St Petersburg: three centuries of murderous desire
This is an unforgettable epic history of St Petersburg, one of the most magical, menacing and influential cities in the world. 'St Petersburg' recreates the drama of over 300 years of this absurd and brilliant city, beginning with the homicidal megalomania of its founder, Peter the Great,...
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| Sprache: | English |
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| Zusammenfassung: | This is an unforgettable epic history of St Petersburg, one of the most magical, menacing and influential cities in the world. 'St Petersburg' recreates the drama of over 300 years of this absurd and brilliant city, beginning with the homicidal megalomania of its founder, Peter the Great, and the sadism of its early rulers. It follows its tyrants, subjects, subversives, its artists, dancers, lovers and entrepreneurs as St Petersburg first turns itself into a vast work of art and then into the crucible for revolution. A backdrop to the great conflicts and upheavals of the twentieth century, this city's thrilling story continues to the present day, when, once more, its fate hangs in the balance. An ambitious and passionate Russian tale of murder, mastery and madness, played out against a backdrop of squalor and splendour. St Petersburg is an important and brilliant book, an unforgettable celebration of this incredible city and its inhabitants |
| Beschreibung: | 592 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780091959463 0091959462 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a This is an unforgettable epic history of St Petersburg, one of the most magical, menacing and influential cities in the world. 'St Petersburg' recreates the drama of over 300 years of this absurd and brilliant city, beginning with the homicidal megalomania of its founder, Peter the Great, and the sadism of its early rulers. It follows its tyrants, subjects, subversives, its artists, dancers, lovers and entrepreneurs as St Petersburg first turns itself into a vast work of art and then into the crucible for revolution. A backdrop to the great conflicts and upheavals of the twentieth century, this city's thrilling story continues to the present day, when, once more, its fate hangs in the balance. An ambitious and passionate Russian tale of murder, mastery and madness, played out against a backdrop of squalor and splendour. St Petersburg is an important and brilliant book, an unforgettable celebration of this incredible city and its inhabitants | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
I Twilight on the Nevsky --- 1993 I
PART I EMPERORS 1698-1825
z Havoc in London 9
3 Dangerous Acceleration Z3
4 Oblivion and Rebirth 70
5 Dancing, Love-Making, Drink IOZ
6 The City Transformed iz6
7 Madness, Murder and Insurrection 178
PART II SUBJECTS 1825-1917
8 A New Kind of Cold Z19
9 Discontent Z57
IO Dancing on the Edge Z99
II Dazzle and Despair 3Z4
PART III COMRADES Sc CITIZENS 1917-2017
IZ Red Petrograd 365
13 A City Diminished 384
14 Darkest and Finest Hour 408
15 Murmurs from the Underground 430
16 Broken Window onto the West 458
17 Mirage --- 2017 476
Acknowledgements 487
List of Illustrations 489
Notes 494
Bibliography 544
Index 564
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
562-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dovzhenko, Alexander, dir., War Trilogy (Zvenigora, Arsenal, Earth),
192.8—30.
Eisenstein, Sergei, dir., Alexander Nevsky, 1938.
----Battleship Potempkin, First Goskino Production, 192-5.
------ October 1917 (Ten Days That Shook the World), Sovkino Productions,
192.8.
Ivanaov, Mosfilm, 1982., viewable on YouTube.
Khrzhanovskiy, Andrei, dir., A Room and a Half, Yume Pictures, 2008.
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, dir., The End of St Petersburg, Mezhrabpom, 1927.
—— Storm Over Asia, Mezhrabpom, 1928.
Sokurov, Alexander, dir., Russian Ark, The State Hermitage Museum, Min-
istry of Culture of the Russian Federation et al., 2002.
Uchitel, Alexei, dir., Progulka, Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federa-
tion/Roskinoprokat, 2003, DVD 2005, Madman Cinema.
