-7, ío-n, 13-14,16-17, 20, 24-25, V-29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 49-50, 60, 66,126,167,178, 182,188,194, 200, 215, 219, 221, 234-236; Chris- tian Démocratie Union, 131,167 GerŐ, Ernő, 91-93 Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 41, 77, 83, 102-103, 112 Ghimpu, Mihai, 227 Gibiansky, Leonid, 30 Gierek, Edward, 141-142 Gieseke, Jens, 147-148,129Ո57 Gingeras, Ryan, 243 Gini coefficients, 236 GlasnosU 158,165 Glaurdié, Josip, 197 Gligorov, Kiro, 200 Goma, Paul, 152 Gomułka, Władysław, 20, 74, 89-91, 94֊95,105, 119-320,140 G orb a che v, Mikhaïl, 132, 134, 139, 158-160, 162, 166-168,170,175Ո85,178 Gottwald, Klement, 43-46, 81 Graziosi, Andrea: 97,140,173Ո34,182 Greater Romania Party, 182 Greece, 3, 12-13, 24, 26, 50-51, 80, 84, 110, 113, 200, 210, 221, 237, 240; Thessaloniki, 27 Greek-Catholic Church, in Romania, 65; in Slo- vakia, 66; in Ukraine, 32 Greskovits, Béla, 252 Grósz, Károly, 163 Groza, Petru, 34, 39-42,63 gulag, 76, 80 Gyurcsány, Ferenc, 187 Hájek, Jiří, 144 Hale, Henry E., 227 Halecki, Oskar, 5 Hanák, Péter, 5 Hann, Chris, 247 harassment, 101,123,152, 205 Harbutt, Fraser, 26 Havel, Vaclav, 6,144,168 Helsinki Final Act, 132-134,141 Historiography, 13,197; Czechoslovak, 105; Hun- garian, 5; Romanian, 41; Soviet, 64 Hitler, Adolf, 12-14, 34» 39 Hoffmann, David L«, 58 Holbrooke, Richard, 208 Homo sovieticusy 62 Honecker, Erik, 107,131,147-148,167 Horn, Gyula, 186 Horváth, Sándor, 60 Hull, Corden, 24 human rights, 132-133» M4» 146,151-152» 233-234 Hungarian Democratic Forum, 163,186 Hungarian minorities, 19, 101, 147, 222; in Czechoslovakia, 17-18, 44-45» 47» 63, 79, 144; in Romania, 19» 40, 47, 63-64,182; in Yugosla- via/Vojvodina, 18 Hungarian Revolution, 1956,91-96,102,104,107, 123, i28n39,135,146-147; Colonel Pál Maiéter, 93,100; Hegedűs, András, 85,93; massacres of Budapest, Miskolc and Mosonmagyaróvár, 93; Petőfi Circle, 91 Hungarian Socialist Party, 186-187, 238 Hungarian Autonomous Region in Romania (HAR), 64,103 Hungary, 4-7,11-14,17-20, 22-27, 30-35, 42֊43, 46-49, 51, 53Π12, 541131» 56moo, 60, 63-68, 70, 72-76, 78-79, 81-83, 85, 89, 91-97» 99֊ 103, 106, 112-120, 122, 124, 126, i28n30, 131, 135» 197-138, 140, 142-147» 150-151, 153-154, 159-160, 162-166, 168-169, 178, 182, 184-194, 217-219, 222, 231, 233, 235-238, 240-241, 244- 247, 251; Budapest, 20, 34, 46, 79, 82, 92-95» 101, 146-147, 172, 196, 231, 240, 247; Hungar- ian Communist Party, 19, 47-49; Hungar- ian Socialist Workers Party (HSWP), 94, 100-101,116-118,145-146,162-164,166; Civic Democratic Party, 47; Independent Small- holders Party, 47-48; Hungarian Fraternal Community, 48; Lake Balaton, 126; Monor, 163; National Peasant Party, 47; Hungarian Workers Party (HWP), 49, 59» 76, 79» 82, 85, շ86 I Index Hungary (continued) 91-94» 121; Pécs, 27; relations with Yugosla- via, 53,Szeged,92 Huntington, Samuel, 240 Husák, Gustáv, 44, 75» լշշ-123,144; Normaliza- tion, Husák s, 117,121-123, 44 Iliescu, Ion, 169-172 Imre Kertész Kolleg Jena, x, 175Ո95, 176Ո117, 176Ո135 Imrédy, Béla, 23 industry, 35,111,148,190; chemical, 116,124; con- struction, 70, 236; food, 104, 112, 132; heavy, 58, 67-68,70,97,106,117-118,138,141,144,158, 165,190; light, 58, 112; machine, 112; military, 82,138,158; mining, 111,113 inflation, 109,156,161-162,171,198,237; hyperin- flation, 49,198 intelligence services in the Soviet Bloc, 115 intelligentsia, 20, 37, 59, 81, 83, 91, 109, 119, 123, 142,146,163,165, 222 International Conference on the Former Yugo- slavia (Geneva), 