The Russian revolution:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Auf dem Umschlag: "Updated edition" |
| Beschreibung: | viii, 226 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9780198806707 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Acknowledgements v
Introduction i
1 The Setting 16
The society 17
The revolutionary tradition 24
The 1905 Revolution and its aftermath;
the First World War 32
2 1917: The Revolutions of February and October
The February Revolution and ‘dual power’ 45
The Bolsheviks 50
The popular revolution 53
The political crises of the summer 58
The October Revolution 62
3 The Civil War 69
The Civil War, the Red Army, and the Cheka 73
War Communism 79
Visions of the new world 85
The Bolsheviks in power 88
4 NEP and the Future of the Revolution 94
The discipline of retreat 97
The problem of bureaucracy 103
The leadership struggle 108
Building socialism in one country
112
Contents
5 Stalin’s Revolution 121
Stalin versus the Right 125
The industrialization drive 131
Collectivization 136
Cultural Revolution 142
6 Ending the Revolution 150
‘Revolution accomplished’ 152
‘Revolution betrayed’ 158
The Terror 164
Notes 175
Select Bibliography 187
Index 195
Index
ABC of Communism (Bukharin
Preobrazhensky) 80, 84,
86, 117
abdication 2, 46
abortion 87, 88
legalized 161
abuses 162,169-70
acquisitiveness 162
administration 48, 72, 104, 107
Bolsheviks* early approach to 85-6
food 93
adolescents 87
agitators 29, 120, 143
agrarian reform 37, 57
agriculture 18
basis for capitalist development
in 37
capitalist, market-oriented 22
large-scale 84, 155
state’s ability to exploit 149
subsistence 113
see also collectivization; state farms
alarmist rumours 122
Alekseev, Gen. Mikhail 61—2
Aleksei Petrovich, Tsarevich 46
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia
24, 26
assassination of 33
Alexandra, Empress of Russia 39
alien residents 38
alienation 17
All-Russian Extraordinary
Commission, see Cheka
Allied Powers 42, 47, 51, 73, 75
extremely hostile to new regime in
Russia 76
Alma-Ata 123
America, see United States
anarcho-syndicalism $6
anarchy/anarchism 42, 56, 80, 164
animals:
collectivized 138, 139
draught 132,140
slaughter of 132, 154, 155
anti-Bolshevik forces 75, 78
anti-expert campaign 124
anti-imperialism 172
anti-religious campaigns 144
anti-semitic pogroms 26
apartments 164
special blocks 162
‘apparats* 103,105,106,107-8,
no, 143
ARC OS (Soviet trade mission) 121
Arkhangelsk 75
armed forces committees 53—4
armed pacification 78
armed struggle 137
Army 38, 42, 98, 160
Bolshevik absolute majority in
Northern and Western Fronts 67
call for democratization of 48-9
crushing defeats and losses 38
encouraged to mount major
offensive on Galician Front $8
inadequate supplies 53
mandate to restore order and
discipline 60
mutinies 34
new democratic committees 53—4
problems of supply 81
see also Army High Command;
German Army; Green Armies;
officers; Red Army; troops;
White Armies
Army High Command 45-6, 47,
48, 61
demoralized and confused 61
resistance to Allied pressure to take
initiative 58
196 Index
arrests 14, 36, 55, 61, 89, 170
Bolsheviks 38, 59
clergymen 99
Duma deputies 38
house 46
mass 25, 50, 77, 164, 166
Mensheviks 98
naval officers 49
political opponents 122
private entrepreneurs for
‘speculation’ 132
artisans 133
assassination 23, 26, 33, 122, 164
assembly-line production 135
atheistic communism 172
atrocities 78
Aurora (battleship) 65
Austria 75
Austria-Hungary 38, 73
authoritarianism 32
link between Civil War and 73
repressive 43, 91
Soviet and Stalinist, origins
of 72
auto factories 135
autocracy 16—17, 35» 69—70
anachronistic traits of 39
collapse of 41
least tolerable when perceived as
incompetent and inefficient 33
middle-class liberals* drive
against 21
modernization-minded opponents
of 30
overthrow of 29
‘People’s Will’ against 26, 27
precarious situation on eve of First
World War 39
seized by panic and confusion 34
small-scale conspiratorial
organization to fight 23
struggle against 41
support for 23-4
avant-garde artists 87
Azerbaijan 71
backwardness 16, 20, 28, 40, 136
agricultural 131
aim of dragging Russia out of 149
cultural 131
industrial 131
military 131
peasant 84
political 131
revolution as a means of escaping
from 9
war against 121
Baku 18
Balkans 33
Baltic 51, 78
Baltic Fleet 49
Bolshevik absolute majority in
67
‘class vengeance’ of sailors dealing
with officers 78
workers disproportionately
represented in 54
bandits 94
banking 16, 80, 97
barter 81, 83
beggars 97
belligerence 38, 44, 51, 74, 130, 138
new policy of ‘class against
class’ 142
youth 143
besprizorrtye 147
Black Earth region 20
Black Hundreds 99
black market 96
Black Sea 17, 67
blacklists 167
Bloody Sunday (1905) 34
blue-collar workers 142, 146
Bogdanov, Aleksandr 99
Bolshevik Central Committee 59, 60,
63» 67, 74, 100, 126, 127, 148,
167, 169
bureaux for organizational and
political affairs 89
February-March plenum
(1937) 166
leadership of professional
revolutionaries sent out by 106
secret letter to local party
organizations 165
Secretariat 89, 102, 103, 105, no
Index 197
tending to usurp government’s
powers 90
see also Orgburo; Politburo
Bolshevik intellectuals 87, 89, 91, 92,
99j120
non-Russians prominent in
leadership 30-1
proletarian manners cultivated
by 159-60
Bolsheviks 3-4,10, 35,36, 41-2,
5°"~3i 98,115? 168
aim to abolish private property 79
all against ‘bureaucracy’ 103
approach to peasantry during
NEP 114
arrested 38, 59
associated with armed
confrontation and violence 73
assumptions of 11
battered by patriotic denunciations
in the press 60
behaviour and policies after
October Revolution 71
breaking a previous taboo in the
Party 122
building socialist economy 131
capital moved to Moscow 75
centralized organization and strict
party discipline 43, 72
cold-shouldered 38
conscious of gaining workers’
support 38
contempt for Mussolini and Italian
Fascists 108
denounced the politics of coalition
and compromise 44
egalitarian instincts in regard to
wages 82
emigre 38, 51, 99,100
enemies of revolution
conceptualized in terms of
class 13
established dictatorship 103-4
factions within 101
final emergence from
underground 43
first experience of ruling 72
forthright about use of terror 78
Great Purge trials of 7
identity defined by Lenin’s ideas
and personality 31
ideological justification 77, 80,
81, 82
imperative to obtain support from
peasantry 95
influence in factory committees 56
intermittently egalitarian,
libertarian and utopian 159
Jewish leaders 42
July Days a disaster for 59
leaders gaoled or in hiding 62
left wing 61, 100
legendary figures in mythology
of 95
Lenin urging the party to prepare
for armed insurrection 63
natural to support workers’ soviets
in Ukraine 71
Nicholas II and family executed on
orders of Urals Soviet 46
Old 73,100,159, 163
one-party rule the result of
historical accident 66
Party membership increase 43, 53
police round-up at beginning of
war 55
power to 88-93
prerevolutionary history 7
revolutionary economic and social
goals 119
right wing 60,100
signs of drifting into loose coalition
around Petrograd Soviet 51
split between Mensheviks and
(1903) 100
strong theoretical emphasis on
party discipline 99
success (1917) owed to support of
workers, soldiers and sailors 73
swing of popular opinion
towards 62
upsurge of support for 61
working class and 6-7, 11, 31, 82,
90, 96, IOI
see also Civil War; October
Revolution; February Revolution
198 Index
Bonapartism 108
book-keeping offices 86
bourgeois experts 90, 104—5, 120
disgraced, Communists who had
worked with 168
economists 133
financial 97
professors 146
qualified engineers 124
re-examination of the role
of 143
show trials, first in series of 123
bourgeois falsification 8
bourgeois intelligentsia 142, 160
charges of disloyalty directed
against 123
old 163, 167
Rightists depicted as protectors
of 143
treachery of 145
‘wrecking5 by 163
‘bourgeois Philistines5 144
