Long awaited West: Eastern Europe since 1944
"What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern E...
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Bloomington, Indiana
Indiana University Press
[2017]
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| Online-Zugang: | Rezension Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern Europe developed and, more importantly, why it remains so distant from the rest of the continent. He argues that this distance arises in part from psychological divides which have only deepened since the global economic crisis of 2008, and provides new insight into Eastern Europe's significance as it finds itself located...both politically and geographically...between a distracted European Union and Russia's increased aggressions"...Provided by publisher |
| Beschreibung: | x, 292 Seiten Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780253026958 9780253030016 |
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| adam_text | LONG AWAITED WEST
/ BOTTONI, STEFANOYYEAUTHOR
: 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
INTRODUCTION: EASTERN EUROPE : REFRAMING A DEBATED CONCEPT
ON SOVIET TURF (1944-1948)
TERROR AND THAW (1949-1955)
POLITICAL CRISES AND SOCIAL CONSOLIDATION (1956-1972)
THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE SOVIET BLOC (1973-1991)
RETURN TO EUROPE? : THE POST-COMMUNIST GALAXY
EASTERN EUROPE TODAY : WESTERN PERIPHERY OR BUFFER ZONE?
EPILOGUE: UNREFLECTIVE MIMETISM AND NATIONAL EGOISM
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
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INDEX
Abkhazia, 179
abortion, 127,152
Acquis communautaire y 222
Aczél, Gyorgy, 101
Afghanistan, Soviet war in, 133,159
agents, 80, i29n78,193; as informants, 72,92,147,
163,193
agriculture, 58; collectivization of, 67-68, 79,
104,106, no, 124; investment in, 112; kolkhoz,
69; reform of, 47; production of, 69, 81, 99,
106,117,158
Albania, 2-3, 21-22, 25, 27, 35-37» 50-51» 67, 74,
80,107,110-112,114,121,124,126,140,178,184,
190-192, 206, 210, 212-213, 219» 230, 242; Alia,
Ramiz, 210, 212; Democratic Forum of, 37;
Democratic Party of Albania, 210, 212; King
Zog, of Albania, 80; Party of Labor in, 210;
relations with Yugoslavia, 80; relations with
Greece, 80; relations with China, 111; socialist
Party of Albania, 210, 212; state atheism, 111
Albright, Madeleine, 208
alcoholism,137,158-159,192,233;anti֊alchoholism
(campaign in the USSR), 159
Alliance of Free Democrats, Hungary, 163, 238
Allied Control Commission, 17, 27, 34, 41, 46-47
Allied Control Commission (Soviet), 16, 27, 34,
41» 46
Amato, Giuliano, 221
Andrew, Janos C., 192
Andropov, Yuri, 82, 92,120,127ns, 140,142,158
anti-Bolshevik, 11
anticommunism, 76,133
anti-elite (behavior), 252
anti-fascism/fascist, 17, 22,34, 51, 75, 98,148
anti-German, 34, 79, 244
anti-globalist, 253
anti-Jewish/anti-Semitic policies and actions,
10, 20, 44, 75-76, 96,105
anti-liberal, 186, 244
anti-national, 41
anti-Polish, 19, 39
anti-politics, 243
anti-privatization, 228
anti-reform, 140,162
anti-regime, 169,171
anti-Russian, 31, 42, 49, 244
anti-socialist, 119
anti-Soviet, 12, 31» 33» 55H59» 92-93» 119» 121» 135»
143» 195
anti-terrorist, 169
anti-West/Western, 8, 50,133» 224» 247» 252
anti-Zionist, 75,105
Antonescu, Ion, 11, 23, 25,152
Antonescu, Mihai, 23
Arab-Israeli War, 105
Armenia, 160,179
Aromanians, 77
Ash, Timothy Garton, 177
Asia, 98,190
Aslund, Anders, 239
Attack Party, Bulgaria, 222
Auschwitz, 12-13
austerity, 138-139,146,150,152» 156,162,171, 239
Austria, 3, 12, 22, 24, 26-27, 29, 39» 49» 85, 91, 95»
113, 126, 164, 200; Austrian State Treaty, 83;
Carinthia, 27; Vienna, 14, 26
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, empire, 5,127
authoritarianism, 5, 193, 195, 205, 212, 222-224,
228-229, 246-247, 252-253; Horthy, Miklós,
79
Axis powers, 18, 21, 34, 39, 70; anti-Axis resis-
tance, 43; occupation, 11; troops, 10
Azerbaijan, 160,179
Baberowski, Jorg, 100
Balcerowicz, Leszek, 161; Balcerowicz Plan, 188
Balkan Bloc, 51
Balkan Confederation, 51
Balkan Peninsula, 12, 20
Balkans, 14, 26-27, 69, 149, 180, 197, 207, 229,
234, 236, 240, 243, 251
Baltic Sea, 2, 236; Council of the, 217
Baltic States, 12-13, 20,31,178,193» 237» 252
Bandera, Stepan, 11
281
շՏշ j Index
banks, banking system, io, 38-39, 117, 138-139»
146, 212, 237; International Bank for Econo-
mic Cooperation, 112; International Invest-
ment Bank, 113; International Bank for Re-
construction and Development, 139՞» National
Bank of Hungary, 146; World Bank, 108, 117,
138-139,143. MS, 237
Bäragan Plain, deportation to, 77-78
Bárdossy, László, 23
Bartlet, David L., 187
Bäsescu, Traian, 227, 248017
Batt, Judy, 221
Belarus, 11-13,30,162,180,193, 219, 228-229; Lu-
kashenko, Alexander, 228-229
Belgium, 13,35» Brussels: 25; anti-Brussels rheto-
ric: 247
BeneS, Edvard, 18, 20, 24, 43-44» 46,184; Beneš
decrees, 18,182
Beobanka, 197
Berend, Iván T., 5,116
Beria, Lavrentiy, 32, 75, 80-83
Berisha, Sali, 210
Berlin, 28, 98,131-132,166, 251; Berlin Wall, 107,
165,167,178; East Berlin, 60, 81,115, 167; West
Berlin, 83,115,167
Berlinguer, Enrico, 154
Beszélô, 146,163
Bianchini, Stefano, 115
Bibó, István, 4, 20, 95» 147» 251
Bierut, Bolesław, 59, 66, 74, 89
Biszku, Béla, 118
black list, 137
Black Sea, 2,112,126,153; Danube-Black Sea Ca-
nal, 77-78, 83
Blagojevic, Marina, 196
Blaty 136
Bogdan Iacob, Cristian, 172
Bohemia, 3, 23, 35, 45, Protectorate of Bohemia
and Moravia, 17,44
Bohle, Dorothee, 252
bolshevism, 11, 98
Bolyai University (Cluj/Romania): 40