203 International Court of Justice, 202, 207 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 108, 117, 138-139» 43» 145» 173Ո28,188, 229-230, 237 loanid, Radu, 104 Iran, 133,137,157,169; Iranian Revolution, 137 Iraq, 218 Irving, David, 96 Islamic fundamentalism, 241 Israel, 21, 75-76, 94» 103-105,137,150 Italy, 3,13, 21, 27-28, 39, 46, 50» 80, 84, 113,121, 125-126, 129Ո78, 154, 167, 188, 210, 212, 230, 240; Communist Party, 154; Christian De- mocracy, 154; Fiat car company, 141 ius murmurandi, 136 Izetbegovié, Alija, 157,199-200, 205 Jackson-Vanik amendment (to the Trade Act), 133 Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 133-134» 140,143,159» 161 Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (USSR), 75 Jewish communities, in Eastern Europe, 20-21; in Hungary, 20, 23,76; in Lithuania, 12; in Po- land, 12-13,105; in Romania, 20, 76,150 Jewish emigration, from Eastern Europe, 21; from Hungary, 76; from Romania, 103 Jiu Valley, 153,171 Jordan, 104 Josef Beran, 66 Judt, Tony, 16, 45,80,195 July Theses, 150 Junes, Tom, x, 161,175Ո96 Justice, 23, 195; historical, 194; transitional, 161, 19Յ Kaczyński, Lech, 243 Kádár, János, 73, 79, 93-96, 100-101, ii8, 122, 128Ո35,138,145-147» 153» ւ6շ-ւ63,245 Kafka, Franz, rehabilitation of, 106 Kállai, Gyula, 79 Kállay, Miklós, 34 Kalmár, Melinda, 163 Kania, Stanisław, 142 Karađorđevo Agreement, 202 Kardelj, Edvard, 108-109» 155 Karelia, 30 Kársai, László, 23 Katyń, 39 Kennedy, Paul, 182 KGB (Committee for State Security), 80,115,120, 140,143,141,194 Khrushchev, Nikita, 32, 80, 82-85, 89, 94-99» 103,105,107,110-111,113,116 Kissinger, Henry, 133 Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 160 Klaus, Václav, 188-189 Kligman, Gail, 127,136 Kljuić, Stjepan, 200 Kohl, Helmut, 167,178 Konrád, György, 6 Kopeček, Michal, 100,144 Korean War, 70, 82-83 Korenizatsiya, 62, 86nn Kornai, János, 68,165 Körösényi, András, 245 Kosovo Liberation Army, 206, 209 Kosovska Mitrovica, 207 Kostov, Traicho, 73-74 Koštunica, Vojislav, 208 Kosygin, Alexei, 116 Kotkin, Stephen, 158, 239 Kovács, Béla, 48 Kovács, József ö., 100 Kramer, Mark, 21, 54Ո34» 82, 96, ւշ8ոշօ Krapfl, James, 168 Krastev, Ivan, 252 Kučan, Milan, 198 Kumanovo Agreement, 207 Kundera, Milan, 6 Kuroń, Jacek, 141 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 186 Index j 287 Lahore, Sándor, 194 Laczó, Ferenc, x Ladányi, János, 232 Lambert, Sean, ։x Lampe, John R., 36, 84,156 Lancet, 192 land grabbing, 237 land reform, 35, 38-40, 47, 68 Latvia, 12, 30-31, 178, 180, 182-183, 191, 218, 231, 235 237Î Riga, 12 Lavigne, Marie, 112 League of Communists of Yugoslavia, 61, 84, 109» 155, 198; League of Communists of Croa- tia, 199; League of Communists of Serbia, 197; Yugoslav Communist Party (YCP), 53 League of Nations, 7, 25, 63 League of Polish Families, 222 legitimacy, 2, 39, 47» 5» 53 84, 89» 100-101, 107, 119, 134,136,139-141» 147,151-152» 160, 163-164, 167,171-172» 178, 200, 205, 228, 239» 243 Leipzig, 166-167 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 25, 62, 116; Le- ninism, 98; Leninist nation-build ing, 44 Lettrich, Jozef, 45 Liberman, Évsei, 116 Liégeois, Jean-Pierre, 231 Lithuania, 12, 30-31, 64, 135, 178, 180, 182, 189- 191, 218, 230-231, 235, 237; Vilnius, 31» 182 Litvinov, Maxim, 25 living standards, 69, 81-82, 91, 138-139, 154, 239; wages, 82, 90, 92» 108, 117, 126, 191» 205, 236-237 London Memorandum (1954), 84 Lublin Committee/Government, 27, 37 Luca, Vasile, 42 Luchev, Kosta, 43 Lund, Michael S., 209 