bourgeois revolution 28, 44, 48
bourgeois values 6, 87, 143
bourgeoisie 11, 28
arrested 99
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with 62
capitalist 91, 156
class enemies 77, 121
deference to 48
disadvantage to 157
expropriated 117
fight against cultural dominance
of 143
high-school students 147
hostility to 56
industrial revolution 117
influence of the old family 85
liberal 29, 30, 32, 41
mealy-mouthed hypocrisy of 78
Mensheviks’ closer links to 31
nationalist 71
overthrow of 52, 69
philistine morality of 88
proletariat and 35, 44, 71
protest against 87
Provisional Government 50, 54
reactionary 99
subordination of cultural
institutions to party control 145
white-collar activists scornful
of 144
see also petty bourgeoisie
bread rationing 164
Brest-Litovsk Peace (1918) 70, 71,
74 75
Brezhnev, Leonid I. 8, 146
brigades 83
Brinton, Crane 2, 150, 151
Britain 16, 20, 75, 121
anti-Soviet conspiracy led by 122
capitalists 131
Conservative leaders 130
enclosures and peasant
uprooting 141
Intelligence Service 166
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; Second World War
Brumaire (18th) 171
Bukharin, Nikolai 80, 86, 117—19,
122, 136, 160, 165
characterization of Stalin as
‘Genghis Khan5 128
discrediting of theories associated
with 144
removed from positions in
Comintern and Pravda editorial
board 129
Stalin’s last major opponent in
leadership 74
bullying 170
bossing and 73
bureaucracy 23, 47, 93
conflict with 24, 33
emergent class 6
fragile and overstrained
structure 39
increasing professionalization
of 22
inherited 104
intensive purge of 129
largest and best-functioning 77
pockets of support for Trotsky
in no
I
Index
199
problem of 103-8
technical experts 90
trade-union 147
word as pejorative 103
business class 22
Cadets (Constitutional
Democrats) 34, 39, 45, 46,
60, 73
forcibly deported 98, 168
withdrawal of all ministers 58
cadres 93, 103,106,107, 123,
*3°, 155
leading 146, 147,158
capital accumulation 117,125
capitalism 6, 153
destructive impact on traditional
rural communities 25
inevitability of 10
international 71, 92
modem and on grand scale
144
objective to restore r66
only possible path towards
socialism 27
overthrown 131
partial revival of 114
‘progressive’ phenomenon to
Marxists 27
proletarian socialist revolution
after 29-30
rural 83,114
sworn enemies of 144
transformation wrought by 112
urban 37
capitalist encirclement 72, 156
‘careerists’ 102-3
Carlyle, Thomas 165, 167
Carr, E. H. 7
catching-up process 135
Caucasus 74
Northern 140
censorship 6
census (1926) 113
Central Council of Trade
Unions 109, 129
Central Industrial Region 19, 53
Central Volga region 140
centralization/centrally planned
economy 43, 70, 72, 80, 81,
82, 86
importance of 32
institutional foundations of 133
centrist groups 100
Chamberlin, W. H. 5
chauffeur-driven cars 162
Cheka (Chrezvychainaya
Kommissia) 73, 89, 93, 95, 115
historical parallels for activities
of 78
persons shot without trial by 77
replaced by GPU 78, 122
Chelyabinsk 75
children 20, 161
abandoned and orphaned 163—4
collectivist upbringing 85
homeless 85, 147
potential victims of oppression 87
stigmatized 147
China 27, 121—2
Red Guards of Cultural Revolution
(1960s) 143
chinovniki 103
chistki, see purges
Church:
collectivizers likely to desecrate
138
lands/property 57, 98—9
civil liberties 156
civil society 22
Civil War (1918-20) 2, 5, 12, 46,
69-93 98, 102, 137-8, 150
backbone of Bolshevik
administration during 94
emigration of large numbers of
educated Russians during and
immediately after 42
nostalgia for old heroic days of
120
party faction fights at the end of 13
reasons for Red Army’s victory in 6
terror against class enemies part
of 166
class 10, 44, 54
Bolsheviks’ political thinking
revolved around 91
200
Index
class (com.)
coercion of 78
criterion applied to all
bureaucracies 107
differentiation within
peasantry 83, 114
discriminatory policies and
practices 157—8
see also middle class; upper classes;
working class; also following
headings prefixed ‘class’
class antagonism 91, 137
disappearance of 156
class conflict 11, 161
class enemies 3, 92, 167
armed struggle with 137
bourgeois 77, 121
collectivizers likely to insult 138
Communists afraid of 119
complete victory over 48
conceptualized in terms of the
revolution 13
dangerous 169
eliminated 142
hatred and suspicion of 91
internal threat from 123
persecution of 149
probable 26
replacements for 146
strength and determination
of 71
struggle against 142
terror against 11,13,166
war against 121
weeding out 103
class hostility 55
class justice 92
class struggle 115
disappeared 156
class vengeance 78
class war 49, 71, 83, 159
aggressive 128
call for 52
cessation of 156
intense 156
policies intended to stimulate
127
Clemenceau, Georges 122
clergymen 98, 99
cloak-and-dagger activities 123
coal production 94, 154
coalitions 44, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59
liberal-socialist 60
coercion 38, 69, 78, 117, 126,
139
opposed 127
procurement methods favoured by
Stalin 137
readiness to resort to 72
substitution of conciliation
for 97-8
cold war 6, 8, 172
collectivization (see also Kolkhoz)
3, 13, 114, 118, 121, 126, 136-42,
147, 152, 155, 159, 171
anti-religious campaigns to villages
at the height of 144
simultaneous 133
terror against class enemies part
of 166
unplanned consequence of 154
Comintern 96, 97, 109, 116, 121,
122,128
Bukharin removed from position
in 129
prerequisites for admission
too
Second Congress (1920) too
Commissariats:
Enlightenment 88
Finance 97, 107, 127
Food 89
Foreign Affairs 122
Heavy Industry 131, 134, 165
Internal Affairs, see NICVE)
Committee of Public Safety 69
Committees of the Poor 83
communal issues 145
apartments 164
land tenure 18
commîmes, see mir
Communism/Communists 11, 105,
106,130
administrators 82, 104
ambivalence about
collectivization 141
I
Index 201
atheistic 42
deeply disillusioned 97
discipline re-examined 99
drafted into Red Army 76
essential attribute of 165
fall of the regime (1991) 1
fear of class enemies 1x9
full members and candidates
107
incomes constrained by ‘party
maximum’ 162
intellectual 163
intimidation of kulak families 138
Left 74
legalization of trade a repudiation
of principles 96
loyal 122
number in Red Army during Civil
War 72
orthodoxy to be absorbed by all 6
Party upheaval and longing for
‘return to Normalcy’ $
people who managed to worm their
way into top positions 166
political commissars 77
primitive 25
privileged classes 124
‘proletarian’ as a synonym for 145
public appraisals of loyalty 14
responsible positions in party
apparat 107-8
retaining party membership 102-3
Right-leaning 154
rules of polite behaviour 16
sent to countryside to run
collective farms 147
Siberian 127
theoretical distinction between
socialism and 156
vigilance in the cultural sphere 143
violation of discipline within the
Party 98
withering away of money under 85
working-class, promotion to
white-collar 12
young 87, 88, 120, 142
see also War Communism
Communist Academy 143
concessions 97, 161, 164
constitutional 21
foreign companies 114
trade union 130
confessions 124
Congress of Victors (1934) 163, 166
Conquest, Robert 8
conscription 56, 77, 79, 95, 116
selective 76
conspicuous consumption 162
conspiracies 6, 13, 23, 77, 101, 120,
165
constant 167
counter-revolutionary 92
evidence of 122
external 125
foreign powers 123
implausible charges of 124
intelligence agencies said to be
behind 166
internal 122, 125
potential factions automatically
became 148
conspiracy theories 42, 43
Constantinople and Straits 49
Constituent Assembly 41, 44—5, 46,
58, 68
elections for 67
unceremoniously dispersed by
Bolsheviks 42
constitutional monarchy 16
constitutional reform 33
Constitutions:
Russian Republic (1918) 41, 92,
157
Soviet (1936) 156, 157
construction 135, 147
acute production 154
projects 134, 139
sites everywhere 153
contracts and obligations 134
conveyor belts 136
convicts 147, 149,167
cooperatives:
consumer 81