SHORTS, DOCUMENTARIES AND TELEVISION
Feyginburg, Yosif, dir., Glenn Gould - The Russian Journey, documentary,
Atlantic Productions, 2002, DVD 2013, Major Entertainment.
Haefelli, Mark, dir. and prod., Paul McCartney in Red Square, DVD Doc-
umentary, produced by MPL Communications, 2005.
Harrison, Mark, prod., The Last Days of Leningrad, BBC Bristol, 1991.
Loznitsa, Sergei, dir., Blockade, using footage found in Soviet archives,
Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography and St Petersburg
Documentary Film Studios, 2005.
-----Revue, using footage found in Soviet archives mainly from the Kru-
shchev era, Federal Agency for Culture and Cinematography St St
Petersburg Documentary Film Studios, 2008.
Nevzorov, Alexander, dir., 600 Seconds, Leningrad Chanel/St Petersburg
Television.
Polsky, Gabe, dir., Red Army, documentary, Weintraub and Herzog, 2014.
van den Berg, Rob, dir., ‘Catching Up with Music' with Valery Gergiev,
bonus feature on Glinka, Ruslan and Lyudmila, conducted by Valery
Gergiev, Kirov Opera and Chorus, Decca, 1996.
Weinstein, Larry, dir., Shostakovich Against Stalin - The War Symphonies,
documentary, Rhombus Films, 1997.
OPERAS, MUSICALS AND DANCE
Borodin, Alexander, Prince Igor, conducted by Gianandrea Noseda, DVD
Deutsche Grammophon, 2014.
Glinka, Mikhail, A Life for the Tsar, conducted by Alexander Lazarev, DVD
NVC ARTS, 1992.
—— Ruslan and Lyudmila, conducted by Valery Gergiev, DVD Decca,
1995*
Paris Dances Diaghilev, Paris Opera Ballet; VHS NVC ARTS, 1991.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
563
Prokofiev, Sergei, War and Peace, conducted by Valery Gergiev, Kirov/
Opera Bastille, 1991, Arthaus Musik, 2.015.
Rimsky-Korsakov, Le Coq d’Or, conducted by Kent Nagano, DVD Arthaus
Musil, 20x1.
Shostakovich, Dmitri, Cberyomushki, dir. Paul Rappaport, Lenfilm, 1963;
DVD Decca 2.007.
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich, Eugene Onegin, conducted by Sir Georg Solti, dir.
Petr Weigl, DVD Decca, 1990.
DISCS
Meader, Vaughn et al., The First Family, LP, New York: Cadence Records,
November 1962.
INDEX
Places and institutions in St Petersburg are indexed under themselves and not
under the city. References in italics are to illustrations.
Ablenovsky, Count, 197—8
abortion, 395, 446
Abramovich, Roman, 474
Academy of Arts, 147—8, J48, 2.06,
Z35-6, 438
Academy of Fine Arts, 372.
