The subject matter of intellectual property:
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
|
Ausgabe: | First edition |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | xxxiv, 279 Seiten |
ISBN: | 9780199688616 |
Internformat
MARC
LEADER | 00000nam a22000002c 4500 | ||
---|---|---|---|
001 | BV044529328 | ||
003 | DE-604 | ||
005 | 20180216 | ||
007 | t | ||
008 | 171010s2017 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
020 | |a 9780199688616 |9 978-0-19-968861-6 | ||
035 | |a (OCoLC)1013163212 | ||
035 | |a (DE-599)BSZ486770354 | ||
040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
041 | 0 | |a eng | |
049 | |a DE-M382 |a DE-19 | ||
100 | 1 | |a Pila, Justine |d ca. 20./21. Jh. |0 (DE-588)141244984 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a The subject matter of intellectual property |c Justine Pila |
250 | |a First edition | ||
264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Oxford University Press |c 2017 | |
300 | |a xxxiv, 279 Seiten | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928639&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029928639 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1804177878900801537 |
---|---|
adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CASES XV
TABLE OF LEGISLATION XXV
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XXXV
1. DEFINITIONS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER 1
1. DEFINITIONS AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER 1
2. SPECIFIC DEFINITIONAL AIMS AND METHODS 4
2.1 AN INDICATIVE (NOMINAL WORD: THING DEFINITIONAL) EXERCISE 4
2.2 AN EXPLICATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE (CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONAL) EXERCISE
5
2.3 AN ANALYTIC AND SYNTHETIC (DEFINITIONAL) EXERCISE THAT PROCEEDS IN
THREE STAGES 7
2.3.1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE NATURE, AIMS, AND VALUES OF INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SYSTEMS 7
2.3.2 A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR THINKING ABOUT INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY AND RELATED DEFINITIONAL QUESTIONS 8
2.3.3 DENNING THE TERMS IN QUESTION 11
3. DEFINITIONS OF INVENTION , AUTHORIAL WORK , TRADE MARK , AND
DESIGN , ETC 12
3.1 INVENTION : AN IDEA FOR A PRODUCT OR PROCESS THAT IS TECHNICAL
(EUROPE)
OR TECHNICALLY INVENTIVE (UK), AND THAT MAY (BUT NEED NOT) BE
INTENDED FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE 12
3.2 PLANT VARIETY : A TYPE OF INVENTION IN THE EUROPEAN CONCEPTION 13
3.3 AUTHORIAL WORK : AN EXPRESSIVE OBJECT THAT HAS A CERTAIN EXPRESSIVE
FORM AND HISTORY OF PRODUCTION (CONCEIVED DIFFERENTLY BY EUROPEAN
AND UK LEGAL OFFICIALS) 13
3.4 TRADE MARK : AN EXPRESSIVE OBJECT INTENDED AND SUITABLE FOR USE TO
DISTINGUISH GOODS OR SERVICES 14
3.5 DESIGNATION OF ORIGIN AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION : A TRADE MARK
15
3.6 GOODWILL : AN ATTRACTIVE FORCE WHICH BRINGS IN CUSTOM 15
3.7 DESIGN: ATYPE OF AUTHORIAL WORK THAT (IN THE CONCEPTION OF
UNREGISTERED UK DESIGN LAW) HAS A DIFFERENT HISTORY OF PRODUCTION 16
3.8 THE METHOD BY WHICH EACH SUBJECT MATTER IS INDIVIDUATED WITHIN
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 17
3.9 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EACH SUBJECT MATTER AND ITS TOKENS 20
3.10 ESTABLISHING THE EXISTENCE OF EACH SUBJECT MATTER AND
ITS TOKENS 21
4. CONCLUSIONS 22
X TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. AN OVERVIEW OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SYSTEMS 25
1. INTRODUCTION 25
2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE BEFORE THE 1880S 25
3. EARLY DEONTOLOGICAL AND INSTRUMENTALIST ARGUMENTS
FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 29
4. THE GREAT (PARIS AND BERNE) CONVENTIONS OF THE 1880S 31
5. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW IN EUROPE AND THE UNITED KINGDOM TODAY 34
5.1 CONSTITUTIONAL VALUES AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 34
5.1.1 EUROPE 34
5.1.2 THE UNITED KINGDOM 36
