Mastering blockchain: distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Birmingham - Mumbai
Packt
March 2017
|
| Ausgabe: | First published |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 511 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9781787125445 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
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| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20180302 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 170830s2017 a||| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9781787125445 |9 978-1-78712-544-5 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1012643893 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bashir, Imran |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Mastering blockchain |b distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained |c Imran Bashir |
| 250 | |a First published | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Birmingham - Mumbai |b Packt |c March 2017 | |
| 300 | |a xviii, 511 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Blockchain |0 (DE-588)1124028595 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029867087 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804177793908473856 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Blockchain 101__________________________________________7
Distributed systems 10
CAP theorem 11
Byzantine Generals problem 12
Consensus 12
Consensus mechanisms 12
Types of consensus mechanism 13
The history of blockchain 14
Electronic cash 14
The concept of electronic cash 14
Introduction to blockchain 16
Various technical definitions of blockchains 18
Generic elements of a blockchain 19
Addresses 19
Transaction 19
Block 19
Peer-to-peer network 20
Scripting or programming language 20
Virtual machine 20
State machine 20
Nodes 21
Smart contracts 21
Features of a blockchain 21
Distributed consensus 21
Transaction verification 21
Platforms for smart contracts 21
Transferring value between peers 21
Generating cryptocurrency 22
Smart property 22
Provider of security 22
Immutability 22
Uniqueness 23
Smart contracts 23
Applications of blockchain technology 23
How blockchains accumulate blocks 24
Tiers of blockchain technology 24
Blockchain 1.0 25
Blockchain 2.0 23
Blockchain 3.0 25
Generation X (Blockchain X) 25
Types of blockchain 25
Public blockchains 25
Private blockchains 26
Semi-private blockchains 26
Sidechains 26
Permissioned ledger 27
Distributed ledger 27
Shared ledger 27
Fully private and proprietary blockchains 27
Tokenized blockchains 27
Tokenless blockchains 27
Consensus in blockchain 28
Proof of Work 28
Proof of Stake 28
Delegated Proof of Stake 29
Proof of Elapsed Time 29
Deposit-based consensus 29
Proof of importance 29
Federated consensus or federated Byzantine consensus 30
Reputation-based mechanisms 30
Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance 30
CAP theorem and blockchain 30
Benefits and limitations of blockchain 30
Decentralization 31
Transparency and trust 31
Immutability 31
High availability 31
Highly secure 31
Simplification of current paradigms 32
Faster dealings 32
Cost saving 32
Challenges and limitations of blockchain technology 32
Summary 33
Chapter 2: Decentralization___________________________________________________________35
Decentralization using blockchain 35
Methods of decentralization 37
Disintermediation 38
Through competition 38
Routes to decentralization 39
How to decentralize 39
Examples 40
Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization 41
Storage 41
Communication 42
Computation 43
Smart contract 44
Decentralized organizations 45
Decentralized autonomous organizations 45
Decentralized autonomous corporations 46
Decentralized autonomous societies 46
Decentralized applications 47
Requirements of a decentralized application 47
Operations of a DAPP 47
Examples 47
KYC-Chaln 48
OpenBazaar 48
Lazooz 48
Platforms for decentralization 48
Ethereum 49
Maidsafe 49
Lisk 49
Summary 50
Chapter 3: Cryptography and Technical Foundations___________________________________51
Introduction 52
Mathematics 52
Set 52
