Russia in flames: war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921
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| 653 | 0 | |a HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Maps xiii
Author s Note xv
Introduction xvii
PART I: LAST YEARS OF THE OLD EMPIRE, 1904-1914 1
PART II: THE GREAT WAR: IMPERIAL SELF-DESTRUCTION 29
1. The Great War Begins 31
2. Germans,Jews, Armenians 53
3. Tearing Themselves Apart 68
4. Conflict and Collapse 83
PART III: 1917: CONTEST FOR CONTROL 101
1. Five Days That Shook the World 103
2. The War Continues I31
3. From Putsch to Coup U9
4. Bolshevik October 177
5. Death of the Constituent Assembly 198
6. Politics from Below 216
PART IV: SOVEREIGN CLAIMS 235
1. The Peace That Wasn’t 237
2. Treason and Terror 255
3. Finland’s Civil War 277
4. Baltic Entanglements 296
5. Ukrainian Drama, Act I 312
6. Colonial Repercussions 328
CONTENTS
xii
PART V: WAR WITHIN 361
i. The Unquiet Don 363
2. Foreign Bodies 383
3. Trotsky Arms, Siberia Mobilizes 401
4. Kolchak---the Wild East 417
5. Ukraine, Act II 445
6. War Against the Cossacks 469
7. Miracle on the Vistula 487
8. War Against the Jews 511
9. The Last Page 541
10. War Against the Peasants 560
PART VI: VICTORY AND RETREAT 583
1. The Proletariat in the Proletarian Dictatorship 585
2. The Revolution Turns Against Itself 606
Conclusion 625
Notes 633
Acknowledgments 779
Bibliographic Essay 781
Index 791
Index
Page numbers in italics denote illustrations.
Abkhazia, 341
Adrianov, Aleksandr, 71
Aksakov, Konstantin, 478
AkseProd, Pavel, 146
Alash Orda, 353
Alekseev, Mikhail, 49,140,146,151, 394;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 422; and anti-Semitism in
Imperial Russian Army, 64; and Baltic
states, 307; and counterrevolution in
the Don region, 370-72, 376, 378, 381;
and the February Revolution, 123,
127-28; and the Great Retreat, 68; and
the Iaroslavl rebellion, 268; and the
Kornilov affair, 162,166; and the
October Revolution, 194, 195; and
Polish independence, 492; and the
Provisional Government, 136—37; and
the Volunteer Army, 364
Aleksei II, Patriarch of Moscow, 474
Aleksei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich (son of
Nicholas II), 25,128-29
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 94,275
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 2, 7,
514, 542
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 2,4,
105, 106
Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 71-72,75,
94-95, 97-98, 122-23, 129, 397, 659Ո64
Alexandropol (Gyumri), 342
Allied Expeditionary Force, 305—6
Allied Powers, 398,487; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
43°~31» 44°~4b 444; and Baltic states,
302; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 238,240, 241, 245, 266;
and the Crimean conflict, 549; and the
Kornilov affair, 174; and Latvia, 300;
and the October Revolution, 194.
See also specific countries
Allied Supreme Council, 494, 496
All-Russian Central Executive
Committee, 149, 168, 173-74,4И» 477»
484,485, 610
All-Russian Committee for the Salvation
of the Homeland and the Revolution,
190-91,196, 201
All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 147—49,
173» 212» 229, 3i7»403
All-Russian Constituent Assembly,
216-17,218, 221,229-30,231, 301, 315,
317, 544, 625—27; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409—11,419-22,
430—31; and anti-Bolshevik opposition
in the Urals, 415; and anti-Jewish
violence, 524; and Baltic states, 297—98,
301—2, 306, 309; Bolshevik battle to
dissolve, 198-205,205-13, 213-14,
214—15; and Bolshevik tactics, xxiv; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
239-40, 242, 247, 250-52,262,264; and
civil conflicts in Central Asia, 351—53;
and civil conflicts in the Caucasus,
333-34» 339» 34i; and Cossacks, 478;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 369-7L 373» 379; and the
Crimean conflict, 542-44, 547—48; and
the February Revolution, 120,127,130;
and the Fifth All-Russian Congress of
Soviets, 267; and the Finnish Civil War,
280-82,284,286; and the Iaroslavl
rebellion, 268; and July Days
demonstrations, 153; and the Komuch,
414; and the Kornilov affair, 164,167,
792
INDEX
All-Russian Constituent Assembly
(Continued)
169, I73~75; and the October
Revolution, xvii, 177,184,187,188,190;
and peasant uprisings, 562, 564, 577,
580; and Poland, 490; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 593-94,
598—99; and the Provisional
Government, 134; and the Red Terror,
273; and Ukraine, 315—18, 321
All-Russian Democratic Conference,
171-73
All-Russian Peasants’ Union, 10
All-Russian Railroad Union (Vikzhel), 9,
164,189,191—94, 595,603
All-Siberian Regional Duma, 409, 410
All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, 167,
170,319
All-Ukrainian Peasant Congress, 315
All-Ukrainian Relief Committee for the
Victims of Pogroms, 528
American Red Cross Mission, 383
American Relief Administration, 298—99,
621-23
Anatolia, 57,64-66, 332, 342
Andijan, 347
Andreev, Leonid, 61, 88
Andreev, Nikolai, 267
Annenkov, Boris, 428
An-sky, S. A. (Semen Rappoport), 63
anti-German sentiment, 34, 38, 227; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
85, 87; and Denikin, 378; and the
February Revolution, 106, 121, 124;
and Right SRs, 392; and Sazonov, 86;
and wartime propaganda, 138—39
anti-Semitism, 7, 57,231,233, 511—17; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
86; and Baltic states, 309-10; and
Bolshevik tactics, xxiii—xxiv; and
Cossacks, 484; and the Crimean
conflict, 547—48, 554, 559; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 204; fears of Jews as fifth
column, 60-61; and the First State
Duma, 19; and the Great Retreat, 69;
in Kiev, 36; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 615; and Maxim Gorky, 88;
in the military, 41, 58-64; and the
October Manifesto, 13—14; pogroms by
the Red Army, 531-32; pogroms by the
Red Cavalry, 533-34, 536; pogroms in
Belarus, 517-20; pogroms in Poland,
538-39; pogroms in Ukraine, 321-22,
453» 4br, 466, 520-22, 521, 523, 524-29*
526, 529; and political allegiances of
Jews, 529—31; and Rasputin, 94-95; and
the Second State Duma, 21; Shchit
(Shield), 88; of Tsar Nicholas, 80; and
Ukraine, 453; and the Union of the
Russian People, 308; and White
movement in Siberia, 430. See also
pogroms
Antonov, Aleksandr, 579,619-21
Antonov, Dmitrii, 578-79,621
Antonov-Ovseenko,Vladimir:
background of, 403; and Cossacks, 469;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 372; and the Kornilov affair,
168; and the October Revolution, 187;
and peasants, 579; and peasant
uprisings, 580; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 600-601;
and the Tambov Rebellion, 618,620;
and Ukraine, 448—55,457-58,
461-63, 465
April Theses (Lenin), 143,144, 333
Arctic Fleet, 305
Ardahan, 65, 330
Arkhangelsk, 304-11, 398—400
Armed Forces of South Russia, 381,470,
474,551,554
Armenia and Armenian population, 11,
329; Armenian genocide, 64-67; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
87; autonomy for, 207; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 350, 352, 354;
and civil conflicts in the Caucasus,
329- 33, 333-36, 336-44; and ethnic
conflict in Transcaucasia, 329-32;
mentioned at Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 249; and Poland, 500; and
volunteer units in Russian army, 83;
and voting for the Constituent
Assembly, 200
Armenian Council of Ministers, 343
Armenian Dashnaktsutiun, 331
Armenian National Council, 340
Armenian Revolutionary Federation,
330- 31
INDEX
793
Armenian-TatarWar, 331
armistice: and anti-Jewish violence, 520;
and Baltic states, 298, 302; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
240—42,256—57; and civil conflicts
in the Caucasus, 334, 340, 342; and
the Crimean conflict, 541, 557; and
the Finnish Civil War, 285, 295; and
the October Revolution, 187, 194;
and Poland, 492,496, 501—2, 505, 509;
and Romania, 384; and Ukraine, 318,
326, 448
Army High Command, 47,153, 364; and
anti-Semitism in Imperial Russian
Army, 62; and Belarussia campaign, 89;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
239; and civil conflicts in the
Caucasus, 333; and conspiracy theories,
98; and Eastern Front campaign, 53;
and ethnic politics of Imperial Russia,
84; and the February Revolution, 103,
108, no, 114-15, 122—23, 130; and the
Kornilov affair, 159,161—63; Lake
Naroch offensive, 89; and military
reforms, 37; and the Provisional
Government, 134, 137, 148; and
resistance to Provisional Government,
153; Rodzianko s critique of, 90
Army of Islam, 334
Army of the Ukrainian National
Republic, 518, 522, $26
artillery, 89
Asquith, Herbert, 498
assassinations: Alexander II, 2, 3—4, 7, 514;
and anti-Semitism, 19, 24, 82, 529;
Archduke Franz Ferdinand, 34;
attempt on Guchkov, 122; attempt on
Lenin, 208, 214; Eichhorn, 325;
Gertsenshtein, 19; Grand Duke Sergei
Aleksandrovich, 7; Mirbach, 267—68,
392, 396, 568; Petliura, 529; plot against
Savinkov, 372; plot against Wilhelm II,
253; Sipiagin, 5; Stolypin, 21 —22, 160;
Sukhomlinov, 273; and the Terror, 270;
Trotsky, 677n45; Uritskii, 272-73, 416;
Volodarskii, 263—64, 272
atamanshchina, 512
August 1914 Appeal to the Poles, 84-87
Aurora (battleship), 116, 182, 184
Austria, 83,250, 327, 383, 396
Austria-Hungary, 34, 35, 247, 322
Austrian Galicia, 489
Avalov-Bermondt, Pavel, 300
Avksent’ev, Nikolai, 422—24, 426
Azerbaijan, 329, 331, 333-36, 336-38,
340-44, 348
Azeris, 334-35» 337» 343
Babel, Isaak, 499, 510, 525, 535
Babel, Isaak, Konarntiia, 360
Baden, Max von, 326
Baku,329, 329-31» 333» 336֊4i» 343» 352, 548
Baku Commune, 339
Balfour, Arthur, 384, 385
Balkans, 32, 33—36
Baltic Division, 294, 295, 418
Baltic Fleet: and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 263; and the Crimean
conflict, 544; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 212; and the
February Revolution, 116, 123; and the
Finnish Civil War, 278, 282; and
Kolchak, 417; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 606—8, 610, 614, 617; and
the October Revolution, 177, 192; and
the Red Terror, 271; scuttled, 387, 416
Baltic states, 12, 279, 445, 541. See also
specific countries
Baltische Landeswehr, 299
Bark, Petr, 70, 73
Basmachi, 355~58, 631
Вatchinsky, Julian, 527—28
bat’kos, 459, 5Г2, 518-21
Battle of Grunwald, 46, 48—49
Battle of Tannenberg, 48—49
Battle of the Vistula River, 50, 53
Battle of Tsushima, 8—9
Battle of Verdun, 88—89
Battle of Warsaw, 50, 53-54, 487-96,
496-504, 496-510, 504-9, 509-10, 556
Batumi, 65,329, 330-31, 334-36, 340—42,
344, З87
Beilis, Mendel, 24—25, 88
Belarus, 297,492-95, 497, 517-20
Belgium, 35
Belgrade, 44—45
Beliaev, Mikhail, no, 113
Beloborodov, Aleksandr, 397
Bely, Andrei, Petersburg (novel), 97
Belyi krest, 308
INDEX
794
Benes, Eduard, 393
Berdiaev, Nikolai, 232-33
Berelowitch, Alexis, 572
Berkman, Alexander, 617
Bessarabia, 83,458,462-63
Bethmann-Hollweg,Theobald von,
245-46
Beyrau, Dietrich, 513
Białystok, 14,18,61, 500, 501, 507
Bilibin, Ivan, 381
Black Bloc, 79
Black Hundreds, 7; and anti-Jewish
violence, 515, 517, 527-28; and
anti-Semitism, 24; and Baltic states,
309; and Cossacks, 484; and the
Crimean conflict, 543; and dissolution
of the Constituent Assembly, 212; and
July Days demonstrations, 157; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 614; and the
October Manifesto, 14
black market, 565, 571
Black Sea, 17,64-65,90
Black Sea (Zaporozhian) Cossacks, 367
Black Sea Fleet, 11,14,265, 387,403,417
Bliukher,Vasilii, 558
Bliumkin, Iakov, 267
Bloody Sunday, 7,11-12,92,104
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht von, 558
Bogrov, Dmitrii, 22
Boldyrev,Vasilii, 422,424-25
Bolshevik Party, xvii, 193; All-Russian
Bolshevik Party Executive Committee,
171; and Bliukher, 558; Bolshevik
Central Committee, 172,174-75,
181-82,198,251-52,257, 3S4,450;
Bolshevik Communist Party of
Ukraine, 447; Bolshevik Military
Organization, 163,164; Bolshevik
Revolutionary Committee in
Azerbaijan, 342; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 251; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 213; and the Finnish Civil
War, 287; and formation of the Red
Army, 403; and German strategy in
Ukraine, 389, 391; and July Days
demonstrations, 155,159; and the
Kornilov affair, 165; and Marxist
ideology, 585; Ninth Bolshevik Party
Conference, 509, 588-89; popular
appeal of, xxiv, 150; and Safarov, 354;
Second Ukrainian Bolshevik Party
Congress, 447; Seventh Bolshevik
Party Congress, 260,491; and
Shaumian, 336; Sixth Bolshevik Party
Congress, 171, 570-71; Sixth Congress,
171; and withdrawal from the Great
War, xx—xxi
Bonch-Bruevich, Mikhail, 402
Borets za svobodu (ship), 545-46
Borot’bist party, 453
Bosh, Evgeniia, 201
Bosnian crisis, 32
bread riots, 105-6,223, 550, 560, 596
Breshko-Breshkovskaia, Ekaterina, 201
Britain, 34-35,43,140,146, 383-94,
398-400; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 422-23,425,430,
437; and anti-Bolshevik opposition on
the Volga, 416; and anti-Jewish
violence, 518, 530, 536-37; and
anti-Semitism, 61; and the Armenian
genocide, 64; and Baltic states, 298-99,
302,305, 306, 310-11; and battle for
Polish independence, 488,490,493,
495-9 5 498, 500-503, 504; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
243-44,250,251,254,257; and causes
of the Great War, 32-33, 35; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 339-41; and
conspiracy theories, 95; and Cossacks,
470-71,474-75; and the Crimean
conflict, 542, 549, 551, 555; and the
Finnish Civil War, 286; and formation
of the Red Army, 403; and Kolchak s