state-supervised 133
Cossacks 75, 76
Council of Labour and Defence 134
202
Index
Council of Ministers 46, 90
Council of People’s Commissars 66,
67, 89, 90, 108, 109
counter-revolutionaries 13, 92, 144,
165
punishment for crimes 14
coups 47, 60, 64, 65, 69, 73*
abortive 44, 61, 62
allegedly backed by émigré
capitalists 124
attempted 41, 61
backed by émigré capitalists
124
conspiratorially organized 43
failed 61
party 7* 89
successful 41
unambiguous 67
courts martial 35, 36
secret 165
credit 16, 80
Crimea 46
Crimean War (1853—6) 33
crimes:
against the state 98
counter-revolutionary 167
extraordinary 165
flamboyant 165
punishment for 14
Criminal Code 126
Cubism 87, 88
cult of Stalin 132, 147—8
Cultural Revolution (1928—31) 3, 13,
142-9
anti-expert bias that made it
possible 163
channel for upward mobility 12
Industrial Party trials 166
terror during and after 159, 166,
167
wildly experimental
developments 160
culture 9, 119, 160, 163
national 71
currency:
devaluation 85
stabilization 96, 97
Czech Legion 75
dachas 162
Danilov, V. P. 140
death 3, 14, 46, 90
famine 94, 141
Rasputin’s stubborn resistance
to 39
death sentences 98, 165
deception 166
‘defeatists’ 38
defence plants/production 55, 80
‘defensist’ position 49
dekulakization 127, 140, 147, 169
demobilized soldiers 84, 94
democracy 48, 103, 112
bourgeois 153
direct workers’ 56
local (soviet) 156
parliamentary 45
revolutionary 52
democratic centralism 99
democratization:
army 48—9
political 41
demographics 94, 142, 147
demonstrations:
mass 58
street 45, 49, 50
student 33
violent 99
Denisov, A. 124
denunciations 7, 9, 119, 149, 169
press 60
self-interested 170
snowballing 171
deportations 123, 140, 147
forcible 98, 168
mass 139
desertions 53, 58, 60, 79
mass 79
de-Stalinization 7
Deutscher, Isaac 7
‘dictator class’ 95
dictatorship 108
established 103—4
law-and-order 60
minority 72—3
perceived alternatives to consensus
and compromise 45
Index 203
permanent 32
repressive 68
totalitarian 43
dictatorship of the proletariat 56,
69, 70, 89, 93, 106-7,
158*159
law-courts of 92
transition to socialism 156
diplomacy 70
discipline 60, 91, 100, 105,
160
military 77
strict 32, 43, 72
discrimination 114
class 157-8
disenfranchised persons 157
disloyalty 123
displacement 17
dissidents 166, 168
authors/scholars 7
organized factions 91
distribution 79, 81, 132
closed systems 162
daggers drawn over 135
holding up 165
secret 102
divorce 87, 88
legalized 161
Djilas, Milovan 162
Dnieper 153
Dnieper (Zaporozhe) Steel 134
Don region 75
Donbass 17-18, 19, 20, 21, 160
coal industry crisis (1932) 154
see also Shakhty
drinking and looting 59
drought 94
dual power 41, 44, 45-50, 59
due process 36
Duma 17,34,35,39,45
deputies arrested 38
dissolution of 47
limited powers 35-6
main importance of 36
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks 115
Eastern Europe 10
economic autarchy 148
economic development 10, 112, 115,
135
centralized planning of 70
great breakthrough under way 136
town the key to 115
economic growth:
first spurt of 16
‘planning’ component of 133
economic policies 79
economic theory 117
Economism 30
education 16, 22, 24, 28—9, 92, 144,
147,160
good Marxist 48
higher, young workers and
Communists to 12, 146
primary, universal and
compulsory 151
under-utilized 23
egalitarianism 25, 82, 92, 159
Eighteenth Party Congress
(1939) 158, 166-7
disclosure of ‘excesses’ of
vigilance 170
Ekaterinburg, see Sverdlovsk
electricity 155
electrification 115
elites 23, 131
administrative 107, 142, 145
bureaucratic 24
disciplined 43
educated 94
managerial 12, 158
national 71
new 163
party 120
political 146
privileged 162
professional 12, 142, 158
ruling 109
social 33
specialist 145
withdrawal of support for
regime 41
wives of members of 161—2
Emancipation (1861) 18, 20,
22, 57
embourgeoisement 159, 164
204 Index
emigres/emigration 8, 17, 29, 31» 5°
94
allegedly planned coup backed by
capitalists 124
forced 36
intellectual 99, 101
large numbers of educated
Russians 42
leaders 30, 38, 100
prickly and contentious 37
revolt inspired by 96
weak and isolated 38
enemies 13, 126, 131, 156, 161
campaign against (1928-9) 124
external and internal 123
hidden 169
liquidated 151
natural 91
political, killing 171
potential 169
rounding up of 122
suspected 122, 167
see also class enemies
‘enemies of the people’ 14, 170,
171
top officials denounced and
arrested as 166
Engels, Friedrich 27, 68, 85, 87
engineering 146, 153
young workers drafted to study 147
entrepreneurial activity 16, 24
see also Nepmen
epidemics 94
equal rights 156, 157
Esperanto 88
‘estates’ 16
euphemisms 103
euphoria 9, 80, 159
European Russia 17, 113
literacy higher in less fertile
areas 19—20
mir dissolved in villages of 57
persons shot without trial by
Cheka 77
European Social Democracy 30, 37
executions 35, 46, 77, 99, 165, 167
exile 14, 50—1, 122-3, 144
forced emigration to avoid 36
expansionist powers 33
exploitation 155
class 91, 92, 156
victims of 93
expropriation 57-8, 80, 117, 13^ I39s
147, 169
resisted 156
expulsion 14, hi, 122
extreme left 44, 52, 59
Ezhov, Nikolai 166, 170
factions 13, 77, 99, 101, 109
ban on 102, no, 148
defeated 102, 103
minority 100
opposition leaders and supporters
expelled for breaking the rule
against in
organized dissident 91
penalties for 128
potential 148
struggles (mid-i92os) 115
factory committees 53, 55—6, 70,
82, 93
false identity documents 102
family 87, 161
patriarchal 18, 84
famine 33, 85, 98, 147, 154, 164
deaths from 94
legacy of enormous bitterness
140
news kept out of papers 148
relief from 99
Far East 33, 35
February Revolution (1917) 2, 3, 5,
42, 100, 150
Bolshevik Party membership at
time of 53
Bolsheviks the only party
uncompromised by association
with the regime 62
dual power 41, 45—50
final emergence of Bolshevik Party
from underground 43
first serious military undertaking
since 58
peasant response to news of
56-7
Index 205
Petrograd workers* revolutionary
spirit in 54
regime overthrown 65
shaky consensus seriously
undermined 44
workers* organizations in industrial
centres 55
feminists 88, 162
feudalism 16
field courts martial 35, 36
Fifteenth Party Congress (1927)
126
Fifth Columns 167
financial experts 97
financial resources 28
Finland 60, 63, 74
firing squads 99
First Five-Year Plan (1929-32) 3j I2j
hi, 126, 131-7, 142, 148, 150,
I54jI59 162
declared successfully completed
(1932) 153
demographic and social
upheaval 147
economic transformation 118,121,
152
focus on iron and steel 132
high targets set 124
industrialization and economic
modernization 153
slogan taken seriously 145
social transformation 118,121
targets should be kept
‘realistic* 128
workers moving into white-collar
Jobs during 146
first-generation workers 20
First World War (1914-18) 17, 39-40,
95 *22
casualties 94
Russian industry quite advanced
by 20
Fischer, Louis 5
flaunting 162
foodstuffs 81
rationing 147
requisitioning 94
shortages 125, 137
Ford, Henry 136
foreign intervention 72, 92
threat of 123
foreign investment 16, 27, 97
government protection of 21
large-scale 20
foreign policy 121
Stalin blamed for disasters 122
foreign powers 123
suspicion of enemies in the pay
of 167
foreigners 71, 114, 116
suspicion of 148
France 16, 25,131
see also Allied Powers; First World
War; French Revolution; Second
World War
fraternization 45, 53
‘free love* 88
free market/free trade 79, 81
freedom and equality 157
French Revolution 3, 4, 13, 168,171,
172. 173
Carlyle on 164-5, 167
degeneration of 108, 120
Law of Suspects 123
see also Jacobin Terror
frivolity 148
frondeurs III
Frumkin, Moshe 127
Fundamental Laws (1906) 35
Futurism 86, 87
Galician offensive (1917) 58
gangs 147
Gapon, Fr Georgii 34
garrisons 54
German Army 39, 58
fraternization 53
Fronts 54, 60, 70, 73-4
invasion by 5
Petrograd threatened 64
unexpected capture of Riga 61
Germany 16, 30, 46
Communists 96
Hitler’s accession to power 163
lost conquests in the East 75
sealed train offer to Lenin 51
206 Index
Germany {corn.)