Borhi, László, tXy 26, 34,49
Borissov, Boyko, 242
Borodziej, Włodzimierz, X
Bosnia and Hercegovina, 21, 36, 65,156-157,191-
192, 199-205, 219» 227-228, 232» 24L 243; Sa-
rajevo, 157» 201-204, Banja Luka, 204; Dayton
Agreement, 204-205, 227; Karadžié, Rado-
van, 199-200; Republika Srpska in, 201-205,
228
Brandt, Willy, 107, 131, 153; Ostpolitik, 107, 131-
132,147,153,172m
Bra§ov/Ora$ul Stalin, 59; riots, 153
Bràtianu, Dinu, 41
Braudel, Fernand, 5
Brezhnev, Leonid, 99-100,116, 118-121,123,134,
140,158; Brezhnev Doctrine, 123,160
Brioni Agreement, 201
Brubaker, Rogers, 7
Bruszt, László, 183
Brzeziński, Zbigniew, 30,133,166
Bulgaria, 3, 7, 13-14» 20-21, 25-27» 34» 37» 42-43»
47» 51» 63-64» 67-69, 70, 73-75» 79, 81, 95» 104,
112-113, 115, 117, 121, 124, 126, 138, 140, 142»
149, 153-155» 159-160, 165-166, 178, 184-193»
210, 218-219, 222, 229-231» 235, 237-238,
242; Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP),
19» 51» 59, 140-105, 154» 165, 242; Dobruja, 77;
Southern Dobruja, 105; Lovech; 104; Plovdiv,
81,154; relations with the FRG, 153; relations
with Turkey, 105; relations with Yugoslavia,
105; Sofia, 154, 165; Varna, 154; Zveno move-
ment, 43
Burakowski, Adam, 171
Burg, Steven, 202
Buzalka, Michał, 66
Byrne, Malcolm, 113
capitalism, 5, 59, 115-117» 168, 182,195» 239» 242»
245; managed capitalism, 245; managerial
capitalism, 108; national capitalism, 245; so-
cial capitalism, 245; state capitalism, 38, 85;
western-type, 165
Caplan, Richard, 204
Case, Holly, 11
Catholic Church, 20, 31, 65-66, 72, 90, 95,141-
142, 144, 241; in the Czech Republic, 241; in
Czechoslovakia, 66, 144; in Hungary, 20, 65,
95; in Lithuania: 31; in Poland, 90, 141-142,
241; in Romania, 66; in Slovakia, 241
Caucasus, 98,158
Ceau§escu, Elena, 23,150,169
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 23, 102-104, 112, 122, 127,
138-139,149-154,159,163,169-171,174,176Ո127,
182,195
censorship, 58, 89, 94,119
census, 44-45» 104-105, 108, 157, 209, 216Ո87,
231-232
Central Asia, 98,158,170
Central European University, 196
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 6i, 83,160
a
Index j 283
Čepička, Alexej, 71
charismatic leader, 155,164
Chernenko, Konstantin, 158
Chervenkov, Vulko, 59,104
Chetnik, 22, 26
China, 99,103-104,107, m, 121,150, 207; Beijing,
161; cultural revolution in, 111; economic re-
forms in, 133; Tiananmen Square massacre
in, 161
Chronotope (Bakhtin), 8
Churchill, Winston, 17, 24-26, 49
Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria
(GERB), 242
citizenship, 18, 44-45,105, i77 183, 227; dual citi-
zenship, 183
civil society, 91,135-136,172, 224, 246
civilized violence, 100
class enemy, 72; kulak, 59, 68-69, 72
dementis, Vladimir, 75
Cohen, Stephen R, 183
Cold War, 1-2, 6, 39, 58, 61, 68, 75, 84-85, 97, 99,
105,113,124,126,131-133,138,166,179,196-197,
219, 240, 243, 247, 250; Détente, 83-84, 98,
131-132, 141; Iron Curtain, 49, 125, 219; Thaw,
57, 80, 89, 91,100,104
collaboration, 12,18, 21-23, 32, 44, 74
collectivization, 30, 67, 69, 74, 77, 79, 82, 84, 86,
100,104,106,110,124
color revolutions, 224; Orange Revolution,
Ukraine, 186, 224
cominform (Informational Bureau of the Com-
munist Parties), 36, 49-51, 53, 70, 73, 89
Comintern, 24
Commonwealth of Independent States, 178
communism, 6, 8,41,50,61,65, 80, 85, 91, 96,134,
136,143,145,152,158,160,180,188,191,193, 221,
245; national communism, 153,171
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia,
184,186
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Eu-
rope: 132
Connelly, John, 60
Constantinescu, Emil, 223
constitution, 36-38, 42-43, 46, 57, 65, 84, 106,
108,110-111,133,153,155-157,161,179, 228
Constitutional Court, 185; in Hungary, 164
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Ex-
port Controls, 67
cordon sanitaire, 24, 222
corruption, 99, 136, 152, 157-158, 189, 235, 242,
244; Anti-corruption, 158, 228, 235
cosmopolitanism, 75,116; anti-cosmopolitanism,
141
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
(Comecon, CMEA), 67-68, 85, 110-113, 116-
117,122,132,137
Council of Czechoslovak Women, 79
Council of Europe, 231
Council of Foreign Ministers, 27, 47
Council of Ministers; in Bulgaria, 73; in Hun-
gary, 82, 85, 93; in Romania, 77; in the USSR,
80,116
Council of National Salvation (Poland), 143
Coup d’etat, 143,165,178
Crampton, Richard J., 43
Crimean Peninsula, 32, 98, 218, 225
criminal code, 57,111
Croatia, 13, 22, 36, 108-109, 180, 184, 191-192,
197-205, 230, 232, 235, 242; Dalmatia, 18, 201;
Dubrovnik; 201; Istria, 18, 27, 201; Kninska
Krajna,/Serbian Krajna, 199, 201, 204; Slavo-
nia, 201, 203-204; Osijek, 199; Vukovar, 201;
Zagreb, 22,109,199
Croatian Democratic Union, 199; in Bosnia and
Hercegovina, 200, 202
Croatian Spring, 109,129
Csizmadia, Ervin, 100,146
Cuban missile crisis, 99
Czech Republic, 182, 184, 186, 188, 190-192, 218,
232, 235-236, 238, 241
Czechoslovakia, 3, 6-7, 14, 18, 20, 23-26, 30,
34-35, 42-47, 55Ո88, 60-61, 63-64, 66-69,
74-75, 79, 81, 95,100,105-106,111,113-117,124,
126, 134-135, 137-138, 140, 142-145, 15Յ, 159,
166,168,173Ո11,180,182,184-185,188-189, 217,
232-233, 240; Communist Party of Czecho-
slovakia (CPC), 44“46, 63, 73, 75, 81, 106,
119-124; Cultural Association of Czechoslo-
vak Hungarian Workers, 63; expulsion of
Germans, 17-18, 20, 41, 44; Moravia, 3, 23,
35, 45; Prague, 14,17-18, 23, 26, 34, 44, 46, 66,
74,106,144, 166,168; Plzeň strike, 81; Prague
Spring and Soviet invasion, 118-123, 133, 135;
relations with Austria, 3; relations with Ger-
many, 3; relations with Hungary, 63,144; Ta-
tra Mountains, 126