Lwów/Lviv/Lemberg Ghetto, 12 Magyar, Bálint, 246 Maiorescu, Titu, 253 Maisky, Ivan, 25 Makarenko, Anton, 78 Malcolm, Noel, 207 Malenkov, Georgy, 80-82, 85 Mànescu, Corneliu, 114 Maniu, Iuliu, 41 Maoist model, 97» m Márai, Sándor, 10 Marina, Justinian, 65 Mark, Eduard, 34 Markov, Georgi, 154 Markovič, Ante, 198 Marshall, George C., 50 Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program, 39-45-46, 50, 67-68,187, 235 Martin, Terry, 61 Márton, Áron, 66 Marxist philosophy, 124,141» 146,163 Masaryk, Jan, 45-46 Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 3 Maspok Croatia, 109-110 mass media, 125,132 mass repression, 76,100,133 Matica hrvatska, 109 Mastný, Vojtech, 25,113 Mazower, Mark, 16 Mazowieczki, Tadeusz, 161-162 Mearsheimer, John J., 225 Mečiar, Vladimír, i86, 223 Medgyessy, Péter, 187,194 Mediterranean, 2,3» 20, 26,126,138,193» 236 Melegh, Attila, 6 Menzel, Jiří, 106 Michael I, King of Romania, 39-40, 42 Michnik, Adam, 141 Middle class, 3-4,18,37,147,162-163,191» 232,237 Migration, 150, 165, 230, 234; economic to West- ern Europe, 229-230 Mihailovič, Draža, 22, 26 Mikanowski, Jacob, 253 Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 27, 37-38 Military Council of National Salvation, 143 Miloševič, Slobodan, 197,199, 202-203, 205, 208, 224 Miłosz, Czesłav, 6 Mindszenty, József, 20, 65, 95,101 Mineriad, 172 Mitteleuropai 2, 6, 9m Mladenov, Pelar, 165 Moczar, Mierczysław, 105,141 Moldova, Republic of, 179-180,193, 219, 224, 227, 231 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 6, 39,182 Montenegro, 36,156, 205, 207-208, 219 Motyl, Alexander, 225 Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HDZS), 186 Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights, 141 Munich Agreement, 25, 44 Muslim community in Yugoslavia, 65,157 288 I Index Nagorno-Karabakh, 160,179 Nagy, Ferenc, 48 Nagy, Imre, 47, 82-83, ^5» 9i~95 100,119,163 Namier, Lewis, 3-4 Nano, Fatos, 212 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 84, 94 Nástase, Adrian, 223 National Front, Czechoslovakia, 44 National Salvation Front, Romania, 169-172 National Security Council, 92 Nationalization, 17, 36, 38-39» 42» 45» 65, 217 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 85, 92,103,165,167,194, 204, 206-211, 218-219, 223-224, 242 NEM (New Economic Mechanism), 117-118 Németh, Miklós, 163-164 neoliberal policy, 162,186-188,192; canon, 240 neoliberalism, critique of, 242 Netherlands, the, 12-13, 2°° 208 Nomenklatura, 58, 85,134,162,164,194 North Korea, 103,150 Norway, 13 Nova Huta, 60 Novotný, Antonín, 81,106,119-120 Nyers, Rezső, 108 O’ Brennan, John, 243 Ochab, Edward, 89 Oettinger, Günther, 235 oil shock, 137-138 Operation Danube, 121 Operation Essential Harvest, 209 Operation Storm, 204 Operation Vistula, 19 Operation Whirlwind, 95 Oplatka, András, 164 opposition, 6, 30-31, 36, 73, 76, 92, 105-106,109, 134-135, 144-145, 148, 154» 165-167, 177, 205, 208, 210, 222, 239; Ecoglasnost in Bulgaria, 165; Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia, 134, 144, 152; Neues Forum in the German Democratic Republic, 166; in Hungary, 41, 48, 73, 91, 95, 100, 135» 146-147» 160, 163-164, 244-246; in Poland, 38-39» 135» 141-143» 160-161, 167-168, 244; in Romania, 40-41,172 Orbán, Viktor, 187, 244-247 Orenburg, gas complex and pipeline, 113 Organization for European Economic Coopera- tion, 67 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 179, 228 Orthodox Church, in Bulgaria, 241; in Romania, 241; Russia, 241; Serbia, 241; in Soviet Union, 