Social Democracy 52
uprising in protest against peace
treaty signed with 67
war against Russia 73
see also Brest-Litovsk; First World
War; Second World War
Gerschenkron, Alexander 20
Gestapo 166
‘gigantomania’ 135
Gogol, Nikolai 17
Gorbachev, Mikhail S. 119,
172
Gorky, Maxim 64, 144, 151,
165
government contracts 80
government regulation 130
GPU (Chief Political
Administration) 78, 122—3
see also OGPU
grain 140, 155
commitment to export 137
hoarded 83, 126, 136
jeopardized plans for large-scale
export 126
kulaks’ dominance in the
market 127
peasants withholding from the
market 122
procurements of 82—3, 125, 126,
127, 136-7, 154
reliable deliveries needed 136
requisitioning 79, 83
state monopoly on 81
great powers 16, 32-3
Great Purges (1937-8) 3 4 5 8,
14, 146, 150, 152, 166, 167,
170, 171
‘enemies’ uncovered in 168
lives cost during 162
prelude to the first show trial
of 165
trials of Old Bolsheviks 7
‘great retreat’ 150, 152, 159
greed 162
Green Armies 76
grievances 170
Guchkov, Aleksandr 17, 48
guerrilla resistance 74
Gukasov, P. 124
Gulags 3, 9, 149, 166, 167, 171
harassment 8, 89
legal and financial 132
heavy industry 131
emphasis on building 151—2
heroes 161
‘heroic period’ (1920) 138
hierarchy 159
high-status professions 23
hired labour 57
history 42, 161
intellectual 9
political 6
prerevolutionary 7
revolutionary 120
social 6, 8, 9
Hitler, Adolf 163
hoarding 83, 126, 136—7
homelessness 85, 147
homosexuality x6i
hostage-taking 77
Hotel Luxe 97
house arrest 46
human degradation 25
Hungary 71
see also Austria-Hungary
hunger 95
demobilized soldiers or workers
fleeing 84, 94
hydroelectric dams 153
hysterical accusations 170
ideology 7, 25, 82, 88
anarchist 80
balance between pragmatism
and 79
Bolshevik 100
economic development 10
importance of unity 32
justification of 80, 81
radical 23
revolutionary 10, 27
ruling class 161
scientific 80
illegal movements 33
Index 207
illegitimacy 87
illiteracy 144
imperialism 71
impoverishment 16, 25
imprisonment:
emigration to avoid 36
Tsarist Ministers 47
India 27
Industrial Party 124* 166
industrial working class 95
dispersed and demoralized 93
expanded 37
reabsorbed into the peasantry
113
shambles (1921) 107
special role to 11
industrialists 39, 134
leading 44
liberals moving to right under
pressure from 60
prominent 46-7, 56
industrialization 16, 24, 151
drive to 3, 124, 125, 131-6, 149a
153-4, 163
financing of 117
rapid 20, 27, hi, 115, 136, 141
strategy and policy 111
Western-style 10, 25
industry:
almost at a standstill 94
drive for complete
nationalization 97
exhorted to ‘overfulfil’ Plan 133
foreign domination of many
sectors 38
large-scale 97
mass arrests in 166
munitions 54-5
quite advanced by First World
War 20
wrecking and sabotage in
165
inflation 82, 85
instability 17
Institute of Red Professors
143
insurrection 32
armed 63
attempt at 59
call for 62
disagreements on desirability
of 43
doubts about 64
Lenin urging 65
intelligence agencies 166
intelligentsia/intellectuals 6, 23, 27,
28, 31, 32, 82, 89, 91, 119, 156
arrests and fear quickly spread
into 14
Communist 163, 167
concessions to 97
Cultural Revolution directed
primarily against 3
émigré 99, 101
Europeanized 143
idealization of peasantry 25
Jewish 8, hi, 116
knowledge of revolutionary
history 120
Marxist 11, 25—6
non-Communist 143
publishing abroad 148
radical 25, 86, 87
revolutionary 29
socialist 48
Soviet 158
talk about abandoning
revolutionary dream 36
technical 163
see also Bolshevik intellectuals;
bourgeois intelligentsia
International Women’s Day 45, 54
internationalism 38
proletarian 71
‘proof of’ 117
interrogation of experts 124
intimidation 78, 89
intolerance 9
Jacobin 31
intransigence 100
investigative missions 126
Iskra (party newspaper) 30
isolation 70, 116
contact with the West restricted
and dangerous 148
cultural 148, 171
2o8
Index
‘isolation from the masses’ 49
Italy 144
Fascists 108
Socialist Party 100
Ivan IV (the Terrible), Tsar of
Russia 161
Jacobin Terror (1794) 4, 14, 31, 78,
167, 168, 170
Japan 33, 34, 131, 166
troops to Siberia 76
Jews 8, 31, in, 116
international conspiracy 42
liberation from Tsarist
restrictions 93
migration out of the Pale 94
soviets dominated by 71
jingoistic flag-waving 38
judges 92
judicial system 24
July Days (1917) 58-9, 63
heroes of 95
Kaganovich, Lazar 129, 135
Kamenev, Lev 64, 109, hi, 165
Kazakhstan 140
Kerensky, Aleksandr 47, 48, 58,
60 I, 64-5, 74
Kharkov 17, 134, 135
Khlevnyuk, Oleg 8
Khrushchev, Nikita S. 146, 160
denunciation of Stalin 7, 119
Secret Speech 7, 166
Kiev 17
Kirov, Sergei 164, 165
Koestier, Arthur 6
Kolchak, AdmL Aleksandr 75, 76
kolkhoz 84, 136, 139—40, 152, 155
denunciations of chairmen 170
flight from 142
immediate requirements of 132
organized 138, 142
persecution of class enemies in 149
regarded with suspicion by
peasants 84
work of Antichrist 144
Kolkhoz Charter 164
Kollontai, Aleksandra 88
Komsomol 87, 105, 138, 169
Central Committee and
secretariat 143
‘Cultural Army* and ‘Light
Cavalry’ 144
Komsomolsk-na-Amure 159
Kornilov, Gen. Lavr 41, 44, 60-1,
62, 64
Kosygin, Aleksei N. 146
Kotkin, Stephen 9
Krasnov, Gen. Petr 73
Kremlin 97, 162
Kronstadt revolt (1921) 12, 49, 58-9,
95 96
Krupskaya, Nadezhda 109
Krymov, Gen. Aleksandr 61
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb 132
Kseshinskaya Palace 59
Kuban region 75
kulaks ii, 13, 91—2, 117, 126
arrest of 167
attacks on 137
campaign against 124
class enemies 121
deportation of 140
disappearance of millers 155
discrimination of 114
dominance in grain market 127
eliminated 156
expropriated 138, 139, 147, 169
hoarder as villain 136—7
intensive efforts to discredit 137
liquidating 137, 142, 169
magnets for 165
radical measures against 127
showdown with 138
Stalin’s line on 118
see also dekulakization
kid’rumosi’ 163
Kuomintang 121-2
Kuznetsk 134
labour-camps 14, 149, 167
Labour Exchange 97
labour force:
industrial 20
urban, rapidly expanding 141
labour movement 28
Index 209
land commissions 37
land reform $7-8
land seizures 56, 58, 83
mass desertions closely related
to 79
spontaneous 52
unauthorized 57
landlords 19
landowners 22, 6os 79
alarm and fear of peasantry 56
attacks on 35
compensation to 58
confiscation of estates and
redistribution $2
land retained in Emancipation
settlement 57
large-scale farming 114
law and order 41, 44, 60
laws 90
class-discriminatory 157
historical 6
no need for 86
lawyers 24, 36
socialist 47
leadership struggle 108-12
League of Militant Atheists 143
Left Opposition 13, 62,154
excommunication of 126
final defeat of 127
imprisoned politicians
released 63
ruthless onslaught on 148
secret discussions with
leaders 128
troublemakers 61
legal Marxism 30
legal profession 23-4
legal reforms (1860s) 36
legality 78
legitimacy 47
shaky 40
Lenin, Vladimir I. 6, 7, 21, 22, 42,
53 64, 65-8, 733 743 773 793
95, 97, 103, 119, 120, 130,
148, 171
advocacy of centralized party
organization and strict
discipline 72
archive-based biographies of 9
Bolsheviks who disagreed with 91,
100
continual petty bickering 37
defeat of Trotsky’s faction and
majority on new Central
Committee 102
‘defeatism’ 38
disapproval of new style of party
politics 101
electrification plan 115
factions implicitly challenging his
personal leadership 101
first distinctive trait as Marxist
theoretician 31-2
Germany’s sealed train offer 51
hard-headed realism about
government 86
illness and death 3, 90, 108, 109,
in, 112, 128
national self-determination
principle 70
orders issued for arrest of 59
political legacy 118
profession as ‘man of letters’ 88
refuge in Finland 60, 63
revolutionary terror 78, 168
rumours that he was a German
agent 59-60
secret letter to Politburo (1922) 98
sectarian habits 51
strongly opposed to legalization of
trade 96
tension between Plekhanov and 31
writings: 32; ‘April Theses’ 52; The
Development of Capitalism in
Russia 27; State and Revolution
85-6, 156; ‘Testament’ 109,112;
Two Tactics of Social Democracy
32; What Is To Be Done?
