Statistics for the behavioral sciences:
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| adam_text | STATISTICS FOR THE BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
/ PRIVITERA, GREGORY J.YYEAUTHOR
: 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREFACE TO THE INSTRUCTOR
TO THE STUDENT : HOW TO USE SPSS WITH THIS BOOK
INTRODUCTION AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
SUMMARIZING DATA: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS IN TABLES AND GRAPHS
SUMMARIZING DATA: CENTRAL TENDENCY
SUMMARIZING DATA: VARIABILITY
PROBABILITY AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
PROBABILITY
PROBABILITY, NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS, AND Z SCORES
PROBABILITY AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT ONE OR TWO MEANS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING: SIGNIFICANCE, EFFECT SIZE, AND POWER
TESTING MEANS : ONE-SAMPLE AND TWO-INDEPENDENT-SAMPLE T TESTS
TESTING MEANS : THE RELATED-SAMPLES T TEST
ESTIMATION AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS
MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT THE VARIABILITY OF TWO OR MORE MEANS
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: ONE-WAY BETWEEN-SUBJECTS DESIGN
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE : ONE-WAY WITHIN-SUBJECTS (REPEATED-MEASURES)
DESIGN
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: TWO-WAY BETWEEN-SUBJECTS FACTORIAL DESIGN
MAKING INFERENCES ABOUT PATTERNS, FREQUENCIES, AND ORDINAL DATA
CORRELATION
LINEAR REGRESSION AND MULTIPLE REGRESSION
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS: CHI-SQUARE TESTS
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS: TESTS FOR ORDINAL DATA
AFTERWORD
APPENDIX A. BASIC MATH REVIEW AND SUMMATION NOTATION
APPENDIX B. SPSSS GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS GUIDE
APPENDIX C. STATISTICAL TABLES
APPENDIX D. CHAPTER SOLUTIONS FOR EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Titel: Statistics for the behavioral sciences
Autor: Privitera, Gregory J
Jahr: 2018
•••Detailed Contents
About the Author xxiii 1.5 Types of Variables for Which
Data Are Meas u red 19
Acknowledgments xxv
Preface to the Instructor xxvii
Continuous and Discrete Variables 20
Quantitative and Qualitative Variables 20
To the Student-How to Use SPSS
With This Book xxxvii 1 -6 Research in Focus: Evaluating Data
PART I. INTRODUCTION AND
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 1
and Scales of Measurement 22
1.7 SPSS in Focus: Entering and
Defining Variables 23
Chapter Summary 26
Key Terms 27
End-of-Chapter Problems 28
Factual Problems 28
Concept and Application Problems 28
iStock/thumb Problems in Research 30
Chapter 1. Introduction to Statistics 2
1.1 The Use of Statistics in Science 3 ¦HflHHT ^S id^BSL^ ^ ^
1.2 Descriptive and Inferential IP9mHSI1^^^^^^h9Ì^^^^^^^^^H