background, 418; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 618; and Poland, 488, 490,
493,495-96,498, 500-503, 504;
recognition of Provisional
Government, 133; and the Red Terror,
271,273-74; and Sykes-Picot accords,
332; and Ukraine, 324
British Foreign Office, 72-73,488
British Labor Party, 250
British War Office, 254,383
Bronskii, Mikhail, 390
Brotherhood of the White Cross of
Great Indivisible Russia, 308
ÏNDEX
795
Brusilov, Aleksei, 49, 55,146, 14B, 151,
225; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 248; and the Kornilov
affair, 161, 166; and Poland, 498; and
the Southwest Front, 89—90
Bublikov, Aleksandr, 103, 116
Buchanan, George, 61,72-73, 244, 384,430
Budberg, Aleksei, 434, 435
Budennyi, Semen, 473, 499, 501, 504-7,
508-9, 533-35, 557
Bukharin, Nikolai, 210, 257, 351, 384,
580, 589
Bukovina, 59—60
Bukshpan, Iakov, 224, 682m6
Bulak-Balachowicz, Stanislaw, 309—10,
311, 519-20
Bulgakov, Mikhail, White Guard, 327, 365
Bulgaria, 86
Bullitt, William C., 432—33
Bunin, Ivan, 456, 457, 516
Burtsev,Vladimir, 559
Carr, E. H., xxvi, xxvii, 632
Catherine the Great, 17, 93—94, 313, 453,
542, 572,622
Catholic Church, 539
Caucasian Front, 75, 308, 332, 500
Caucasian Line Cossacks, 367
Caucasian Native Mounted Division
(Savage Division), 160—63, 165, 337—38
Caucasus, 12, 391; and the Armenian
genocide, 64—65; and the August Г914
Appeal to the Poles, 86; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 252; and
civil conflicts after February
Revolution, 333, 336, 341, 348, 358; and
Cossacks, 367—68, 470, 474; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
378—79; and the Crimean conflict, 553;
and ethnic conflict, 83, 328—29; impact
of 1905 Revolution, 331—32; and
peasant uprisings, 564, 573; and Poland,
492, 499; and Russian fears of border
zones, 83
Caucasus Army, 474
Çelebicihan, Noman, 542, 545
Central Asia, xix; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 410, 421; civil
conflicts in, 344—48, 356, 358-59; and
conscription of Muslim men, 348—49;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 375; and labor drafts in Great
War, 90; Muslim population, 328; and
Skobelev’s background, 365; source
materials from, xxvii. See also specific
countries
Central Committee of the All-Russian
Railroad Union, 9
Central Powers, 44, 53,64, 83, 86, 89,146,
194, 207, 237-39, 242, 242-49, 251-52,
255, 258, 261, 286, 288, 297, 320-22, 327,
334, 339, Յ42, 383-84, Յ96, 416, 489,
491—92, 537. See also specific countries
Central Rada: and anti-Jewish violence,
520—21; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 246, 252—53; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
374, 379, 381—82; and the Crimean
conflict, 543—44; and First Ukrainian
Congress of Soviets, 447; and July
Days demonstrations, 153; and
Ukraine, 314—22, 322—25
Central Soviet of Factory-Shop
Committees, 164, 191
Central War Industries Committee, 78,
81, 90, 92, 96, 104, 117-18, 127, 227,
228, 421, 438, 503, 563, 593
Centro-Caspian Dictatorship, 339, 343
Chaikovskii, Nikolai, 306, 307
Chaliapin, Feodor, 608—9
Chamberlin, William Henry, 405—6, 553
Chechnia, 160, 329, 348
Cheka, xxiii, 204-5, 213, 259-61, 263,
265-67, 268-69, 271-74, 305, 339, 379,
416, 442, 453, 457, 462-64, 467, 473,
477, 483, 486, 488, 499, 507, 534, 562,
569-70, 573-74, 577, 580, 592, 597, 605,
609, 612—14, 616, 620—21, 629, 646Ո3
Cheliabinsk, 395-96,424, 426, 433-34, 599
Chernov,Viktor, 5; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 425—26; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 201—2, 205, 210—ii, 213, 215;
emigration, 679Ո9; and July Days
demonstrations, 156; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 607; and the October
Revolution, 192; and peasant
uprisings, 574
796
INDEX
Chicherin, Georgii, 389, 394, 398-400;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
256-57, 259 ‘ a^d the Crimean conflict,
555; and Estonian independence, 302;
and Poland, 491,496-97, 501-3
Chinese Eastern Railroad, 385,419-20,
428-29,432
Chita, 428-29,440,443-44
Chkheidze, Nikolai, 87-88,113-14,118,
142,156,172
Chkhenkeli, Akakii, 201
Churakov, Dmitrii, 596
civil rights and liberties, 6,13-14,23,130,
318,320, 336, 381,414-15,423,431,441,
549, 552, 579
civil society, 6, 81,218,410,440,631
Comintern Congress, 628
Commissariat for Military and Naval
Affairs, 403-4
Commissariat of Labor, 589
Commissariat of Nationalities, 396,
515, 518
Commissariat ofWar, 403, 562-63
Commission for Provisioning and
Transportation., 565
Commission on Polish Affairs, 494
Committee for the Aid of the Starving,
623
Committee for the Defense of Freedom
of the Press, 593
Committee for the Struggle Against
Counterrevolution, 163-64
Committee of Members of the
Constituent Assembly (Komuch):and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
421,423,426,436; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 415; and the
Crimean conflict, 554; establishment
of, 414; and peasant uprisings, 568-69,
576; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 601; and Ukraine, 451
Committee of Union and Progress, 331
Committees of Public Safety, 136,184,
190-91
committees of the poor (kombedy),
567-68, 570, 572, 574, 577, 613
Communist Party, 261,294, 343“44, 357,
359,442,447-48,481,485,492, 592,
610, 620
Communist Party of the Turkic Peoples,
357
concentration camps, 71, 274,299, 501,
592,610,620
Congress of Berlin, 64
Congress of Soviets of the Donets, 320
Congress of Soviets of the Northern
Region, 177
Congress ofTrade and Industry, 77-78
Congress Poland, 11,83. See also
Kingdom of Poland; Poland
Conrad, Joseph: Under Western Eyes, 1
conscription, military, 292,348,358,404,
452,575
Constantinople, 140, 332, 545, 552,
558-59
Constitutional Assembly, 180
Constitutional Democratic Party, 12
Cossack Circle, 369
Cossacks, 8, 34, 57; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 410,421,424,
426-29,431,436,443; and anti-Jewish
violence, 62, 511-12,514, 521-27, 530,
534“3b; and anti-Semitism in Imperial
Russian Army, 63; and the Armenian
genocide, 65-66; Bolshevik campaign
against, 470-75,475~77,477-86; and
civil conflicts in Central Asia, 346, 350,
35 L 353, 359; and counterrevolution in
the Don region, 373-76, 377, 379-82;
and the Crimean conflict, 552, 553,
556; and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 213; and East Prussia
campaign, 59; and the February
Revolution, 104,106,108; and the
Kornilov affair, 160; and the October
Revolution, 181,190; and peasant
uprisings, 560, 572-73, 576; and Polish-
Soviet War, 499; and popular loyalties
during Civil War, 366-72; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 596; and resistance to Provisional
Government, 153; and Ukraine,
312-13,316,319,321,324-25,327,448,
450,452-53,461,463,464-65
cotton cultivation, 346-47, 355
Council of Elders, no, 113
Council of Ministers, 8,69-70,72,74,76.
77, 79, 527
INDEX
797
Council of People’s Commissars
(Sovnarkom), xxii, 188, 195, 246, 365,
386, 394-96, 398, 399-400; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
412; and anti-Bolshevik opposition on
the Volga, 416; and Baltic states, 302,
305, 310; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 240—41, 252, 258, 261—63,
265; and civil conflicts in Central Asia,
356; and civil conflicts in the Caucasus,
333, 338, 339-40; and Cossacks, 483;
and the Crimean conflict, 543; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 201—6, 208, 210—12; and the
Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
267; and the Finnish Civil War, 285—86,
288, 290—92; and formation of the Red
Army, 404; Lenin and Trotsky in, 388;
and the October Revolution, 188—89,
190—92, 194; and peasant uprisings, 562,
563, 565, 577; and Poland, 496, 508; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik rule,
594; and the Red Terror, 269; and
renewal of German offensive, 255—57;
and the Tambov Rebellion, 618, 621;
and Ukraine, 318—19; and War
Communism, 587
Council of State, 98
Council of the Five Professions, 9
Council of the Land, 436
Council of the United Nobility, 79
Courland Province, 297, 449, 544, 697Ո3
Crimean National Constituent Assembly
(Qurultay), 543-44, 546
Crimean National Democratic
Republic, 544
Crimean National Republic, 544
Crimean Peninsula, 541—49, 549—52,
552-56, 556-59
Crimean Regional Government, 547-49
Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, 551
Crimean Tatar Fundamental Laws, 544
Crimean Tatar Provisional Executive
Committee, 542
Crimean Tatars, 63
Crimean War, 2, 542, 558
Cromie, Francis, 387, 416
Curzon, Nathaniel, 496, 500-502, 503
Curzon Line, 496, 500-501, 503, 508, 509
Czechoslovak Legion, 393—96, 396—98,
398-400,404,406-7, 411-13. 415.
420-21, 424-25, 426-28, 435, 437,
438-42, 449, 568, 599
Czechoslovak National Council, 395,
424. 437
Czechoslovak Revolutionary Army, 395
Czernin, Ottokar von, 243—44, 246, 249,
250,253,254
D’Abernon, EdgarVincent, Viscount,
502, 503, 507
Dagestan, 329, 341
Dan, Fedor, 566, 607, 608—9
Danilov,Viktor, 479, 572
Dashnaktsutiun (Dashnaks), 3 30—31,334,
336-39. 342-43. 352. 692n65, 7i3ni44
Day of Peaceful Uprising, Odessa, 464
Declaration of Soldiers’ Rights, 147, 417
Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen, 206—7
Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling
and Exploited People, 206—7, 211
Decree on Land, 188, 222, 402,
561-62,577
Decree on Peace, 188, 194, 239—41,
243-44, 275-76, 402, 491
Decree on Workers’ Control, 587
Uelo naroda 160
Democratic Federative Republic of
Transcaucasia, 335
Denikin, Anton: and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 423—24, 441; and
anti-Jewish violence, 511, 515—16, 525,
528, 529-31, 533-34; and authoritarian
rule, 632; and Cossacks, 469—72,
473-75. 483. 485; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
371-76, 378-82; and the Crimean
conflict, 547, 549, 550-52, 553-55; and
the Kornilov affair, 160, 165; and the
October Revolution, 195; and peasant
uprisings, 575; and Poland, 496, 497,
499, 5°2; and role of Cossacks, 366;
and Ukraine, 448-49, 451-53, 456, 458,
461-62, 464, 466-67; and the Volunteer
Army, 364, 371-72, 373“76, 378-82,
448, 451, 466, 469-70, 474, 525, 529-30,
547, 549-50, 551-52, 553-54
798
INDEX
Denisov,Viktor, 541
Denmark, 286,657П27
Department for the Maintenance of
Public Safety and Order. See Okhrana
Derber, Petr, 410,411,420,423
desertion, 51, 140, 337, 363, 374, 439,444,
500, 574-80, 589, 592, 602,609,616,
643 П63
Diaghilev, Sergei, xix
Difai (Defense) Party, 331
Dimanshtein, Semen, 515
Dmowski, Roman, 488,489,490,497, 539
Don Army, 378, 379,479,482
Donbas Extraordinary Military
Revolutionary Tribunal, 465
Don Circle, 369—70
Donets Basin (Donbas), 368,376,462,
464-65,471-72,499
Donetsk, 368
Don Executive Committee, 368-69,
479,485
Don Host Government, 369—70,478
Don Party Bureau, 475,477,480,481
Don region, 363-64,366-73, 376-79,
382,407
Don Republic, 370, 377-78,478,483
Don Revolutionary Corps, 483
Don Soviet Republic, 370, 376, 479
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, The Possessed, 1
Dovzhenko, Alexander, Arsenal (film), 321
Dowbôr-Musnicki, Józef, 492
draft riots, 39-41,92-93,148, 578-79
Dreyfus affair, 25
Drozdovskii, Mikhail, 379
Dual Power, 127,135-36,145,148, 169,
172,300-301, 333,404
Dukhonin, Nikolai, 194-96, 240-41, 321,
364-65, 393
Duma Committee, 114-19,121—24,
124-29,131-32,278
Duma Military Committee, 123,126
Duma Provisional Executive Committee,
118
Dunsterville, Lionel, 340
Durnovo, Petr, 12,16, 32-34, 37-38, 324
Dutov, Aleksandr, Ataman, 353—54
Dybenko, Pavel, 403
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 175,204-5, 256,257,
266-67,271,46% 481-82,488,499
Eastern Anatolia, 64, 342
Eastern Front, 237-38, 384, 387, 389, 393
Eastern Galicia, 313-14,495-96,497
Eastern Ukraine, 312
East Prussia, 52, 58, 59, 63
Ebert, Friedrich, 299, 300,493,494
Economic Commission (1915), 79
Efimov, Boris, 498
Egorov, Aleksandr, 499-500, 505-6,
508-9
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 553
Eichhorn, Hermann von, 323, 325
Eighth Bolshevik Party Congress, 532
Eisenstein, Sergei, Battleship Potemkin
(film), 11
Ekaterinburg, 354, 397^98,421,423,
425-26,433-34
Ekaterinodar, 373~75, 377, 379~8o, 382,
470-72,474, 549, 550, 556
Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk), 368,
447-48,458,463,467,47i, 541, 557
elections, 1-2,132, 217, 218,221,230,626,
628; and Allied intervention in
Arkangelsk, 305; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409-11,421,441,
443; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 262,264; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 351, 353; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 337,341;
and Constituent Assembly, xvii, 562,
577; and Cossacks, 480-81; and
Cossack self-rule, 369; and the
Crimean conflict, 545, 549, 551; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 199-201,208,210,212, 215;
and establishment of the Duma, 17;
and Estonian independence, 300-301;
and the February Revolution, 118,
127—28; and the Finnish Civil War,
278,281-82; and the First State Duma,
17-18; and the Komuch, 414; and the
Kornilov affair, 167, 169, I7i;and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 609-11; and
Latvia, 297; and the October
Revolution, 177-78, 188, 193; and
peasants, 562, 577; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 592,
598-99; and the Provisional
Government, 134,137
INDEX
799
Elizavetpol (Ganja ,329, 33L 33 5,
339-40,343
Engalychev, Pavel, 56
Engel’ gardt, Boris, 114
England. See Britain
Entente, 64, 89, 133, 141, 244, 247, 285,
288, 318, 326, 390, 392, 393, 454, 488,
495,496-97, 500, 509, 612, 755П22.