64» 97 Osóbka-Morawski, Edward, 38 Owen, David, 203 Pach, Zsigmond Pál, 5 Paraschiv, Vasile, 152 party membership, 38, 45, 63, 73,100 Parvanov, Georgi, 194 Patočka, Jan, 144 Pâtrâşcanu, Lucrejiu, 74 Patriotic Front, Bulgaria, 43 Patriotic People s Front, Hungary, 100,163 Pauker, Ana, 41-42, 75-76 Pavelič, Ante, 22 Pavlowitch, Stevan K„ 197 PAX Association, 66 people s tribunal, 22-23, 42-43, 45 Percentages agreement, 26 Perestroika, 158,160,168 Perle, Richard, 133 personality cult, 59,134,152,174060 Péter, Gábor, 76 Petkov, Nikola, 43 Pető, Andrea, 16 Petrescu, Cristina, 152, 215056 Piotrowski, Tadeusz, 13 Pipes, Richard, 140 Pirjevec, Jože, 200 Plahotniuc, Vladimir, 227 Plamenatz, John, 4 Podgorny, Nikolai, 120 Pogátsa, Zoltán, x, 236 Pogrom, Kielce, 20; Kunmadaras, 20, 49 Poland, 5-7, 12-14, 17» 19-20, 22, 24-25» 27» 30- 31» 34-35» 37-39» 41» 50-51» 60, 66-69, 71-72» 74-75» 79» 83» 89-92, 94» 97» 100, 103, 105-106, 111,113,115, 117-120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, 133- 135» 137-138, 140-143, 145» 159-162, 164, 168, 175, 178, 184-192» 217-218, 221, 232, 235-238» 240-241, 243-244, 251; Democratic Bloc, 38; Kraków, 12, 60,133; Polish Home Army, 13, 22, 39; Polish People s Party, 37-38; Polish United Workers’ Party (PUWP), 59, 66, 74, 89-91» 105, 121, 123, 143, 160-161; Polish Workers Party, 27, 38; Poznan uprising, 90; relations with Ukraine, 19; Stettin, 49; Warsaw, 60, 66, 71, 90,140,167, 231, 240 police terror, 152 Pomerania, 17 Index I 289 Pope John Paul 1,141 Poroshenko, Petro, 194 Portugal, 3 Postcommunism, 192,197 Potsdam Conference/Agreement, 17, 28 Pozsgay, Imre, 163-164 Pravda, 51, ii6 privatization, 8, 162, 164-165, 186-189, 205, 212, 240 property, 41,188-189, 245; privatization of state- owned, 188-189; requisition of, 42, 65, 77, 79» 99, 246; restitution of, 188, 212; social, 84,188; vouchers, 188 Pula, Besnik, 242 Pullman, Michal, 100 punk music, 137 Putin, Vladimir, 194, 224-225, 229, 242, 245-247, 248n2 Putsch, in Romania (1944), 152, 170; in the Soviet Union (1991), 178 Puttkamer, Joachim von, x, i3oni07,161,175^5, 258 Radio Free Europe (RFE), 61, 83 Rainer, János M., 83, 93 Rajk, László, 73-75» 79» 92 Rákosi, Mátyás, 48-49» 53» 59» 7i 79» 82, 85, 91-92,100 Rambouillet Talks, 206 Ránki, György, 5 Ranković, Aleksandar, 35,109 Rechtsstaat, 161 Red bourgeoisie, 191 reeducation, 78 Rees, Arfon E., 57 “Refolution” (Timothy Garton Ash), 177 refugee, 19, 22,151» 165,174063, 207, 209» 212» 227» 247 Reichkommisariat Ostland, 12 resistance, 12, 14, 22, 30-32, 55059, 76-77, 87064, 95, 102, 114, 134, 143, 154, 160; anti Axis, 43; anti-German, 79; communist, 41; cultural, 60; in Czechoslovakia 1968,120-121; Hungarian 1956, 95-96; peasant, 69, 99; Po- land (1981), 143; Polish noncommunist, 37; in Romania through culture, 152; Ukrainian, 19; Yugoslav, 25 Revival Process (in Bulgaria), 155 Roberts, Adam, 206 Rock music, 137,144,152 Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 71, 90 Roma, 10-13,105, 209, 229» 231-234» 244» 249039; criminality, 23; life expectancy, 23; population in Bosnia and Hercegovina, 232; in Bulgaria, 231; in Croaţia, 232; in the Czech Republic, 232; in Hungary, 231; in Kosovo, 232; in Mace- donia, 232; in Poland; 232; in Románia, 231; in Serbia, 232; in Slovakia, 232; in Slovenia, 232; in Ukraine, 232; social exclusion of, 233-234 Roman, Petre, 172 Románia, 3, 7, n, 13, 17-18, 20, 23, 25-27» 30-32» 34-35» 37» 39-42» 51» 59» 63-64» 66-70, 72-78, 83» 94-95» 102-104, ii2 114-115» 117-122» 