Descriptive Statistics 5 ^ ^HMHhIHR^^^^BÌ^^^^^^^^^
Inferential Statistics 6 iStockphoto.com/Rawpixel
MAKING SENSE-Populations and Samples 7 chapter 2. Summarizing Data:
1.3 Research Methods and Statistics 8 Frequency Distributions
Experimental Method 9 in Tables and Graphs 32
MAKING SENSE-Experimental 2.1 Why Summarize Data? 33
and Control Groups 12
Quasi-Experimental Method 12
Correlational Method 13
2.2 Frequency Distributions for
Grouped Data 34
Simple Frequency Distributions 35
1.4 Scales of Measurement 15 Cumulative Frequency 39
Nominal Scales 16 Relative Frequency 41
Ordinal Scales 16 Relative Percent 41
Interval Scales 17
Cumulative Relative Frequency and
Ratio Scales 18 Cumulative Percent 42
2.3 Identifying Percentile Points and
Percentile Ranks 44
2.4 SPSS in Focus:
Frequency Distributions
for Quantitative Data 46
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2.5 Frequency Distributions for
Ungrouped Data 49 Chapter 3. Summarizing Data:
_ ^ . ,_ Central Tendency 76
2.6 Research in Focus: Summarizing
Demographic Information 50 3.1 Introduction to Central Tendency 77
2.7 SPSS in Focus: 3,2 Measures of Central Tendency 78
Frequency Distributions for The Mean 78
Categorical Data 51 The Weighted Mean 80
2.8 Pictorial Frequency Distributions 52 MAKING SENSE-Making the Grade 81
2.9 Graphing Distributions: The Median 82
Continuous Data 54 The Mode 85
Histograms 54 3.3 Characteristics of the Mean 86
Frequency Polygons 55 Changing an Existing Score 86
Ogives 56 Adding a New Score or Removing
Stem-and-Leaf Displays 57 an Existing Score 87
Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying,
2.10 Graphing Distributions: or Dividing Each Score
Discrete and Categorical Data 59 by a Constant 88
BarCharts 60 Summing the Differences of Scores
Pie Charts 61 From Their Mean 90
Summing the Squared Differences of
M AKING SENSE-Deception Due to Scores From Their Mean 90
the Distortion of Data 63
3.4 Choosing an Appropriate Measure
2.11 Research in Focus: Frequencies of Centra] Tendency 92
and Percents 64 Using the Mean to Describe Data 92
2.12 SPSS in Focus: Histograms, Using the Median to Describe Data 93
Bar Charts, and Pie Charts 65 Using the Mode to Describe Data 94
Chapter Summary 66 3.5 Research in Focus: Describing
Key Terms 68 Central Tendency 97
End-of-Chapter Problems 69 a6 SPSS in Focus: Mean Median,
c i in ui r-n and Mode 98
Factual Problems 69
Concept and Application Problems 69 Chapter Summary 100
Problems in Research 73 Key Terms 101
End-of-Chapter Problems 101 Chapter Summary 130
Factual Problems 101 Key Terms 132
Concept and Application Problems 102
Problems in Research 104
End-of-Chapter Problems 132
Factual Problems 132
Concept and Application Problems 132
Problems in Research 134
PART II. PROBABILITY
ANDTHE FOUNDATIONS OF
©iStockphoto.com/Davizro ..-.. . ¦ ----.--,-~ ..--
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 137
Chapter 4. Summarizing Data:
Variability 106
4.1 Measuring Variability 107
4.2 The Range 108
4.3 Research in Focus: Reporting the Range 108 Ìto ckphoto,om/lnewit2
4.4 Quartiles and Interquartiles 109
4.5 The Variance 111
Population Variance 112
Sample Variance 113 5.2 Calculating Probability 139
4.6 Explaining Variance for Populations 5.3 Probability and Relative
and Samples 115 Frequency 142
The Numerator: Why Square Deviations 5.4 The Relationship Between
From the Mean? 115 Multiple Outcomes 145
The Denominator: Sample Variance as an Mutually Exclusive Outcomes 145
Unbiased Estimator 116
Chapter 5. Probability 138
5.1 Introduction to Probability 139
The Denominator: Degrees of Freedom 118
Independent Outcomes 147
Complementary Outcomes 148
4.7 The Computational Formula for Variance 119 Conditional Outcomes 149
4.8 The Standard Deviation 123 5i5 Conditional Probabilities and
4.9 What Does the Standard Deviation Tell Us? 124 Bayes s Theorem 150
MAKING SENSE-Standard Deviation 5.6 SPSS in Focus: Probability Tables 152
and Nonnormal Distributions 126 Construct a Probability Table 152
4.10 Characteristics of the Construct a Conditional Probability Table 153
Standard Deviation 126 5.7 Probability Distributions 155
4.1 1 SPSS in Focus: Range, Variance, 5.8 The Mean of a Probability
and Standard Deviation 129 Distribution and Expected Value 157
MAKING SENSE-Expected Value and 6.6 Locating Proportions 183
the Long-Term Mean 159 Locating Proportions Above the Mean 184
5.9 Research in Focus: When Are Risks Locating Proportions Below the Mean 186
Worth Taking? 160 Locating Proportions Between Two Values 188
5.10 The Variance and Standard Deviation 6.7 Locating Scores 190
of a Probability Distribution 161 6.8 SPSS in Focus: Converting Raw
5.11 Expected Value and the Scores to Standard z Scores 193
Binomial Distribution 164 MAKING SENSE-Standard Deviation
The Mean of a Binomial Distribution 165 and the Normal Distribution 195
The Variance and Standard Deviation g Qoj FrQm Binomja| h Norma| 1 gy
of a Binomial Distribution 165
,.., ,_. ,T............ 6.1 OThe Normal Approximation to
5.12 A Final Thought on the Likelihood u _,. . ._. r., ..
r_ , , . ,_ , ^ the Binomial Distribution
of Random Behavioral Outcomes 166
Chapter Summary 167
Key Terms 1 69
End-of-Chapter Problems 169
Factual Problems 169
Concept and Application Problems 170
Problems in Research 172
200
Chapter Summary 202
Key Terms 204
End-of-Chapter Problems 204
Factual Problems 204
Concept and Application Problems 204
Problems in Research 206
iStockphoto.com/JohnnyGreig
Marekuiiasz/istock/Thinkstock Chapter 7. Probability and Sampling
Chapter 6. Probability, Normal Distributions 208
Distributions, 71 Selecting Samples From Populations 209
and z Scores 174
Inferential Statistics and Sampling Distributions 209
6.1 The Normal Distribution in Sampling and Conditional Probabilities 210
Behavioral Science 175 7.2 Selecting a Sample: Who s In
6.2 Characteristics of the Normal and Who s 0ut? 212
Distribution 175 Sampling Strategy: The Basis for
6,3 Research in Focus: The
Statistical Theory 213
,..... , Sampling Strategy: Most Used in
Statistical Norm 178 Behavioral Research 214
6.4 The Standard Normal Distribution 179 7.3 Sampling Distributions: The Mean 216
6.5 The Unit Normal Table: Unbiased Estimator 216
A Brief Introduction 181 Central Limit Theorem 217
Minimum Variance 219 MAKING SENSE-Testing the
Overview of the Sample Mean 219 Null Hypothesis 244
7.4 Sampling Distributions: The Variance 220 8.3 Hypothesis Testing and
Unbiased Estimator 221 Sampling Distributions 247
Skewed Distribution Rule 222 8.4 Making a Decision:
No Minimum Variance 222 Types of Error 249
MAKING SENSE-Minimum Decision: Retain the Null Hypothesis 249
Variance Versus Unbiased Estimator 223 Decision: Reject the Null Hypothesis 250
Overview of the Sample Variance 224 8.5 Testing for Significance: Examples
7.5 The Standard Error of the Mean 224 UsingthezTest 250
Nondirectional Tests (/-/, : *) 251
Directional Tests (/-/,: or/-/,: ) 254
8.6 Research in Focus: Directional
Versus Nondirectional Tests 257
8.7 Measuring the Size of an Effect:
Cohen s d 258
7.6 Factors That Decrease Standard Error 226
7.7 SPSS in Focus: Estimating the
Standard Error of the Mean 227
7.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the
Standard Error 229
7.9 Standard Normal Transformations a8 Effed Siz6] Rower] and
With Sampling Distributions 232 Sample Size 261
Chapter Summary 234 The Relationship Between Effect Size
-r- ooc and Power 261
Key Terms 2db
The Relationship Between Sample Size
End-of-Chapter Problems 236 and Power 264
Factual Problems 236
Concept and Application Problems 236
Problems in Research 237
8.9 Additional Factors That
Concept and Application Problems 236 . ,_,
r rr Increase Power
PART III. MAKING INFERENCES
265
Increasing Power: Increase Effect Size,
Sample Size, and Alpha 265
Increasing Power: Decrease Beta,
ABOUT ONE ORTWO MEANS 239 Standard Deviation (a), and
Standard Error 266
8.10 SPSS in Focus: A Preview for
Chapters 9 to 18 267
8,1 1 APA in Focus: Reporting the
Test Statistic and Effect Size 267
cosmin4000/iStock/Thinkstock Chapter Summary 268
Chapter 8. Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Key Terms 270
Effect Size, and Power 240 ._ , , _, , _ , . nr7.