Group 52
Field 53
A finite field 53
Order 53
Prime fields 53
Ring 53
A cyclic group 53
An abelian group 53
Modular arithmetic 54
Cryptography 54
Confidentiality 54
Integrity 54
Authentication 54
Entity authentication 54
Data origin authentication
[iii]
Non-repudiation 55
Accountability 56
Cryptographic primitives 57
Symmetric cryptography 58
Stream ciphers 58
Block ciphers 59
Block encryption mode 60
Keystream generation modes 60
Message authentication modes 61
Cryptographic hashes 61
Electronic code book 61
Cipher block chaining 62
Counter mode 62
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 63
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 63
AES steps 63
An OpenSSL example of how to encrypt and decrypt using AES 64
Asymmetric cryptography 66
Integer factorization 69
Discrete logarithm 69
Elliptic curves 69
Public and private keys 70
RSA 70
Encryption and decryption using RSA 71
Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) 71
Mathematics behind ECC 72
Point addition 74
Point doubling 76
Discrete logarithm problem 79
How to generate public and private key pairs 81
Private key 81
Generate public key 82
How to encrypt and decrypt using RSA with OpenSSL 83
Encryption 84
Decrypt 84
ECC using OpenSSL 85
ECC private and public key pair 85
Private key 85
Private key generation 86
Cryptographic primitives 88
Hash functions 88
Compression of arbitrary messages into fixed length digest 89
Easy to compute 89
Pre-image resistance 89
Second pre-image resistance 89
---------------------------------- [iv] ----------------------------------------------
Collision resistance 89
Message Digest (MD) 90
Secure Hash Algorithms (SHAs) 90
Design of Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA) 92
SHA-256 92
Design of SHA3 (Keccak) 93
OpenSSL example of hash functions 94
Message Authentication codes (MACs) 94
MACs using block ciphers 95
HMACs (hash-based MACs) 95
Merkle trees 96
Patricia trees 97
Distributed hash tables (DHTs) 97
Digital signatures 97
Sign then encrypt 99
Encrypt then sign 99
Elliptic Curve Digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) 99
How to generate a digital signature 101
ECDSA using OpenSSL 102
Homomorphic encryption 104
Signcryption 105
Zero knowledge proofs 105
Blind signatures 106
Encoding schemes 106
Financial markets and trading 106
Trading 107
Exchanges 107
Orders and order properties 107
Order management and routing systems 108
Components of a trade 108
General attributes 108
Economic 109
Sales 109
Counterparty 109
Trade life cycle 109
Order anticipators 110
Market manipulation 110
Summary m
Chapter 4: Bitcoin_______________________________________________________________________ |13
Bitcoin 114
Bitcoin definition 115
Keys and addresses 116
Public keys in bitcoin 1 7
Private keys in bitcoin 118
Bitcoin currency units 118
------------------------------------ [v] -------------------------------—----------------
Ba$e58Check encoding 118
Vanity addresses 119
Transactions 120
The transaction life cycle 120
The transaction structure 121
The script language 122
Commonly used Opcodes 123
Types of transaction 124
Coinbase transactions 126
What is UTXO? 127
Transaction fee 127
Contracts 127
Transaction malleability 127
Transaction pools 128
Transaction verification 128
Blockchain 129
The structure of a block 129
The structure of a block header 129
The genesis block 131
Mining 133
Task of miners 134
Synching up with the network 134
Proof of Work 135
The mining algorithm 135
The hashing rate 136
Mining systems 137
CPU 137
GPU 137
FPGA 138
ASICs 138
Mining pools 139
The bitcoin network 140
Wallets 147
Wallet types 148
Non-deterministic wallets 148
Deterministic wallets 148
Hierarchical deterministic wallets 148
Brain wallets 148
Paper wallets 149
Hardware wallets 149
Online wallets 149
Mobile wallets 150
Bitcoin payments 150
Bitcoin investment and buying and selling bitcoins 152
Bitcoin installation 154
[vi]
Setting up a bitcoin node 154
Setting up the source code 155
Setting up bitcoin.conf 156
Starting up a node in testnet 156
Starting up a node in regtest 157
Starting up a node in live mainnet 157