124» 126-127, 138-140, 142, 149-154, 165, 169-172» 1760131, 182, 184-188, 190-193» 195-196, 210, 2i8, 222-223, 227, 229-231, 235, 237-238, 243; Arad, 151; Bucharest, 23, 34, 51, 6o, 77-78, 95» 115, 139, 168-169, 172, 227; Banat, 18, 40, 169; Bessarabia, 11,13, 30, 32, 40, 77,151; Bukovina, 11, 30-31, 40, 77; Cluj-Napoca, 182; Cluj (Ro- mánia, prior to 1974), 23, 40,102; Iaşi, 23; Laké Snagov, 95; Oradea, 151; Târgu Mureş ethnic clash, 171-172; Timişoara, 94, 153, 169, 171; Relations with the International Monetary Fund, 139; Israel, 104; Soviet Union, 114, 151; United States, 104, 151; FRG, 104; Hungary, 151, 154, 182; Southern Dobruja (Cadrilater), 40; Románián Communist Party (RCP), 35, 41-42,150,153,169; Románián Workers’ Party (RWP), 42,60,63, 74-75» 77» 83» 103, m» 115» 152 Románián National Unity Party, 182 Romsics, Ignác, 118 Rothschild, Joseph, 9n22, 38, 89,153, 210 Royal Institute of International Affairs, 24 Rugóvá, Ibrahim, 207 Rumsfeld, Donald, 218 Russia, 6, 8, 11, 178, 179, 187, 189-190, 193, 207- 208, 218-219, 224-225, 227; European Russia, 20; relations with Eastern Europe, 219; rela- tions with Belarus, 229; relations with the European Union, 218; Russian Civil War, 62; Russian Communist Party, 62; Russian Empire, 2; Russian Federation, 178; Soviet- Russian empire, 39; Western Russia, 13 Russification, 98,158,183 Sachs, Jeffrey, 162 Salami tactics, 48 Salgó, László, 194 Sarotte, Marié Elise, 167 Schabowski, Günther, 167 Schalck-Godolkowski, Alexander, 149 290 j Index Schengen Treaty, 252 Schlogel, Karl, S Schopil i n, Gyôrgy/George, 6 Second World War, ix, շ, 4, 5, 6, 7, io, 11, 12* 14» 16,17, 19 20, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40» 41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 75, 94, 97, 109, 123, 124, 125, 127, 136, 141, 154, 156, 157,159,182,184,195,197, 202, 232 state security in the Soviet bloc, 72,114,141,193, 243; in the German Democratic Republic, 147; in Hungary, 115; in Poland, 37; in Ro- mania, 151-152; 223, 239; in Yugoslavia, 51; in Bułgaria, 154 Sejm, Lower House of Polish Parliament, 89,161 Serbia, 36, 108-110, 155, 157, 191, 197-199, 201- 203, 205-208, 219, 224, 232, 237, 242; Kosovo, 21-22, 36, 110, 155-157, 197, 204-209, 218-219, 224, 230, 232, 241, 243; Vojvodina, 18, 22, 36, 155-156 Seton-Watson, Hugh, 4, 30 Shoup, Paul, 202 Sikorski, Władysław, 24 Silesia, 3,17 Singapore, 246 Sino-Soviet split, 107,114 Six«Day War, 104-105 Slánský, Rudolf, 75, 79 Slipy j» Josyf, 32 Slovakia, 12-13, 23» 26, 44-45, 47, 63, 66, 94, 106, 123, 144-145, 180, 186-187, 190-132, 218, 223, 232, 235-238, 241; Bratislava, 18, 74, 121, 144, 223; Slovak National Party, 222; Slovak Na- tional Uprising, 12, 23 Slovenia, 2, 22, 36,108,155-156, 180,184,131-132, 197-201, 218, 223, 230, 232, 235-236, 238, 252; Ljubljana, 109 SMER-Socialdemocracy, 187 Smith, Anthony D., 4 Snegur, Mircea, 179 Snyder, Timothy, 13, 5607, 219 Social Democratic Party, in Bułgaria (1945- 1948), 43; in Czechoslovakia 1945-1948, 46; post-1989,184; in Hungary 1945-1948, 47-49; in Romania 1945-1948, 42; post-1989, 223; in West Germany, 131 social mobility, 125 social unrest, 71,140,142, 227, 238-239 socialism, 16, 36-37, 53, 59-6o, 81, 84, 89, 96, 101-102,107, 110-111, 115, 119, 124, 132-136, 138, 140,167,183-184,192-193,196-198, 244; exist- ing socialism, 193,196; market socialism, 138, 165; socialist city, 60; socialist nation, 98 Socialist Unity Party, German Democratic Re- public, 148 Solidarność (Solidarity), 133, 135, 140, 142-143, 