End-of-Chapter Problems 270
8.1 Inferential Statistics and Factual Problems 270
Hypothesis Testing 241 Concept and Application Problems 270
8.2 Four Steps to Hypothesis Testing 243 Problems in Research 272
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Chapter 9. Testing Means: One-Sample Chapter 10. Testing Means:
and Two-Independent- The Related-Samples
Sample t Tests 274 t Test 306
9.1 Going From zto t 275 10.1 Related and Independent
Samples 307
The Repeated-Measures Design 307
The Matched-Pairs Design 308
9.2 The Degrees of Freedom 276
9.3 Reading the f Table 277
9.4 One-Sample t Test 279
10.2 Introduction to the Related-Samples
9.5 Effect Size for the One-Sample fTest 310
fTest 283
Estimated Cohen s d 283
Proportion of Variance 283
The Test Statistic 312
Deg rees of Freedom 312
Assumptions 312
9.6 SPSS in Focus: One-Sample
x-r i 286 ^ 0.3 The Related-Samples fTest:
Repeated-Measures Design 313
9.7 Two-Independent-Sample
tjesi 288 MAKING SENSE-Increasing Power
by Reducing Error 316
MAKING SENSE-The Pooled
Sample Variance 292 ^ 0.4 SPSS in Focus: The Related-Samples
/Test 317
9.8 Effect Size for the Two-lndependent-
Sample /Test 294 ^ 0.5 The Related-Samples /Test:
Estimated Cohen s d 295 Matched-Pairs Design 319
Proportion of Variance 295 10.6Measuring Effect Size for the
9.9 SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent- Related-Samples/Test 323
Sample/Test 297 Estimated Cohen s d 323
9.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the Proportion of Variance 324
/Statistic and Effect Size 299 10.7 Advantages for Selecting
Chapter Summary 299 Related Samples 325
Key Terms 301 ^ 0.8 APA in Focus: Reporting the
_ , , n, _, /Statistic and Effect Size for
End-of-Chapter Problems 302
Factual Problems 302
Concept and Application Problems 302 Chapter Summary 326
Related Samples 326
.pter Summary 326
Problems in Research 304 Key Terms 327
End-of-Chapter Problems 328 End-of-Chapter Problems 358
Factual Problems 328 Factual Problems 358
Concept and Application Problems 328 Concept and Application Problems 359
Problems in Research 331 Problems in Research 361
PART IV.MAKING INFERENCES
ABOUTTHE VARIABILITY OF
TWO OR MORE MEANS 363
©iStockphoto.com/Ultima_Gaina
Chapter 11. Estimation and
Confidence Intervals 334
11.1 Point Estimation and Interval ©istockphoto.com/BorutTrdina
Estimation 335
11.2 The Process of Estimation 337
Chapter 12. Analysis of Variance:
One-Way Between-
11.3 Estimation forthe One-Sample zTest 339 Subjects Design 364
MAKING SENSE-Estimation, Significance, 12.1 Analyzing Variance for Two or
and Effect Size 343 More Groups 365
11.4 Estimation forthe One-Sample/Test 344 12.2 An Introduction to Analysis of Variance 366
11.5 SPSS in Focus: Confidence Intervals Identifying the Type of ANOVA 367
for the One-Sample/Test 347 Two Ways to Select Independent Samples 367
h h r~ i- x- x- x iL T i -i -ii Chanqes in Notation 369
11.6 Estimation forthe I wo-lndependent- a
Sample/Test 349 12.3 Sources of Variation and the
.. ._. . _. _ ... Test Statistic 370
1 1.7 SPSS in Focus: Confidence
Intervals for the Two-Independent- 12.4 Degrees of Freedom 372
Sample/Test 350
12.5 The One-Way Between-Subjects
11.8 Estimation forthe Related-Samples ANOVA 375
tTest 351 MAKING SENSE-Mean Squares
1 1.9 SPSS in Focus: Confidence Intervals an° Variance 382
for the Related-Samples/Test 353 12.6 What Is the Next Step? 382
11.10 Characteristics of Estimation: 12.7 Post Hoc Comparisons 383
Precision and Certainty 354 Fisher s Least Significant Difference
1 1.1 1 APA in Focus: Reporting
(LSD) Test 385
Confidence Intervals 356 Tukey s Honestly Significant Difference
(HSD)Test 386
Chapter Summary 357 inomcc, c x, ...