Academy of Sciences, 61, 74, 75, 156,
454
Acosta, Jan d’, 96
Adam, Adolfe, Z44
Adams, John Quincy, 193, 194,
195—6, zoo,Z03,Z05
administration: city, 130, 140;
opaqueness under Nicholas I,
Z34—5; zemstvo introduced, z6i;
first mayor, 458—9
Admiralty, 5, 34, 35, 73, 197, 198-9
Admiralty Embankment structure,
z8o
advertising, 333, 396
agriculture, 388, 443
Akakievich, Ivan, 10
Akhmatova, Anna, Z5, 373, 388, 404,
433» 454
Aksakov, Ivan, Z49
Alaska, 74, z8o
alcohol: Peter I’s habits, 16—17, *9
33, 38, 53, 64, 70; Catherine I’s
habits, Z5, 7Z-3, 75, 76; tap-
houses, 46—7; common people’s
drinking habits in eighteenth
century, 87, IZ9; Elizabeth’s
habits, no, 1Z4; Peter Ill’s habits,
1Z4; nineteenth-century servants
and drinking, 191; Alexander
I’s attitude, 195; fashionable
drinks in nineteenth century,
Z55—6; epidemic of drunken-
ness under Alexander II, z68—9;
state promotes weaker kinds
in mid-twentieth century, 444;
Seventies violence from alco-
holism, 445, 450; Gorbachev
campaigns against, 453; rationed
in 1990, 455; average male daily
vodka consumption, 46Z
Aleksandrinsky Theatre, Z09—10
Alekseev, Fedor, i6z
Alembert, Jean de Rond d’, 143
Alexander I, Emperor of Russia:
birth, 153; variolated against
smallpox, 168; Catherine II dies
just before proclaiming him her
successor, 179; agrees to coup
deposing father, 189; reign,
190—Z13; attitude to alcohol, 195;
St Petersburg building schemes,
196—7, 198—9, zo6—10; child-
hood and upbringing, zoo—1;
marriage, zoi; policies, zoi—z;
and Napoleonic Wars, zoz, Z03,
Z04, Z05—6; expands Hermitage
Collection, zio—11; resistance
to political change, zn—iz; plot
against, ziz—13; death, Z13; mon-
ument to celebrate victory over
Napoleon, ZZ7, 228, 411—iz, 470
Alexander II, Emperor of Russia: buys
back pieces of Cameo Service,
Z37; reign, Z57—86; St Petersburg
building schemes, z6o, z8o;
pressures for reform under, z61—7,
INDEX
2.71—3; issues Emancipation of
Serfs Edict, 2.61—2.; 1866 attempt
on life, 2.69—70; 1879 attempt
on life, 2.75; more threats to life,
2.76— 8; foreign policy, 2.80; court
corruption, 281; philandering and
second marriage, 2.81—2.; death,
282—6, 2.84
Alexander III, Emperor of Russia:
Narodnaya Volya disagree
about plan to assassinate, 2.85;
Narodnaya Volya petition him
about father’s assassination,
2.85—6; reign, 2.86—98; character,
2.86; anti-Semitism under, 287—8;
expansion of industry, 289—90;
attempt on his life and backlash,
290—1; death, 298
Alexander, Prince, of Battenberg, 277
Alexander Column, 227, 228, 411-12,
470
Alexander Nevsky, St, 79, 96—7
Alexander Nevsky (film), 408, 42.4
Alexander Nevsky Monastery, 85,
96-7, 155
Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of
Russia (Nicholas I’s wife), 236,
240,245
Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of
Russia (Nicholas II’s wife): back-
ground, 300; character, 300; taste
in interior design, 307, 350—x;
children, 336; relationship with
Rasputin, 336—8, 346; interest in
paranormal, 342; opens hospital
in Winter Palace, 350—x; growing
unpopularity, 352; reaction to
Rasputin’s death, 354; family put
under guard, 357; moved with
family to Tobolsk, 361; death, 375
Alexandra Theatre, 240
Alexandrova (ballerina), 293
Alexei I, Tsar of Russia, 10-11, 20
Alexei, Prince (Peter I’s son), 13, 38,
44, 58-60, 70-1
Alexei, Tsarevich (Nicholas II’s son),
336-8,375
Alexei, Metropolitan, 422
Algarotti, Francesco, 42, 82—3
Alisa, 465
‘All-Mad, All-Jesting, All-Drunken
Assembly’, 16, 30, 43, 56, 64, 75—6