Experimenting with bitcoin-cli 159
Bitcoin programming and the command-line interface 160
Bitcoin improvement proposals (BIPs) 161
Summary 161
Chapter 5: Alternative Coins____________________________________________________________163
Theoretical foundations 166
Alternatives to Proof of Work 167
Proof of Storage 168
Proof of Stake 169
Proof of coinage 169
Proof of deposit 169
Proof of burn 169
Proof of activity 170
Non-outsourceable puzzles 170
Difficulty adjustment and retargeting algorithms 170
Kimoto Gravity Well 171
Dark Gravity Wave 172
DigiShield 172
MIDAS 172
Bitcoin limitations 173
Privacy and anonymity 173
Mixing protocols 174
Third-party mixing protocols 174
Inherent anonymity 175
Extended protocols on top of bitcoin 175
Colored coins 175
Counterparty 176
Development of altcoins 177
Consensus algorithms I77
Hashing algorithms I78
Difficulty adjustment algorithms 178
Inter-block time I78
Block rewards I78
Reward halving rate 178
Block size and transaction size 178
Interest rate I78
Coinage I79
Total supply of coins I79
Namecoin 179
[vii]
Trading Namecoins 181
Obtaining Namecoins 181
Generating Namecoin records 183
Litecoin 185
Primecoin 188
Trading Primecoin 189
Mining guide 189
Zcash 192
Trading Zcash 194
Mining guide 194
Address generation 197
GPU mining 198
Downloading and compiling nheqminer 199
Summary 200
Chapter 6: Smart Contracts 201
History 201
Definition 202
Ricardian contracts 205
Smart contract templates 208
Oracles 209
Smart Oracles 210
Deploying smart contracts on a blockchain 210
The DAO 211
Summary 212
Chapter 7: Ethereum 101 213
Introduction 213
Ethereum clients and releases 213
The Ethereum stack 214
Ethereum blockchain 215
Currency (ETH and ETC) 216
Forks 216
Gas 217
The consensus mechanism 217
The world state 218
The account state 218
Nonce 218
Balance 219
Storageroot 219
Codehash 219
Transactions 220
[viii]
Nonce 220
gasPrice 220
gasLimit 220
To 220
Value 221
Signature 221
Init 222
Data 222
Contract creation transaction 223
Message call transaction 224
Elements of the Ethereum blockchain 225
Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) 225
Execution environment 227
Machine state 228
The iterator function 229
Runtime byte code 230
Opcodes and their meaning 231
Arithmetic operations 231
Logical operations 232
Cryptographic operations 232
Environmental information 233
Block Information 234
Stack, memory, storage and flow operations 234
Push operations 235
Duplication operations 235
Exchange operations 235
Logging operations 236
System operations 236
Precompiled contracts 236
The elliptic curve public key recovery function 237
The SHA-256 bit hash function 237
The RIPEMD-160 bit hash function 237
The identity function 238
Accounts 238
Types of accounts 239
Block 239
Block header 239
Parent hash 239
Ommers hash 240
Beneficiary 240
State root 240
Transactions root 240
Receipts root 240
Logs bloom 240
Difficulty 240
[ix]
Number 241
Gas limit 241
Gas used 241
Timestamp 241
Extra data 241
Mixhash 241
Nonce 241
The genesis block 242
Transaction receipts 243
The post-transaction state 243
Gas used 243
Set of logs 243
The bloom filter 244
Transaction validation and execution 244
The transaction sub state 244
Suicide set 245
Log series 245
Refund balance 245
The block validation mechanism 245
Block finalization 246
Ommers validation 246
Transaction validation 246
Reward application 246
State and nonce validation 247
Block difficulty 247
Ether 247
Gas 248
Fee schedule 250
Messages 250
Calls 251
Mining 251
Ethash 252
CPU mining 253
GPU mining 253
CPU benchmarking 254
GPU benchmarking 254
Mining rigs 255
Motherboard 255
SSD hard drive 255
GPU 256
Mining pools 257
Clients and wallets 257
Geth 257
Eth 257
----------------------------------- [X] ----------------------------------------------
Pyethapp 257
Parity 257
Light clients 258
Installation 258
Eth installation 259
Mist browser 259
Geth 262
The geth console 262
Funding the account with bitcoin 263
Parity installation 264
Creating accounts using the parity command line 267
Trading and investment 268
The yellow paper 268
Useful symbols 269
The Ethereum network 270
MainNet 270
TestNet 270