See also Allied Powers
Enver Pasha, 66, 334
Erzurum, 64-66, 332, 335
Essen, Antonii Ottovich von, 8$
Estonia, xxiv, 46, 258, 277, 296,299—300,
300-303, 308-ir, 496, 498
Estonian Constituent Assembly, 301, 302
Estonian Workers’ Commune, 302
Evelina (ship), 337, 338
Evert, Aleksei, 39, 55
Evreinov,Vladimir, 84
Extraordinary Assembly of Deputies
from Factories and Plants, 593, 597
factory labor, 587-91, 59i֊93, 593֊94,
595-97, 597-601, 603-4
famine, 357-58, 555, 561-64,582, 586,
621—23. See also food shortages
Far Eastern Committee for Active
Defense of the Homeland and the
Constituent Assembly, 419
Far Eastern Republic, 444
February Revolution, 104—24, 364; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
409; and civil conflicts in Central Asia,
350; and counterrevolution in the
Don region, 371, 380; and the
Crimean conflict, 542; and dissolution
of the Constituent Assembly, 200; and
Duma Committee meeting, 124—30;
and the Finnish Civil War, 284; and
food shortages, 223; and the Iaroslavl
rebellion, 268; and Kerensky, 107,
113-14,116, 118, 129,133; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 610; and the
October Revolution, 184; proliferation
of public organizations, 304; and the
Red Terror, 273; triggers of, 103—4; an ^
Ukraine, 315, 459
Federated Democratic Russian Republic,
352
Felshtin, 521, 525
Fergana Valley, 346-47, 349, 352, 355
Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
229, 266,269, 404, 412, 568—69
Fifth All-Turkestan Congress of Soviets,
354
Fifth Army Committee, 195
Figner,Vera, 201
Finland, xix, 44, 54, 140-42, 386, 387, 389;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 431; and Baltic states, 296, 311;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
258, 263,266; and the Crimean
conflict, 542; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 207; and the
February Revolution, hi; Finnish
Civil War, 277—83, 283—95; Helsinki
Red Guards, 284, 287; Home Guard,
278, 284, 287, 288—89; and July Days
demonstrations, 157; and the Kornilov
affair, 160,173, 175; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 615, 616; Lenin in hiding in,
161, 170; and nationalist movements,
xxiv—xxv; and the October Manifesto,
14,15; and the October Revolution,
177; and Poland, 487, 492; and the
Provisional Government, 134; and the
Red Terror, 271, 292, 696П91; and the
Second State Duma, 21; and Ukraine,
445; and the White Terror, 292
Finland Regiment, 140
Finland Station, 141—42, 145
Finnish Communist Party, 294
Finnish Independence Day, 285
Finnish People’s Deputation, 290—94
Finnish Provisional Government, 280
Finnish Social Democrats, 282, 284,
286-87,289, 290
Finnish Soviet, 282
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets, 317,
319-20
First All-Siberian Regional Congress, 411
First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets,
320
First Cavalry Army, 499, 501, 504—6,
508, 536
First Coalition Government, 145
First Congress of Free Cossacks, 324
First Kuban Campaign, 374
8oo
INDEX
First Machine Gun Regiment, 154
First Red Cavalry, 556
First State Duma, 18,19, 85, 430
First Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, 447
First Ukrainian Corps, 324
First Universal, 153, 316
Fisher, Harold H., 561-62, 621-22
Fletcher, Alfred, 299
food shortages, 10, 222-26, 392, 399; and
Allied intervention in Arkangelsk, 304,
305, 306-7; bread riots, 105-6,223, 550,
560; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 264-65; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 352, 353-54,
355, 3$8; and counterrevolution in the
Don region, 371; and the Crimean
conflict, 550, 558; and ethnic conflict
in Transcaucasia, 332; and failures of
the revolution, 625, 630; famine in
Volga provinces, 582; and the February
Revolution, 105; food brigades, 590,
592-93; and formation of the Red
Army, 405; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 607—8,614; and peasants,
560, 561, 563-67, 570-71; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 586, 589-93, 595-96,602-4; and
the Tambov Rebellion, 618, 621—23;
and Ukraine, 455. See also famine
Food-Supply Army, 571
Food֊Supply Commissariat, 565-66,
567, 570
Food-Supply Ministry, 564
Fort Ino, 263
Fourteen Points, 246-47, 248, 491
Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
261, 262,265
IV Don Cavalry Corps, 472
Fourth Regional Muslim Congress, 352
Fourth State Duma, 44-45
Fourth Universal, 320, 521
France, 32-33, 33-35, 38,46,48,140,146,
206-7,232, 383-87, 389, 393-94, 396,
398, 399—400; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 407,425,428,
430; and anti-Bolshevik opposition on
the Volga, 416; and anti-Jewish
violence, 513, 529; and Baltic states, 304;
and battle for Polish independence,
492-93,495, 500-504, 505; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 244,
251; and causes of the Great War, 35;
and conspiracy theories, 95; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
378; and the Crimean conflict, 549—51,
554-55, 556-57; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 203,207; and
the Dreyfus affair, 25; and the Finnish
Civil War, 286; and formation of the
Red Army, 403; French Military
Mission to Russia, 419; influence of the
French Revolution, 269, 365, 500, 588;
and Kolchak’s background, 418—19; and
the Kronstadt Rebellion, 618; and
Poland, 493,495, 502-4; recognition of
Provisional Government, 133-34; and
the Red Terror, 273-74; and the
Romanian campaign, 89; and Russian
arms shortages, 54; and Sykes-Picot
accords, 332; and Ukraine, 451,454-55,
458,463,467; and war loans to
Russia, 16
François, Hermann von, 48
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 34
Free Cossacks, 321,324
Freedom Fighter (ship), 545-46
Freikorps, 299
Frenkel, Aaron, 477
Fridman, Naftali, 46, 56, 87, 201
Friends of the Ukraine, 528
Frunze, Mikhail, 353, 357-58, 535, 557-58
Fundamental Laws of the Empire, 17,
20, 21
Gai, Gaia (Наук Bzhishkyan), 500, 502,
508
Gajda, Radola (Rudolf Geidl), 424—25,
427,436-37» 437-38
Galicia, 52, 59-60,62-63, 83, 89-90,
151-5З, ЗЗ2
Galician Army, 466—67
Gamov, Ivan, 428
Gapon, Georgii, 6, 8
Gatchina, 190
Gaulle, Charles de, 504
General-Governorship of Turkestan, 346
General Headquarters (Stavka). See Army
High Command
INDEX
Boi
General Kornilov (ship), 558
General Staff, 123
General Staff Academy, 111
Geneva conventions, 61
genocide, 64—67, 476—77
Georgia, 3,4, ii—12; and the Armenian
genocide, 65; and the August 1914
Appeal to the Poles, 87; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 258; and
civil conflicts in Central Asia, 350; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 333—36,
340—44; and Cossacks, 470, 474; and
the Crimean conflict, 555; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 201; and ethnic conflict in
Transcaucasia, 329, 330—31; and the
February Revolution, 129; and Russian
fears of border zones, 83; and the
Second State Duma, 20
Georgian Communist Party, 343—44
German Foreign Office, 326
German General Staff, 543
German High Command, 245, 250, 255
German Social Democrats, 250, 277—78,
288—89
Germany, 31-33, 35, 146-47, 383, 393-94,
396, 399~400; and anti-Jewish
violence, 513, 514, 520-21, 522, 523,
539; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 237-38, 240-41, 243-45,
245-54; and the Crimean conflict,
542-43, 546-47» 548» 550; and ethnic
politics of Imperial Russia, 83; and the
Finnish Civil War, 277—78, 280—82,
285—88, 291—95; and foreign
interventions in Ukraine, 445, 447-49,
454; and military mobilization in
Siberia, 402; and peasant uprisings,
564, 568; and Poland, 487-95, 498,
501-2, 507, 510; and tensions on the
Don region, 363-64, 367, 371-72»
375-79, 3^0, 382; and Ukraine, 316,
321-27, 322-23, 336, 340-41
Gertsenshtein, Mikhail, 19
Gins (Guins), Georgii, 439
Gippius, Aleksandr, 349
Glukhov (Glukhiv), 532
Goichbarg, Aleksandr, 442—43
Golitsyn, Nikolai, 113, 114—15
Goloshchekin, Filipp (Isai), 357, 397
Golovin, Nikolai, 51, 53
Goremykin, Ivan, 17, 35—36, 45, 75—79, 86
Gorky, Maxim, 88, 178—79, 209, 623
Gorn,Vladimir, 308
Goujon, Jules, 70, 550
Government of South Russia, 553—54
Gramsci, Antonio, 631
Grand Duchy of Finland, 134, 277
Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 488, 495, 547
Graves,William, 431, 432, 438, 443՜44
Great Northern War, 300
Great October Revolution. See October
Revolution
Great Proletarian Revolution, 216
Great Purges, 558
Great Reforms, 2, 3, 542
Great Retreat, 68—69,103
Greece, 549
Grigor’ev, Nikifor. See Hryhoriiv, Matvii
Grigorovich, Ivan, 77, 96—97
Grishin-Almazov, Aleksei, 451
Groman,Vladimir, 224
Groner, Wilhelm, 323
Group of Thirteen, 411, 427
Guchkov, Aleksandr, 25—27, 78, 90—91,
91—92,140, 145, 147; and the February
Revolution, 122, 125, 127—29; and the
October Manifesto, 13; and Order
No. 1, 417; and the Provisional
Government, 137; and the Second
State Duma, 21
guerrilla warfare, 330-31, 376, 386, 448,
460, 467, 576-77
Gumbinnen, 48
Gurko,Vasilii, 58—59, 146
Gusev-Orenburgskii, Sergei, 516—17
Hague conventions, 61
Haidamaks (Gaidamaki), 321
Haller, Jozef, 492
Hapsburg Empire, 60, 83, 139, 303, 393
Harbin, 418, 419-20, 423, 428—29
Harbord, James G., 342
Hasegawa,Tsuyoshi, 116
Hauptmann, Gerhart, 43
Heifetz, Elias (ІГіа), 528
Helsinki Red Guards, 284, 286, 287,
289, 294
INDEX
802
Helsinki Soviet, 282
Henning-Michaelis, Eugeniusz
de, 84-85, 87
Herding, Georg von, 326
Hindenburg, Paul von, 48, 50-51, 53
Hodgson, John Ernest, 471, 530
Hoffmann, Max, 243,245,249-50, 253,
255,323,392
Holy Synod, 94
Home Guard (Finland), 278,284,287,
288-89
Hoover, Herbert, 298-99,493,623
horse drafts, 40,92,219,348,356, 569
hostage-taking, xviii, 56,70; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
441; and anti-Jewish violence, 514, 517;
and anti-Semitism in army, 61-64; and
Baltic states, 307; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 358; and Cossacks, 481;
and destruction of Kalisz, 43; and the
Finnish Civil War, 291; and July Days
demonstrations, 156; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 611,613; and peasant
uprisings, 570; and the Red Terror, 270,
273֊75; and the Tambov Rebellion,
619-20; and Ukraine, 457
House, Edward M., 489
Hrushevs’kyi, Mykhailo, 323
HryhoriiV, Matvii (Nikifor Grigor’ev),
453-58,461-63,464,466,483, 511,
518-19
Hummet (Endeavor) Party, 331, 343
Hungarian prisoners of war, 395
Hungarian Republic ofWorker, Peasant,
and Soldier Soviets, 458
Iakovleva,Varvara, 201
Ianushkevich, Nikolai, 34-35,47, 55-56,
72-73,76, 82; and anti-Semitism, 60;
and anti-Semitism in Imperial Russian
Army, 62-63; and the August 1914
Appeal to the Poles, 84
laroslavl, 268,386,396,399, 597
laroslavl rebellion, 268-69
Iarov, Sergei, 230,604
Ice March, 374
Ignat’ev, Pavel, 76
Imperial Caucasian Army, 334
Imperial Russian Army, 56-57,146, 393;
and anti-Bolshevik officers, 365; and
the Armenian genocide, 67; and the
August 1914 Appeal to the Poles, 84;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
252,258; and civil conflicts in Central
Asia, 348, 353; and Cossack cavalry, 313;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 375,380; and ethnic conflict in
Transcaucasia, 332; and the February
Revolution, 127-28; and the Finnish
Civil War, 281,289,292; and formation
of the Red Army, 403-4; and the Great
Retreat, 68; and the Kornilov affair,
160; and the October Revolution, 196;
and peasant uprisings, 562, 569, 578;
and Poland, 489; and Sulkiewicz, 547;
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 629;
and Ukraine, 321-22,323-24; and the
White movement in Northwest
Russia, 309-10
Imperial Russian Navy, 417
Independent Manchurian Army, 429
Inter-Allied Commission of Control, 298
Inter-Allied Committee of Diplomatic
Representatives, 436
Interdistrict Group, 105,107,122,
126,243
Interim Soviet of the Russian
Republic, 172
International Womens Day, 105