5.2 EUROPEAN COMMISSION POLICIES AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 38
5.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LEGISLATION 41
5.3.1 COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 41
5.3.2 INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 45
5.3.2.1 PATENTS 45
5.3.2.2 TRADE MARKS 49
5.3.2.3 DESIGNS, PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS, AND TRADE SECRETS 52
5.4 CONCLUSION 55
6. DISTINCTIONS OF IMPORTANCE TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 55
6.1 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDUSTRIAL, AUTHORIAL, AND OTHER SPECIES
OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 55
6.2 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY RIGHTS 59
6.3 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LEGISLATION
59
6.4 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SUBJECT
MATTER 60
7. CONCLUSION 60
3. A FRAMEWORK FOR THINKING ABOUT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER
63
1. INTRODUCTION 63
2. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER AS ARTIFACTS 65
2.1 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER AS INTANGIBLE OBJECTS 65
2.2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER AS INTELLECTUAL CREATIONS 66
3. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER AS TYPES 12
4. CATEGORIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER 81
5. PROPERTIES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SUBJECT MATTER 88
6. CONCLUSION 95
4. THE INVENTION AND PLANT VARIETY 97
1. PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, AND PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS FOR PLANT VARIETIES
97
2. INVENTIONS IN EUROPE: SUBJECT MATTER THAT SOLVES A TECHNICAL PROBLEM
USING PARTICULAR TECHNICAL MEANS 99
2.1 PATENTS FOR PRODUCTS 103
2.2 THE STATUTORY CATEGORIES OF NON-INVENTIONS 105
2.2.1 DISCOVERIES, SCIENTIFIC THEORIES AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS,
SCHEMES, RULES AND METHODS FOR PERFORMING MENTAL ACTS,
AND PRESENTATIONS OF INFORMATION AS SUCH 105
2.2.2 AESTHETIC CREATIONS AS SUCH 108
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
2.2.3 SCHEMES, RULES, AND METHODS FOR PLAYING GAMES AND DOING
BUSINESS, AND PROGRAMS FOR COMPUTERS AS SUCH 108
2.3 PUBLIC POLICY EXCLUSIONS FROM PATENTABILITY 109
2.3.1 PLANT AND ANIMAL VARIETIES, AND ESSENTIALLY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS 109
2.3.2 INVENTIONS THE COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF WHICH WOULD
BE CONTRARY TO ORDRE PUBLIC OR MORALITY, AND MEDICAL AND
VETERINARIAN METHODS 112
2.4 CONCLUSION 115
3. INVENTIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: SUBJECT MATTER THAT MAKE
A TECHNICAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE ART 116
4. PLANT VARIETIES IN EUROPE (INCLUDING THE UNITED KINGDOM) 123
4.1 INTRODUCTION 123
4.2 THE NATURE OF THE PLANT VARIETY 124
5. ENTITLEMENT 125
5.1 PATENTS ARE FOR INVENTORS 125
5.2 PLANT VARIETY RIGHTS ARE ALSO FOR INVENTORS (REFERRED TO
AS BREEDERS ) 129
6. CONCLUSIONS 131
6.1 INTRODUCTION 131
6.2 INVENTIONS AS ARTIFACT TYPES HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES AND ARRANGED
IN CATEGORIES THAT EXPRESS AND REFLECT THOSE PROPERTIES 132
6.3 PLANT VARIETIES AS ARTIFACT TYPES HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES
AND ARRANGED IN CATEGORIES THAT EXPRESS AND REFLECT THOSE PROPERTIES 136
5. THE AUTHORIAL WORK 141
1. COPYRIGHT PROTECTS AUTHORIAL WORKS AND RELATED RIGHTS PROTECT
OTHER EXPRESSIVE PRODUCTIONS 141
1.1 COPYRIGHT PROTECTS AUTHORIAL WORKS 141
1.2 RELATED RIGHTS PROTECT OTHER EXPRESSIVE PRODUCTIONS 142
2. AUTHORIAL WORKS IN EUROPE: WORKS THAT EXPRESS AN AUDIOR S OWN
(LITERARY OR ARTISTIC) INTELLECTUAL CREATION 143
2.1 INTRODUCTION 143
2.2 AUTHORIAL WORKS HAVE A CERTAIN EXPRESSIVE FORM 144
2.3 AUTHORIAL WORKS HAVE A CERTAIN HISTORY OF PRODUCTION 147
2.3.1 AUTHORIAL WORKS ARE OF A TYPE THAT LEAVES SCOPE FOR CREATIVE
FREEDOM IN THEIR PRODUCTION 148
2.3.2 AUTHORIAL WORKS REFLEA THEIR CREATORS EXPLOITATION OF THE SCOPE
THEY LEAVE FOR CREATIVE FREEDOM IN THEIR PRODUCTION 150