160-161,186 Sołtan, Karol Edward, 177 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 97 Soros, George, 196 South Ossetia, 179 South Stream Pipeline, 219 Soviet cultural norms, 57 Soviet State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 67 Soviet Union, 5-8, lo-ii, 14, 16, 18-19, 21-22, 24-28, 30-37, 39-40, 42, 46-51, 53, 57, 61-63, 67-71, 73, 75-77, 80-85, 89-91, 93-94, 97-105, 107, 110-112, 114-117, 119, 121-123, 127, 131-134, 137-138,140,142,146,149,151,153,155,158-160, 164, 166-168, 170, 178-180, 183, 188, 197, 199, 219, 229, 238; CPSU, 24, 31-32, 51, 53, 70, 75, 80, 82-83, 89, 91, 94, 96-99, 104, no, 116, 134, 140, 142, 158-159, 168, 170, 178; Constitution (1936), 36, 57; (1977), 133-134, 179; Leningrad, 75; Moscow, 26, 30-32, 45, 51, 61-62, 70-71, 75, 77, 81-82, 89, 95, 97, 101, 107, 111-112, 114-116, 122,131, 139, 165-166,170,179,182,194, 247; Si- beria, 75,113; relations with China, 99,107; re- lations with Romania, 103; relations with the satellites, 63, 71, 80; relations with the West, 33,83, 99; relations with Yugoslavia, 107 Sovietization, 28, 30-31, 34, 49, 57 Sovroms, 41, 83 Spain, 3, 222, 230, 240; Catalonia, 221 Szporluk, Roman, 31-32 Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 13-14, 16-17, 19, 24-28, 30-34, 37, 39-40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 57-59, 62-64, 67, 69-71, 74-76, 80-81, 90, 92, 100, 114, 127 Stalinism, 14,16, 31, 33-34, 50, 58-60, 64, 67, 69, 73, 75-76, 79, 81-82, 75, 89, 91, 97-99, 106, no, 122,134,139,149,151,172,194; Stalinist ecosys- tem, 58; Stalinist purges, 31,194 Staniszkis, Jadwiga, 161 Stark, David, 183 state capture, 207, 238 state terror, 72 state violence, 30, 69, 72 80 state-security organs, 30, 72, 104, 114-115, 119, 147, 151-152, 193; State Protection Authority, 76, 93 Index I 291 Stepinac» Aloysius, 22 Stalinstadt/Eisenhüttenstadt, 60 Stewart, Michael, 233 Stockholm Appeal, 65 Stokes, Gale, 134 Strazzari, Francesco, 207 strike, 40, 46, 8i, 90, 109, 120, 122, 135» 142» 153» 155,160,164,191,197; Gdańsk Shipyard strike, 140-142 Stroschein, Sherrill, 222 Subcarpathia, 30-33 Subtelny, Orest, 19 Sudetenland, 17 Suez Crisis, 94 Sugar, Peter, 4 suicide, 78» 135» 137» 152 Surkov, Vladislav, 247 Swain, Nigel, 118 Światło, Józef, 83 Switzerland, 48 Syria, 104,137 Szálasi, Ferenc, 23 Szelényi, Iván, 232, 245 Szklarska Poręba, 50 Szokai, Imre, 166 Sztálinváros/Dunaújváros, 60 Sztójay, Döme, 23 Szűrös, Mátyás, 164 taboo, ιοί, 127, ι64 Tátárescu, Gheorghe, 42 technocrats, 118,141,146,163 Tehran Conference, 25 Ten-Day War, 199, 201 terrorism, 197 Thompson, Mark, 198 Tismáneanu, Vladimir, 177 Tiso, Jozef, 23, 44 Tito, Josip Broz, 22, 25-27, 35-37» 51» 53* 70, 73» 84* 95» 107-109,140,149,155» ł57* !98, 200, 206; anti-Tito purges, 110; Titoism, 72-74» 78, 108, 156; Tito-Stalin split, 70, 74, 80 Tőkés, László, 162,169 Tőkés, Rudolf L„ 162 Tölgyessy, Péter, 244-245 Tomka, Béla, 136, 219 tourism, 108-109,125-126,153 transition, 35-36, 41-42, 49, 94» i°7* 125, 161-166, 168, 171-172» 1751195, 177, 183» 187-189, 191, 193, 196,198, 210, 212, 223,232-233, 236, 239-240,252 Transnistria, 13,179 Transylvania, 11, 25, 39-40, 63-64, 74, 102-103, 150-151» 153-154» 163» 171-172» 192; Second Vi- enna Award on, 11; Székely Land, 64,103 Trencsényi, Balázs, 246 Trieste, 14, 27, 49; Free Territory of Trieste, 28,84 Truman, Harry S., 50 Tuđman, Franjo, no, 157,199» 202, 205 Turkey, 3, 25, 50, 84, 105» 113, 123, 154, 165, 243» 246 Turkish government, 154 Turkish minority, in Bulgaria, 