Ioffe, Adolf, 241,243-44,245,256-57,
259,288-89,462
Irgash-Bek, 355
Irkutsk, 396,409,411,437,442
Iron Division, 299-300
Italy, 89,133,344,400,425,549
Iudenich, Nikolai, 308-11,424,464
Iusupov, Feliks, 71,98,99
Ivangorod (Deblin), 54,68
Ivanov, Nikolai, 49,62, 81,114,122-24,
189-90
Ivanovo-Voznesensk, 91-92
Ivanov-Rinov, Pavel, 426-28,435, 512
Izhevsk, 597, 599~6°3
Izhorsk metallurgical plant, 596
Izvestiia, 125-26,144, 374,389,457,460,
597,612
Jadwin, Edgar, 538
Jäger Battalion, 278,287,293
Janin, Maurice, 418-19,429,437,439-41
INDEX
803
Japan, 6, 35, 40,49, 385-87, 390, 394, 398,
400; and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 425, 428-29, 431-33, 435“38,
440-41, 443-44, 729*156; and anti-
Jewish violence, 533; and the Crimean
conflict, 547, 553, 558; and Poland,
488—89, 499; and the Second State
Duma, 21; and the Treaty of
Portsmouth, 8; and Ukraine, 453; and
wartime propaganda, 42
Jewish Bund, 515-16, 522, 539
Jewish Commissariat (Evkom), 515
Jewish Section (Evsektsiia), 515—16, 532
Jews and Jewish communities, xxiv, 41,
54-58, 56, 312, 511-17, 539-40;
anti-Jewish violence in Belarus,
517—20; anti-Jewish violence in
Poland, 536—39; anti-Jewish violence
in Ukraine, 520—29; and battle for
Polish independence, 488,494—95, 499,
507, 510; causes of Jewish radicalism,
24; and civil conflicts in Central Asia,
351; and Cossacks, 484; and dissolution
of the Constituent Assembly, 200—201;
and East Prussia campaign, 58; and
ethnic conflict in Transcaucasia, 332;
and ethnic politics of Imperial Russia,
86; and formation of the Red Army,
406; and Polish anti-Semitism, 60; and
political allegiances, 529—31; and the
Provisional Government, 134; and
Ukraine, 452—53; and wartime
atrocities, 153; and the White
movement in Northwest Russia,
309—10. See also anti-Semitism;
pogroms
Johnson, Homer H., 538
July Days, 154,159, 281, 396, 607
June 3rd System, 23
June Days, 154
June Offensive, 152, 161
Kadets (Constitutional Democratic Party,
Party of the People’s Freedom), 45, 56,
95-96, 145, 225, 231, 366, 392-93; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
419-25» 430, 432» 434» 439, 444; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in the
Urals, 415; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 416; and
anti-Jewish violence, 511, 516, 539; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
85, 87—88; and Azerbaijani nationalism,
331; and Baltic states, 296; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 262; and
civil conflicts in Central Asia, 353; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 338; and
Cossacks, 368—71; and counterrevolu-
tion in the Don region, 373, 378,
380-81; and the Crimean conflict,
543-44, 547-49, 554, 632; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 200—203, 209, 212, 214—15;
and the February Revolution, 104, 114,
130; and the First State Duma, 16—19;
and the Fourth State Duma, 23; and
July Days demonstrations, 154; Kadet
Central Committee, 214—15; and the
Kornilov affair, 161, 163—64, 168, 172;
and the Kronstadt Rebellion, 607, 618;
and the October Manifesto, 12—13; and
the October Revolution, 181, 185,189;
and peasant uprisings, 565; and Poland,
490; and the Provisional Government,
131; and the Red Terror, 275; and the
Second State Duma, 20; and the Third
Duma, 21; and Ukraine, 315—17
Kaledin, Aleksei, 162, 214, 369—72, 377,
384,475, 478, 481
Kaliaev, Ivan, 7
Kalinin, Mikhail, 484, 610
Kalisz, 43, 50, 59, 61, 321—22
Kalmykov, Ivan, 428, 429, 436, 438, 512
Kama People’s Army, 601—3
Kamenev, Lev, 385; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 243, 245, 250; and
Cossacks, 471—72; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 206; and the
Kornilov affair, 168—73, 175; and the
October Revolution, 177—78, 188, 192;
and Poland, 498-99, 500, 502—3,
504—6, 508; and Ukraine, 462, 464
Kamenka, 579
Kamkov, Boris, 262, 267
Kannegiser, Leonid, 272
Kaplan, Fanny, 273
Kappel,Vladimir, 442
Kara-Kirgiz, 346
Karelia, 290-91
Karl I of Austria, 250
INDEX
804
Kars, 65,66, 330,335,342, 387
Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic, 353
Kazakhs, 356
Kazakhstan, xxvii
Kazakh Steppe, 328, 344, 346-4% 349,
353, 358,7ion9$
Kazan, 46,106,416, 576
Kennan, George F., 240-41
Kerensky, Alexander, xxiii, 45,131,133,
141,145,146-49,151-52, 364, 393,
396-97, 563; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 421,423,425;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition on the
Volga, 415; and the August 1914 Appeal
to the Poles, 87; and Baltic states, 307;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
240,244; and civil conflicts in Central
Asia, 350,357; and counterrevolution
in the Don region, 369,372; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 210,212,214; and the
February Revolution, 107,113-14,116,
118,129; and the Finnish Civil War,
281-82; and the Fourth State Duma,
22-23; and July Days demonstrations,
157-5 8; and the Kornilov affair,
159-66,168-70,172,174; and 1916
draft rebellions, 90; and the October
Revolution, 178-81,183,185,187-88,
189-90,191-92; and Polish
nationalism, 490; and Rasputin s
murder, 99; and Ukraine, 316, 317, 321
Kerensky Offensive, 152
Khabalov, Sergei, 107,108-10,112-13,115
Kharkov (Kharkiv), 160,242,252,316,
320, 322, 386,446,447,448,450,46%
471,473» 557
Kharkov People’s Republic, 320, 322
Kharkov People’s Secretariat, 320
Kherson, 4,454-55,463,472,499, 54i, 557
Khitrovo, 579
Khmel’nyts’kyi, Bohdan, 324
Khorvat, Dmitrii, 419-20,429,436
Khrushchev, Nikita, xxii, 380
Khvostov, Aleksei, 79
Kiel, 326
Kiev, 21,24, 36, 81,128,242,272, 303, 316,
324, 325, 327, 378,393,497-98,499,
500, 501; and anti-Jewish violence, 513,
518, 521, 526, 528, 530-31; and
Czechoslovak Legion, 393-94; and
Kadets, 547; and Poland, 496-501, 505,
509; and Ukraine, 153,246,252, 253,
313-15, 3i8, 319,320, 321, 322,323,32%
365,415,447,448,451,452,461,466,
467; and Whites, 472,474,496
Kiev League to Combat Anti-Semitism,
531
Kievlianin, 381, 531
Kingdom of Poland, 11, 303,312,494.
See also Poland
Kirgiz, 346, 351-52,354,356
Kirpichnikov, Timofei, 109, n 1
Kishinev, 18,61, 514
Kiverchuk, Iurii, 522—24
Knox, Alfred, 43,72-73,423,430
Kokand Khanate, 347, 352—53
Kokoshkin, Fedor, 212,607
Kokovtsov,Vladimir, 8,23, 24
Kolchak, Aleksandr, 574, 576; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
422,424-30,431-35,435-43,443-44;
and anti-Jewish violence, 512;
background, 417-19; and Cossacks,
469,483; and the Crimean conflict,
554-56; defeated by Tukhachevskii,
499; and the Provisional Government
of the Northern Region, 307-8; and
Ukraine, 445, 453,464
Kollontai, Alexandra, 175, 201
Kolonitskii, Boris, 398
Kolpino, 595-96
Komuch People s Army, 415,436
Konovalets, Evgenii (Evhen), 521,756039
Konovalov, German, 523
Kornilov, Lavr, 141,152, 364,384-85,394;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 423,425,428; attempted coup
at Petrograd, 159-68, 171-72,175;
and Baltic states, 307-8; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 337; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
369-73» 374-75, 378; and the Crimean
conflict, 558-59; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 214,215; and
the February Revolution, 124; and the
Finnish Civil War, 281-82; and the
INDEX
805
Iaroslavl rebellion, 268; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 607; and the
October Revolution, 179, 186, 189—90,
194—9$; and peasant uprisings, 563; and
Ukraine, 321
Kovno, 303
Kozlovskii, Aleksandr, 611, 613, 617—18
Kozma Minin (icebreaker), 311
Krasil’nikov, Ivan, 427, 434—35
Krasin, Leonid, 502
Krasnoyarsk, 436, 439
Krasnov, Petr: and civil conflicts in the
Caucasus, 340; and Cossacks, 470, 472,
475—76, gj. and counterrevolution
in the Don region, 377—81; and
formation of the Red Army, 403; and
the October Revolution, 190, 192; and
Ukraine, 321, 448, 450
Krasnovodsk (Tiirkmenba^y), 340
Kresty penitentiary, 112
Krivoshein, Aleksandr, 36; and the
Crimean conflict, 554, 555; and grain
procurement, 652П5
KroF, Lev, 421-24, 434-35
Kronstadt fortress and naval base: and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 211; and the February
Revolution, 116, 123; and the First
State Duma, 19; and July Days
demonstrations, 155—57,15 9; and
Kolchak’s background, 418; and the
Kornilov affair, 164; Kronstadt
Rebellion, 606—8, 609—12, 612—17,
617—18; and the October Manifesto,
14—1$; and the October Revolution,
177, 184
Kronstadt Provisional Revolutionary
Committee, 612, 616
Kropotkin, Petr, 275
Krupenskii, Pavel, 73
Krylenko, Nikolai, 384, 679П9; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 241,
257, 263; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 201; and the
Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
266; and formation of the Red Army,
402—3; and the October Revolution,
177, 194—96; and the Red Terror,
691 n5 2
Krym, Solomon, 547-49, 549-51
Krymov, Aleksandr, 162, 165, 428
Kshesinskaia, Matilda (Matylda
Krzesinska), 143, 144
Kuban Army, 474
Kuban Rada, 369, 379, 381—82
Kuban region: and anti-Bolshevik forces,
363; and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 407; and anti-Jewish violence,
534 535; and civil conflicts in Central
Asia, 359; and Cossacks, 369, 470—72,
474, 475, 485; and counterrevolution in
the Don region, 373-74, 376, 378-82;
and the Crimean conflict, 541, 552,
556; and peasant uprisings, 564, $76;
and resistance of Cossacks, 367; and
Ukraine, 313
Kiihlmann, Richard von, 390, 392; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 238,
243-44, 249, 253, 254; and Ukraine, 324
Kuibyshev,Valerian, 357
kulaks, 566, 568-71, 573-74
Kun, Bela, 458
Kupfervasser (commissar), 480
Kurds, 66, 330, 332
Kuropatkin, Aleksei, 89, 90, 349, 350, 351
Kustodiev, Boris, “Moscow I: Attack,”
xxx
Kuusinen, Otto Wilhelm, 295
Kuz’min, Nikolai, 610
Kyrgyz, 346, 348-49, 712П125
Laidoner, Johan, 310
Lake Baikal, 396, 409, 441
Lake Issyk-Kui, 349—50
Lamsdorf, Vladimir, 11, 13—14,24
Land Committees, 221, 222
Land Department, 222
Landeswehr, 299—300, 698Ш6
Lansere, Evgenii, 381
Lansing, Robert, 536
Lasies, Joseph, 430
Latvia, xxiv, 12, 46, 258, 277, 296,
297-300, 303, 311, 495, 514
Latvian National Council, 298
Latvian Riflemen (Latvian Rifle
Division): and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 415; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 258,
INDEX
80б
Latvian Riflemen (Continued)
261; and Cossacks, 473; and Latvia, 297,
298; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 597; and Ukraine, 449;
and the White movement in
Northwest Russia, 311
Latvian Social Democrats, 298
Latvian Soviet of Soviets (Iskolat), 298
Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty (Treaty of
Riga), 300
Law on the Socialization of Land, 562
League for Jewish Rights, 19
Lebedev, Pavel, 471
Lednicki, Aleksander, 85—86, 489—91
Left Bolsheviks, 591, 600
Left Communists, 249, 251, 255, 257,
260-61, 263, 272, 359, 735П7
Left Mensheviks, 106, 157, 164
Left SRs, 386; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409—10; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition on the
Volga, 415; and Baltic states, 305; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, xxi,
xxii, 239, 249, 252, 255-58, 260-67;
and civil conflicts in Central Asia, 352;
and civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 338;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 372; and the Crimean
conflict, 545; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 198—99, 203—6,
209—13; and the February Revolution,
122; and formation of the Red Army,
403; and the Komuch, 414; and the
October Revolution, 177, 179, 181,
185—86, 188, 190-92; and peasant
uprisings, 568-69, 570, 574, 576; and
Poland, 499; and proletarian resistance
to Bolshevik rule, 591, 593, 597; and
the Red Terror, 275; and Ukraine, 319,
321, 325, 449, 453, 459-60, 462.