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 177
Danube River, 27, 77,102,121,144, 201
Davies, Norman, 14
deep state, 243, 250Ո60
Delors, Jacques, 178
284 I Index
democracy, 25, 45-46, 96, 125, 165-166, 172,
183-185, 198, 208, 210, 2131120, 221-225, 239,
243-247, 251-253; illiberal democracy, 238,
246; people’s democracy, 30
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Roma-
nia, 222
Democratic League of Kosovo, 206
Democratic Left Alliance (Poland), 186
Democratic Party of Albanians (Macedonia), 222
demography, 249028; infant mortality, 69, 125,
150,233; life expectancy, 125,135,193,233; mor-
tality, 11,102,192
denazification, 28
Deng Xiaoping, 133
Denmark, 13
deportation, 11-14, 22-23,3i~33,75,77~79
destabilization, 142,166, 206, 208, 227
destalinization, in Czechoslovakia, 119; in the
GDR, 81; in Hungary, 81; in Poland, 91; in Ro-
mania, 83; in the USSR, 80-81 (the events of
the party congress)
Dilas, Milovan, 61,84-85
Dimitrov, Georgi, 27, 42-43, 51
Dimitrov, Vesselin, 154
dissent, 153,164; samizdat, 146,152,163
dissident, 97,134-135, 144, 151, 153-154,167,193-
195,197, 244, 252
Dinnyés, Lajos, 49
Dniester River, 11,179
Doctor’s Plot, 75,81
Dresden, 120
Dubček, Alexander, 106,119-123,144
Dukanovič, Milo, 242
Dulles, John Foster, 94
Duray, Miklós, 145
Džurinda, Mikuliš, 223
East Prussia, 17,30
economy, 34-36,38,41-42,46,49,67-68,80,84,
91,102-103,108-109,113,116-118,126,132,138,
142, 146, 149, 153, 155, 158, 162-164, 16 8, 187-
190, 196, 207, 213, 217, 238-239, 244-245, 247,
251; bankruptcy, 157, 164, 188; external debt,
138,156; the crisis of 2008-2009:8,187,2i5ns6,
229, 237-240, 252; economic crisis, 8,107,134,
138-140, 145, 156, 160, 187, 195, 206, 209, 229,
235» 237-240, 243, 245, 252i economic growth,
118-119, 124, 126, 162, 187, 190-191, 223, 230,
235, 237-239, 247 Gross Domestic Product
(GDP), 36, 106, 118,124, 138, 161, 191, 214038,
235, 237-238, 249; Gross National Product
(GNP), 67
EEC (European Economic Community), 97,132,
200-201, 203
Egypt, 84, 94,104,137
Einsatzgruppen, 10-11
Enver Hoxha, 22,37, 80,110-111,140, 210
Ernesto “Che” Guevara, 108
Estonia, 12,30-31,64,178,180,182-183,188,190-
191, 218, 230, 235, 238; Tallinn, 31,182-183
Euro-Atlantic, system of alliances, 218,247
Euromaidan, 194,225
European Commission, 178, 218, 234
European Council, 217,221
European Parliament, 122, 242
European People’s Party, 242, 247
European Union, 2, 8, 180, 184, 191, 194, 200,
207, 209, 213, 215, 217-219, 221-224, 228-231,
234-236, 238-239, 241, 247, 252-253; Asso-
ciation Agreement with Ukraine, 224-225;
Common Agricultural Policy, 236; Maas-
tricht Treaty, 178, 217; Structural and Cohe-
sion Funds, 235
Farrell, Darragh, 228
Fava, Valentina, x, 86П32, 262
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), 85, 107-
108,131-132,148,167; Bonn, 28,167
Ferrara, Antonio, 13
Fico, Robert, 187
Fidesz-Hungarian Civic Union, 187,240,244-245
Fierlinger, Zdenék, 44
Filitov, Alexei, 24
Finland, 25, 27,121
First World War, 2,3,5,7,11,16, 24,35,47,68,127
Five-Year Plan, 36,67,70,104,106,139,158
Fodor, Pál, ix
forced labor, 18, 74,78-79,154
foreign debt, 139,143,145,150,158,162,188,238
France, 13, 21, 28, 46, 50, 84, 125, 167, 185, 188,
206-207, 221, 234, 240
Franzinetti, Guido, x, 9m, 908,166
Free market, 96,109, 162,165, 184, 186-187,189,
210, 217» 221, 240
Friendship Pipeline, 113
Fukuyama, Francis, 221
Funar, Gheorge, 182
FYROM (Macedonia), 27, 36, 104, 156, 190-191,
200,206-207,209-210,219,222,232» 242*243,
Skopje, 209
Index j 28s
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Dam, 144
Gellner, Ernest, 4,134,180
General Agreements on TarifFs and Trade, 117
Geneva Summit, 84
genocide, ío-ii, 13-14, 16, 20, 23, 76, 202; Holo-
caust, 13, 96,195; Srebrenica, 202, 204
Georgia, 179, 224
Georgiev, Kimon, 34
German communities, in Czechoslovakia, 17-
18, 20, 23, 25 35» 4Ն 44» 79, 182; in Hungary, 17,
20; in Poland, 17; in Romania, 17-18, 35, 40, 77,
150; in Yugoslavia, 17-18, 22, 35, 41
German Démocratie Republic (GDR), 28,64,67,
81, 98, 103, 106-107, m, 115-116, 124, 131-132,
137, 140, i42-i43 148-149, 159, 164, 167, 194;
Lutheran Church, 64, 148; Oder-Neisse bor-
der with Poland, 105,131
Germany, 2, 3, 6-7, ío-n, 13-14,16-17, 20, 24-25,
V-29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 49-50, 60, 66,126,167,178,
182,188,194, 200, 215, 219, 221, 234-236; Chris-
tian Démocratie Union, 131,167
GerŐ, Ernő, 91-93
Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 41, 77, 83, 102-103,
112
Ghimpu, Mihai, 227
Gibiansky, Leonid, 30
Gierek, Edward, 141-142
Gieseke, Jens, 147-148,129Ո57
Gingeras, Ryan, 243
Gini coefficients, 236
GlasnosU 158,165
Glaurdié, Josip, 197
Gligorov, Kiro, 200
Goma, Paul, 152
Gomułka, Władysław, 20, 74, 89-91, 94֊95,105,
119-320,140
G orb a che v, Mikhaïl, 132, 134, 139, 158-160, 162,
166-168,170,175Ո85,178
Gottwald, Klement, 43-46, 81
Graziosi, Andrea: 97,140,173Ո34,182
Greater Romania Party, 182
Greece, 3, 12-13, 24, 26, 50-51, 80, 84, 110, 113,
200, 210, 221, 237, 240; Thessaloniki, 27
Greek-Catholic Church, in Romania, 65; in Slo-
vakia, 66; in Ukraine, 32
Greskovits, Béla, 252
Grósz, Károly, 163
Groza, Petru, 34, 39-42,63
gulag, 76, 80
Gyurcsány, Ferenc, 187
Hájek, Jiří, 144
Hale, Henry E., 227
Halecki, Oskar, 5
Hanák, Péter, 5
Hann, Chris, 247
harassment, 101,123,152, 205
Harbutt, Fraser, 26
Havel, Vaclav, 6,144,168
Helsinki Final Act, 132-134,141
Historiography, 13,197; Czechoslovak, 105; Hun-
garian, 5; Romanian, 41; Soviet, 64
Hitler, Adolf, 12-14, 34» 39
Hoffmann, David L«, 58
Holbrooke, Richard, 208
