The continental drift controversy: Volume 1 Wegener and the early debate
Saved in:
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2017
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Physical Description: | xxii, 604 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781316616048 9780521875042 |
Staff View
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| adam_text | Contents
A
Foreword by Mott Greene page x
Acknowledgments xiii
List of abbreviations xv
Introduction xvii
1 How the mobilism debate was structured 1
1.1 The three phases of the continental drift controversy 1
1.2 Solutions, theories, hypotheses, and ideas or concepts 4
1.3 Problems and difficulties 5
1.4 First and second stage problems 5
1.5 Four examples of first stage problems 6
1.6 Four examples of second stage problems 7
1.7 Difficulties 8
1.8 Unreliability difficulties 8
1.9 Anomaly difficulties 10
1.10 Missing-data difficulties 11
1.11 Theoretical difficulties 12
1.12 Difficulty-free solutions 13
1.13 The three research strategies and how they gave structure
to the debate 18
1.14 Specialization and regionalism in the Earth sciences 23
1.15 Why regionalism and specialization affected theory
preference during the mobilist debate 28
2 Wegener and Taylor develop their theories of continental drift 38
2.1 Introduction 38
2.2 Geological theorizing at the turn of the twentieth century 39
2.3 The contractionism of Suess 39
2.4 The reception of Suess’ contractionism and the difficulties
it encountered 42
2.5 Wegener the man 45
v
VI
Contents
2.6 Wegener s 1912 theory of partition and horizontal displacement
of continents, from idea to working hypothesis 50
2.7 Wegener presents and defends his drift theory in 1912:
his six major arguments 52
2.8 Wegener’s further arguments in 1912 58
2.9 Taylor and his career 61
2.10 The emergence of Taylor’s theory of creep and horizontal
displacement 62
2.11 Taylor’s cosmogony and his notion of continental drift, 1898 63
2.12 Taylor’s 1910 presentation and defense of his creep and
drift theory 64
2.13 Wegener and Taylor: the independence of their inspiration 69
2.14 Wegener and Taylor compared 71
2.15 Evolution of Wegener’s theory, 1912-1922 75
3 Sub-controversies in the drift debate: 1920$-1950s 81
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Wegener’s theory as presented in 1922 82
3.3 Biotic disjuncts and Wegener’s 1922 explanation of them 87
3.4 Landbridgers revise and rebut 92
3.5 Mobilists rally increasing support for continental drift 98
3.6 The resurgence of American permanentism: isthmian links 107
3.7 Du Toit, Simpson, and Longwell debate 112
3.8 Support for permanentism continues through the mid-1950s 114
3.9 Questioning reliability and completeness of the biogeographical
record 122
3.10 Permo-Carboniferous glaciation: Wegener’s 1922 solution; key
support for Wegener 127
3.11 Permo-Carboniferous glaciation: Exists attack Wegener’s
solution and refurbish their own 129
3.12 Permo-Carboniferous glaciation: mobilists counterattack 132
3.13 The geodetic sub-controversy over the westward drift
of Greenland 139
3.14 Use of research strategies in the three sub-controversies 144
3.15 Koppen and Wegener determine ancient latitudes 148
4 The mechanism sub-controversy: 1921-1951 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.2 Wegener’s 1922 mechanism 159
4.3 Wegener’s mechanism attacked: 1921 through 1926 162
4.4 Van der Gracht modifies Wegener’s mechanism 170
4.5 Daly’s early attitude toward mobilism 171
4.6 Daly’s mobilist theory presented in Our Mobile Earth 172
Contents
vii
4.7 Daly’s defense of continental drift and his down-sliding
hypothesis 174
4.8 The reception of Daly’s down-sliding hypothesis 179
4.9 Joly’s thermal cycles and his ambivalence about mobilism 183
4.10 The Joly-van der Gracht mechanism 190
4.11 Fixists reject the Joly-van der Gracht mechanism 191
4.12 Mobilists show little sympathy for the Joly-van der
Gracht mechanism 196
5 Arthur Holmes and his Theory of Substratum Convection: 1915-1955 203
5.1 Introduction 203
5.2 Holmes’ scientific career 204
5.3 Holmes before becoming a mobilist 205
5.4 Holmes develops his mobilistic theory, 1928-1931 210
5.5 Reception of Holmes’ hypothesis of substratum convection 223
5.6 Work on convection currents during the 1930s 231
5.7 Reception of Holmes’ substratum convection by mobilists
Daly and du Toit 238