See also Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)
Lemberg, 52
Lena Goldfields Massacre, 22, 91
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (Ul’ianov), xxi,
xxii—xxiii, xxvi, 4, 10, 45, 141—43,
143-45, 146, 149, 150, 229, 231, 232,
363, 384-85, 387~929 394, 396,
398-400, 590, 591, 602, 624, 627-29,
632; and anti-Bolshevik opposition,
406—7; and anti-Bolshevik opposition
in Siberia, 425, 434, 438; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in the Urals,
416; and anti-Bolshevik opposition on
the Volga, 415; and anti-Jewish
violence, 515, 532—33; and April
Theses, 143, 144, 333,* background, 8;
and Bolshevik tactics, xxv; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 237,
238֊39, 242, 247-49, 251, 253-54,
255—59, 260—63, 265; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 354, 359; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 333,
337, З44; and Cossacks, 470-71, 473,
477, 479, 481, 483-85; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
371, 380; and the Crimean conflict,
543, 545, 548, 559; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 198—99,
201, 203-4, 205—12, 213—14, 216; and
the Fifth All-Russian Congress of
Soviets, 267; and the Finnish Civil
War, 282, 283, 285—86, 288, 290-92;
and the First State Duma, 18; and
formation of the Red Army, 402—3 ;
and the Fourth State Duma, 23; and
July Days demonstrations, 154—58; and
the Kornilov affair, 160—61,163, 165,
168—71, 173—75; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 606, 613—14; and the
October Revolution, xvii, 177—79,
181-83, 183-89, 191-92, 193-94; and
peasant uprisings, 560, 566, 568—69,
574, 576; and Poland, 490, 492-93,
497-98, 500, 502, 506-9; and the
Provisional Government, 138, 141—43;
and the Red Terror, 270, 273—74,
275—76; and Ukraine, 316, 319, 326,
445, 448, 450, 461-63, 464-65; and War
Communism, 586—88
Leninism, xxii, 627—28
Lermontov, Mikhail, 330
levée en masse, 260
Liakhov,Vladimir, 65
Libau (Liepija), 52, 296, 298—99
Liberation, 5, 6, 12
Liddell, R. Scotland, 222—23
Lih, Lars, 225
Liman von Sanders, Otto, 32
Liquidation Commission for the
Kingdom of Poland, 490
INDEX
807
Lithuania, xxiv, 46, 258, 277, 296, 303-4,
312, 488, 490,492~97, 500, 509, 514
Lithuanian-Belarussian (Litbel) Soviet
Socialist Republic, 493
Lithuanian Regiment, 111
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic,
303-4, 494
Litvinov, Maksim, 274
Litzmann, Karl, 51
Litzmannstadt, 51
Liubyns’kyi, Mykola, 252
Livonia, 81, 296—98, 300, 492
Lloyd George, David, 298, 488,493, 495,
501-3, 502
Lockhart, Bruce R. H., 254, 266, 383, 385,
387-89, 399, 4i6
Łódź Jewish ghetto, 51
Lofstrom, Ernst Berthold (Ernest
Levstrem), 292
Louis XVI, 397
Louvain, 43
LudendorfF, Erich, 48, 50; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 237, 253,
254; and the Finnish Civil War, 285; on
German propaganda, 418; and
Ukraine, 323, 325—26
Luga, 124
Lukomskii,Aleksandr, 163, 559
Limacharskii, Anatolii, 187, 198, 580, 586
Lutherans, 55, 297
Luxemburg, Rosa, 488
Lvov, Georgii, 129, 131, 145, 155, 157-58
Lwów (Lemberg, Lviv), 52, 496-97, 500,
505-6, 508-9
Maapaev, 300—301
Mackensen, August von, 48, 50—51, 53,
69, 90
Madamin-Bek, 355—56, 358
Mai-Maevskii,Vladimir, 471
Main Artillery Administration, 112
Makaevka, 370
Makhno, Nestor, 458—60; and anti-Jewish
violence, 518; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 617; and peasant uprisings,
573; and Ukraine, 461—63, 465-68
Makiakov/Vasilii, 36, 45, 54, 141; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
425; and anti-Semitism in Imperial
Russian Army, 64; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 244; and the
Crimean conflict, 554՜55; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 201; on failures of Bolshevik
rule, 625; and the February
Revolution, 103, 114, 115, 116; and the
Fourth State Duma, 23—24; and the
October Manifesto, 13; and the
October Revolution, 183; and
Rasputin s murder, 99; and the Second
State Duma, 20; and the Third
Duma, 21
Malle, Silvana, 585—86
Mamontov, Konstantin, 472—73, 530, 533
Manchuria, 385
Mandelstam, Osip, 553
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil, 288—90,
291-95,631
Manus, Ignatii, 94—95
Marat (ship), 616
March Days, 338
Margolin, Arnold, 528, 530—31
Mariinskii Palace, 114—15, 118, 133,
139-40,148, 150, 171, 174, 181, 184
Markov II, Nikolai, 308
martial law, 394; and Allied intervention
in Arkangelsk, 305; and civil conflicts
in Central Asia, 349; and Cossacks, 478;
and the Crimean conflict, 546, 551—52;
and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 208; and the Kornilov affair,
162; and the October Manifesto, 15;
and proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 596; and proletariat dictatorship,
599; and Ukraine, 323
Martov, Iulii (Iulii Osipovich
Tsederbaum), 4, 146; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in Siberia, 407,
410; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 257, 262; on failures of
Bolshevik rule, 627; and July Days
demonstrations, 156, 157; and the
Kornilov affair, 169; and the October
Revolution, 185-87; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 601-2;
and the Red Terror, 270
Marx, Karl, xxv, 1, 3—4, 591
Marxism/Marxists, 3-5, 15, 143, 145, 213,
230, 232, 283, 285, 331, 337, 407, 536,
567, 572, 585-86, 588, 618, 631
8o8
INDEX
Masaryk,Tomás, 393-94
Mayakovsky,Vladimir, 456—57, 552, 624
May Day celebrations, 456, 462
Mazepa, Ivan, 324
Medem, Nikolai, 81
Mendeleev, Dmitrii, 3
Mennonites, 55
Mensheviks, xxiii, 4-5,10, 87—88, 142,
144-45, 146,149,224, 227, 233, 363,
386, 627; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 407,436,437,
442—43; and anti-Bolshevik opposition
on the Volga, 415; and anti-Jewish
violence, 515—16; and authoritarian
rule, 632; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 241, 249, 257, 259, 262,
264; and civil conflicts in the
Caucasus, 333~35, 338-41, 344; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
376; and the Crimean conflict, 543,
544, 546—47; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 199—201,203,
209—11; and the February Revolution,
104, 106-7, 113,117-18, 120, 124; and
the Fifth All-Russian Congress of
Soviets, 266; and the Finnish Civil
War, 278, 282, 283, 290; and Georgian
nationalism, 331; and the Iaroslavl
rebellion, 268; and July Days
demonstrations, 156—58; and the
Kornilov affair, 162, 163—64, 168—72,
175; and the Kronstadt Rebellion, 607,
608-9,612,614-15, 617-18; and the
Lena Goldfields Massacre, 22;
Menshevik Central Committee, 601;
Menshevik Conference, 146; and the
October Manifesto, 15; and the
October Revolution, 181-82,185-89,
190—92; and peasant uprisings, 565—66,
568—69, 570; and proletarian resistance
to Bolshevik rule, 590—99, 601—3; and
the Red Terror, 272; and the Second
State Duma, 20; and socialist culture,
xxii; and Ukraine, 317, 449
metalworking plants, 226—28
Middlesex Regiment, 422
Mikhail Aleksandrovich (Grand Duke),
114-15, 127-30, 136, 427
Mikhailovskii Artillery Academy, 272
Military Commission, Duma, 114,119,
121, 124, 125
Military Commission, joint, 122
Military Commission, Soviet, 121
Military Commission, Svinhufvud,
287, 288
Military Council of the Southern
Front, 481
Military Inter-Allied Commission of
Control, 295
Military Revolutionary Committee:
Donbas Bolshevik MRC, 376; Irkutsk
MRC, 442; Mogilev Bolshevik MRC,
195; Perm Bolshevik MRC, 605;
Sevastopol Bolshevik MRC, 545;
Soviet MRC, 179-82, 183-85, 187,
190-91,204, 208, 272, 403;Tallinn
Bolshevik MRC, 301;Vyborg
MRC, 281
militias, 12, 150, 229; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 429,440; and
anti-Jewish violence, 522; and the
Armenian genocide, 65; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 352; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 713n 144; and
the February Revolution, 120, 126,
128; and the Finnish Civil War, 287;
and formation of the Red Army, 403;
and the Kornilov affair, 163—64; and
the October Manifesto, 14—15; and the
October Revolution, 191; and
Ottoman Armenians, 64; and peasant
uprisings, 578—80; and Poland, 503;
and proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 599, 600; and the Provisional
Government, 133
Miliukov, Pavel, 45, 73, 95-98, 138—40,
145, 148; and the August 1914 Appeal
to the Poles, 87; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 350; and conspiracy
theories, 95—98; and counterrevolution
in the Don region, 370, 378-79; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 201; and the February
Revolution, 104, 114, 121—22, 127-29;
and the First State Duma, 17; and the
Fourth State Duma, 23; and the
Kornilov affair, 174; and the October
Manifesto, 12; and Poland, 490; and
INDEX
809
the Provisional Government, 131, 133;
and the Second State Duma, 20; and
the Third Duma, 21
Mill, John Stuart, 478
Miller, Alexei, 312
Miller, Evgenii-Ludwig, 307, 311, 424
Millerand, Alexandre, 503
Milli Firka (National Party), 542—43, 551
Milner, Alfred, 389
Mingrelia, 341
Ministry of Agriculture, Imperial,
223-25, 563
Ministry of Agriculture, Provisional
Government, 221, 223—25
Ministry of Finance, Imperial, 3
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Imperial,
77, 103
Ministry of Internal Affairs, Imperial, 18
Ministry of Jewish Affairs, Ukrainian,
526,540
Ministry of Justice, Provisional
Government, 145, 157
Ministry of the Interior, Imperial, 54, 70,
95, 224-25
Ministry ofWar, Imperial, 36—37,122,
137-38, 225,346, 348
Ministry ofWar, Kolchak, 434
Minsk, 4, 490, 495, 500, 503-4,
507-9, 538
Miracle on theVistula, 510
Mirbach,Wilhelm von, 268, 387, 389—93,
395-96; assassination of, 268, 396, 568,
597, 599; and the Fifth All-Russian
Congress of Soviets, 266—67; and
peasants, 568—69
Mironov, Filipp, 477—86
Morgenthau, Henry, 536—38
Moscow 1905 Uprising, 18—19
Moscow City Council, 79
Moscow Directive, 471
Moscow Party Committee, 191
Moscow Regiment, 111
Moscow Soviet, 161—62, 190—91, 390, 404
Moscow State Conference, 172, 421
Mumm von Schwarzenstein, Philipp
Freiherr, 323, 325
munitions and armaments plants, 40, 105,
133, 136, 164, 227, 321, 368,473, 595,
598,603
Murav’ev, Mikhail, 190,196, 321—22, 324,
415,452
Murmansk, 304-5, 384, 386, 398, 399
Murmansk Railway, 400
Musavat (Equality) Party, 331, 333-34,
ЗЗ6-39,343
Musbiuro, Muslim Office, 356, 357
Muslim Office, 356
Muslims, 46; and the August 1914 Appeal
to the Poles, 87; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 346-49, 351-58; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 334, 337—40,
709П61; and the Crimean conflict,
543—44; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 200; and
Eastern Anatolia conflict, 64—66; and
ethnic conflict in Transcaucasia,
328-32; and famine of 1921, 622; and
the Kornilov affair, 164; Muslim
Communists, 357; and 1916 draft
rebellions, 90
mutinies, 7, її, 146, 148; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in Siberia, 426;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
253; and the February Revolution,
109-11, 112, 123-24, 125; and the
Finnish Civil War, 278—79; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 606, 611,613, 616;
and the October Manifesto, 16; and
Stolypin, 19; and Ukraine, 326
Nabokov, Konstantin, 8
Nabokov,Vladimir D., 12, 119, 130, 133,
139, 141,201, 547-50
Nabokov,VladimirV, 8, 12
Napoleon Bonaparte, 42, 275
Narodnyi komissariat gosudarstvennoi
bezopasnosti (NKGB), 204
Narskii, Igor, 135-36, 193, 591
National Center* Moscow, 381, 422, 618
National Democracy. Poland, 487—88,
538, 704П50. See also Dmowski,
Roman
Nationalist Center, 73
nationalization of industry, 305, 339, 565,
587-88, 590
National Polish Committee of America,
536-37, 538
Nazarov, Fedor, 556
8io
INDEX
Nepenin, Adrian, 116,123, 278
New Economic Policy (NEP), 561,
618-19
New York Times, 84
Nicholas IT, 2, 7, 11, 32-35, 38-39, 44, 216,
363; abdication, xvii, 625; and anti-
Semitism, 62; and counterrevolution
in the Don region, 380; and declining
regard for the monarchy, 25—27;
execution, 397—98; and the February
Revolution, 103,108, no, 114-15,119,
120,122-23,128-30; and the Finnish
Civil War, 280-81; and the First State
Duma, 17,19; and the Fourth State
Duma, 23-24; and July Days
demonstrations, 155; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 612; and the October
Manifesto, 12-14; and the October
Revolution, 189-90,193; and
patriotism of soldiers, 138; and
Petrograd demonstrations, 606;
removal of Grand Duke Nikolai
Nikolaevich, 333; and Skoropads’kyi,
323; and the Third Duma, 21—22; trial,
397; and Ukraine, 467
Nikolaev, 454“55, 4 $3,472
Nikolaevskii Railway Station, 182
Nikolai Nikolaevich (Grand Duke),
46-47, 55; and anti-Semitism, 62; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
84; and East Prussia campaign, 59; and
the February Revolution, 129—30; and
the Finnish Civil War, 278; and
military reforms, 36-37; and the
October Manifesto, 12; and Poland,
489; and the Provisional Government,
134; replaced in Stavka, 333
Ninth Bolshevik Party Conference, 509,
588-89
NKGB (Narodnyi komissariat
gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti), 204
Nogin,Viktor, 173,190-91,198-99
Nol’de, Boris, 103,130
nomadic people, 346, 350, 356
Northern Army, 282
Northern Corps, 281
Northern Front, 180,195
Northern Government, 311
Northwest Army, 310, 311,473
Norway, 286, 657n27
Noulens,Joseph, 387,395,407, 412,49J
Novaia zhizn 178, 209
Novocherkassk, 370, 371, 372, 377-78
Novoe premia, 38, 82,95
Novogorodtsev, Pavel, 430
Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk), 411,439
Nuri Pasha, 334
Nurpeisov, Kenes, 356
October 1905 General Strike, 12
October Manifesto, 14,16-18, 24,27,
120, 514
October Revolution, xvii—xviii, xxiii,
I77֊83,183-89,189-92,192-94,194-97
Octobrists. See Union of 17 October
(Octobrists)
Odessa, 312-13,454
Okhrana (Department for the
Maintenance of Public Safety and
Order), 95,117-18, 204,609
Omsk, 422-24, 426,433-34
Operation Albion, 179
Oranovskii, Vladimir, 281-82
Order No. i, 132,138,140,147, 152; and
the February Revolution, 125-27; 2nd
formation of the Red Army, 403 ; and
Kolchak, 417; and the Provisional
Government, 135,137,401; and
Ukraine, 317
Order No. 2,137
Order No. 171, 619-20
Order of St. George, 365
An Order to the Army of Art (Mayakovsky),
457
Ordzhonikidze, Grigorii “Sergo,” 470
Orenburg, 351, 353, 355
Ossetia, 329, 341
Ottoman Empire, 54-55, 57, 63, 83 U9;
and anti-Jewish violence, 536; and the
Armenian genocide, 64-67; and causes
of the Great War, 32-33; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 334-36, 340,
342; and the Crimean conflict, 542;
and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 207; and ethnic conflict,
328-32; and Iudenichs military
background, 308
Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 489, 536-37
palace coups, 93-94
INDEX
8ii
Palace of the Khans, $46—47
Pale of Settlement, 63, 73, 312, 514, $18
Paleologue, Maurice, 34, 38, $4, 57, 89,
105, 133, 555
Pan-Mongol Conference, 429
Pares, Bernard, 73
Paris Commune, 3, 616
Paris Peace Conference: and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in Siberia, 425;
and anti-Jewish violence, 518, $27—28;
and battle for Polish independence,
488, 493, 496, 500, $07; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 338, 341; and
the Crimean conflict, 548; and
Estonian independence, 302; and
Poland, 488; Ukrainian delegation
to, 382
Partisan Army of the Tambov Region,
579, 580, 620
partisan warfare (partizanskchina), 450,
464, 472—73, 512. See also guerrilla
warfare
Party of the People s Freedom
(Kadets), 12
Paskevich, Ivan, 68
Paul I, Emperor of Russia, 94
Pavliuchenkov, Sergei, $91
Pavlov, Ivan, 3
Pavlovich, Dmitrii, 98—99
Pavlovskii Regiment, 108—9
Peace of Nystad, 296
Peasant Army, 356, $79
peasantry, 49$, 497~99, 5Ю, $89-91, 593,
595, 597, 6oi֊2, 604-$, 626-27,
029—3° ■ and anti-Bolshevik opposition
in Siberia, 433, 43$, 436; and anti-
Jewish violence, 512—1$, $17—19, $22,
$2$, $28, $30, $33-34, $40; and
Cossacks, 473, 482, 483, 484; and the
February Revolution, 108; and food
shortages, $60-61, 561-72; and grain
procurement, 10, 93, 219, 221, 223,
225-26, 322-23, 352, 355, 358, 4°5, 586;
growth of rebellions, 574-81; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 610,612—14, 616,
617; state repression of peasant
movements, $72-74; and the Tambov
Rebellion, 618—23; and Ukraine, 452,
460,468
Penza, $64, $74
People’s Commissariat of Internal Aflairs
(NKVD), 204
People’s Guard, Georgia, 341
People s Republic of Poland, 492
Pepeliaev, Anatolii, 439
Pepeliaev,Viktor, 432, 439, 442
Perekop Isthmus, $41, $46, $51, $$$,
557֊58
Perm, 569, 604—$
Persia, 65,329,351
Peter III, Emperor of Russia, 93—94
Peter-Paul Fortress, 34, 74, 105, 116, 130,
136, 157, 180, 184, 187, 203, 212
Peters, Iakov (Jekabs Peterss), 266
Peter the Great, 296, 329, 606
Petipa, Marius, 99
Petliura, Symon: and anti-Jewish
violence, 511—12, 515, $18—22, $25—32,
540; and counterrevolution in the