Homo sovieticusy 62
Honecker, Erik, 107,131,147-148,167
Horn, Gyula, 186
Horváth, Sándor, 60
Hull, Corden, 24
human rights, 132-133» M4» 146,151-152» 233-234
Hungarian Democratic Forum, 163,186
Hungarian minorities, 19, 101, 147, 222; in
Czechoslovakia, 17-18, 44-45» 47» 63, 79, 144;
in Romania, 19» 40, 47, 63-64,182; in Yugosla-
via/Vojvodina, 18
Hungarian Revolution, 1956,91-96,102,104,107,
123, i28n39,135,146-147; Colonel Pál Maiéter,
93,100; Hegedűs, András, 85,93; massacres of
Budapest, Miskolc and Mosonmagyaróvár,
93; Petőfi Circle, 91
Hungarian Socialist Party, 186-187, 238
Hungarian Autonomous Region in Romania
(HAR), 64,103
Hungary, 4-7,11-14,17-20, 22-27, 30-35, 42֊43,
46-49, 51, 53Π12, 541131» 56moo, 60, 63-68,
70, 72-76, 78-79, 81-83, 85, 89, 91-97» 99֊
103, 106, 112-120, 122, 124, 126, i28n30, 131,
135» 197-138, 140, 142-147» 150-151, 153-154,
159-160, 162-166, 168-169, 178, 182, 184-194,
217-219, 222, 231, 233, 235-238, 240-241, 244-
247, 251; Budapest, 20, 34, 46, 79, 82, 92-95»
101, 146-147, 172, 196, 231, 240, 247; Hungar-
ian Communist Party, 19, 47-49; Hungar-
ian Socialist Workers Party (HSWP), 94,
100-101,116-118,145-146,162-164,166; Civic
Democratic Party, 47; Independent Small-
holders Party, 47-48; Hungarian Fraternal
Community, 48; Lake Balaton, 126; Monor,
163; National Peasant Party, 47; Hungarian
Workers Party (HWP), 49, 59» 76, 79» 82, 85,
շ86 I Index
Hungary (continued)
91-94» 121; Pécs, 27; relations with Yugosla-
via, 53,Szeged,92
Huntington, Samuel, 240
Husák, Gustáv, 44, 75» լշշ-123,144; Normaliza-
tion, Husák s, 117,121-123, *44
Iliescu, Ion, 169-172
Imre Kertész Kolleg Jena, x, 175Ո95, 176Ո117,
176Ո135
Imrédy, Béla, 23
industry, 35,111,148,190; chemical, 116,124; con-
struction, 70, 236; food, 104, 112, 132; heavy,
58, 67-68,70,97,106,117-118,138,141,144,158,
165,190; light, 58, 112; machine, 112; military,
82,138,158; mining, 111,113
inflation, 109,156,161-162,171,198,237; hyperin-
flation, 49,198
intelligence services in the Soviet Bloc, 115
intelligentsia, 20, 37, 59, 81, 83, 91, 109, 119, 123,
142,146,163,165, 222
International Conference on the Former Yugo-
slavia (Geneva), 203
International Court of Justice, 202, 207
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 108, 117,
138-139» 43» 145» 173Ո28,188, 229-230, 237
loanid, Radu, 104
Iran, 133,137,157,169; Iranian Revolution, 137
Iraq, 218
Irving, David, 96
Islamic fundamentalism, 241
Israel, 21, 75-76, 94» 103-105,137,150
Italy, 3,13, 21, 27-28, 39, 46, 50» 80, 84, 113,121,
125-126, 129Ո78, 154, 167, 188, 210, 212, 230,
240; Communist Party, 154; Christian De-
mocracy, 154; Fiat car company, 141
ius murmurandi, 136
Izetbegovié, Alija, 157,199-200, 205
Jackson-Vanik amendment (to the Trade Act), 133
Jaruzelski, Wojciech, 133-134» 140,143,159» 161
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (USSR), 75
Jewish communities, in Eastern Europe, 20-21;
in Hungary, 20, 23,76; in Lithuania, 12; in Po-
land, 12-13,105; in Romania, 20, 76,150
Jewish emigration, from Eastern Europe, 21;
from Hungary, 76; from Romania, 103
Jiu Valley, 153,171
Jordan, 104
Josef Beran, 66
Judt, Tony, 16, 45,80,195
July Theses, 150
Junes, Tom, x, 161,175Ո96
Justice, 23, 195; historical, 194; transitional, 161,
19Յ
Kaczyński, Lech, 243
Kádár, János, 73, 79, 93-96, 100-101, ii8, 122,
128Ո35,138,145-147» 153» ւ6շ-ւ63,245
Kafka, Franz, rehabilitation of, 106
Kállai, Gyula, 79
Kállay, Miklós, 34
Kalmár, Melinda, 163
Kania, Stanisław, 142
Karađorđevo Agreement, 202
Kardelj, Edvard, 108-109» 155
Karelia, 30
Kársai, László, 23
Katyń, 39
Kennedy, Paul, 182
KGB (Committee for State Security), 80,115,120,
140,143,141,194
Khrushchev, Nikita, 32, 80, 82-85, 89, 94-99»
103,105,107,110-111,113,116
Kissinger, Henry, 133
Kiszczak, Czeslaw, 160
Klaus, Václav, 188-189
Kligman, Gail, 127,136
Kljuić, Stjepan, 200
Kohl, Helmut, 167,178
Konrád, György, 6
Kopeček, Michal, 100,144
Korean War, 70, 82-83
Korenizatsiya, 62, 86nn
Kornai, János, 68,165
Körösényi, András, 245
Kosovo Liberation Army, 206, 209
Kosovska Mitrovica, 207
Kostov, Traicho, 73-74
Koštunica, Vojislav, 208
Kosygin, Alexei, 116
Kotkin, Stephen, 158, 239
Kovács, Béla, 48
Kovács, József ö., 100
Kramer, Mark, 21, 54Ո34» 82, 96, ւշ8ոշօ
Krapfl, James, 168
Krastev, Ivan, 252
Kučan, Milan, 198
Kumanovo Agreement, 207
Kundera, Milan, 6
Kuroń, Jacek, 141
Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 186
Index j 287
Lahore, Sándor, 194
Laczó, Ferenc, x
Ladányi, János, 232
Lambert, Sean, ։x
Lampe, John R., 36, 84,156
Lancet, 192
land grabbing, 237
land reform, 35, 38-40, 47, 68
Latvia, 12, 30-31, 178, 180, 182-183, 191, 218, 231,
235 237Î Riga, 12
Lavigne, Marie, 112
League of Communists of Yugoslavia, 61, 84,
109» 155, 198; League of Communists of Croa-
tia, 199; League of Communists of Serbia, 197;
Yugoslav Communist Party (YCP), 53
League of Nations, 7, 25, 63
League of Polish Families, 222
legitimacy, 2, 39, 47» 5*» 53 84, 89» 100-101, 107,
119, 134,136,139-141» 147,151-152» 160, 163-164,
167,171-172» 178, 200, 205, 228, 239» 243
Leipzig, 166-167
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 25, 62, 116; Le-
ninism, 98; Leninist nation-build ing, 44
Lettrich, Jozef, 45
Liberman, Évsei, 116
Liégeois, Jean-Pierre, 231
Lithuania, 12, 30-31, 64, 135, 178, 180, 182, 189-
191, 218, 230-231, 235, 237; Vilnius, 31» 182
Litvinov, Maxim, 25
living standards, 69, 81-82, 91, 138-139, 154,
239; wages, 82, 90, 92» 108, 117, 126, 191» 205,
236-237
London Memorandum (1954), 84
Lublin Committee/Government, 27, 37
