Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016: an indicator-based report
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Luxembourg
Publications Office of the European Union
2017
|
| Schriftenreihe: | EEA report
No 1/2017 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 419 Seiten Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9789292138363 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Titel: Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016
Autor:
Jahr: 2017
Contents
Acknowledgements.8
Executive summary.12
1 Introduction.31
1.1 Purpose and scope.31
1.1.1 Purpose.31
1.1.2 Content and data sources.32
1.1.3 Changes compared with the 2012 report.34
1.1.4 Links to other EEA activities.35
1.1.5 Relevant assessment reports from other organisations.36
1.2 Global emissions and socio-economic scenarios.37
1.2.1 Global emissions scenarios.37
1.2.2 Global socio-economic scenarios.39
1.2.3 Data coverage of indicators and scenarios.41
1.3 Uncertainty in observations and projections.44
1.3.1 Sources of uncertainty.44
1.3.2 Communicating uncertainty.45
1.3.3 Decision-making under uncertainty.47
1.4 Definitions and frameworks for assessing vulnerability and risk.47
2 Policy context.50
2.1 Global policy context.50
2.1.1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.50
2.1.2 Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.51
2.2 Mitigation at EU level.52
2.3 Adaptation at EU level.52
2.4 Adaptation at country level.55
2.5 Adaptation in European macro-regions.57
2.5.1 Arctic region.57
2.5.2 Baltic Sea region.57
2.5.3 Mountain regions: the Pyrenees.58
2.5.4 Mountain regions: the Alps.58
2.5.5 Mountain regions: the Carpathians.59
2.5.6 Mediterranean region.60
3 Changes in the climate system.61
3.1 Human influence on the climate system.61
3.1.1 The climate system.61
3.1.2 Drivers of climate change.62
3.1.3 Observed climate change and its attribution to specific causes.63
3.1.4 Future climate change.64
3.1.5 Weather- and climate-related extreme events.67
3.1.6 Tipping elements in the climate system.68
3.2 Atmosphere.69
3.2.1 Overview.69
3.2.2 Global and European temperature.71
3.2.3 Heat extremes.77
3.2.4 Mean precipitation.80
3.2.5 Heavy precipitation.82
3.2.6 Windstorms.85
3.2.7 Hail.88
3.3 Cryosphere.90
3.3.1 Overview.90
3.3.2 Arctic and Baltic sea ice.92
3.3.3 Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.96
3.3.4 Glaciers.99
3.3.5 Snow cover.102
4 Climate change impacts on environmental systems.105
4.1 Oceans and marine environment.106
4.1.1 Overview.106
4.1.2 Ocean acidification.108
4.1.3 Ocean heat content.111
4.1.4 Sea surface temperature.113
4.1.5 Distribution shifts of marine species.115
4.1.6 Ocean oxygen content.119
4.2 Coastal zones.122
4.2.1 Overview.122
4.2.2 Global and European sea level.124
4.3 Freshwater systems.134
4.3.1 Overview.134
4.3.2 River flows.137
4.3.3 River floods.140
4.3.4 Meteorological and hydrological droughts.144
4.3.5 Water temperature.149
4.3.6 Freshwater ecosystems and water quality.151
4.4 Terrestrial ecosystems, soil and forests.153
4.4.1 Overview.153
4.4.2 Soil moisture .158
4.4.3 Phenology of plant and animal species.163
4.4.4 Distribution shifts of plant and animal species.167
4.4.5 Forest composition and distribution.174
4.4.6 Forest fires.177
4.4.7 Forest pests and diseases.180
4.5 Ecosystems and their services.183
4.5.1 Ecosystem services under pressure.183
4.5.2 Ecosystem service assessment.184
4.5.3 Climate change impacts on ecosystem services.185
5 Climate change impacts on society.189
5.1 Impacts of climate-related extremes.190
5.1.1 Overview.190
5.1.2 Number of climate-related extremes with recorded impacts.192
5.1.3 Economic losses from climate-related extremes.195
5.2 Human health.199
5.2.1 Overview.199
5.2.2 Extreme weather events and health.203
5.2.3 Floods and health.205