1 2.8 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way
Key Terms 358 Between-Subjects ANOVA 389
12.9 Measuring Effect Size 393 13.6 SPSS in Focus: The One-Way Within-
Eta-Squared (tì2 or fl°) 393 Subjects ANOVA 423
Omega-Squared (co2) 394 13.7 Measuring Effect Size 426
1 2.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the F Statistic, Partial Eta-Squared (i$ 426
Significance, and Effect Size 395 Partial Omega-Squared (cop 427
Chapter Summary 396 13.8 The Within-Subjects Design:
K j oqo Consistency and Power 428
End-of-Chapter Problems 399 13 9 APA in Focus: RePortin9the
FStatistic, Significance,
Factual Problems 399
Concept and Application Problems 399
and Effect Size 433
Problems in Research 402 Chapter Summary 433
Key Terms 435
End-of-Chapter Problems 435
Factual Problems 435
Concept and Application Problems 436
Problems in Research 439
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Chapter 13. Analysis of Variance:
One-Way Within-Subjects
(Repeated-Measures)
Design 404
©iStockphoto.com/vvmich
13.1 Observing the Same Participants
Across Groups 405 Chapter 14. Analysis of Variance:
The One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA 405 TwO-Way Between-Subjects
Selecting Related Samples:
The Within-Subjects Design 406
Factorial Design 442
14.1 Observing Two Factors atthe
13.2 Sources of Variation and the Same Time 443
Test Statistic 406 ., ,., -r . , lkl , ,.
14.2 New Terminology and Notation 444
Between-Groups Variation 407
Error Variation 407 14.3 Designs for the Two-Way ANOVA 446
MAKING SENSE-Sources of Error 410
The 2-Between or Between-Subjects
Design 446
13.3 Degrees of Freedom 410 The 1-Between 1-Within or Mixed Design 447
13.4 The One-Way Within-Subjects The2-Within or Within-Subjects Design 448
ANOVA 411
14.4 Describing Variability: Main Effects
MAKING SENSE-Mean Squares and Interactions 449
and Variance 419 Sources of Variability 449
13.5 Post Hoc Comparisons: Testing Main Effects 452
Bonferroni Procedure 419 Testing the Interaction 453
MAKING SENSE-Graphing Interactions 455 MAKING SENSE-Understanding
Outcomes and Order of Interpretation 456 Covariance 496
.,__, -T- ... . ,. , Effect Size: The Coefficient of
14.5 The Two-Way Between-Subjects D . 4gg
AN0VA 457 u 1 erm na l0n
Hypothesis Testing: Testing for
14.6 Analyzing Main Effects and Interactions 466 Significance 499
Interactions: Simple Main Effect Tests 466 -| p,^ SPSS in Focus Pearson
Main Effects: Pairwise Comparisons 471 Correlation Coefficient 501
14.7 Measuring Effect Size 473 15.5 Assumptions of Tests for Linear
Eta-Squared (i}2 or/?2) 473 Correlations 502
Omega-Squared (co2) 473 Homoscedasticity 502
1 4.8 SPSS in Focus: The Two-Way Linearity 502
Between-Subjects ANOVA 474 Normality 502
14.9 APA in Focus: Reporting Main 15.6 Limitations in Interpretation: Causality,
Effects, Interactions, and Effect Size 477 Outliers, and Restrictions of Range 505
Chapter Summary 478 Causality 505
Key Terms 480
End-of-Chapter Problems 480
Outliers 506
Restriction of Range 507
15.7 Alternative to Pearson r. Spearman
Correlation Coefficient 509
Factual Problems 480
Concept and Application Problems 481
Problems in Research 484 15.8 SPSS in Focus: Spearman
Correlation Coefficient 51 2
PART V. IVI AKIN G 15.9 Alternative to Pearson r. Point-Biserial
INFERENCES ABOUT Correlation Coefficient 513
PATTERNS, FREQUENCIES, 15.10SPSSin Focus: Point-Biserial
Correlation Coefficient 51 7
15.11 Alternative to Pearson r, Phi
Correlation Coefficient 519
1 5.12 SPSS in Focus: Phi Correlation
Coefficient 522
AND ORDINAL DATA 487
1 5,13 APA in Focus: Reporting
Correlations 524
m
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Chapter 15. Correlation 488 Chapter Summary 524
15.1 The Structure of a Correlational Design 489 Key Terms 527
15.2 Describing a Correlation 489 End-of-Chapter Problems 527
The Direction of a Correlation 490 Factual Problems 527
The Strength of a Correlation 492 Conceptand Application Problems 527