Luca, Vasile, 42
Luchev, Kosta, 43
Lund, Michael S., 209
Lwów/Lviv/Lemberg Ghetto, 12
Magyar, Bálint, 246
Maiorescu, Titu, 253
Maisky, Ivan, 25
Makarenko, Anton, 78
Malcolm, Noel, 207
Malenkov, Georgy, 80-82, 85
Mànescu, Corneliu, 114
Maniu, Iuliu, 41
Maoist model, 97» m
Márai, Sándor, 10
Marina, Justinian, 65
Mark, Eduard, 34
Markov, Georgi, 154
Markovič, Ante, 198
Marshall, George C., 50
Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program,
39-45-46, 50, 67-68,187, 235
Martin, Terry, 61
Márton, Áron, 66
Marxist philosophy, 124,141» 146,163
Masaryk, Jan, 45-46
Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue, 3
Maspok Croatia, 109-110
mass media, 125,132
mass repression, 76,100,133
Matica hrvatska, 109
Mastný, Vojtech, 25,113
Mazower, Mark, 16
Mazowieczki, Tadeusz, 161-162
Mearsheimer, John J., 225
Mečiar, Vladimír, i86, 223
Medgyessy, Péter, 187,194
Mediterranean, 2,3» 20, 26,126,138,193» 236
Melegh, Attila, 6
Menzel, Jiří, 106
Michael I, King of Romania, 39-40, 42
Michnik, Adam, 141
Middle class, 3-4,18,37,147,162-163,191» 232,237
Migration, 150, 165, 230, 234; economic to West-
ern Europe, 229-230
Mihailovič, Draža, 22, 26
Mikanowski, Jacob, 253
Mikołajczyk, Stanisław, 27, 37-38
Military Council of National Salvation, 143
Miloševič, Slobodan, 197,199, 202-203, 205, 208,
224
Miłosz, Czesłav, 6
Mindszenty, József, 20, 65, 95,101
Mineriad, 172
Mitteleuropai 2, 6, 9m
Mladenov, Pelar, 165
Moczar, Mierczysław, 105,141
Moldova, Republic of, 179-180,193, 219, 224, 227,
231
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 6, 39,182
Montenegro, 36,156, 205, 207-208, 219
Motyl, Alexander, 225
Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (HDZS),
186
Movement for Defense of Human and Civic
Rights, 141
Munich Agreement, 25, 44
Muslim community in Yugoslavia, 65,157
288 I Index
Nagorno-Karabakh, 160,179
Nagy, Ferenc, 48
Nagy, Imre, 47, 82-83, ^5» 9i~95 100,119,163
Namier, Lewis, 3-4
Nano, Fatos, 212
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 84, 94
Nástase, Adrian, 223
National Front, Czechoslovakia, 44
National Salvation Front, Romania, 169-172
National Security Council, 92
Nationalization, 17, 36, 38-39» 42» 45» 65, 217
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization),
85, 92,103,165,167,194, 204, 206-211, 218-219,
223-224, 242
NEM (New Economic Mechanism), 117-118
Németh, Miklós, 163-164
neoliberal policy, 162,186-188,192; canon, 240
neoliberalism, critique of, 242
Netherlands, the, 12-13, 2°° 208
Nomenklatura, 58, 85,134,162,164,194
North Korea, 103,150
Norway, 13
Nova Huta, 60
Novotný, Antonín, 81,106,119-120
Nyers, Rezső, 108
O’ Brennan, John, 243
Ochab, Edward, 89
Oettinger, Günther, 235
oil shock, 137-138
Operation Danube, 121
Operation Essential Harvest, 209
Operation Storm, 204
Operation Vistula, 19
Operation Whirlwind, 95
Oplatka, András, 164
opposition, 6, 30-31, 36, 73, 76, 92, 105-106,109,
134-135, 144-145, 148, 154» 165-167, 177, 205,
208, 210, 222, 239; Ecoglasnost in Bulgaria,
165; Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia, 134, 144,
152; Neues Forum in the German Democratic
Republic, 166; in Hungary, 41, 48, 73, 91, 95,
100, 135» 146-147» 160, 163-164, 244-246; in
Poland, 38-39» 135» 141-143» 160-161, 167-168,
244; in Romania, 40-41,172
Orbán, Viktor, 187, 244-247
Orenburg, gas complex and pipeline, 113
Organization for European Economic Coopera-
tion, 67
Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe, 179, 228
Orthodox Church, in Bulgaria, 241; in Romania,
241; Russia, 241; Serbia, 241; in Soviet Union,
64» 97
Osóbka-Morawski, Edward, 38
Owen, David, 203
Pach, Zsigmond Pál, 5
Paraschiv, Vasile, 152
party membership, 38, 45, 63, 73,100
Parvanov, Georgi, 194
Patočka, Jan, 144
Pâtrâşcanu, Lucrejiu, 74
Patriotic Front, Bulgaria, 43
Patriotic People s Front, Hungary, 100,163
Pauker, Ana, 41-42, 75-76
Pavelič, Ante, 22
Pavlowitch, Stevan K„ 197
PAX Association, 66
people s tribunal, 22-23, 42-43, 45
Percentages agreement, 26
Perestroika, 158,160,168
Perle, Richard, 133
personality cult, 59,134,152,174060
Péter, Gábor, 76
Petkov, Nikola, 43
Pető, Andrea, 16
Petrescu, Cristina, 152, 215056
Piotrowski, Tadeusz, 13
Pipes, Richard, 140
Pirjevec, Jože, 200
Plahotniuc, Vladimir, 227
Plamenatz, John, 4
Podgorny, Nikolai, 120
Pogátsa, Zoltán, x, 236
Pogrom, Kielce, 20; Kunmadaras, 20, 49
Poland, 5-7, 12-14, 17» 19-20, 22, 24-25» 27» 30-
31» 34-35» 37-39» 41» 50-51» 60, 66-69, 71-72»
74-75» 79» 83» 89-92, 94» 97» 100, 103, 105-106,
111,113,115, 117-120, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, 133-
135» 137-138, 140-143, 145» 159-162, 164, 168,
175, 178, 184-192» 217-218, 221, 232, 235-238»
240-241, 243-244, 251; Democratic Bloc, 38;
Kraków, 12, 60,133; Polish Home Army, 13, 22,
39; Polish People s Party, 37-38; Polish United
Workers’ Party (PUWP), 59, 66, 74, 89-91»
105, 121, 123, 143, 160-161; Polish Workers
Party, 27, 38; Poznan uprising, 90; relations
with Ukraine, 19; Stettin, 49; Warsaw, 60, 66,
71, 90,140,167, 231, 240
police terror, 152
Pomerania, 17
Index I 289
Pope John Paul 1,141
Poroshenko, Petro, 194
Portugal, 3
Postcommunism, 192,197
Potsdam Conference/Agreement, 17, 28
Pozsgay, Imre, 163-164
Pravda, 51, ii6
privatization, 8, 162, 164-165, 186-189, 205, 212,
240
property, 41,188-189, 245; privatization of state-
owned, 188-189; requisition of, 42, 65, 77, 79»
99, 246; restitution of, 188, 212; social, 84,188;
vouchers, 188
Pula, Besnik, 242
Pullman, Michal, 100
punk music, 137
Putin, Vladimir, 194, 224-225, 229, 242, 245-247,
248n2