19, 105, 154, 165; Movement for Rights And Freedoms, 222 Tusk, Donald, 187, 221, 238, 244 Twitter Revolution, 227 Tymoshenko, Yulia, 224 Ukraine, 11-13, 20» 30-32» 143» 160,162,179-180, 185-186, 190, 193-194» 2i9 224-225» 227» 231- 232, 238, 248Ո2; Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 158; Donetsk, 225; Galicia: 3, 32; Eastern Gali- cia, 3; Kyiv, 224; Luhansk, 225; Lviv/Lemberg, 19» 32; Volhynia, 32 Ulbricht, Walter, 33,107 underclass, 232-233 underground, 65, 73» 144 unemployment, 109, 125, 146, 156-157, 162, 171, 190, 228, 230, 232» 239» 244» 248Ո19 United Kingdom, 24-28, 34, 84, 124, 167, 188, 203; Scotland, 221 United Nations (UN), 92,109,111, 203, 207-208; United Nations Convention on Refugees, 165; United Nations General Assembly, 159; Unit- ed Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admin- istration, 36; United Nations Security Coun- cil, 94, 206-207; United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 16 United States of America, 24-28, 34, 36, 68, 71, 84-85, 94» 97» 99» 101, 103-104» 108, 113, 115» 132-133, 166, 188» 201, 203, 218-219» 223» 225» 247; Carter, Jimmy, 133; Clinton, Bill, 218; Bush, George W., 218; Bush, H. W., 170; Nix- on, Richard, 133; Reagan, Ronald, 133; Roos- evelt, Franklin Delano, 17, 25; Washington, 133, 227, 251 Untert nigkeiU 148 Ustashe, 22,109; Independent State of Croatia, 22 Valev Plan, 112 Vance, Cyrus, 203 292 I Index Varga, Jenő (Eugen), 116 Ilié Vatican, 6$, 97,101,115,128,131,142,153, 200 Verde{, Ilié, 153 Visegrád Group, 6, 217, 252 Vojtaššák, Ján, 66 Voronin, Vladimir, 227 Wałęsa, Lech, 142-143,160-161 Wandycz, Piotr, 142 war criminals, 23,37, 42, 44, 228 Warsaw Uprising, 13, 33, 37,39 Warsaw Ghetto, 12-13 Warsaw Pact, 83, 85, 90, 94,111,113-115,120-122, 135,149,166,179,197 welfare state, 126,136, 252 Williamson, John, 187; “Washington consen- sus,” 187 Wojtyła, Karol/Pope John Paul II, 133, 141-142, 174^39 Wolff, Larry, 2 Wolfowitz, Paul, 133 women, emancipation of, 126, 192; life expec- tancy of, 192-193; Roma, 232, 249031; violence against, 16 Wood, Nancy, 6 Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR), 141 working class, 4, 57, 59-6i, 81-82, 95, 101, 105, 123,161,191 World Jewish Congress (WJC), 76 Wyszyński, Stefan, 66,83, 90,141 Xiaoping, Deng, 133 Xoxe, Koçi, 37,74 Yair, Gad, 196 Yalta Conference, 27,37 Yanukovych, Viktor, 194, 224 Yeltsin, Boris, 121,178-179,189 Yom Kippur War, 137 Yugoslavia, 2-3, 7, 13, 17-18, 21-22, 25-28, 35» 37, 47» 51, 53» 64, 68-70, 73, 78, 8o, 84-85, 89, 91, 94~95, 105, 107-110, 118-119, ni, 126, 138, 140, 149, 155-157, 169, 180, 184-185, 188, 195, 199-209, 211, 218, 228; Belgrade, 22,36,84,107, 109,156-157,197-199, 201, 203, 206-208; anti- bureaucratic revolution, 197; Bleiburg, mas- sacre of, 22; Constitution (1946), 63; (1953), 84, (1963), 108; (1974), no, 155-157; Council of Pro- ducers of, 84; People s Army of, 199, 201; Peo- ple s Front of, 36; succession wars of, 200-207 Yushchenko, Viktor, 224-225 Zakaria, Fareed, 244 Zatlin, Johathan R., 148 Zaslavsky, Viktor, 57 Zionist movements, 40, 75 Zhdanov, Andrei, 50, 59 Zhivkov, Todor, 104,153-154» 165-166 Zhivkova, Ludmilla, 154 Zwischeneuropa 2, 3 Zhukov, Georgy, 97 I
any_adam_object	1
author	Bottoni, Stefano
author2	Lambert, Sean
author2_role	trl
author2_variant	s l sl
author_GND	(DE-588)1144187982
author_facet	Bottoni, Stefano Lambert, Sean
author_role	aut
author_sort	Bottoni, Stefano
author_variant	s b sb
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV044529336