(pamphlet) 32, 43, 99
Lenin Levy 107
Lenin Mausoleum 112
Leningrad 17, 109, 139, 164,165
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants
of 139
see also Petrograd
210
Index
Leninism/Leninists 7, 102, 127
fundamental divergence between
Stalinism and 119
liberal democracy roi
Russian people cheated of 42
liberalism/liberals 25*28,35,
44, 48
banquet campaign 33
bourgeois 29, 30, 31, 41
claim to leadership of revolutionary
movement 34
coalition of socialists and 50
expropriation of private lands
57—8
moderate 46
moving to right under pressure
from industrialists 60
‘rotten’ 143
special interest in political
democratization 41
traumatic shock 42
Liberation movement 28, 30
zemstvo nobility and professionals
rallied behind 33
libertéégalité, fraternité 9, 158, 159
liquidation 114
lishentsy, see disenfranchised persons
literacy 19-20, 29, ri 2, 151
Lithuanian gentry 131
living standards 120
decline in 147
dropped sharply 146, 155
elite status 162
high 162
urban 12
loans 37
local authorities 139
Lodz 18
London 121
Louis Bonaparte, King of
Holland 171
Louis Philippe, King of France 33
loyalty 47, 61, 108, 123
dubious 158
suspect 77
Lunacharsky, Anatolii 88
Luxemburg, Rosa 52
Lvov, Prince Georgii 46—7, 58
machine-building plants:
investment monies for 135
massive new 153
machine-tool industry 132
Machine-Tractor Stations 155
machines/machinery 86, 115
import of 126, 132
Magnitogorsk 132, 134, 147,
154, 159
Makhno, Nestor 95
‘malicious suspiciousness’ 31
Manchuria 34
Manicheans 9
manners 159-60
manor houses 35
sacked and burned 56
manufacturing 114
private, curtailment of 132
marketing procedures 140
marriage 161
martial law 35
Martin, Terry 9
Martov, Yulii 31, 66
Marx, Karl 27, 32, 85, 117, 141,
159, 171
Marxism/Marxists 12, 21, 41, 44, 54,
57, 83, 152-3
claim that revolution was
historically necessary 10
conceptual problems about
emergence of privileged
bureaucratic class 162
early contacts with the
workers 28
emergence as a distinct group 26
formulaic 6
history 161
inherently scientific nature of 85
initial impact in intellectual
debate 26
label used by intelligentsia groups
that disagreed with 25
logical complement of 11
love with Western-style
industrialization 10
means to an end for 11
nationalism a form of false
consciousness 70
Index 211
non-Bolshevik 42
orthodox 31
predictions 27, 29
‘progressive’ reforms 37
scientific ideology 80
theory 13, 29, 32, 85, 116, 117,
128,159
masked balls 164
material incentives 160
Mayakovsky, Vladimir 87
mechanization 139
Medvedev, Roy A. 7, 8
Mensheviks 34, 36, 42, 48, 50, 66,
69, 113, 145
arrest of 98
Central Committee 98
conscious of losing workers’
support 38
displaced leadership 61
forcibly deported 98, 168
lost working-class support to
Bolsheviks 31
non-Russians prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership 31
orthodox Marxism 31
revolutionaries in Switzerland
5i
split between Bolsheviks and
(1903) 100
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of 133
Menzhinskii, Vyacheslav 124
metallurgical plants 18, 21, 55, 115,
132
investment monies for
complexes 135
massive new 153
metalworkers 61, 115
Meyerhold, Vsevolod 87
Michael Alexandrovich, Grand
Duke 46
middle class 21, 22
new unions of professionals 34
Whites’ active support from 79
migration 20, 142
Mikoyan, Anastas I. 101
militancy 21, 31, 34, 54, 56, 144
military commanders 60
military drafting 55
military intervention 163
foreign 124
Military Opposition faction 77
military threats 125
militia units 62
Milyukov, Pavel 39, 46, 49
mining 17-18, 19
accidents organized in 165
concessions for enterprises
97, 114
deliberate sabotage of 123
investment monies for 135
new settlements 153
Ministries 89
Agriculture 50
Finance 24, 47
Foreign 46, 49
Industry 115
Justice 47
Labour 50
Trade and Industry 24, 47
War 48, 58
mir 18, 114
abolished (1930) 140
evident vitality of 57
internal disintegration 26
peasants encouraged to consolidate
holdings and separate from 37
perceived as a true peasant
institution 83—4
wish to save from the ravages of
capitalism 25
modernization 10, 11, 24, 27, 30, 116,
153
banking and credit structure 16
ideology of 27
modes of production 152
Mogilev 45
Molotov, Vyacheslav M. 51,91,101—2,
103, 129, 132, 162, 166, 171
monarchists 42, 47
money 81, 89
withering away under
communism 85
Mongol khans 131
monuments 87
212,
Index
morale 58
damaged/disintegrated 59, 61
Moscow 17, 20, 67, 75, 97, 104,
127, 131
Bolshevik capital moved to 75
Bolshevik Party membership 53
city directory 150—1
Communists and urban workers
recruited from big plants of
139
heavy fighting in 73
nudists on crowded trams 88
Party organization 129
population of 147
revolutionary institutions 21
show trials 171
workers’ organizations in industrial
centres 55
working class radicalized 11
Moscow Soviet:
armed uprising by 35
Bolshevik majority in 62
motherhood 161
munitions industry 54
murder 39, 165
Murmansk 75
Mussolini, Benito 108
mutinies 34
see also Kronstadt revolt
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of
France 4, 108, 113
narod 25
National Congress of Soviets
(1917) 53, 62, 63, 66, 68
national languages/minorities 71
national wealth 16
nationalism/nationalists 121—2
disarming by ‘granting forms of
nationhood’ 70—1
nationalization 79, 80—1, 125
abandoned drive for 97
complete 152
Nazi Germany 7
NEP (New Economic Policy) 5, 12,
125, 132, 150, 154
abandoning many basic policy
assumptions of 128
and future of the
revolution 94-120
converting peasants to collectivized
agriculture 136
militant Communist organizations
whose drive had been thwarted
by party leadership during 143
old mixed economy fast
disappearing 133
policies of retreat 130
political framework and basic social
policies 127
repudiation of unheroic
compromises of 121
society highly volatile and unstable
during 3
‘strategic retreat’ marked by
introduction of 3
War Communism jettisoned in
favour of 80
Nepmen 114, 117, 120, 142
drive against 132
expropriated 147
policies of liquidating 168
Neva, River 65
‘new class’ 162
newspapers 61, 64, 123, 125, 164
Western-style advertisements no
longer carried 148
see also Iskra; Novaya zhizn
Pravda
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia 16,
17, 24, 33, 37
abdication 2, 46
absences from capital as Army
commander-in-chief 39, 45
belief that Russia was still an
autocracy 35
constitutional concessions 21
execution 46
October Manifesto (1905) 34
nightclubs 97
Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) Auto 134
NTCVX) (Soviet People’s
Commissariat for Internal
Affairs) 166, 167, 170
Nobel, A. 124
nobility 16, 91
Index 213
egalitarian redistribution of lands
held by 57
electoral system heavily
over-represented 36
intrigues of 39
lesson learnt from events
(1905-6) 35
‘new service* 162-3
offspring of 26
released from obligation of
compulsory service to state 23
upper ranks of state bureaucracy
dominated by 22
see also zemstvos
non-persons 6, 7
non-Russians:
policy towards 70
prominent in
intelligentsia-dominated
leadership 31
troops 75
Northern and Western Front
armies 54
Northern Caucasus 140
nostalgia 24, 120
Novaya zhizn’ (newspaper) 64
nudists 88
oblast9 108
obligation 23
occupational choice 23
October Revolution (1917) 3, 5, 12,
17, 28, 62-8, 69, 73 150
Bolsheviks’ behaviour and policies
after 71
essentially unfair disaster of 42
first members of intelligentsia to
accept 87
illegitimacy of 43
interpretation of 6
party coup belief 7, 89
scars left by 42
Octobrists 34
Odessa 17
officers 62, 75, 92
‘class vengeance’ of sailors dealing
with 78
former Tsarist 91
naval 49
old Tsarist 42, 76, 77, 79, 91
relations between and men
and 54, 61
official rebukes 168
officials 47, 56, 92, 120, 127
abuses of power 168—70
attacks on 35, 36
beaten, stoned or shot at 139
denounced and arrested 166
disgraced 162
encouraging peasants to organize
voluntarily into collectives 138
inherited 104
minor 105
not encouraged to ‘go by the
book’ 106
numbers of workers became 146
old regime and Provisional
Government 77
rural 170
visible marks of elite status 163
OGPXJ (United State Political
Administration) 124, 139
oil 18
old-age pensions 97
one-party state 100-1
Oppositionists 103, 117, 121
danger of coup 123
delegates in
expelled leaders 122
harassment of 122
Lenin intolerant of 168
magnet for groups who hated
Soviet power 165
membership of 169
pretending to have renounced
views 166
struggle between party leadership
and 120
tolerance of persons who had once
been 168
see also Left Opposition; Military
Opposition; Right Opposition
oppression 172
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo 131, 165
Orgburo 89, 105, no
orphanages 85
214
Index
Orthodox Church 98
Orwell, George 6, 86
otkhodniki 19, 20
Our Achievements (journal) 151
output 134,153—4
bonuses for 160
defective 154
overpopulation 141
panic buying 122
paranoia 72
party committees 105
party membership 13, 14
passive resistance 140
passports 19, 141
patriotism 38, 54
focus of 172
history used to inculcate 161
overnight 38
unreserved 52
peasant revolts (1905—7) 37, 95
peasantry 6, 16, 20, 156
alienated 95
Bolsheviks and 82—3
class differentiation within 83,
114
coercion of 127
concessions to 97, 164
conciliatory overtures towards 152
confrontation with 117, 118, 123,
126, 137, 139
conscripted 79
demoralization of 142
driven out of villages 147
enlighteners of 26
enlisted men in armed forces 54
hostility between regime and 137
industrial working class reabsorbed
into I13
industrializers without any special
tenderness towards 111
intelligentsia’s idealization of 25
peasantry landowners’ alarm and
fear of 56
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from 158
party leadership divided on policy
towards 125
Party’s one-sided love affair
with 28
patriarchal structure of family 18
petitions to Provisional
Government 57
political imperative of winning
over 84
rebellious 32, 36
relatively prosperous 136