Putsch, in Romania (1944), 152, 170; in the Soviet
Union (1991), 178
Puttkamer, Joachim von, x, i3oni07,161,175^5,
258
Radio Free Europe (RFE), 61, 83
Rainer, János M., 83, 93
Rajk, László, 73-75» 79» 92
Rákosi, Mátyás, 48-49» 53» 59» 7i 79» 82, 85,
91-92,100
Rambouillet Talks, 206
Ránki, György, 5
Ranković, Aleksandar, 35,109
Rechtsstaat, 161
Red bourgeoisie, 191
reeducation, 78
Rees, Arfon E., 57
“Refolution” (Timothy Garton Ash), 177
refugee, 19, 22,151» 165,174063, 207, 209» 212» 227»
247
Reichkommisariat Ostland, 12
resistance, 12, 14, 22, 30-32, 55059, 76-77,
87064, 95, 102, 114, 134, 143, 154, 160; anti*
Axis, 43; anti-German, 79; communist, 41;
cultural, 60; in Czechoslovakia 1968,120-121;
Hungarian 1956, 95-96; peasant, 69, 99; Po-
land (1981), 143; Polish noncommunist, 37; in
Romania through culture, 152; Ukrainian, 19;
Yugoslav, 25
Revival Process (in Bulgaria), 155
Roberts, Adam, 206
Rock music, 137,144,152
Rokossovsky, Konstantin, 71, 90
Roma, 10-13,105, 209, 229» 231-234» 244» 249039;
criminality, 23; life expectancy, 23; population
in Bosnia and Hercegovina, 232; in Bulgaria,
231; in Croaţia, 232; in the Czech Republic,
232; in Hungary, 231; in Kosovo, 232; in Mace-
donia, 232; in Poland; 232; in Románia, 231; in
Serbia, 232; in Slovakia, 232; in Slovenia, 232;
in Ukraine, 232; social exclusion of, 233-234
Roman, Petre, 172
Románia, 3, 7, n, 13, 17-18, 20, 23, 25-27» 30-32»
34-35» 37» 39-42» 51» 59» 63-64» 66-70, 72-78,
83» 94-95» 102-104, ii2 114-115» 117-122» 124»
126-127, 138-140, 142, 149-154, 165, 169-172»
1760131, 182, 184-188, 190-193» 195-196, 210,
2i8, 222-223, 227, 229-231, 235, 237-238, 243;
Arad, 151; Bucharest, 23, 34, 51, 6o, 77-78, 95»
115, 139, 168-169, 172, 227; Banat, 18, 40, 169;
Bessarabia, 11,13, 30, 32, 40, 77,151; Bukovina,
11, 30-31, 40, 77; Cluj-Napoca, 182; Cluj (Ro-
mánia, prior to 1974), 23, 40,102; Iaşi, 23; Laké
Snagov, 95; Oradea, 151; Târgu Mureş ethnic
clash, 171-172; Timişoara, 94, 153, 169, 171;
Relations with the International Monetary
Fund, 139; Israel, 104; Soviet Union, 114, 151;
United States, 104, 151; FRG, 104; Hungary,
151, 154, 182; Southern Dobruja (Cadrilater),
40; Románián Communist Party (RCP), 35,
41-42,150,153,169; Románián Workers’ Party
(RWP), 42,60,63, 74-75» 77» 83» 103, m» 115» 152
Románián National Unity Party, 182
Romsics, Ignác, 118
Rothschild, Joseph, 9n22, 38, 89,153, 210
Royal Institute of International Affairs, 24
Rugóvá, Ibrahim, 207
Rumsfeld, Donald, 218
Russia, 6, 8, 11, 178, 179, 187, 189-190, 193, 207-
208, 218-219, 224-225, 227; European Russia,
20; relations with Eastern Europe, 219; rela-
tions with Belarus, 229; relations with the
European Union, 218; Russian Civil War,
62; Russian Communist Party, 62; Russian
Empire, 2; Russian Federation, 178; Soviet-
Russian empire, 39; Western Russia, 13
Russification, 98,158,183
Sachs, Jeffrey, 162
Salami tactics, 48
Salgó, László, 194
Sarotte, Marié Elise, 167
Schabowski, Günther, 167
Schalck-Godolkowski, Alexander, 149
290 j Index
Schengen Treaty, 252
Schlogel, Karl, S
Schopil i n, Gyôrgy/George, 6
Second World War, ix, շ, 4, 5, 6, 7, io, 11, 12* 14»
16,17, 19 20, 21, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40»
41, 43, 44, 46, 49, 57, 62, 63, 64, 66, 68, 70, 75,
94, 97, 109, 123, 124, 125, 127, 136, 141, 154, 156,
157,159,182,184,195,197, 202, 232
state security in the Soviet bloc, 72,114,141,193,
243; in the German Democratic Republic,
147; in Hungary, 115; in Poland, 37; in Ro-
mania, 151-152; 223, 239; in Yugoslavia, 51; in
Bułgaria, 154
Sejm, Lower House of Polish Parliament, 89,161
Serbia, 36, 108-110, 155, 157, 191, 197-199, 201-
203, 205-208, 219, 224, 232, 237, 242; Kosovo,
21-22, 36, 110, 155-157, 197, 204-209, 218-219,
224, 230, 232, 241, 243; Vojvodina, 18, 22, 36,
155-156
Seton-Watson, Hugh, 4, 30
Shoup, Paul, 202
Sikorski, Władysław, 24
Silesia, 3,17
Singapore, 246
Sino-Soviet split, 107,114
Six«Day War, 104-105
Slánský, Rudolf, 75, 79
Slipy j» Josyf, 32
Slovakia, 12-13, 23» 26, 44-45, 47, 63, 66, 94, 106,
123, 144-145, 180, 186-187, 190-132, 218, 223,
232, 235-238, 241; Bratislava, 18, 74, 121, 144,
223; Slovak National Party, 222; Slovak Na-
tional Uprising, 12, 23
Slovenia, 2, 22, 36,108,155-156, 180,184,131-132,
197-201, 218, 223, 230, 232, 235-236, 238, 252;
Ljubljana, 109
SMER-Socialdemocracy, 187
Smith, Anthony D., 4
Snegur, Mircea, 179
Snyder, Timothy, 13, 5607, 219
Social Democratic Party, in Bułgaria (1945-
1948), 43; in Czechoslovakia 1945-1948, 46;
post-1989,184; in Hungary 1945-1948, 47-49;
in Romania 1945-1948, 42; post-1989, 223; in
West Germany, 131
social mobility, 125
social unrest, 71,140,142, 227, 238-239
socialism, 16, 36-37, 53, 59-6o, 81, 84, 89, 96,
101-102,107, 110-111, 115, 119, 124, 132-136, 138,
140,167,183-184,192-193,196-198, 244; exist-
ing socialism, 193,196; market socialism, 138,
165; socialist city, 60; socialist nation, 98
Socialist Unity Party, German Democratic Re-
public, 148
Solidarność (Solidarity), 133, 135, 140, 142-143,
160-161,186
Sołtan, Karol Edward, 177
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 97
Soros, George, 196
South Ossetia, 179
South Stream Pipeline, 219
Soviet cultural norms, 57
Soviet State Planning Committee (Gosplan), 67
Soviet Union, 5-8, lo-ii, 14, 16, 18-19, 21-22,
24-28, 30-37, 39-40, 42, 46-51, 53, 57, 61-63,
67-71, 73, 75-77, 80-85, 89-91, 93-94, 97-105,
107, 110-112, 114-117, 119, 121-123, 127, 131-134,
137-138,140,142,146,149,151,153,155,158-160,
164, 166-168, 170, 178-180, 183, 188, 197, 199,
219, 229, 238; CPSU, 24, 31-32, 51, 53, 70, 75,