2.4 CONCLUSION 151
3. AUTHORIAL WORKS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: WORKS CREATED BY THE
EXERCISE OF INDEPENDENT (LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL, OR ARTISTIC)
SKILL AND LABOUR 151
3.1 INTRODUCTION 151
3.2 AUTHORIAL WORKS HAVE A CERTAIN EXPRESSIVE FORM 153
3.2.1 LDMA WORKS AND IDEAS*THE IDEA/EXPRESSION DISTINCTION 156
3.2.2 LDM WORKS AND THEIR MATERIAL FIXATIONS 157
3.2.2.1 LDM WORKS MUST BE RECORDED TO BE PROTECTED
BY COPYRIGHT 157
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.3 ARTISTIC WORKS AND THEIR MATERIAL FIXATIONS 158
3.2.4 RECORDS OF LDMA WORKS 159
3.2.4.1 WALTER V LANE AND THE QUESTION OF LITERARY COPYRIGHT
IN LITERARY TRANSCRIPTS 159
3.2.4.2 WALTER V LANE TODAY 160
3.3 AUTHORIAL WORKS HAVE A CERTAIN HISTORY OF PRODUCTION 161
3.3.1 AUTHORIAL WORKS ARE INTENDED BY THEIR CREATOR AND/OR REGARDED
BY SOCIETY TO EXIST AS SUCH 161
3.3.1.1 NOT EVERY COLLECTION OFLETTERS IS A LITERARY WORK 162
3.3.1 -2 NOT EVERY SCRIBBLE, PAINTED SURFACE, OR HANDMADE
THREE-DIMENSIONAL OBJECT IS AN ARTISTIC WORK 162
3.3.1.3 NOT EVERY COLLECTION OF SOUNDS OR MOVEMENTS IS A
MUSICAL OR DRAMATIC WORK 166
3.3.1.4 WORDS AND SHORT PHRASES, AND OTHER TRIVIAL SUBJECT
MATTER: THE DE MINIMIS PRINCIPLE 166
3.3.1.5 CONCLUSION 167
3.3.2 AUTHORIAL WORKS ARE ORIGINAL, IE THE PRODUCT OF INDEPENDENT
SKILL AND LABOUR 168
3.3.2.1 THE APPLICABILITY OF THE COMMON LAW AND EU LAW
TESTS OF ORIGINALITY 168
3.3.2.2 THE COMMON LAW TEST OF ORIGINALITY: THE
REQUIREMENT FOR INDEPENDENT LABOUR AND SKILL IN THE
CREATION OF A WORK 170
3.4 CONCLUSION 177
4. ENTITLEMENT: COPYRIGHT IS FOR AUTHORS 178
5. CONCLUSIONS: AUTHORIAL WORKS AS ARTIFACT TYPES HAVING CERTAIN
PROPERTIES AND ARRANGED IN CATEGORIES THAT EXPRESS AND REFLECT
THOSE PROPERTIES 179
6. THE TRADE MARK, OTHER PRODUCT DESIGNATIONS, AND GOODWILL 187
1. REGISTERED PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS AND OTHER PRODUCT
DESIGNATIONS, AND UNREGISTERED PROTECTION FOR GOODWILL 187
1.1 REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED PROTECTION FOR TRADE MARKS 187
1.2 REGISTERED PROTECTION FOR OTHER PRODUCT DESIGNATIONS 190
2. TRADE MARKS AND OTHER PRODUCT DESIGNATIONS IN EUROPE (INCLUDING
THE UNITED KINGDOM): PURPOSE-LIMITED SIGNS THE PROTECTION OF
WHICH DOES NOT UNDERMINE OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES 192
2.1 TRADE MARKS 192
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 192
2.1.2 TRADE MARKS ARE SIGNS 193
2.1.3 ... THAT ARE CAPABLE OF DISTINGUISHING AND INTENDED FOR USE
TO DISTINGUISH CERTAIN GOODS OR SERVICES 195
2.1.4 ...THAT ARE CAPABLE OF REPRESENTATION 201
2.1.5 ... THAT ARE NOT COMPRISED EXCLUSIVELY OF FUNCTIONAL,
TECHNICAL, OR AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GOODS 209
2.1.6 CONCLUSION 212
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII
2.2 OTHER MARKS OF ORIGIN 213
2.2.1 INTRODUCTION 213
2.2.2 DESIGNATIONS OF ORIGIN AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS 216
3. GOODWILL IN ENGLAND AND WALES: IHE ATTRACTIVE FORCE WHICH
BRINGS IN CUSTOM 218
4. ENTITLEMENT 220
4.1 REGISTERED TRADE MARK PROTECTION IS FOR REGISTRANTS 220
4.2 PASSING OFFPROTECTION IS FOR THOSE WHO DEVELOP GOODWILL 222
5. CONCLUSIONS 224
5.1 TRADE MARKS AS ARTIFACT TYPES HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES AND ARRANGED
IN CATEGORIES THAT EXPRESS AND REFLECT THOSE PROPERTIES 224
5.2 GOODWILL AS AN EXTRINSIC PROPERTY OF A PERSON 231
7. THE DESIGN 233
1. REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED PROTECTION FOR DESIGNS 233
2. THE REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED DESIGN IN EUROPE, AND
THE REGISTERED DESIGN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: AN ORIGINAL
APPEARANCE OF THE WHOLE OR PART OF A PRODUCT 238
2.1 ADESIGNLS THE APPEARANCE OFTHE WHOLE OR PART OF A PRODUCT 238
2.2 ... EXCLUDING ANY FEATURES DICTATED SOLELY BY TECHNICAL FUNCTION
OR INTEROPERABILITY REQUIREMENTS 242
2.3 ... TO THE EXTENT THAT IT HAS INDIVIDUAL CHARACTER 246
2.4 CONCLUSION 251