Private net(s) 270
Supporting protocols 270
Whisper 271
Swarm 271
Applications developed on Ethereum 212
Scalability and security issues 212
Summary 273
Chapter 8: Ethereum Development____________________________________________________275
Setting up a development environment 275
Test Net (Ropsten) 276
Setting up a Private Net 276
Network ID 277
The genesis file 277
Data directory 278
Flags and their meaning 278
Static nodes 279
Starting up the private network 279
Running Mist on Private Net 285
Deploying contracts using Mist 286
Development tools and clients 290
Languages 291
Compilers 291
Sole 291
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) 293
Browser solidity 293
[xi]
Remix 294
Installation 294
Tools and libraries 297
Node.js version 7 297
Local Ethereum block explorer 298
EthereumJS 300
Contract development and deployment 300
Introducing solidity 301
Types 301
Value types 301
Boolean 301
Integers 302
Address 302
Array value types (fixed size and dynamically sized byte arrays) 303
Literals 303
Integer literals 303
String literals 304
Hexadecimal literals 304
Enums 304
Function types 304
Internal functions 304
External functions 304
Reference types 305
Arrays 305
Structs 305
Data location 305
Mappings 306
Global variables 306
Control structures 306
Events 307
Inheritance 307
Libraries 308
Functions 308
Layout of a solidity source code file 312
Introducing Web3 313
POST requests 319
The HTML and JavaScript frontend 320
Installing web3.js 321
Example 322
Development frameworks 328
Truffle 328
Installation 328
Testing using truffle 337
Build 339
Another example 341
Example project: Proof of Idea 345
Permissioned distributed ledgers 357
[xii]
Summary 358
Chapter 9: Hyperledger________________________________________359
Projects 359
Fabric 359
Sawtooth lake 360
Iroha 360
Blockchain explorer 360
Fabric chaintool 361
Fabric SDK Py 361
Corda 361
Hyperledger as a protocol 362
Reference architecture 362
Requirements 363
Modular approach 363
Privacy and confidentiality 364
Identity 364
Auditability 364
Interoperability 364
Portability 365
Fabric 365
Hyperledger Fabric 366
Fabric architecture 366
Membership services 367
Blockchain services 367
Consensus manager 367
Distributed ledger 367
Peer to Peer protocol 369
Ledger storage 369
Chaincode services 369
Events 369
APIs and CLIs 370
Components of the Fabric 370
Peers or nodes 370
Applications on blockchain 371
Chaincode implementation 371
Application model 373
Sawtooth lake 373
POET 374
Transaction families 374
Consensus in Sawtooth 376
Development environment 376
Corda 379
[ xiii ]
Architecture 380
State objects 380
Transactions 380
Consensus 381
Flows 381
Components 381
Nodes 381
Permissioning service 382
Network map service 383
Notary service 383
Oracle service 383
Transactions 383
Vaults 384
CorDapp 385
Development environment 385
Summary 386
Chapter 10: Alternative Blockchains__________________________________________________387
Blockchains 388
Kadena 388
Ripple 392
Transactions 394
Payments related 394
Order related 395
Account and security related 395
Application layer 396
Transport layer 396
Interledger layer 397
Ledger layer 397
Stellar 397
Rootstock 398
Drivechain 399
Quorum 399
Transaction manager 399
Crypto Enclave 400
QuorumChain 400
Network manager 400
Tezos 401
Storj 402
Maidsafe 403
BigChainDB 403
Multichain 403
Tendermlnt 404
TendermintCore 404
Tendermint Socket Protocol (TMSP) 404
Platforms 405
-----------------------------------[ xjv ] --------------------------------------------
BlockApps 405
Installation 405
Application development and deployment using BlockApps 406
Eris 413
Summary 415
Chapter 11: Blockchain-Outside of Currencies_____________________________________417
Internet of Things 417
Physical object layer 418
Device layer 418
Network layer 419
Management layer 419
Application layer 419
loT blockchain experiment 424
First node setup 428
Raspberry Pi node setup 428
Circuit 433
Government 438
Border control 439
Voting 441
Citizen identification (ID cards) 441
Miscellaneous 443
Health 443
Finance 444
Insurance 444
Post trade settlement 444
Financial crime prevention 445