80, 82-83, 89, 91, 94, 96-99, 104, no, 116, 134,
140, 142, 158-159, 168, 170, 178; Constitution
(1936), 36, 57; (1977), 133-134, 179; Leningrad,
75; Moscow, 26, 30-32, 45, 51, 61-62, 70-71, 75,
77, 81-82, 89, 95, 97, 101, 107, 111-112, 114-116,
122,131, 139, 165-166,170,179,182,194, 247; Si-
beria, 75,113; relations with China, 99,107; re-
lations with Romania, 103; relations with the
satellites, 63, 71, 80; relations with the West,
33,83, 99; relations with Yugoslavia, 107
Sovietization, 28, 30-31, 34, 49, 57
Sovroms, 41, 83
Spain, 3, 222, 230, 240; Catalonia, 221
Szporluk, Roman, 31-32
Stalin, Joseph Vissarionovich, 13-14, 16-17, 19,
24-28, 30-34, 37, 39-40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53,
57-59, 62-64, 67, 69-71, 74-76, 80-81, 90, 92,
100, 114, 127
Stalinism, 14,16, 31, 33-34, 50, 58-60, 64, 67, 69,
73, 75-76, 79, 81-82, 75, 89, 91, 97-99, 106, no,
122,134,139,149,151,172,194; Stalinist ecosys-
tem, 58; Stalinist purges, 31,194
Staniszkis, Jadwiga, 161
Stark, David, 183
state capture, 207, 238
state terror, 72
state violence, 30, 69, 72 80
state-security organs, 30, 72, 104, 114-115, 119,
147, 151-152, 193; State Protection Authority,
76, 93
Index I 291
Stepinac» Aloysius, 22
Stalinstadt/Eisenhüttenstadt, 60
Stewart, Michael, 233
Stockholm Appeal, 65
Stokes, Gale, 134
Strazzari, Francesco, 207
strike, 40, 46, 8i, 90, 109, 120, 122, 135» 142» 153»
155,160,164,191,197; Gdańsk Shipyard strike,
140-142
Stroschein, Sherrill, 222
Subcarpathia, 30-33
Subtelny, Orest, 19
Sudetenland, 17
Suez Crisis, 94
Sugar, Peter, 4
suicide, 78» 135» 137» 152
Surkov, Vladislav, 247
Swain, Nigel, 118
Światło, Józef, 83
Switzerland, 48
Syria, 104,137
Szálasi, Ferenc, 23
Szelényi, Iván, 232, 245
Szklarska Poręba, 50
Szokai, Imre, 166
Sztálinváros/Dunaújváros, 60
Sztójay, Döme, 23
Szűrös, Mátyás, 164
taboo, ιοί, 127, ι64
Tátárescu, Gheorghe, 42
technocrats, 118,141,146,163
Tehran Conference, 25
Ten-Day War, 199, 201
terrorism, 197
Thompson, Mark, 198
Tismáneanu, Vladimir, 177
Tiso, Jozef, 23, 44
Tito, Josip Broz, 22, 25-27, 35-37» 51» 53* 70, 73»
84* 95» 107-109,140,149,155» ł57* !98, 200, 206;
anti-Tito purges, 110; Titoism, 72-74» 78, 108,
156; Tito-Stalin split, 70, 74, 80
Tőkés, László, 162,169
Tőkés, Rudolf L„ 162
Tölgyessy, Péter, 244-245
Tomka, Béla, 136, 219
tourism, 108-109,125-126,153
transition, 35-36, 41-42, 49, 94» i°7* 125, 161-166,
168, 171-172» 1751195, 177, 183» 187-189, 191, 193,
196,198, 210, 212, 223,232-233, 236, 239-240,252
Transnistria, 13,179
Transylvania, 11, 25, 39-40, 63-64, 74, 102-103,
150-151» 153-154» 163» 171-172» 192; Second Vi-
enna Award on, 11; Székely Land, 64,103
Trencsényi, Balázs, 246
Trieste, 14, 27, 49; Free Territory of Trieste, 28,84
Truman, Harry S., 50
Tuđman, Franjo, no, 157,199» 202, 205
Turkey, 3, 25, 50, 84, 105» 113, 123, 154, 165, 243»
246
Turkish government, 154
Turkish minority, in Bulgaria, 19, 105, 154, 165;
Movement for Rights And Freedoms, 222
Tusk, Donald, 187, 221, 238, 244
Twitter Revolution, 227
Tymoshenko, Yulia, 224
Ukraine, 11-13, 20» 30-32» 143» 160,162,179-180,
185-186, 190, 193-194» 2i9 224-225» 227» 231-
232, 238, 248Ո2; Chernobyl nuclear disaster,
158; Donetsk, 225; Galicia: 3, 32; Eastern Gali-
cia, 3; Kyiv, 224; Luhansk, 225; Lviv/Lemberg,
19» 32; Volhynia, 32
Ulbricht, Walter, 33,107
underclass, 232-233
underground, 65, 73» 144
unemployment, 109, 125, 146, 156-157, 162, 171,
190, 228, 230, 232» 239» 244» 248Ո19
United Kingdom, 24-28, 34, 84, 124, 167, 188,
203; Scotland, 221
United Nations (UN), 92,109,111, 203, 207-208;
United Nations Convention on Refugees, 165;
United Nations General Assembly, 159; Unit-
ed Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Admin-
istration, 36; United Nations Security Coun-
cil, 94, 206-207; United Nations Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, 16
United States of America, 24-28, 34, 36, 68, 71,
84-85, 94» 97» 99» 101, 103-104» 108, 113, 115»
132-133, 166, 188» 201, 203, 218-219» 223» 225»
247; Carter, Jimmy, 133; Clinton, Bill, 218;
Bush, George W., 218; Bush, H. W., 170; Nix-
on, Richard, 133; Reagan, Ronald, 133; Roos-
evelt, Franklin Delano, 17, 25; Washington,
133, 227, 251
Untert nigkeiU 148
Ustashe, 22,109; Independent State of Croatia, 22
Valev Plan, 112
Vance, Cyrus, 203
292 I Index
Varga, Jenő (Eugen), 116
Ilié Vatican, 6$, 97,101,115,128,131,142,153, 200
Verde{, Ilié, 153
Visegrád Group, 6, 217, 252
Vojtaššák, Ján, 66
Voronin, Vladimir, 227
Wałęsa, Lech, 142-143,160-161
Wandycz, Piotr, 142
war criminals, 23,37, 42, 44, 228
Warsaw Uprising, 13, 33, 37,39
Warsaw Ghetto, 12-13
Warsaw Pact, 83, 85, 90, 94,111,113-115,120-122,
135,149,166,179,197
welfare state, 126,136, 252
Williamson, John, 187; “Washington consen-
sus,” 187
Wojtyła, Karol/Pope John Paul II, 133, 141-142,
174^39
Wolff, Larry, 2
Wolfowitz, Paul, 133
women, emancipation of, 126, 192; life expec-
tancy of, 192-193; Roma, 232, 249031; violence
against, 16
Wood, Nancy, 6
Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR), 141
working class, 4, 57, 59-6i, 81-82, 95, 101, 105,
123,161,191
World Jewish Congress (WJC), 76
Wyszyński, Stefan, 66,83, 90,141
Xiaoping, Deng, 133
Xoxe, Koçi, 37,74
Yair, Gad, 196
Yalta Conference, 27,37
Yanukovych, Viktor, 194, 224
Yeltsin, Boris, 121,178-179,189
Yom Kippur War, 137
Yugoslavia, 2-3, 7, 13, 17-18, 21-22, 25-28, 35»
37, 47» 51, 53» 64, 68-70, 73, 78, 8o, 84-85, 89,
91, 94~95, 105, 107-110, 118-119, ni, 126, 138,
140, 149, 155-157, 169, 180, 184-185, 188, 195,
199-209, 211, 218, 228; Belgrade, 22,36,84,107,