3. THE UNREGISTERED DESIGN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM: AN ORIGINAL
APPEARANCE OFTHE WHOLE OR PART OF AN ARTICLE 252
3.1 INTRODUCTION 252
3.2 A DESIGN IS THE SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION (WHETHER INTERNAL OR
EXTERNAL)
OFTHE WHOLE OR PART OF AN ARTICLE 254
3.3 ... EXCLUDING ANY METHOD OR PRINCIPLE OF CONSTRUCTION, MUST-FIT OR
MUST-MATCH FEATURES OF SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION, AND SURFACE
DECORATION 257
3.4 ... THAT IS ORIGINAL, INCLUDING NOT COMMONPLACE 259
3.5 CONCLUSION 261
4. ENTITLEMENT: REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED DESIGN RIGHTS ARE
FOR DESIGNERS (IE FOR AUTHORS) 262
5. CONCLUSIONS: REGISTERED AND UNREGISTERED DESIGNS AS ARTIFACT TYPES
HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES AND ARRANGED IN CATEGORIES THAT EXPRESS
AND REFLECT THOSE PROPERTIES 263
INDEX 271
|
any_adam_object | 1 |
author | Pila, Justine ca. 20./21. Jh |
author_GND | (DE-588)141244984 |
author_facet | Pila, Justine ca. 20./21. Jh |
author_role | aut |
author_sort | Pila, Justine ca. 20./21. Jh |
author_variant | j p jp |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV044529328 |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1013163212 (DE-599)BSZ486770354 |
edition | First edition |
format | Book |
fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01025nam a22002772c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044529328</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20180216 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">171010s2017 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780199688616</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-968861-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1013163212</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BSZ486770354</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-M382</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Pila, Justine</subfield><subfield code="d">ca. 20./21. Jh.</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)141244984</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The subject matter of intellectual property</subfield><subfield code="c">Justine Pila</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxxiv, 279 Seiten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">SWB Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928639&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029928639</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
id | DE-604.BV044529328 |
illustrated | Not Illustrated |
indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:55:05Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780199688616 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029928639 |
oclc_num | 1013163212 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
physical | xxxiv, 279 Seiten |
publishDate | 2017 |
publishDateSearch | 2017 |
publishDateSort | 2017 |
publisher | Oxford University Press |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Pila, Justine ca. 20./21. Jh. (DE-588)141244984 aut The subject matter of intellectual property Justine Pila First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2017 xxxiv, 279 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928639&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Pila, Justine ca. 20./21. Jh The subject matter of intellectual property |
title | The subject matter of intellectual property |
title_auth | The subject matter of intellectual property |
title_exact_search | The subject matter of intellectual property |
title_full | The subject matter of intellectual property Justine Pila |
title_fullStr | The subject matter of intellectual property Justine Pila |
title_full_unstemmed | The subject matter of intellectual property Justine Pila |
title_short | The subject matter of intellectual property |
title_sort | the subject matter of intellectual property |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029928639&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT pilajustine thesubjectmatterofintellectualproperty |