callnumber-first	D - World History
callnumber-label	DJK50
callnumber-raw	DJK50
callnumber-search	DJK50
callnumber-sort	DJK 250
callnumber-subject	DJK - Eastern Europe (General)
classification_rvk	NQ 5950
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)1011379966 (DE-599)BVBBV044529336
dewey-full	947.0009/045
dewey-hundreds	900 - History & geography
dewey-ones	947 - Russia & east Europe
dewey-raw	947.0009/045
dewey-search	947.0009/045
dewey-sort	3947.0009 245
dewey-tens	940 - History of Europe
discipline	Geschichte
era	Geschichte 1944- gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 1944-
format	Book
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geographic	Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd
geographic_facet	Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa
id	DE-604.BV044529336
illustrated	Not Illustrated
indexdate	2024-07-10T07:55:05Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9780253026958 9780253030016
language	English Hungarian
lccn	017031128
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029928645
oclc_num	1011379966
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-12 DE-11
owner_facet	DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-12 DE-11
physical	x, 292 Seiten Karten
publishDate	2017
publishDateSearch	2017
publishDateSort	2017
publisher	Indiana University Press
record_format	marc
spelling	Bottoni, Stefano Verfasser aut Várva várt Nyugat Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2017] © 2017 x, 292 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern Europe developed and, more importantly, why it remains so distant from the rest of the continent. He argues that this distance arises in part from psychological divides which have only deepened since the global economic crisis of 2008, and provides new insight into Eastern Europe's significance as it finds itself located...both politically and geographically...between a distracted European Union and Russia's increased aggressions"...Provided by publisher Geschichte 1944- gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 s Geschichte 1944- z DE-604 Lambert, Sean (DE-588)1144187982 trl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-253-03020-7 https://www.recensio.net/r/a0a7236631b6405ba0ac864f0af8ce92 rezensiert in: Hungarian Historical Review, 2018, 2, S. 414-416 Rezension LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Bottoni, Stefano Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4055879-4 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4075739-0
title	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944
title_alt	Várva várt Nyugat
title_auth	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944
title_exact_search	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944
title_full	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert
title_fullStr	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert
title_full_unstemmed	Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert
title_short	Long awaited West
title_sort	long awaited west eastern europe since 1944
title_sub	Eastern Europe since 1944
topic	Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd
topic_facet	Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik Politischer Wandel Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa
url	https://www.recensio.net/r/a0a7236631b6405ba0ac864f0af8ce92 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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