109,156-157,197-199, 201, 203, 206-208; anti-
bureaucratic revolution, 197; Bleiburg, mas-
sacre of, 22; Constitution (1946), 63; (1953), 84,
(1963), 108; (1974), no, 155-157; Council of Pro-
ducers of, 84; People s Army of, 199, 201; Peo-
ple s Front of, 36; succession wars of, 200-207
Yushchenko, Viktor, 224-225
Zakaria, Fareed, 244
Zatlin, Johathan R., 148
Zaslavsky, Viktor, 57
Zionist movements, 40, 75
Zhdanov, Andrei, 50, 59
Zhivkov, Todor, 104,153-154» 165-166
Zhivkova, Ludmilla, 154
Zwischeneuropa 2, 3
Zhukov, Georgy, 97
I
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bottoni, Stefano |
| author2 | Lambert, Sean |
| author2_role | trl |
| author2_variant | s l sl |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1144187982 |
| author_facet | Bottoni, Stefano Lambert, Sean |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Bottoni, Stefano |
| author_variant | s b sb |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044529336 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DJK50 |
| callnumber-raw | DJK50 |
| callnumber-search | DJK50 |
| callnumber-sort | DJK 250 |
| callnumber-subject | DJK - Eastern Europe (General) |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5950 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1011379966 (DE-599)BVBBV044529336 |
| dewey-full | 947.0009/045 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.0009/045 |
| dewey-search | 947.0009/045 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.0009 245 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1944- gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1944- |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa |
| id | DE-604.BV044529336 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:55:05Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780253026958 9780253030016 |
| language | English Hungarian |
| lccn | 017031128 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029928645 |
| oclc_num | 1011379966 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M352 DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-521 DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | x, 292 Seiten Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Indiana University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bottoni, Stefano Verfasser aut Várva várt Nyugat Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert Bloomington, Indiana Indiana University Press [2017] © 2017 x, 292 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "What is Eastern Europe and why is it so culturally and politically separate from the rest of Europe? In Long Awaited West, Stefano Bottoni considers what binds these countries together in an increasingly globalized world. Focusing on economic and social policies, Bottoni explores how Eastern Europe developed and, more importantly, why it remains so distant from the rest of the continent. He argues that this distance arises in part from psychological divides which have only deepened since the global economic crisis of 2008, and provides new insight into Eastern Europe's significance as it finds itself located...both politically and geographically...between a distracted European Union and Russia's increased aggressions"...Provided by publisher Geschichte 1944- gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd rswk-swf Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 gnd rswk-swf Osteuropa (DE-588)4075739-0 g Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 s Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 s Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 s Geschichte 1944- z DE-604 Lambert, Sean (DE-588)1144187982 trl Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-253-03020-7 https://www.recensio.net/r/a0a7236631b6405ba0ac864f0af8ce92 rezensiert in: Hungarian Historical Review, 2018, 2, S. 414-416 Rezension LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Bottoni, Stefano Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055879-4 (DE-588)4066493-4 (DE-588)4175047-0 (DE-588)4075739-0 |
| title | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 |
| title_alt | Várva várt Nyugat |
| title_auth | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 |
| title_exact_search | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 |
| title_full | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert |
| title_fullStr | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert |
| title_full_unstemmed | Long awaited West Eastern Europe since 1944 Stefano Bottoni ; translated by Sean Lambert |
| title_short | Long awaited West |
| title_sort | long awaited west eastern europe since 1944 |
| title_sub | Eastern Europe since 1944 |
| topic | Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Wirtschaftspolitik (DE-588)4066493-4 gnd Politischer Wandel (DE-588)4175047-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Wirtschaftspolitik Sozialpolitik Politischer Wandel Europe, Eastern History 1945- Europe, Eastern Economic policy Europe, Eastern Social policy Europe, Eastern Relations Europe, Western Europe, Western Relations Europe, Eastern Osteuropa |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/a0a7236631b6405ba0ac864f0af8ce92 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928645&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bottonistefano varvavartnyugat AT lambertsean varvavartnyugat AT bottonistefano longawaitedwesteasterneuropesince1944 AT lambertsean longawaitedwesteasterneuropesince1944 |