5.8 Holmes reconsiders his substratum convection hypothesis, 1944 240
5.9 Reception of Holmes’ 1944 presentation of his convection
hypothesis 244
5.10 Geophysicists’ attitude toward convection around 1950 249
5.11 Holmes’ attitude toward mobilism in the early 1950s 251
5.12 Significance of Holmes’ convection hypothesis 253
5.13 Appeal to historical precedent: another manifestation of
standard research strategy one 255
5.14 Difficulty-free solutions, theory choice, and the classical stage
of the mobilist debate 257
6 Regionalism and the reception of mobilism: South Africa, India, and
South America from the 1920s through the early 1950s 264
6.1 Introduction 264
6.2 Ken Caster and his attitude toward continental drift 266
6.3 Edna Plumstead and her support for continental drift 271
6.4 Alex du Toit: his life and accomplishments 284
6.5 Du Toit’s early defense of continental drift 287
6.6 Du Toit compares geology of South America and Africa 292
6.7 Du Toit’s Our Wandering Continents 297
6.8 The reception of Our Wandering Continents 306
6.9 Du Toit’s later contributions to mobilism 310
6.10 Lester King 314
6.11 Other South African mobilists 321
6.12 South African fixists 324
viii
Contents
6.13 Favorable reception of mobilism among Indian geologists 326
6.14 L. L. Fermor supports mobilism 335
6.15 The differing views of D. N. Wadia and M. S. Krishnan 338
6.16 Favorable reception of mobilism in South America 345
6.17 Summary 346
7 Regional reception of mobilism in North America:
1920s through the 1950s 349
7.1 Introduction 349
7.2 Previous studies on the reception of mobilism in North America 350
7.3 Permanence of ocean basins, continental accretion, geosynclines:
the North American experience, Marshall Kay and others 354
7.4 Antarctica breaks the chains of North American regionalism:
the experience of William Long 363
7.5 Long returns from Antarctica and becomes a mobilist 366
7.6 Antarctica again breaks the chains of North American
regionalism: the experience of Warren Hamilton 374
7.7 Hamilton finds new evidence of continental drift in Antarctica 378
7.8 Hamilton explains the origin of the Gulf of California in terms
of mobilism 384
7.9 Regionalism and Warren Hamilton 385
7.10 North American regionalism: a summary 388
8 Reception and development of mobilism in Europe: 1920s through the 1950s 392
8.1 Introduction 392
8.2 Continental Europe: preliminary comments 393
8.3 Fixists from continental Europe: Stille and Cloos 394
8.4 The 1939 pro-fixist Frankfurt symposium 403
8.5 Some other fixist Europeans 409
8.6 Mobilists from continental Europe 411
8.7 Argand and his synthesis 412
8.8 Reception of Argand’s synthesis internationally 419
8.9 Reception of Argand’s synthesis among tectonicists of Western Alps 425
8.10 The peri-Atlantic Caledonides: Wegmann 434
8.11 The peri-Atlantic Caledonides: mainly Holtedahl 439
8.12 Hercynides/Variscides and Caledonides: F. E. Suess 447
8.13 Mixed reception in Britain and Ireland 453
8.14 The Dutch East Indies: the changing attitude of the Dutch 474
8.15 Regionalists and globalists 433
9 Fixism’s popularity in Australia: 1920s to middle 1960s 49^
9.1 Introduction 49^
9.2 Geologists working on Australia’s geology favorable to mobilism 497
Contents ix
9.3 Geologists against mobilism 503
9.4 Paleontologists working in Australia reject mobilism 511
9.5 Biologists working in Australia disagree about mobilism 522
9.6 Regionalism in Australia 544
9.7 Regionalism, rationality, and wisdom: an interim summary 545
References 554
Index 587
The Continental Drift Controversy
Resolution of the sixty-year debate over continental drift,
culminating in the triumph of plate tectonics, changed the
very fabric of Earth science. Plate tectonics can be considered
alongside the theories of evolution in the life sciences and of
quantum mechanics in physics in terms of its fundamental
importance to our scientific understanding of the world. This
four-volume treatise on The Continental Drift Controversy is
the first complete history of the origin, debate, and gradual
acceptance of this revolutionary explanation of the structure
and motion of the Earth’s outer surface. Based on extensive
interviews, archival papers, and original works, Frankel weaves
together the lives and work of the scientists involved, producing
an accessible narrative for scientists and non-scientists alike.