Don region, 381; and the Crimean
conflict, 544; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 201;
mentioned by Mirinov, 483; and
peasant uprisings, $73—74; and
Poland, 496, 497—98; and Ukraine,
316, 319, 321-22, 324-27, 449-54,
458,460, 462,467
Petrichenko, Stepan, 610—12, 616
Petrograd City Duma, 164, 203
Petrograd Defense Committee, 608
Petrograd Executive Committee, 149
Petrograd Journalists’ Committee, 118
Petrograd Military District, 107, 114, 124,
141, 159, 180, 208, 409
Petrograd Soviet, 118, 124, 133, 13$, 137,
138, 149, 156, 171, 180, 183-84, 199,
264, 281, 306, 316-17, 384, 422, 49°,
$94,608, 626
Petrograd Trade Union Council, 191
Petropavlovsk (ship), 609—10, 616
Petrunkevich, Ivan, $47—48
Piatakov, Georgii, 201, 447-48, 450, $33,
679П9
Piłsudski, Józef, 83, 85, 488—89, 492-98,
$00, $03-5, 507, $09-10, $20, бы, 631
Planck, Мах, 43
Plekhanov, Georgii, 4
Pleve, Pavel, 39, 49
Pieve,Viacheslav, $, 161
Podvoiskii, Nikolai, 403, 404
1
8i2
INDEX
Pogodin, Aleksandr, 83-84
pogroms, 2, 7, 44-45, 524-32,763П54;
and anarchic nature of popular unrest,
631; and the anti-Armenian violence,
65; and Baltic states, 309; and Belarus,
517—20; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 258; and Bulak-
Balachowicz, 700П66; and Cossacks,
62-63,65-66, 309,452-53,484, 511,
514, 521-27, 530, 534-35; and the
Crimean conflict, 554, 557; and
dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 209; extent of, 511-17; and
the February Revolution, 121; and the
First State Duma, 18,19; and the
Fourth State Duma, 24; and Imperial
Russian Army, 63-64; and July Days
demonstrations, 155; and Kalisz, 61;
and the October Manifesto, 14; and
Poland, 536-37, 539; and rape, 515,
754ПІ1; and Red Army, 530-31, 531-32;
and Red Cavalry, 535; and Ukraine,
453, 461, 466, 520-22, 524-29
Poincaire, Raymond, 34
Pokrovskii, Nikolai, no
Poland, 43,44,46,139,487-96,496-504,
504—9, 509—10,628—29; and anti-
Jewish violence, 514, 519, 536-40; and
Baltic states, 296, 297, 300, 303—4, 311;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
248, 250; and causes of the Great War,
35; and the Crimean conflict, 541,
556-57; and East Prussia campaign, 58;
and ethnic politics of Imperial Russia,
83—86; and the Finnish Civil War, 277;
Polish Corridor, 494; Polish Legions,
83, 85,488-89,492; Polish nationalism,
xxiv, 86, 204
Polish Army, 492,495» 505, 507-8, 519»
538-39
Polish (National) League, 488
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, n,
303, 312-13,487-88, 497, 547
Polish-Lithuanian Social Democratic
Party, 488
Polish Regency Council, 249,
489-90,493
Polish Republic, 496
Polish Revolutionary Committee, 501
Polish Socialist Party, 488,493
Political Center, Irkutsk, 437, 439-41
Polivanov, Aleksei, 73-79, 81—82,94—95
Polkovnikov, Georgii, 180
Poole, F. C., 399
Popov, Konstantin, 441—42
Popovich, Miroslav, 315
Popular Socialists, 192,421,430,593
Populists, 2,218
Pourtalès, Friedrich, 35
Pravda, 141,157, 316,498, 532
Preis, Aleksandr, 39
Preobrazhenskii Regiment, in, 115
price inflation, 91,93,96, 223-26, 224-25,
305, 538, 558, 563, 571,604
prisoners of war, 57, 304, 395
Prittwitz, Maximilian von, 46—48
Proclamation on the Workers of
Finland, 294
procurement: clothing and munitions, 78;
and Cossack resistance, 377; and food
shortages, 564; and grain, 221, 225, 377,
577, 613; horses and draft animals, 40,
569; and Krivoshein, 65205; and
peasant resistance, 221, 223,225,
562-70, 574, 576-79; and price
controls, 563—64; Provisional
Government Procurement
Committees, 221, 564; and
Provisioning Army, 567; and the
razverstka (levy), 570-72, 574, 578, 613
Progressive Bloc, 73, 79-80,126,131
prohibition of alcohol, 40,93
Prokopovich, Sergei, 564
proletariat, 9,217—18; resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 592—95, 595-97,
597-603,603-5; and War
Communism, 586—91
propaganda, xxi, 42-43,138,227, 510,626;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 433,434; and anti-Jewish
violence, 512, 515, 517, 528-30, 532, 537,
539-40; and the August 1914 Appeal to
the Poles, 86; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 241—42, 265; Cossacks in,
during Great War, 367; and East
Prussia campaign, 59; and ethnic
politics of Imperial Russia, 83 ; and
formation of the Red Army, 405; and
INDEX
813
the Kronstadt Rebellion, 611, 613; and
the October Revolution, 189; and
Ukraine, 456—57, 467; and the White
movement in Northwest Russia, 311;
and Whites, 477
Proskurov, 521—22, 524—25
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 430
Protopopov, Aleksandr, 95—98, 114,116
Provisional All-Russian Government
(Directory): and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 422—25, 436, 437;
and anti-Jewish violence, 512, 518—19,
521—23, 525—29, 536; and the Crimean
conflict, 544, 554; and Ukraine,
449-52, 454, 463, 467
Provisional Government, 138—39,
140-43, 145, 146,153, 216, 221-22, 223,
225-26, 229, 363-64, 383, 393, З96,
626; and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 410—13, 419—20, 422, 424—25,
428, 432, 438; and anti-Jewish
violence, 524; and Baltic states,
297—302, 307—8; and Bolshevik tactics,
xxiv; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 239, 248; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 351—52, 356;
and civil conflicts in the Caucasus,
333; and Cossacks, 368; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
369; and the Crimean conflict, 542,
548, 554; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 204, 210; and
the February Revolution, 126—27,
129—30; and the Finnish Civil War,
279—83, 284, 286, 288; and July Days
demonstrations, 155, 158; key
members, 100; and Kolchak, 417; and
the Kornilov affair, 162—64; and
military authority, 401; and the
October Revolution, 179, 181—82,
183—85, 188, 192—94, 196; and peasant
uprisings, 563—65, 577; and Poland,
490—91, 493; and pressure on Russian
monarchy, xx—xxi; and the Red Terror,
269, 272—73; revolts against, xxv; and
transition of political power, 131—32,
132-38; and Ukraine, 314-18, 451, 459
Provisional Government of Autonomous
Siberia, 410, 420
Provisional Government of the
Northern Region, 307
Provisional Regional Government of the
Urals, 415
Provisional Siberian Government, 412,
414,423,437
Provisional Worker and Peasant
Government of the Crimean Soviet
Socialist Republic, 551
Provisioning Army (Prodarmiia), 567
Prussia, 46, 83—84
Przemysl fortress, 50, 53, 91
Pskov, 258—59
Pugachev, Emelian, 572
Pugachev Rebellion, 104, 313, 453, 572
Purishkevich,Vladimir, 20—21, 98—99
Pushkin,Alexander, 104, 148, 330,631
Putilov machine-building works, 6, 71,
80,91-92, 104-5,156-57, 192, 263-64,
596, 608
Putin,Vladimir, xxvi—xxvii, 204
Putrid Sea, 557
Quadruple Alliance, 243, 248—49,
253, 266
Radko-Dmitriev, Radko, 53—54
Rakovskii, Khristian, 448, 454, 462—64
Rasputin, Grigorii, 25-26, 71, 74, 93“99,
659П64
razverstka (levy), 570-72, 574, 578, 613
Red Army: and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 406—7, 409, 413,
422, 433, 437, 441; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 404, 406—7,
409, 416; and anti-Jewish violence, 519,
525, 531-33, 535, 539; and Baltic states,
308, 309—11; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 256; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 353, 355~56, 358; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 337—39,
343—44; and Cossacks, 469—74, 480,
482—85; and counterrevolution in the
Don region, 377, 379, 380; and the
Crimean conflict, 541, 545, 550—51,
556—57; defense of Pskov, 258—59; and
Estonia, 302; and formation of, 401—6;
and the Iaroslavl rebellion, 269; and
the Kronstadt Rebellion, 610—11,
8i4
INDEX
Red Army: (Continued)
614—16; and Lenin s polarization
politics, 260; and peasant uprisings,
560, 565-66, 569-70, 573, 574-77,
579-80; and Poland, 492,494,496-98,
500-505, 507-10; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 595-96,
599—602, 604—5; Revolutionary
Military Council, 534; and the Tambov
Rebellion, 619—20; and tensions in the
Don region, 364-67, 370-72, 374-82;
and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 629;
and Trotsky’s leadership style, 586; and
War Communism, 588-89; and the
White movement in Northwest
Russia, 309, 310
Red Army of Justice, 577
Red Cavalry, 473, 506, 530, 533-36, 556
Red Commanders, 404, 473
Red Cross, 383, 518, 521, 525, 528,618,
665Ш07
Red Eastern Army, 415
Red Guard, 229-30, 384, 395; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
410—и; and anti-Jewish violence, 532;
and Baltic states, 305-6; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 252, 256,
258, 262, 265; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 352, 354; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 337, 341; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
376-77; and the Crimean conflict, 546;
and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 208-9; and the Finnish Civil
War, 278, 282,283-84, 286—95;
formation of, 150; and formation of
the Red Army, 403,405; and the
Kornilov affair, 163,164; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 607; and the
October Revolution, 178, 184, 190,
191; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 590, 593, 596; and
Ukraine, 321,449; and War
Communism, 588—89
Red Latvians, 558
Red Terror, 269-75, 392, 629-30; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition on the
Volga, 416; and Baltic states, 299; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations, 263;
and Cossacks, 470; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 205; in
Finland, 696П91; and the Finnish Civil
War, 291—93; and Krylenko, 691П52;
and peasant uprisings, 560; premise
of, 606
Reed,John, 172
Regional Committee of Finland, 282,
285, 288-89
Regional Council (Landtag), 300—301
Regulations on the Field Administration
of the Army in Wartime, 36, 55
Reisner, Mikhail, 442
Remizov, N., 381
Rennenkampf, Pavel von, 39,46—48, 51,
58, 297, 376
Repin, Il’ia, 120
Republic of Estonia, 302
Republic of the North Caucasus
Mountain Peoples, 341
Revolutionary Insurgent Army, 458,
466,467
Riabushinskii, Pavel, 78, 563-64,623
Riazanov, David, 198
Riga, 12, 296-300, 304, 308, 509, 518
Right Mensheviks, 149, 168
Right SRs, 392; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 410,421; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 339;
and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 200, 210-11; and the
October Revolution, 188-89; and
peasant revolts, 574, 576; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 598, 601; and Ukraine, 325
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai: The Maid of
Pskov, 608; The Tale of Tsar Saltan,
21—22
Rittikh, Aleksandr, no, 225
Robins, Raymond, 383, 385
Rodzianko, Aleksandr, 310
Rodzianko, Mikhail, 34—35, 37,44—45;
and the August 1914 Appeal to the
Poles, 86; and Baltic states, 310; and
civil conflicts in Central Asia, 350; and
the February Revolution, 110,113—14,
116, 121-25,129; and the Fourth State
Duma, 96; and transition of political
power, 131-32
Roma, 63
Romania, 89—90
INDEX
8X5
Romanov dynasty, 237, 329, 331-32
Rostov, 368, 372, 376, 534
Royal Geographical Society, 347
Rozanov, Sergei, 512
Rozanov,Vasilii, 38, 97, 436, 438
Rozen, Roman, 33—34
Rozmirovich, Elena, 201
Rubinshtein, Dmitrii, 94—95
Russian Army (Kolchak), 439, 553
Russian Army of the West (Avalov-
Bermondt), 300
Russian Democratic Federative
Republic, 211
Russian Foreign Office, 32
Russian High Command, 332. See also
Army High Command
Russian Navy, 11
Russian Northern Corps, 308, 310
Russian Orthodox Church, 86, 134,498,
554 559
Russian Railway Service Corps, 432
Russian Revolution of 1905, 4—16;
Bloody Sunday, 7, 11—12, 92, 104; Days
of Freedom, 14; October General
Strike, 12; October Manifesto, 14,
16-18, 24, 27, 120, 514; Soviet of
Worker Deputies, 7, 10
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, 4
Russian Social Democrats, 105, 351
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic, 302, 357
Russian Soviet Republic, 196, 376
Russo-Japanese War, 35, 417, 427, 453,
488, 553
Russo-Turkish War, 86, 330, 365
Ruthenians, 60, 62
Ruzskii, Nikolai, 49, 81,124,129
Rybakov, Nikolai, 484
Rykov, Aleksei, 173,199
Ryskulov,Turar, 356—59
Sabler,Vladimir Karlovich, 39, 72, 78
Sadoul, Jacques, 383
Safarov, Georgii, 354, 359
Sakharov, Konstantin, 439
Salt Lakes, 557
Samara: anti-Bolshevik opposition in,
413—14; and anti-Bolshevik opposition
in Siberia, 422—23, 426; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition on the Volga,
415; and peasant uprisings, 564, 568,
576-77; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 601
Samarin, Aleksandr, 75, 76
Samarkand, 344-47,345, 349
Samsonov, Aleksandr, 46—49
Samuel, Stuart Montagu, 536
Sapieha, Eustachy, 503
Sap ozhkov, Aleksandr, 5 76—77
Saratov, 561, 564, 574, 576, 622-23
Sarikami^, 57, 65, 308, 342
Savage Division, 160-63, 165, 337—38
Savinkov, Boris, 160-61, 167-68, 268-69,
370, 372, 396, 519-20
Sazonov, Sergei, 33-36, 44~46; and
anti-Semitism in Imperial Russian
Army, 62; and the August 1914 Appeal
to the Poles, 84, 86; and Sykes-Picot
accords, 332
Schmidt, Petr, 14
Schwarzbard, Solomon, 529
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
178—79,184, 186—88, 194, 196, 212, 239,
4X1,447
Second All-Russian Congress of Trade
Unions, 228
Second Balkan War, 32
Second Coalition Government, 158
Second Kuban Campaign, 379
Second Northern Regional Congress, 271
Second Red Cavalry, 485—86
Second State Duma, 19, 20—21, 412
Second Turkestan Cavalry Division, 576
Second Ukrainian Bolshevik Party
Congress, 447
Second Ukrainian Congress of
Soviets, 447
Second Ukrainian Military Congress, 315
Second Ukrainian Peasant Congress, 325
Second Universal, 317
Secret Speech (Khrushchev), xxii, 380
Seidamet, Djafer, 545
Self-Flagellators, 25
Semenov, Grigorii, 428—29, 431, 438,
440-41, 443-44, 5x2, 519
Semenovskii Guards Regiment, 15,
108—9, 498
Semesenko, Ivan, 522—25
Semireche region, 344—46, 348—50,
353-56,7i2ni25
8ւ6
INDEX
Serbia, 34, 37, 86
serfdom, 219—20. See also peasantry
Serge,Victor, 209,617
Sergei Aleksandrovich (Grand Duke),
7, 160
Sestroretsk weapons factory, 608
Sevastopol, 417, 542-46, 549-52, 558
Sevastopol (ship), 609—10, 615-16
Seventh Army, 613
Seventh Bolshevik Party Congress, 260,
385,491
Shakhovskaia, Elizaveta, 84
Shakhovskoi,Vsevolod, 80
Shamil, Imam, 330
Shaumian, Stepan, 336—40
Shchastnyi, Aleksei, 263
Shcheglovitov, Ivan, 24, 72, 78, 116
Shcherbatov, Nikolai, 72
Sheptits’kyi, Andrei, 63
Shidlovskii, Nikolai, 7
Shidlovskii Commission, 7
Shiites, 331
Shilling, Nikolai, 551
Shingarev, Andrei, 202—3,212, 225,
370, 607
Shklovskii,Viktor, 112, 151—52, 364, 401—4
Shkuro, Andrei, 474
Sholokhov, Mikhail: Quiet Flows the
Don, 475
Shteinberg, Isaak, 205, 210—12, 214, 261,
266,691Ո61
Shtiurmer, Boris, 36, 39, 90, 95-97, 116
Shuelivich, Avrum, 524—25
Shurgin,Vasilii, 117, 127-29, 381, 537;
“Torture by Fear,” 531, 537
Shuvaev, Dmitrii, 94, 96—97
Siberian All-Russian Constituent
Assembly, 413
Siberian Army, 427, 43L 435, 43b“37, 439
Siberian Provisional Government,
413, 423
Siberian Regional Council, 435
Siberian Regional Duma, 411—13, 423,
725Ո50
Sich Riflemen, 327
Sidorin,Vladimir, 471
Sievers, Faddei, 55
Silesia, 50—51
Simbirsk (Ulianovsk), 415, 564, 575
Simferopol, 542-43, 545֊46, 548,
550-51, 553
Sipiagin, Dmitrii, 5
Sisson, Edgar, 248
Sixteenth Red Army, 507
Sixth Soviet Congress, 269
Skachko, Anatolii, 454
Skipetrov, Leonid, 440-41
Skobelev, Matvei, 145
Skobelev, Mikhail, 365
Skoropads’kyi, Pavlo, 323—27, 378,
389-90, 393» 416, 448, 453» 46o,
521» 548
Slashchev, Iakov, 551—52, 555—56
Sletova-Chernova, Anastasiia, 201
Smigla, Ivar, 289, 484—85
Smirnova, Elena, 99
Smolensk, 569—70, 615
Sobolevskii, Aleksei, 71
Social Democratic Hummet Party, 343
Social Democrats (SDs), 4—5,9; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
421; and Azerbaijani nationalism, 331;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
243, 250; and civil conflicts in the
Caucasus, 333, 343; and Cossacks, 478;
and dissolution of the Constituent
Assembly, 204; and the February
Revolution, 105; and the Finnish Civil
War, 278, 280, 282—84, 286—87, 289—90;
and Jews, 515, 524; and the Kornilov
affair, 175; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 609; and Latvia, 298—99;
and Poland, 488, 492; and the Red
Terror, 272; and the Second State
Duma, 20; and Ukraine, 315—16, 319,
323, 325-26, 448, 452, 453
Socialist Realism, 142
Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), xxiii, 5,
10, 143, 149, 221-22, 227, 363, 386, 392,
396; and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 407» 4Q9-I3» 420-27» 435-38,
441—42; and anti-Bolshevik opposition
on the Volga, 415; and anti-Jewish
violence, 524; and Baltic states, 305;
and Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
239, 243» 249» 251-52» 255-58, 260-67;
and civil conflicts in Central Asia,
352, 355; and civil conflicts in the
INDEX
Sl?