Media 446
Summary 447
Chapter 12: Scalability and Other Challenges____________________________________ 449
Scalability 450
Block size increase 451
Block interval reduction 451
Invertible Bloom lookup tables 452
Sharding 452
State channels 452
Private blockchain 453
Proof of Stake 453
Sidechains 453
Subchains 454
Tree chains 454
-------------------------------------- [XV] ----------------------------------------
Privacy 456
Indistinguishability obfuscation 456
Homomorphic encryption 457
Zero knowledge proofs 457
State channels 457
Secure multiparty computation 457
Usage of hardware to provide confidentiality 457
Coinjoin 458
Confidential transactions 459
MimbleWimble 459
Security 460
Smart contract security 460
Why3 formal verification 462
Oyente tool 463
Summary 465
Chapter 13: Current Landscape and What s Next__________________________________467
Emerging trends 467
Application-specific blockchains (ASBCs) 468
Enterprise-grade blockchains 468
Private blockchains 468
Start-ups 469
Strong research interest 469
Standardization 469
Enhancements 471
Real-world implementations 471
Consortia 471
Answers to challenges 472
Convergence 472
Education of blockchain technology 472
Employment 472
Crypto-economics 473
Research in cryptography 473
New programming languages 473
Hardware research and development 474
Research in formal methods and security 474
Alternatives to blockchains 475
Interoperability efforts 475
Blockchain as a service 476
Efforts to reduce electricity consumption 476
[ xvi ]
Improvement proposals 476
BIPs 476
BIP 152 477
BIP 151 477
BIP 150 477
BIP 147 477
BIP 146 478
EIPs 478
EIP 170 478
EIP150 478
EIP 161 478
EIP 160 479
EIP 155 479
Other challenges 479
Dark side 481
Blockchain research 482
Smart contracts 482
Centralization issues 482
Limitations in cryptographic functions 482
Consensus Algorithms 483
Scalability 483
Code Obfuscation 484
List of notable projects 484
Zcash on Ethereum 484
CollCo 484
Cello 484
Qtum 485
Bitcoin-NG 485
Solidus 485
Hawk 485
Town-Crier 485
SETLCoin 485
TEEChan 486
Falcon 486
Bletchley 486
Casper 487
Metropolis 487
Miscellaneous Tools 487
Solidity extension for Microsoft Visual studio 487
MetaMask 488
Stratis 488
[ xvii ]
Embark 488
DAPPLE 488
Meteor 488
uPort 489
INFURA 489
Convergence with other industries 489
Future 490
Summary 492
Index 493
[ xviii ]
|
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| id | DE-604.BV044466552 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:53:44Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781787125445 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029867087 |
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| spelling | Bashir, Imran Verfasser aut Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained Imran Bashir First published Birmingham - Mumbai Packt March 2017 xviii, 511 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd rswk-swf Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029867087&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bashir, Imran Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1124028595 |
| title | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained |
| title_auth | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained |
| title_exact_search | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained |
| title_full | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained Imran Bashir |
| title_fullStr | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained Imran Bashir |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mastering blockchain distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained Imran Bashir |
| title_short | Mastering blockchain |
| title_sort | mastering blockchain distributed ledgers decentralization and smart contracts explained |
| title_sub | distributed ledgers, decentralization and smart contracts explained |
| topic | Blockchain (DE-588)1124028595 gnd |
| topic_facet | Blockchain |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029867087&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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