15.3 Pearson Correlation Coefficient 494 Problems in Research 533
©iStockphoto.com/Kalawin
Key Terms 571
End-of-Chapter Problems 571
Factual Problems 571
Concept and Application Problems 572
Problems in Research 575
Chapter 16. Linear Regression and
Multiple Regression 536
16.1 From Relationships to Predictions 537
16.2 Fundamentals of Linear Regression 537
16.3 What Makes the Regression Line istockphoto.com/diane39
the Best Fitting Line? 539 Chapt6r 1? Nonparametric Tests:
16.4 The Slope and ^Intercept of a Chi-Square Tests 578
Straight Line 541
17.1 Tests for Nominal Data 579
16.5 Using the Method of Least Squares
to Find the Best Fit 543 17.2 The Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test 580
.. » .^.., ~-.,~p- ,» -- ... ~, The Test Statistic 582
MAKING SENSE-SP, SS, and the Slope
of a Regression Line 545 MAKING SENSE-The Relative Size
10 .,...., ., of a Discrepancy 582
16.6 Using Analysis of Regression to
Determine Significance 547 The Degrees of Freedom 583
16.7 SPSS in Focus: Analysis of MAKING SENSE-Degrees of Freedom 583
Reqression 551 Hypothesis Testing for Goodness of Fit 586
16.8 Using the Standard Error of Estimate 17.3 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square
to Measure Accuracy 553 Goodness-of-FitTest 586
16.9 Introduction to Multiple Regression 557 17.4 Interpreting the Chi-Square
io ¦in/-* x- -i i- i !¦ Goodness-of-FitTest 589
16.10 Computing and Evaluating
Significance for Multiple Regression 558 Interpreting a Significant Chi-Square
Goodness-of-FitTest 589
Using the Chi-Square Goodness-of-
FitTestto Support the Null
16.11 The ß Coefficient for Multiple
Regression 562
16.12 Evaluating Significance for the Relative Hypothesis 590
Contribution of Each Predictor Variable 563 -| 7,5 independent Observations and
Relative Contribution of xi 564 Expected Frequency Size 591
Relative Contribution of x 565 Ar,^-r, ^, ¦ ^ -r 1,
2 17,6 The Chi-SquareTestfor
16.13 SPSS in Focus: Multiple Independence 592
Regression Analysis 566 Determining Expected Frequencies 594
16.14APAin Focus: Reporting The Test Statistic 595
Regression Analysis 568 The Degrees of Freedom 596
Chapter Summary 569 Hypothesis Testing for Independence 596
17.7 The Relationship Between Chi-Square 18.3 SPSS in Focus: The
and the Phi Coefficient 598 Related-Samples Sign Test 621
17.8 Measures of Effect Size 600 18.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks FTest 623
Effect Size Using Proportion of Interpretation of the Test Statistic F 625
y2 The Normal Approximation forthe
Variance: 02= - 600 Wilcoxon F 625
Effect Size Using the ___ 18.5 SPSS in Focus: The Wilcoxon
PhiCoefficient: cD=./2L 600 Signed-Ranks FTest 626
V N
Effect Size Using Cramer s 18-6 The Mann-Whitney L/Test 628
Y2 Interpretation of the Test Statistic U 630
V.-=Jtt-4------- 601
INx Smaller Computing the Test Statistic U 631
1 7.9 SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Test The Normal Approximation for U 631
for Independence 601 18.7 SPSS in Focus: The Mann-Whitney
17.10 APA in Focus: Reporting the UJesi 632
Chi-Square Test 604 18.8 The Kruskal-WallisfYTest 634
Chapter Summary 605 Interpretation of the Test Statistic H 636
Key Terms 606 18.9 SPSS in Focus: The Kruskal-Wallis
End-of-Chapter Problems 606
H Test 637
Factual Problems 606 18.10 The Friedman Test 639
641
Concept and Application Problems 607 Interpretation of the Test Statistic %l
Problems in Research 609
fnpf ||p7*1«*vi^ ^î3frî- Tïft5 * ¦ *
18.11 SPSS in Focus: The
Friedman Test 641
18.12 APA in Focus: Reporting
Nonparametric Tests 643
»¦-.•i^ -J? Chapter Summary 643
Key Terms 646
©iStockphoto.com/enviromantic
End-of-Chapter Problems 646
Chapter 18. Nonparametric Tests: Factual Problems 646
Tests for Ordinal Data 612 Concept and Application Problems 646
18.1 Tests for Ordinal Data 613 Problems in Research 649
Scales of Measurement and Variance 613
MAKING SENSE-Reducing Variance 614 Afterword: A Final Thought on
the Role of Statistics in
Research Methods AW-1
Minimizing Bias:Tied Ranks 614