Caucasus, 333, 338-40» 343; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
369—72, 376; and the Crimean conflict,
542, 544—47, 551; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 198—205,
206—12, 213, 215; and the February
Revolution, 107, hi—12, 118—19, 122,
124, 126; and the Finnish Civil War,
286; and formation of the Red Army,
403—4; and the Iaroslavl rebellion, 268;
and July Days demonstrations, 156,
158; and the Komuch, 413—14; and the
Kornilov affair, 160, 163—64, 169—72;
and the Kronstadt Rebellion, 607—9,
612, 614,617; and military authority,
401; and the October Manifesto, 16;
and the October Revolution, 177, 179,
181, 185—89, 190—92, 196; and peasant
uprisings, 562-63, 565, 568-70, 574,
575-79; and Poland, 493, 499; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 590-91» 593-94» 595-97» 598-99,
600—601, 603; and the Red Terror, 269,
272—73, 275; and the Second State
Duma, 20; SR Central Committee,
267; SR-Maximalists, 19, 22, 126, 441,
596, 600, 692Ո65; SR Party Congress,
202; and the Tambov Rebellion, 618,
621; and Ukraine, 317—19, 321, 325,
447, 449» 453, 455, 459~6o, 462.
See also Bolshevik Party; Left SRs;
Mensheviks
Socialists, 37—38
Socialist Soviet Republic of the
Tauride, 546
Söderhjelm, Henning, 280
Sokol’nikov, Grigorii, 481
Sokolov, Nikolai, 125, 152
Sologub, Fedor, 88
Southern Army, 380
Southern Army Group, 469—70, 557
Southern Front, 450, 454, 458, 465,
46^70, 475֊76, 481, 483, 505, 535, 557
Southern Front Military Revolutionary
Council, 450, 475, 476
Southern Front Revolutionary Military
Council, 475—76
South Russia, 553—54
South Russian Government, 552
Southwest Front, 160, 167, 499—500,
504-6, 508-9, 535
Soviet Constitution, 442
Soviet Executive Committee, 141—42,
149,167, 188, 229,244, 266, 271, 390,
399, 411, 566, 568; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 255, 257—58,
261, 263; and dissolution of the
Constituent Assembly, 199, 202—4, 206,
208—10; and the February Revolution,
118, 121-22, 125-26, 128; and the Fifth
All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
266—67; and the Finnish Civil War,
286; and July Days demonstrations,
154—55, 157; and the Kornilov affair,
164, 171—72; and the October
Revolution, 188—89, 190; and the Red
Terror, 269; Revolutionary Tribunal,
263; and transition of political power,
131-32
Soviet Military Commission, 119,
121, 125
Soviet Military Revolutionary
Committee, 179—82, 183—85
Soviet of Muslim Deputies (the Shura),
351
Soviet of People’s Commissars, 195-
See Council of Peoples Commissars
(Sovnarkom)
Soviet of People’s Representatives
(anti-Bolshevik), 543
Soviet ofWorker and Soldier Deputies,
124—25, 207. See Petrograd Soviet
Soviet (Council) ofWorker Deputies,
7, 10
Soviet Presidium, 145, 154
Soviet Republic of Belarussia, 494
Special Caucasian Committee
(Ozakom), 333
Special Council (Deniken), 381, 552
Special Revolutionary Tribunal,
Omsk, 442
Spiridonova, Mariia, 201, 267, 273
Stalin, Joseph, xxii; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 442—43; and
Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations,
256—57; and civil conflicts in Central
Asia, 357; and Cossacks, 479, 481—82;
and counterrevolution in the Don
8i8
INDEX
Stalin,Joseph (Continued)
region, 379-80; and the Crimean
conflict, 543, 558; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 201; and the
Finnish Civil War, 284,286; and the
Kornilov affair, 175; and persecution of
intellectuals, 623-24; and Poland,
491-92,499, 506, 508-10, 753ni68; and
Trotsky, 406; and Tsaritsyn Affair, 380
State Conference, 161-62,421-22
State Council, 16,23,27, 32-33,77, 79,
120,133,139
State Duma, 1-2, 32-37,44“45,48, 56,
216,225, 229; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409-13,430-31,
435,437; and anti-Jewish violence, 524;
and anti-Semitism in Imperial Russian
Army, 62-63; and the August 1914
Appeal to the Poles, 85-87; and Baltic
states, 297,305-6,308—10; and civil
conflicts in Central Asia, 347, 349—50,
351; and civil conflicts in the Caucasus,
333, 338; and Cossacks, 368-69; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
372; and the Crimean conflict, 543,
547-48, 550, 551; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 201—3, 2°8;
elections of 1905,16-19; and the
February Revolution, 104,106,107,
no, 113-24,124-30; and Finland, 278;
First State Duma, 16-20, 85,430; and
hatred of Rasputin, 98; and the
Komuch, 414; and the Kornilov affair,
161,164,168,171; and 1916 draft
rebellions, 90; and the October
Manifesto, 12—13,16; and the October
Revolution, 184,190; and Poland, 490;
polarization of, 23—24; Provisional
Committee of the Members of the
State Duma for the Restoration of
Order in the Capital and the
Establishment of Relations with Public
Organizations and Institutions, 113—14;
and the Provisional Government,
131-32, 135—36; and Russian
occupation of Austrian Galicia and
Bukovina, 60; Third State Duma,
21-22,25
State Political Administration (GPU), 204
Statute on Workers’ Control, 228
Stavropol, 576
Steklov, lurii, 484
Stepun, Fedor, 42,119,142,152
Stevens, John F., 432
Stock Exchange Committee, 432
Stolypin, Petr, 18—24,161
St. Petersburg (Petrograd), xix,xx-xxi,
296
Stravinsky, Igor, Rite of Spring, xix
strikes, 9-10,11, 37,226-28; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 251; and
the Crimean conflict, 552, 558; and the
February Revolution, 105,106-7,108,
117—18; and the First State Duma, 19;
and July Days demonstrations, 154,
157; and the Kornilov affair, 161; and
the Lena Goldfields Massacre, 22; and
the October Manifesto, 15; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik
rule, 595-96
Struve, Petr, 5,77, 554
Stuchka, Petr (Péteris Stučka), 298
Sufis, 347
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 142—43,144—46,
148-50; and the February Revolution,
106,109-10,112,117-20,127; and July
Days demonstrations, 154-56; and the
Kornilov affair, 175; and the October
Revolution, 180,185,187
Sukhomlinov,Vladimir, 34—35,46, 47; and
anti-Semitism in Imperial Russian
Army, 62; attempt on his life, 273; and
the August 1914 Appeal to the Poles,
84; and military reforms, 36-37; and
pacification of Baltic provinces, 16
Sulkiewicz, Maciej, 547-48
Summer Offensive, 152
Sunnis, 329, 331
Suny, Ronald G., 66
Supplemental Treaty to Brest-Litovsk,
340,416
Supreme Administrative of the Northern
Region, 306-7
Supreme Allied War Council, 398
Supreme Council of the National
Economy, 229, 587—88
Supreme Military Council of the
Republic, 403
INDEX
819
Sveaborg Fortress, 278, 291
Sverdlov, Iakov, 209-10,271, 481—82
Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind, 284,286—87,
289,291, 293-95
Sweden, 277, 286, 292, 295, 296, 300,
657Ո27
Sychev, Konstantin, 440-41
Sykes-Picot accords, 332
Syrtsov, Sergei, 477, 482
Szapary, Friedrich von, 35
Taganrog, 367-69, 372, 376-78, 386, 447,
461, 470
Tajiks, 356
Talat Pasha, 66
Tallinn (Reval), 296, 300—302
Tambov, 563, 573֊74, 577֊79
Tambov Rebellion, 618—22
Tarkhova, Nonna, 479
Tarnów, 527
Tashkent, 90,343, 346֊54, 356-58
Tatars, 331, 348, 351, 542“49, 549-51
Taube, Mikhail von, 52, 58
Tauride Palace, 17, 20, 44, 108, no—13,
116-21, 124, 128, 132, 136,139-40, 142,
154-56, 202, 208-9
Tauride Province, 458, 541-44, 546—47,
550-51,555-57
tax in kind (prodnalog), 613—14
Tchaikovsky, Petr, 598
TefFi (writer), 97, 553
Tenth Party Congress, 613, 6r8
Terek Circle, 369
Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 145
Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
212,251,491
Third Corps (Krymov), 162
Third Red Cavalry Corps, 500
Third Universal, 318
Tiflis (Tbilisi), 3,329; and the Armenian
genocide, 65—66; and the August 1914
Appeal to the Poles, 87; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 333, 336—37,
340—41, 343; and ethnic conflict in
Transcaucasia, 330—31
Tikhoretskaia, 375, 379
Tobolsk, 396-97
Tolstoi, Ivan, 38-39, 54, 60-61, 88
Tolstoy, Leo, 218, 330
Tomsk, 61, 409-13, 438-39
Transbaikal Cossack Host, 428
Transcaspia, 346
Transcaucasia, 160, 328-37,329, 342, 347,
363, 544
Transcaucasian Commissariat, 333—34
Transcaucasian Federation, 336
Transcaucasian Muslims, 331
Trans-Siberian Railroad, 385, 394, 409,
411-12, 414-15, 421, 429, 432, 491
Treaty of Alexandropol, 342
Treaty of Batumi, 336, 342
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 363, 383—86, 391,
400; and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 411, 423; and Baltic states, 298,
301; borders set by, 242; and civil
conflicts in the Caucasus, 334—36, 340;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 372—73, 378; and the Crimean
conflict, 546; and dismantling of
Imperial Russian Army, 629; and the
Finnish Civil War, 288, 290, 292—93;
and formation of the Red Army,
401—2; and the Iaroslavl rebellion, 269;
Kolchak on, 418; and the Kronstadt
Rebellion, 609; negotiation of, 241—45,
257; and peasant uprisings, 561; and
Poland, 491—92, 494, 496, 500, 502; and
proletarian resistance to Bolshevik rule,
593, 596-97; Putin on, xxvi-xxvii;
and the Red Terror, 270—72, 275; and
renewal of German offensive, 255;
Supplementary Treaty, 416; and
Ukraine, 314, 322, 326, 447, 448
Treaty of Portsmouth, 8
Treaty of Riga, 509
Treaty of Sevres, 342
Treaty of Tartu, 302
Tref iakov, Sergei, 438
Trotsky, Leon, xxvi, 4, 141, 384—89,
394—95, 398—99; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 438; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition on the
Volga, 416; and anti-Jewish violence,
512, 515, 539; assassination of, 677П45;
and Baltic states, 311; and Brest-
Litovsk peace negotiations, 234, 238,
240-45, 248-54, 255-57, 259-62; and
civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 336;
820
INDEX
Trotsky, Leon (Continued)
and Cossacks, 470, 477, 479—81,
483—85; and counterrevolution in the
Don region, 379-80; and the Crimean
conflict, 557, 558; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 198-99,
201, 203-5, 212, 214; and the February
Revolution, 105,118; and the Fifth
All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
266—67; and the Finnish Civil War,
283, 289-90; and formation of the
Red Army, 402-6; and July Days
demonstrations, 155—57; and the
Kornilov affair, 160—61,168,171-75;
and the Kronstadt Rebellion, 613, 615,
617; and the October Manifesto, 15;
and the October Revolution, 179-80,
182, 184-86,188-89,191-92, 193; and
peasant uprisings, 563, 576; and
Poland, 492,497-500, 502, 504, 508,
509-10; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 589; and the Red
Terror, 271-72; and Stalin, xxx; and
Ukraine, 316,448-50, 461,463-65;
and War Communism, 586, 588
Trubetskoi, Sergei, 7,9
Tsaritsyn (Volgograd), 368, 379-8o,
414-15, 47L 474, 477-79, 499, 553
Tsaritsyn Affair, 380
Tsarskoe Selo, 76,122-24, 129-30,
164,192
Tsentrobalt, 284
Tsereteli, Iraklii, 20,145, 149, 156-58,168,
201,205,210,335, 33b
Tukhachevskii, Mikhail, 498—500, 502,
504-9
Tula, 473, 595, 59b, 622
Turgenev, Ivan: Fathers and Sons, 1;
Hunter’s Sketches, 218
Turkestan, 397; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409,427; and
anti-Jewish violence, 535; Bolshevik
goals in, 7i5ni89; and civil conflicts in
Central Asia, 346-4.9, 351-54, 356-59,*
and the Crimean conflict, 557; and
peasant uprisings, 573, 576
Turkestan Autonomous Republic, 357
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic, 354
Turkestan Commission, 357, 359, 397
Turkestan Committee, 351
Turkestan Communist Party, 357
Turkey, 333-36, 339-44,345,453
Turkish Army, 335
Turkish Straits, 32-34, 64, 87,139, 140,
332,552
Turkmen, 346, 356
Turks, 335, 387, 542
typhus, 57
Tyrkova-Williams, Ariadna, 565
Ukraine, 4, 50, 220, 386-87, 389-94, 446;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 409-10,433; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 416; and
anti-Jewish violence, 511-12, 514,
517-30, 532-33, 540; and the August
1914 Appeal to the Poles, 86; and
Baltic states, 303; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 243, 245-46,249,
252-53, 258,264-67; and Cossacks,
367-68,469,472; and counterrevolution
in the Don region, 370, 373, 376, 378,
380-82; and the Crimean conflict, 543,
544, 546, 548, 551, 556; cultural
identity in, 313-14; and dissolution of
the Constituent Assembly, 200-201;