resentful and unwilling to work
154
richer 83, 115, 138
rioting 35
seasonal labour 19
single-issue voters 68
small-capitalist farming 114
4 squeezing’ 155
SRs much better known to 68
Stalin’s attitude to 118
strained relations between Soviet
regime and 83
‘TJrals-Siberian method’ of dealing
with 126
vengeful 35
violent, anarchic tradition 22
warned not to take the law into
own hands 58
working class and 20, 21, 28, 29
penalties 137
People’s Commissariat, see
Comissariats
‘People’s Will’ 26, 27
perestroika 119
permanent workers 20#
Peter I (the Great), Tsar of
Russia 149, 161
Petersburg Region 19, 20
see also St Petersburg
Petersburg Soviet (1905) 34,
35, 47
Petrenko, Lena 170
Petrograd 17, 59, 61, 73, 74, 75
Bolshevik control in 67, 69, 71
Bolshevik Party membership 53
crowds onto the streets 44
factory committees 55
Finland Station 51
mass demonstrations 58
Index 215
politicians in state of high
excitement and frenetic
activity 46
popular revolution/uprising 10,
58-9, 60
radicalized working class 11
strikes 38, 45, 95
troops dispatched from front to 61
workers’ revolutionary
spirit/organizations in industrial
centres 54, 55
Petrograd Soviet 51-5, 63
Bolshevik majority in 62, 64
Congress of Soviets (October
1917) 66
dual power relationship of
Provisional Government and 41,
44 47 49-50, 59
Executive Committee 48, 49-50,
61
groups jostling for position 44
Military-Revolutionary
Committee 64, 65—6
newly revived 41
Order N0.1 issued in the name
of 48—9
socialist and liberal groups jostled
for position in 44
taunt directed at moderates who
controlled 62
petty bourgeoisie 37, 84, 86, 114
concessions to 97
philistinism of 161
reliable producers for urban
market 113
philistine morality 88
philosophy 144
pickpockets 97
piecework 82
pig-iron production 132
planning 133
rational 154
sober, transition to 160
see also centralization
Plekhanov, Georgii 27, 31, 52
plots:
anti-Soviet 125
counter-revolutionary 13
Pokrovsky, Mikhail 161
Poland 17,122
gentry 131
Red Army march into (1920) 71
see also Warsaw
police 35
disintegrating 45
greatly strengthened 149
no need for 86
renegade priest with connections
to 33-4
risk of harassment from 29
round-up of Bolsheviks at
beginning of war 55
security 77
unions frequently closed down
by 36
untrammelled power 24
see also police state; secret police
police state 26, 32
Politburo 8, 89, 102, 105, no, 122-9,
134, 162
collective leadership 109,128
Lenin’s secret letter to 98
role of first among equals in 112
tending to usurp government’s
powers 90
political change 16
acceptance of liberalism as an
ideology of 25
political parties 39, 53, 66, 67
Bolsheviks outstripping all others
in recruitment 43
bourgeois 87
factions playing the role in
multi-party system 101
freedom to express views
publicly 98
legalized 17, 35
little room for other 89
major problems raised by
continued existence of 69
opposition, loyalty suspect 77
outlawed for supporting Whites 89
parliamentary immunity 59
prerevolutionary connections
with 169
socialist 29, 36
2l6
Index
political struggle 91
political theory 56, 117, 144
political troublemakers 55
political upheaval 17, 130
politics:
coalition 44
compromise 44, 45
crises 33, 58—62
disaffection 23
fragile and overstrained
structure 39
growing polarization of 44
internal party 134
leadership 103
Lenin’s disapproval of new style
of 101
military jargon into the language
of 72
open, democratic and pluralist 43
parliamentary 101
problems 45
reforms (1905—7) 36
revolutionary 87
socialist 52
Polytechnical Institutes 24
popular resistance 9
population 112
urban rise 147
Populists 25, 29, 83, 145
core of Marxist argument with 10
determination to serve the
people 26
revolutionary voluntarism 28
upsurge of revolutionary terrorism
by 26
Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) 34
power struggle 129
Pravda 128, 129
Preobrazhensky, Evgenii 80, 86, 117,
118, 136
prerevolutionary years 17
press 134, 136, 139
blatant distortion of reality and
manipulation of statistics 148
claims 95—6
constant theme in 121
foreign 171
vilification of Nepmen in 132
pressure groups 99
prices 125, 126, 127
effectively negotiable 135
priests 147, 169
printers 61
prisons 64, 167
no need for 86
private sector:
allowed to re-form 97
Bolsheviks’ attitude to 114
privileged classes 91, 92, 123—4
privileges 159, 162
shared 163
production 114, 115
account kept of 86
acute problems 154
artisan 133
capitalist, advanced 21
coal 94
defence 80
future, investment in 136
maximizing 82
productivity:
exhortations for 148
increasing 160
insistent demands for 12
professional class 23, 28, 35, 41, 162
modernization-minded 24
new unions of 34
military 77
non-Communist 163
professors 146, 160—I
profiteers 114
Progressive Bloc 45
proletarian hegemony 142, 145, 158
‘proletarian promotion’
policy 12, 145
proletariat 11, 22, 37 54* 7», 92“3*
121
absolute necessity of seizing power
in the name of 119
alliance between bourgeoisie
and 44
Bolshevik Party and 6, 68, 91
bourgeoisie against 71
core 95
defined 94
definitive abandonment of 158
Index 217
essential antagonism of bourgeoisie
and 35
exploited 25
highly concentrated 21
industrial 118
invoking the name of 145
landless 18, 25
non-upwardly mobile 160
only class capable of bringing
about true socialist revolution
27
overthrow of bourgeoisie by 52
promises to give power to 146
regime’s identification with 159
revolution as the mission of 10
self-conscious 144
Soviet regime turned on 96
temporary disintegration and
dispersal of 72
trade-union consciousness 32
urban 91, 118, 141
see also dictatorship of the
proletariat
propaganda 7, 26, 120, 125,
15I3 155
barrage at home and abroad 153
planned blitz 164
posters 87
property 79
Church 98—9
confiscated 138
prostitutes 97
Provisional Government 2, 46, 52,
53, 62, 63, 65, 66, 81, 89
bourgeois 50, 54
call for removal of power from 50
credit undermined 58
dual power relationship of
Petrograd Soviet and 41, 44, 47,
49* 59
formation announced 47
land reform 57—8
politicians of centre and right
reaffirm loyalty to 61
problem of dislodging 64
resignation of head of 58
socialist and liberal groups jostle
for position in 44
socialists intended to act as
watchdogs over 48
strong popular sentiment
against 59
threat to 60
workers rejected 64
provocateurs 16$
Pskov 45
public opinion 161
public spending limitations 97
Pugachev revolt (1773—4) 22 35
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of (1918) 73
punishment 14, 148
intentionally visited 141
opposition factions 103
severe 97, 121
purges 13, 100, 129, 133, 168
party 102-3, 168-9
replacements for class enemies
146
see also Great Purges
Pushkin, Aleksandr 163
Putilov 21, 80
Putin, Vladimir V. 173
Pyatakov, Yurii 137,165
quality of life 147
quotas 137, 140
rabochii kontrol, see workers’ control
radicalism 11, 23, 24, 25, 31,
49 55
innovation in any field 144
intellectual 86, 87
intransigent 43
policy 80
prospects for change 119
return to 127
social change 106
railways/railwaymen 61, 94
ambushed freight trains 134
stations 65, 97, 163—4
see also Trans-Siberian; Turksib
rank 22
RAPP (Russian Association of
Proletarian Writers) 143,
144, 145
Rasputin, Grigorii Yefimovich 39
2i8
Index
rationing 81, 82
life in towns made miserable
by 147
lifted 164
reintroduced in towns 121
raw materials 81,132
real wages 12, 146
recruitment 53
relatively industrialized 54
voluntary 76
Red Army 73-9, 81, 82, 85, 93, 97?
126, 132
Communists serving in Civil
War 72
creator of 108
feeding of 83
march into Poland (1920) 71
men who learnt their ideology
in 88
most of Bolsheviks’ organizational
talents into 89
numbers serving in 72, 94
pockets of support for Trotsky
in no
reasons for victory in Civil War 6
strong Bolshevik opposition to use
of military professionals 91
Red Guards 62, 73, 76, 77
Chinese 143
Red October 42
redemption payments 18, 19, 27
redistribution $2, 57, 79
egalitarian 83
re-education 87—8
Reed, John 5
reformist tendencies 30
refugees 39
regency 46
regional competition 135
regulations 157
religious superstitions 88
repression 1, 26, 68, 69—70
authoritarian 43, 91
heavy-handed 154
requisitions 94, 95, 96
grain 79, 83
resource allocation 133
retail trade 81
‘return to normalcy’ 152, 163,
164
revisionist tendencies 30
‘revolution from above’ 4, 5
‘revolutionary avantgardism’ 143
revolutionary professionalism 100
revolutionary terrorism 4, 10, 12, 24,
78, 168, 170, 171
primarily directed against class
enemies 11, 13
upsurge of 26
usual suspects in 167
revolutions 4, 23, 70
accomplished 152-8
assertion of workers’ primacy in 56
betrayal of 120, 152, 158—64
bourgeois 28, 44, 48
call to arms for salvation of 73
countryside 83
downfall of 120
elite 41
ideology of 27
industrial 117
international 71, 116
interpreting 9-14
life cycle of 2
peasant 84
permanent 32
popular 10, 41, 50, 53—8, 100
premature 113
proletarian 6, 32, 42, 44, 85, 116
prominence no guarantee of
security in 168
radical 41
socialist 42
successful 85
urban and rural not
simultaneous 35
violence inherent in 12
world 85, 156
writings about 5—9
see also Cultural Revolution; French
Revolution; Russian Revolution
rewards 162
rhetorical imagery 144
Riabushinskii, P. 124
Riga 18, 61
fall of 65
I
Index 219
Rigby, T. H. 103
Right Opposition 100,154
counter-revolutionary threat
from 62
former leaders 165, 168
ideological struggle with 135
punishment after defeat 148
rational platform 130
Stalin versus 125-31, 143
state planning agencies ruthlessly
purged of 133
rivalries 135
roadblocks 65
Rostov 18
Rostow, Walt 153
rule of law 24
Russia 7
Allied Powers extremely hostile to
new regime 75-6
capitalist industrialization
inevitable in 26-7
central, chaotic outflow of refugees
into 39
backwardness 10, 131, 149
descent from civilization 42
Far East expansion 33
foreign domination of many sectors
of industry 38
future democratic government 41
Germany’s interest to let
revolutionaries opposed to war
return to 51
great power status 16