18.2 The Sign Test 615
Appendix A. Basic Math Review and
The One-Sample Sign Test 615 Summation Notation A-1
The Related-Samples Sign Test 617
The Normal Approximation for
the Sign Test 620 A.2 Addition A-2
A.1 Positive and Negative Numbers A-1
A3 Subtraction A-3 Table C.4 The Studentized Range
a a a !+¦ i¦ v a a Statistic (g) C-10
A4 Multiplication A-4 wy
Table C.5 Critical Values for the Pearson
Correlation C-12
A.5 Division A-5
A.6 Fractions A-7 T11 ^ ^
Table C.6 Critical Values for the
A.7 Decimals and Percents A-9 Spearman Correlation C-14
A.8 Exponents and Roots A-10 Table C.7 Critical Values of Chi-Square (x2) C-16
A.9 Order of Computation A-1 1 Table C.8 Distribution of Binomial
A.10 Equations: Solving for* A-13 Probabilities When p = .50 C-17
A.11 Summation Notation A-14 Table C.9 Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks
FCritical Values C-18
Key Terms A-17
Review Problems A-1 7
Appendix B. SPSS General
Instructions Guide B-1
Appendix C. Statistical Tables C-1
Table C. 10A Critical Values of the
Mann-Whitney Ufor a = .05 C-19
Table C. 10B Critical Values of the
Mann-Whitney Ufor a = .01 C-20
Tabled The Unit Normal Table C-1 Appendix D. Chapter Solutions for
-_- , , ___.,, ... . , ,, Even-Numbered Problems D-1
Table C,2 Critical Values forthe
t Distribution C-5 Glossary G-1
Table C.3 Critical Values forthe
References R-1
FDistribution C-7 Index 1-1
|
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| author | Privitera, Gregory J. |
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| dewey-raw | 519.5 |
| dewey-search | 519.5 |
| dewey-sort | 3519.5 |
| dewey-tens | 510 - Mathematics |
| discipline | Psychologie Mathematik |
| edition | Third Edition |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | Privitera, Gregory J. Verfasser (DE-588)1134887507 aut Statistics for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure Unievrsity Third Edition Los Angeles SAGE [2018] © 2018 1 Band (verschiedene Seitenzählungen) Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Revised edition of the author's Statistics for the behavioral sciences, [2015]. - Includes bibliographical references and index Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Psychology Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 s Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 s DE-604 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828524&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029828524&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Privitera, Gregory J. Statistics for the behavioral sciences Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Psychology Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056995-0 (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4047704-6 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Statistics for the behavioral sciences |
| title_auth | Statistics for the behavioral sciences |
| title_exact_search | Statistics for the behavioral sciences |
| title_full | Statistics for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure Unievrsity |
| title_fullStr | Statistics for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure Unievrsity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Statistics for the behavioral sciences Gregory J. Privitera, St. Bonaventure Unievrsity |
| title_short | Statistics for the behavioral sciences |
| title_sort | statistics for the behavioral sciences |
| topic | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Psychology Statistical methods Statistik (DE-588)4056995-0 gnd Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Psychologie (DE-588)4047704-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Sozialwissenschaften Social sciences Statistical methods Psychology Statistical methods Statistik Psychologie Lehrbuch |
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| work_keys_str_mv | AT priviteragregoryj statisticsforthebehavioralsciences |
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