and ethnic politics of Imperial Russia,
83; and famine of 1921, 622; and the
Great Retreat, 68; imperial provinces,
700m; and independence struggle,
312-22, 322-27,458-61,461-64,
464-67, 467—68; and Khorvat, 419;
opposition to Bolsheviks in, 445—58;
and peasant uprisings, 564, 573, 580;
and Poland, 488,491-92,495-97,
499 ~500 5°3, 509; and the Red Terror,
271; and renewal of German offensive,
255-56; and resistance to Provisional
Government, 153-54
Ukrainian Army, 465, 529
Ukrainian Communist Party, 448,
464, 468
Ukrainian Constituent Assembly, 321
Ukrainian Front, 450, 465
Ukrainian Galician Army, 327
Ukrainian General Military
Commissariat, 315
INDEX
82I
Ukrainian General Secretariat, 316, 317,
318,319
Ukrainian National Congress, 315
Ukrainian National Republic, 246,
252-53, 318, 322, 323-25, 522, 527
Ukrainian National State Union, 325—26
Ukrainian People’s (National) Republic,
320, 322, 447
Ukrainian People’s (National) Secretariat,
320,447
Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, 316,
319,453
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, 303
Ukrainian Union of Landowners, 323
Ukrainian Worker Peasant Republic, 252
Ulagai, Sergei, 556
Ulmanis, Karlis, 298
unemployment, 265—66, 550
Union for the Defense of the
Constituent Assembly, 201, 208
Union for the Defense of the Homeland
and Freedom, 268
Union for the Liberation of the
Ukraine, 83
Union for the Regeneration of Russia,
262, 306, 381,421,430
Union of 17 October (Octobrists), 13, 16,
20-21, 23, 25-27, 34, 78, 114, 122, 324,
393. See Octobrists
Union of Front Soldiers, 599—600
Union of Liberation, 12
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, 197
Union of SR-Maximalists, 19, 22, 126,
441, 596, 600, 692П65
Union of Struggle for the Emancipation
of the Working Class, 4
Union of the Archangel Michael, 98
Union of the Laboring Peasantry
(Peasant Union), 578, 579-80, 620—21
Union of the Russian People, 13—14,
16, 21
Union of Towns, 78, 224, 225
Union of Unions, 7, 224
Union of Zemstvos and Towns (ZemGor),
78, 81, 82, 98
United States, 2, 138-39, 383, 385-86, 390,
399, 400; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 409, 432, 444;
and anti-Jewish violence, 518, 527—28,
53b—37; and Baltic states, 306; and
battle for Polish independence,
488—89, 491—93; and Brest-Litovsk
peace negotiations, 238, 247, 262; and
the Crimean conflict, 542, 555; and the
Finnish Civil War, 286; and Kolchak’s
background, 417—18; and peasant
uprisings, 564; recognition of
Provisional Government, 133; and the
Tambov Rebellion, 621—22
Universal to the Ukrainian People
(Hryhoriïev), 462
Uprising of the Black Eagle and the
Agriculturalist, 576
Ural Circle, 369
Ural Regional Soviet, 397
Uritskii, Moisei, 271—73, 416
Urusov, Sergei, 18
U.S. Asiatic Fleet, 399
U.S. Expeditionary Force, 431
U.S. State Department, 431
Ust-Medveditsa Soviet Executive
Committee, 478
Uzbeks, 356
Van, 66
“Varshavianka,” 107
Vasil’ ev, Pavel, 610
Vasilievskii Island, 108
Vatsetis, Ioakim, 415, 449~50, 452, 454,
458,461,470-71,482
Velikaia Rossiia, 531
Verbitskaia, Anastasiia, 98
Verhaeren, Emile, 61
Verkhola, Trofim, 524—25
Vernyi (Almaty), 348
Versailles Treaty, 300, 306. See also Paris
Peace Conference
Vershinin, Sergei, 615—16
Viatka, 224
Vilnius (Vilna,Wilno), 303, 494—95, 500,
509, 537
Vinaver, Maksim, 88,201, 547—49, 550
Vishniak, Mark, 209
Viviani, René, 34
Vladivostok, 385-87, 394, 398-99,
418-20, 422, 428, 435-38, 441
Voitinskii, Vladimir, 162, 166
Volhynia, 83
і r ·
822
INDEX
Volobuev, Pavel, 230
Volodarskii,V, 263, 265
Vologodskii, Petr, 412-13,422,425, 554
Volunteer Army, 364; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition in Siberia, 423; and
anti-Jewish violence, 525—26, 529—30;
and Cossacks, 469-70, 474, 482-83;
and counterrevolution in the Don
region, 370-80, 382; and the Crimean
conflict, 547, 549“53; and the Tambov
Rebellion, 620; and Ukraine, 448,451,
454 466
Volynskii Regiment, 107,109,111
von der Goltz, Rüdiger, 293-95, 298-99
Voroshilov, Kliment, 379-80,448,463,
465, 506, 509, 534
Vostokov,Vladimir, 554—55
Votkinsk, 597-98,600-601, 603
Vyborg district, 140-42; and the August
1914 Appeal to the Poles, 85; and the
Crimean conflict, 547-48; and the
February Revolution, 105-6,108,111,
118; and the Finnish Civil War, 280-82,
288, 290, 293-94; and the First State
Duma, 18-19; and July Days
demonstrations, 154; and the October
Revolution, 182,192
Vyborg Manifesto, 18-19, 85,430,489,
490, 547
Vynnychenko,Volodymyr, 201, 316-17,
319, 321, 325-27,451-52) 520, 526,
528-29
War Communism, 560-61, 585-86, 590,
603-5,607
Ward, John, 422-23
Warsaw, 11, 50-52» 53՜54,68, 85, 107, 241,
296, 303,487-96, 496-504, 504-9,
505^10,536,539,556
Weber, Max, xviii, 630
Western Front, 271, 275, 416,498, 500,
504-5,508,510
Western Siberian Army, 413
Western Siberian Commissariat, 410-12
Western Ukrainian National Republic,
327,466
Weygand, Maxime, 502, 504
What Is To Be Done? (Lenin), 4-5, 8
Wheeler-Bennettjohn, 243,252
White Guard (White Army): and
anti-Bolshevik officers, 365; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
433-34; and anti-Bolshevik
opposition on the Volga, 416; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
376; and the Finnish Civil War, 289,
292,294; and Jews, 519, 530, 532; and
the Kronstadt Rebellion, 611,613; and
Poland, 500; and the Red Terror, 274;
and Ukraine, 327,463;White Guard
Poland, 508
White Information Agency (Osvag), 381
White movement, 398; and anti-
Bolshevik opposition in Siberia, 407,
410,424,426,431,433-35,439,444;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition on the
Volga, 416; and anti-Jewish violence,
511, 514» 516-20, 529-30, 532-33» 539;
and Baltic states, 296; and Cossacks,
469-75,477, 480,484-85; and
counterrevolution in the Don region,
371-73» 376-77» 379» 381-82; and the
Crimean conflict, 541, 551-53, 555~56,
558-59; and Estonia, 302; and the
Finnish Civil War, 288-92,294~95; and
Kornilov’s background, 160; and the
Kronstadt Rebellion, 607,611-14,617;
and Latvia, 299; and the Northern
Government, 307-11; and the October
Revolution, 195,197; origin of, 365-66;
and peasant uprisings, 560-61, 573-74;
and Poland, 492,496; and proletarian
resistance to Bolshevik rule, 597-98;
and the Red Terror, 275; and Ukraine,
313,445» 457» 458,460,463,465^67;
White Poland, 497-502; White Terror,
292,295,299, 517,696091. See also
White Guard (White Army)
Wildman, Allan K., 177
Wilhelm II, German Emperor, 34,
243-44,253, 262, 326,492
Wilson, Woodrow, 138,146,385-86; and
anti-Bolshevik opposition in Siberia,
432; and Brest-Litovsk peace
negotiations, 237,240,246-48,251,261;
and civil conflicts in the Caucasus, 342;
and Fourteen Points speech, 246-47,
248,491; and Kolchaks background,
INDEX
823
418; and “Peace Without Victory”
speech, 489; and Poland, 488—89, 491»
493; and Ukraine, 326
Winter Palace, 6, 17, 26, 37—38, 44, 105—6,
108, 115, 120, 129, 136, 164—65, 173»
177, 180, 182, 184-85, 187, 189, 196,
272, 372
Witte, Sergei, 3, 8, 12, 16—17, 24
Workers’ Opposition, 614
Wortman, Richard, 26
Wrangel, Petr: and anti-Jewish violence,
535; and authoritarian rule, 632; and
Cossacks, 469—71, 473—74,486; and the
Crimean conflict, 541, 551-52, 553֊56,
556-59; and Poland, 502, 505—6, 508
Wright, Peter, 536
Yalta, 542-43, 545-47, 550
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 518
Young Turks, 64
Zal’ts, Anton, 39
Zamiatin, Evgenii, 623-24
Zasulich, Vera, 272
Zatonskii,Vladimir (Volodymyr
Zatons’kyi), 447,450
Żeligowski, Lucjan, 509
ZemGor, 78, 81, 82, 98
zemstvos, 2—3, 5, 6—7, 9—10, 219, 221—25;
and anti-Bolshevik opposition in
Siberia, 421, 431, 435, 437~38; and
Baltic states, 304—6; and conspiracy
theories, 96, 98; and the Crimean
conflict, 543, 547-48, 550-51; and the
February Revolution, 129; and the
Komuch, 414; and the Kornilov affair,
161, 168, 172; and the October
Manifesto, 12; and peasant uprisings,
563; and proletarian resistance to
Bolshevik rule, 591; and the
Provisional Government, 134—36; and
Ukraine, 316, 467; Zemstvo
Constitutionalists, 7
Zenzinov, Vladimir, 423—24, 426
Zhilinskii, Iakov, 46, 48
Zhitomir (Zhytomyr), 321, 497, 499,
522, 525
Zhloba, Dmitrii, 380, 556
Zhordaniia, Noi, 343
Zinov’ev, Grigorii, 170, 175, 199, 543, 616
Zinov’ev, Lev, 570—71
Zionists, 46, 200-201, 272, 430, 515-16
Zlatoust, 433
Znamenskaia Square, 106
ł
f
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
J
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Engelstein, Laura 1946- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)141993502 |
| author_facet | Engelstein, Laura 1946- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Engelstein, Laura 1946- |
| author_variant | l e le |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044427053 |
| classification_rvk | KK 1040 NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1003209692 (DE-599)BVBBV044427053 |
| discipline | Geschichte Slavistik |
| era | Geschichte 1914-1921 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1914-1921 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV044427053 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:52:39Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199794218 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029828530 |
| oclc_num | 1003209692 |
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| physical | xxvii, 823 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
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| publishDate | 2018 |
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| spelling | Engelstein, Laura 1946- Verfasser (DE-588)141993502 aut Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 Laura Engelstein New York, NY Oxford University Press [2018] © 2018 xxvii, 823 Seiten, 12 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte 1914-1921 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd rswk-swf Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd rswk-swf Europa Russland Sowjetunion Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Revolution (Soviet Union : 1917-1921) World War (1914-1918) Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 Soviet Union / History / Revolution, 1917-1921 / Causes World War, 1914-1918 / Russia Russia / History / 1904-1914 Civil war / Soviet Union / History Soviet Union / Social conditions / 1917-1945 HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union HISTORY / Modern / 20th Century Civil war Social conditions War / Causes Russia Soviet Union 1904-1945 History Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 s Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 s Geschichte 1914-1921 z DE-604 https://www.recensio.net/r/66775f15156f45fbb3f5bf1413a08113 rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 67 (2019), 3, S. 536-539 Rezension Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828530&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828530&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Engelstein, Laura 1946- Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4153812-2 (DE-588)4126122-7 (DE-588)4077548-3 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 |
| title_auth | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 |
| title_exact_search | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 |
| title_full | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 Laura Engelstein |
| title_fullStr | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 Laura Engelstein |
| title_full_unstemmed | Russia in flames war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 Laura Engelstein |
| title_short | Russia in flames |
| title_sort | russia in flames war revolution civil war 1914 1921 |
| title_sub | war, revolution, civil war 1914-1921 |
| topic | Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Oktoberrevolution Februarrevolution 1917 Russischer Bürgerkrieg Europa Russland Sowjetunion |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/66775f15156f45fbb3f5bf1413a08113 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828530&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828530&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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