internal political crisis (1870s) 33
Marxism an ideology of revolution
and of economic
development 10
peasant farmers’ land tenure 37
population (1897) 17
radical domestic reforms
(1860s) 33
revolutionary parties 10
rural 69
schizoid nature of society 22
transport and communications
systems 76
yardstick for future of 25
see also European Russia
Russian Empire 90
Bolsheviks in exile in remote
regions 50
German Army penetration into
western territories 39
incorporation of territories in new
Soviet republic 71
non-Russian and outlying areas 34,
69
vast expanse of territory 17
Russian Revolution (1905) 17, 28, 29,
56
beginning and aftermath 32-40
Lenin and 1zoo Tactics of Social
Democracy 32
peasant uprisings/rioting 22, 35
political outcome of 35
revolutionary institutions 21
see also February Revolution;
October Revolution
Russian Social-Democratic Labour
Party 29
legal Marxism roundly denounced
by 30
Second Congress (1903) 30
Russo-Japanese War (1904—5) 33
ruthlessness 98, in, ii2, 133, 148
Rykov, Aleksei 108, 109, 118, 122,
126, 128, 129, 130, 165
sabotage/saboteurs 78, 104
danger from 128
economic 165
implausible charges of 124
magnets for 165
mining industry 123
need for vigilance against 121
sacking and burning 35
St Petersburg 17, 20, 33, 7t, 76
city directories 22
revolutionary institutions 21
salaries:
high 162
paid partly in kind 81
specialists’ 160
Samara 75
samizdat 8
scandals 37, 39, 169
220
Index
scapegoating 170
school uniforms 160
schools 112
science 95
scientific ideology 80
‘scissors crisis’ (1923-4) 125
seasonal work 19, 20
Second Comintern Congress
(1920) 100
Second Five-Year Plan (1933—7) I34
151—2, 160
second-generation workers 20
Second World War (1939-45) 5
see also Nazi Germany
secret addresses 102
secret police 17, 78, 165
coercive organs comparable in
function to 69
renamed (1934) 166
used against Trotskyites 168
Secret Treaties (Tsarist government
and Allies 1915-17) 49
sectarianism 51, 53
security 106
seizure of power 66, 69, 77, 172
unlawful 43
self-censorship 6
self-criticism 149, 170
self-determination:
cautiously endorsed by Lenin 70
limits to 71
self-identifications 22
serfdom 18, 19, 26, 57, 113
abolition of 21
golden age before the advent
of 113
second 141, 155
service prerogatives 22
Seventeenth Party Congress
(1934) 152
Sex
casual 88
‘glass of water’ approach 88
promiscuous 88
sexual liberation 88, 161
Shakhty 123, 128, 145, 166
Shlyapnikov, Aleksandr 101
shortages 82, 125, 137, 147
acute 162
chronic 171
dire 154
show trials 123, 171
last of 165
prelude to first 165
suspicion of foreigners a strong
motif in 148
theatricality of proceedings 171
Shuya 98—9
Shvemik, Nikolai 135
Siberia 34, 46, 76, 126, 127
anti-Bolshevik government 75
Bolshevik leaders exiled in 51
mass deportations to 139
sickness benefits 97
siege mentality 148
Sixteenth Party Conference
(1929) 135
Slezkine, Yuri 8
slogans 42, 52, 59* 88, 116, 130, 145
noble 9
peace 64
provocative 62
rejected 50
reservations about 69
revolutionary 87, 159
small shopkeepers 133
smokestacks 10, 153
Smolny Institute 65
social change 17
radical 106
social fabric 25
social labour 86
social mobility, see upward mobility
social order 86
social perfectibility 36
social reform 41
social science 144, 146
socialism:
accomplished 156
building 11, 112-20, 127, 151, 155,
159
capitalism a necessary stage on the
way to 28
devotion to 157
intelligentsia generally accepted 25
milestone on the road to 133
Index 221
path to 25, 27
pre-Marxist 25
scientific 85
socialist economy would
automatically produce 153
symbol of 172
theoretical distinction between
communism and 156
transition to 92
true 157
"socialist cities’ 145
Socialist International 100
socialist movement 38
liberals’ attitude to 35
socialist parties 29, 36, 44, 68
major 50
revolutionary 34
socialist workers’ revolution 30
socialists 44, 47
coalition 50, 51* 53» 59
contempt for those could not
understand the necessity of
terror 78
illusions of unity 52
intellectual 48
liberals traditionally tended to see
as allies 41
moderate 59
pushed to the left 60
solidarity 2i, 34, 41
patriotic 54, 121
village 83
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 8
Lenin in Zurich 42-3
Soviet Union:
adult literacy 151
beginning of engagement in
Second World War 5
conspiracies against 6
conspiracy likely to end in
concerted military onslaught
on 122
dangerous accomplices of external
and internal enemies of 123
dissolution/break-up/collapse
(1991) i, 9, 172
evocation of the spirit (1936—7)
ifi5
giant smokestacks that clutter the
landscape 10
histories of 5-9
ideas that became widely
disseminated in 125
interpretation of the Russian
Revolution 172
‘leader of the progressive forces of
mankind 171
leading cadres and specialists 146
new industrial and mining
settlements 153
no need or desire to beg favours
from capitalist West 117
obsession with hugeness 135
organs of power’ 103
perestroika 119
postrevolutionary era 5
pre-1939 territories 5
recurrent war scares 125
redrawing the economic map
of 134
repressive authoritarianism 43, 91
resistance to regime’s policies 121
socialism an accomplished fact
in 156
socialist base 152
territorial boundaries 70
ultimate objective to launch
military attack on 166
unofficial circulation of
manuscripts within 8
urban population 141, 142, 147
soviets 2i, 48, 67, 87, 104
call for transfer of power to 66
Central Executive Committee 89
created at city level and at lower
level of urban district 55
dominated by ‘foreigners’ 71
key institutions in transferring
power from bourgeoisie to
proletariat 52
local level role 90
party committees becoming
dominant over 90
plants expropriated on their own
authority 80-1
quasi-legal transfer of power to 62
222
Index
soviets (conu)
still to follow capitals’ lead in
overthrowing bourgeoisie 69
uncooperative and often
chaotic 105
see also Moscow Soviet; Petrograd
Soviet
sovkhozy, see state farms
specialization 10 4, 106
spies 8, 123
caught on train 170
danger from 128
magnets for 165
military leaders accused of
being 165
vigilance against 121
SR (Socialist-Revolutionary)
Party 28* 48, 50, 51, 66, 68, 69,
75* 99
displaced leadership 61
left 67, 74* 89
right 98
Stakhanovite Movement 160
Stalin, Joseph V. 1, 2, 12, 102, 103,
106, 109—10, 112, 154, 155, 162,
164, 166, 170-1
archive-based biographies of 9
break with Zinoviev and
Kamenev m
Cultural Revolutionaries used to
discredit Trotsky 144
exile in Siberia 51
indictment of 6
industrialization policy 11,115—16,
117, 118
Khrushchev’s denunciation of 7,
119
Medvedev’s work critical of 8
new Constitution 156
new history textbooks 161
revolution 4, 5, 121-49, 150, 151,
158, 169
secret police used against
Trotskyites 168
self-promotion 160
‘Six Conditions’ speech (1931) 163
special secret order to arrest former
kulaks and criminals 167
state terror initiated by 4
totalitarian dictatorship 43
Trotsky deported by 123, 168
united opposition to in
writings: ‘Dizzy with Success’
(article) 139; Short Course in the
History of the Soviet Communist
Party 6
Stalingrad Tractor plant 133, 134,154
Stalinism/Stalinists 4, 9, 117, 129,
131, 157, 163
authoritarianism 72
fundamental divergence between
Leninism and 119
orthodox 162
standing armies 32
starvation 94, 98
State Bank 97
state control 133
state farms 84, 136
State Planning Commission 132
State Prosecutor 123
state sponsorship 27
statistical bureaux 86
Stavka 47
steel 132, 153
Stolypin, Petr 37* 57* 78* 84,
113* 139
street demonstrations 45, 49, 50
street-fighting 69
strikes 29, 34, 95
general 34, 38
large-scale 21, 38
state authorities quick to provide
troops 21
women workers 45, 54
Struve, Petr 30, 33
student demonstrations 33
suicide 61
Sukhanov, Nikolai 48, 49* no
summary justice 35, 72, 77* 78
Suny, Ronald 9
supply priorities 134
Supreme Economic Council 81,
115*131
Sverdlovsk 135, 147
Swan Lake (Tchaikovsky) 163
Swedish feudal rulers 131
Index 223
Switzerland 51
Syrtsov, Sergei 126
Tambov revolt (1920-1) 95a 96
tamizdat 8
tank production 132
Tauride Palace 47
taxes 27, 96, 97
technical expertise 90, 104
technical schools 146
entrance requirements 160
technology:
advanced 20
modem 135
telegraph offices 65
Tenth Army 47
Tenth Party Congress (1921) 95-6,
ιοί, 102,103
territorial boundaries 70
terror 4, 24, 33,164-74
anti-Soviet 122
main purpose of 13
move associated with abandonment
of 78
new wave of 159
organ of 77
Red 78
repudiation of 26
small-scale 13
tactics 26
totalitarian 4
using against class enemies 13
textile industry 132
theatres 87, 144
Thermidor 2, 5, 6* 120, 150, 152,
171
Third World 10
liberation movements 172
Thirteenth Party Conference
(1924) no
Timasheff, Nicholas S. 150, 152
Tomsky, Mikhail 109, 129, 146
totalitarianism 4, 7, 43, 167
tractors 132, 133, I355 ΐ4θ 153
real kolkhoz lacking in 155
trade 132
legalization of 96
private, elimination of 147
retail 81
wholesale 81
trade-union consciousness 21, 22, 32
trade unions 17, 55, 70, 82, 93
debate on the status of 101
made legal in principle 36
major concessions to 130
national leadership of 135
reined-in 146
see also Central Council of Trade
Unions
traditions 9
traitors 6, 65, 164
transfer of power 66
effectiveness of 47
quasi-legal 62, 63
transition and experimentation 133
Trans-Siberian Railway 34, 75, 76
treachery 121, 171
treason 39, 122
troops 75, 76-7
fraternizing with crowd 45
loyalist 73
reserve 54
unreliability of 61
village-by-village pacification
campaign 35
Trotsky, Leon 34, 42, 59, 77, 91, 101
102, 108, 115, 118, 126, 128, 154
158, 159, 166, 172
classic biography of 7
Commissar for War (1918) 76
Commissar of Foreign Affairs
(1917) 66,70
contempt for socialists who could
not understand the necessity of
terror 78
critics consigned to ‘dust-heap of
history’ 66
deported from the country 123,
168
discrediting of theories associated
with 144
exile 122—3
internationalism 117
peace negotiations with
Germans 74
People’s Commissar 66
224
Index
Trotsky, Leon (cont.)