Volume 1 - Wegener and the Early Debate
Wegener’s theory of continental drift captured the attention of
Earth Scientists worldwide. In the early 1900s he noticed that
the Earth’s major landmasses could be fitted together like a
jigsaw and went on to propose that the continents had once been
joined together in a single landmass, which became known as
Pangaea, and that they had later drifted apart. This first volume
describes the reception of Wegener’s theory as it splintered
into sub-controversies over the geometrical fit of continental
margins and disjuncts between biotic and geologic provinces.
Without a convincing resolution of any of the sub-controversies
or physical measurment of continental drift, scientific opinion
remained divided between the “fixists” and “mobilists”.
Other volumes in The Continental Drift Controversy
Volume2- Paleomagnetism and Confirmation of Drift
Volume 3 -introduction of Seafloor Spreading
Volu me 4 - Evolution into Plate Tectonics
Cover illustration: Himalayan peaks, seen from Stok Kangri,
India. © Sam D’Cruz / Shutterstock.com
Cover design by Hart McLeod Ltd
Winner of the Sue Tyler
Friedman Medal of The
Geological Society of London
and the Mary C. Rabbitt
History And Philosophy
of Geology Award of the
Geological Society of America
“Every historian of 20th
Century Earth science will
need these volumes close at
hand; there is no substitute.”
EOS
“The Continental Drift
Controversy is undoubtedly
the definitive account. It is
inconceivable that it can he
bettered or even matched at
any time in the future.”
Isis
“This is one of the most
remarkable histories of
science to appear in my
lifetime.”
Earth Sciences History
“These volumes should be
read by all geoscientists
serious about understanding
how we have come to learn
the inner workings of our
planet.”
Preview
“Here we have an
unparalleled study of
remarkable depth, detail and
quality of a key development
in our ideas about how the
Earth functions.”
Progress in Physical
Geography
Cambridge
UNIVERSITY PRESS
www.cambrtdge.org
ISBN 978-1-316-61604-8
Il I
9 781316 616048
|
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| spelling | Frankel, Henry R. 1944-2019 Verfasser (DE-588)1020382058 aut The continental drift controversy Volume 1 Wegener and the early debate Henry R. Frankel, University of Missouri - Kansas City Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2017 xxii, 604 Seiten Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wegener, Alfred 1880-1930 (DE-588)118629913 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geowissenschaftler (DE-588)4156773-0 gnd rswk-swf Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd rswk-swf Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd rswk-swf Kontinentalverschiebung (DE-588)4032288-9 gnd rswk-swf Wegener, Alfred 1880-1930 (DE-588)118629913 p Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 s Kontinentalverschiebung (DE-588)4032288-9 s Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 s Geowissenschaftler (DE-588)4156773-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 (DE-604)BV044443005 1 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029844130&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029844130&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Frankel, Henry R. 1944-2019 The continental drift controversy Wegener, Alfred 1880-1930 (DE-588)118629913 gnd Geowissenschaftler (DE-588)4156773-0 gnd Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd Kontinentalverschiebung (DE-588)4032288-9 gnd |
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| title | The continental drift controversy |
| title_auth | The continental drift controversy |
| title_exact_search | The continental drift controversy |
| title_full | The continental drift controversy Volume 1 Wegener and the early debate Henry R. Frankel, University of Missouri - Kansas City |
| title_fullStr | The continental drift controversy Volume 1 Wegener and the early debate Henry R. Frankel, University of Missouri - Kansas City |
| title_full_unstemmed | The continental drift controversy Volume 1 Wegener and the early debate Henry R. Frankel, University of Missouri - Kansas City |
| title_short | The continental drift controversy |
| title_sort | the continental drift controversy wegener and the early debate |
| topic | Wegener, Alfred 1880-1930 (DE-588)118629913 gnd Geowissenschaftler (DE-588)4156773-0 gnd Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd Plattentektonik (DE-588)4046317-5 gnd Kontinentalverschiebung (DE-588)4032288-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wegener, Alfred 1880-1930 Geowissenschaftler Theorie Plattentektonik Kontinentalverschiebung |
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