5.2.4 Extreme temperatures and health.207
5.2.5 Vector-borne diseases.211
5.2.6 Water- and food-borne diseases.219
5.3 Agriculture.223
5.3.1. Overview.223
5.3.2 Growing season for agricultural crops.228
5.3.3 Agrophenology.230
5.3.4 Water-limited crop yield.232
5.3.5 Crop water demand.237
5.3.6 Livestock systems.240
5.4 Energy.244
5.4.1 Overview.244
5.4.2 Heating and cooling degree days.246
5.4.3 Energy demand.249
5.4.4 Electricity production.251
5.4.5 Energy infrastructure .253
5.5 Transport.254
5.5.1 Overview.254
5.5.2 Impacts of climate and weather extremes.255
5.5.3 Road transport.260
5.5.4 Rail transport.260
5.5.5 Airtransport.260
5.5.6 Water-borne transport.261
5.6 Tourism.263
5.6.1 Overview.263
5.6.2 Summer and beach tourism.264
5.6.3 Winter and mountain tourism.266
6 Multi-sectoral vulnerability and risks.257
6.1 Socio-economic scenarios for Europe.268
6.2 Multi-sectoral impacts and vulnerabilities across Europe.273
6.2.1 Introduction.273
6.2.2 Multi-sectoral assesments.274
6.2.3 Multi-hazard exposure.275
6.2.4 An ecosystem service perspective.277
6.2.5 A narrative perspective.281
6.3 Projected economic impacts of climate change in Europe.283
6.4 Europe's vulnerability to climate change impacts outside Europe.288
6.4.1 Introduction.288
6.4.2 Trade: agricultural commodities.290
6.4.3 Trade: non-agricultural commodities.290
6.4.4 Infrastructure and transport.292
6.4.5 Geopolitical and security risks.292
6.4.6 Human migration.293
6.4.7 Finance.293
6.5 Vulnerability to climate change in European macro-regions.294
6.5.1 Introduction.294
6.5.2 The Arctic region.295
6.5.3 The Baltic Sea region.296
6.5.4 Mountain regions: the Pyrenees.297
6.5.5 Mountain regions: the Alps.298
6.5.6 Mountain regions: the Carpathians.299
6.5.7 The Mediterranean region.300
6.5.8 EU overseas entities.302
6.6 Vulnerability to climate change in urban regions.306
6.6.1 Climate risks to urban areas.306
6.6.2 Response capacity.310
7 Strengthening the knowledge base.312
7.1 Climate change data and services.313
7.1.1 Global activities.313
7.1.2 Copernicus climate change service.315
7.1.3 Climate change adaptation services.316
7.2 Climate change impacts.316
7.2.1 National assessments.316
7.2.2 Cryosphere.317
7.2.3 Oceans, the marine environment and coasts.317
7.2.4 Water (water quality, floods, water scarcity and droughts).317
7.2.5 Terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystems.318
7.2.6 Human health.318
7.2.7 Agriculture, forestry and fisheries.318
7.3 Climate change adaptation monitoring, reporting and evaluation.319
7.3.1 National monitoring, reporting and evaluation of adaptation.319
7.3.2 EU activities on tracking progress on adaptation.320
7.4 Other relevant global and EU indicator sets.320
7.4.1 Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development.320
7.4.2 The Seventh Environment Action Programme, EU 2020 strategy and
environmental accounts.321
7.5 Knowledge gaps.322
7.6 Climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation research.323
8 Abbreviations and acronyms.326
8.1 General abbreviations and acronyms.326
8.2 Acronyms of research projects.332
References.334 |
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| title | Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 an indicator-based report |
| title_auth | Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 an indicator-based report |
| title_exact_search | Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 an indicator-based report |
| title_full | Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016 an indicator-based report European Environment Agency |
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| title_sort | climate change impacts and vulnerability in europe 2016 an indicator based report |
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