permanent ‘dictatorship’,
‘insurrection’, and ‘civil war’
theory 32
possible to mention as non-person
but only in pejorative context 7
prerevolutionary polemic 31
release from prison and admission
to Bolshevik Party
membership 64
stabilization policies labelled
‘Soviet Thermidor’ by 150,
152,171
Stalin’s struggle with 122
tries to discredit party’s General
Secretary 105—6
triumvirate pitted against 109, no
united opposition to Stalin in
writings: History of the Russian
Revolution 5; The New Course 109;
The Revolution Betrayed 5, 162
Trotskyites 102, 137, 154, 165
Stalin used secret police
against 168
Tucker, Robert 163
Tukhachevsky, Marshal Mikhail 165
Turkish beys 131
Turksib railway 153
Twentieth Party Congress (1956)
7, 119
Khrushchev’s Secret Speech to
166
udarnye 134
Uglanov, Nikolai 127, 129
Ukraine 67, 75, 129, 139
anti-semitic pogroms 26, 55
Bolshevik support for workers’
soviets 71
German occupation of 74
major grain-producing areas 140
metallurgical plants 18, 21, 132
party organizations 135
peasant revolt 95
see also Donbass; Kharkov; Kiev;
Odessa
Ulam, Adam 11
underdevelopment 20
undesirable relatives 169
unemployment 151
unemployment benefits 97
United States:
admiration of 144
political science 7
Republican plan to extend Federal
controls 130
Sovietology 8
troops to Siberia 76
utopian agricultural
communities 84
unity 91, 100, 102
‘administrative methods* to
reinforce 103
ideological 32
lack of, in party leadership 119
party, scruples about 130
socialist illusions of 52
universities no
admissions discrimination in favour
of workers 157
entrance requirements 160
history reappeared in curricula 161
major upheaval in 146
unrest:
non-Russian regions of Empire 34
political, potential for 55
upper classes:
charitable work 162
urban 28
Whites* active support from 79
uprisings 22, 35, 58, 60, 65—6, 67
armed 63
upward mobility 22, 29
channel for 12
Uralmash (Urals Machine-Building
Plant) 135
Urals 46, 75, 127, 130, 132, 147
deportations to 139
party organizations 135
‘Urals-Siberian method’ 126
urban working class 20
new intelligentsia recruited
from 145
permanent 112
urbanization 112
USSR, see Soviet Union
I
Index 225
utopianism 9, 25, 84-5,159
repudiating the idealism 26
visionary 145
values:
bourgeois 6, 87,143
Communist 104
cultural 142, 163
family 161,163
inherent tendency to develop 36
liberal-democratic 101
moral 161
revolutionary 152
Vesenkha, see Supreme Economic
Council
violence 38
Bolsheviks associated with armed
confrontation and 73
organized 12
popular 12, 170
pride in being tough-minded
about 78
revolutionary 10,12
spontaneous 170
street 58, 60
visionaries 145
Vladivostok 75
Volga region 75, 94, 127, 140
volunteer organizers 162
voting rights 114
Vyborg 45
wages 12, 82, 84, 146
average 160, 162
delays in payment of 165
differentiation of 160
paid partly in kind 81
War Communism 79-84, 94, 119,
121, 127, 132, 138
collapse of market under 95
wholesale abandonment of the
system 96-7
War Industries Committee 39, 47
war metaphors 121
war scare (1927) 121
wars 10, 85
casualties 3$, 39, 58, 94
desertion rate 52, 58
European imperialist 74
neither successful nor
strengthening confidence in
government 33
revolutionary 74
see also Civil War; Crimean War;
First World War; Russo-Japanese
War; Second World War
Warsaw 18, 71, 85
Weber, Max 106
Western Europe 25, 113
history of 42
Marxism 27
White Armies 71, 83, 92
conscripted peasants 79
officers 92, 96
old middle and upper classes
support 79
political parties outlawed for
supporting 89
Soviet Republic threatened
by 75-6
white-collar jobs 107,142, 144
workers moving into 146
White Guards 78, 165
wholesale trade 81
Wildman, Allan K. 54
Winter Palace 34, 62
witchhunts 166
Witte, Count Sergei 24, 27, 37,
131
negotiates peace with Japan
(1905) 34
women:
emancipation of 23, 87, 161
equal rights and equal pay 87
literacy 19—20
peasant 139
right to work 161
striking 54
zhenotdely 87
workers* control 55, 70, 82
revised meaning of 56
workers’ movement:
liberals’ attitude to 35
savage crushing of 37-8
‘Workers’ Opposition’ 101, 102,
103
226
Index
working class 31, 117, 156
Bolshevik Party and 7, 11, 31, 82,
9Σ, 96, 101
cadres from 107
channels of communication
between professional writers
and 145
demand that Soviet take power in
the name of 44
ethnic composition of 71
fate of the core proletariat of 95
favoured group called sons of 146
grievances against the regime 38
irrefutable proof that the
Revolution had fulfilled its
promises to 12
Marxists having some success in
organizing 30
militant 2i* 31, 34* $4* 56
new managerial and professional
elite recruited from 158
party-political organization and
protest 29
peasant component of 21
policies affecting 82
political demands 38
power taken in the name of 68
pre-modem 21
prewar male in factories 55
privileged classes endemic in 123—4
protecting the interests of 48
revolutionary 21, 34
sense that workers should be sole
masters 56
status and relationship to Soviet
power 158
strength demonstrated 62
terrorized 29
tiny in comparison with
peasantry 28
war changed the composition of 54
see also industrial working class;
urban working class
wreckers 163, 165
conspirators against 166
vigilance against 148
xenophobia 72, 148
Yagoda, Genrikh 165
Young Pioneers 87, 170
youthful rebellion 88
Yu deni ch, Gen. Nikolai 75
zakonotnernosti 6
Zamyatin, Evgenii 86
zealots 9
zemstvos 24, 28, 33, 34, 39, 46, 47
105
Zinoviev, Grigorii 7, 42, 58, 59,
64, 109, no, 116, 126, 128,
i34 165
orders issued for arrest of 59
Stalin breaks with in
jjVjnCtiÖn
I |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)132798344 |
| author_facet | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- |
| author_variant | s f sf |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044523719 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK265 |
| callnumber-raw | DK265 |
| callnumber-search | DK265 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3265 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NP 5996 NQ 5060 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1011409761 (DE-599)BVBBV044523719 |
| dewey-full | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-search | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.084 11 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| edition | Fourth edition |
| era | Geschichte 1917-1932 gnd Geschichte 1917-1939 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1917-1932 Geschichte 1917-1939 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044523719 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-02-21T01:16:13Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198806707 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029923160 |
| oclc_num | 1011409761 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-11 DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-M352 DE-703 DE-29 |
| owner_facet | DE-11 DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-188 DE-M352 DE-703 DE-29 |
| physical | viii, 226 Seiten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- Verfasser (DE-588)132798344 aut The Russian revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick Fourth edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2017 viii, 226 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Auf dem Umschlag: "Updated edition" Geschichte 1917-1932 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1917-1939 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd rswk-swf Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd rswk-swf Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd rswk-swf Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Geschichte 1917-1939 z DE-604 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 s Geschichte 1917-1932 z 1\p DE-604 2\p DE-604 Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 s 3\p DE-604 Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 s 4\p DE-604 Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 s 5\p DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029923160&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029923160&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 3\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 4\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 5\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fitzpatrick, Sheila 1941- The Russian revolution Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4178762-6 (DE-588)4112646-4 (DE-588)4049680-6 (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4153812-2 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian revolution |
| title_auth | The Russian revolution |
| title_exact_search | The Russian revolution |
| title_full | The Russian revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_fullStr | The Russian revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian revolution Sheila Fitzpatrick |
| title_short | The Russian revolution |
| title_sort | the russian revolution |
| topic | Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd Auswirkung (DE-588)4112646-4 gnd Revolution (DE-588)4049680-6 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Russische Revolution 1905 Auswirkung Revolution Oktoberrevolution Februarrevolution 1917 Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029923160&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029923160&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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