Almedingen, Marta, 307, 332, 367,
376
Altman, Nathan, 374
America: Russia annexes Alaska and
Pacific Northwest, 74; see also
USA
Amsterdam, 15—16, 22, 50
Andronnikov, Mikhail, 346—7
Andropov, Yuri, 453
Angleterre hotel, 454
Anichkov Palace, 105—6, X23, 199,
214, 287, 431
Anna (Catherine II’s daughter), 117
Anna Ivanovna, Empress of Russia:
marries Duke of Courland, 37—8;
succeeds to throne, 80; reign,
80—101; retinue, 83—4; appear-
ance and character, 84; influential
figures at court, 87—8; lifestyle
and interest in the arts, 88—95;
persecution under, 98—9
Anna Leopoldovna, Regent of Russia,
93-4,99,100
Anna Pavlovna, Grand Duchess
(Paul’s daughter), 212, 225, 244
Anna Petrovna (Peter I’s daughter),
39. 72-
Anne, Princess (future Queen Anne),
Annenkov, Yuri, 369—70
anti-Semitism see Jews
appliances, household, 450
Apraksin, Count Fedor, 122
Apraksin, Admiral Fyodor, 34
Apraksin, Field Marshal, 108
Araja, Francesco, 93, 116
Arkhangelsk, 14, 24, 25, 371
arms industry, 271, 331, 349—50
art: Peter I’s interest, 50, 62;
Imperial Academy founded,
121; Catherine II’s interest, 142,
147; she assembles Hermitage
Collection, 157—62; topographi-
cal painting and engraving, 163;
Paul’s purchases, 180—1; collec֊
tions evacuated in preparation
for Napoleon’s invasion, 205;
Alexander I expands Hermitage
Collection, 210—xx; painters in
INDEX
566
Nicholas I’s reign, 2.35—6; New
Hermitage built to house imperial
collection, 2.38—9; New Hermitage
acquisitions under Alexander II,
2.60; students of history painting
request a more contemporary title
for their exam, 2,60—1; Wanderers
movement, 2.73—4; Alexander
III funds what will be Russian
Museum, 2-91; he also expands
Hermitage Collection, 2.91;
Nevsky Pickwickians and Mir
Istkusstva, 301—4; Russian works
exhibited at 1906 Paris Salon,
32.7; X909 modern art exhibition
at Menshikov Palace, 340; Der
Blaue TLeiter group, 340; Union
of Youth movement, 340—1; other
avant-garde art under Nicholas
II, 341—2.; in early days of Soviet
government, 371—2., 374; appro-
priation of private collections
and antique smuggling, 373, 378;
Hermitage reopens, 378; in Soviet
era, 381-z, 389-91, 394» 437-S;
some Hermitage works sold and
remaining ones recontextualised,
402-3; treasures moved out of St
Petersburg so as not to fall into
German hands, 412; Hermitage
tours for soldiers during Second
World War, 42.6—7; Hermitage
paintings returned after war, 431;
Russia takes many artworks from
Germany in recompense for invas-
ion, 431; exhibitions from abroad
grow in number, 449
art nouveau, 305—7, 306
Artamonov, Mikhail, 437—8
Artillery and Engineers’ schools, 12,1
Artillery Laboratory, 61
Asafiev, Boris, 393
assemblées, 55
Astrakhan, 32.
Aurora (ship), 362.
Austerlitz, Battle of (1805), 202
Austria, in, 202, 349
aviation, 331, 341
Aved, Jacques, 158
Azeff, Evno, 31X
Azov-Don Bank, 332.—3
Bakst, Leon, 2.93, 302, 304, 308, 340
Bakunin, Mikhail, 248, 250, 271
Balabanov, Alexei, 333—4, 465
Balakirev, Mily, 242, 279—80, 287
Balatri, Filippo, 13—14, 24
ballet: St Petersburg Classical Dance
and Ballet School (later Imperial
Ballet School) founded, 83; Anna’s
attitude to, 93; under Alexander
I, 210; under Nicholas I, 242—4;
early nineteenth-century changes;
under Alexander III, 293—8, 296;
imperial ballet strikes in 1905,
299, 321—2; some intellectual dis-
content with, 317; under Nicholas
II, 328-30, 338-40, 343, 351-2·;
during Kerensky’s Provisional
Government, 358—9; in Soviet
era, 378, 389, 404-5» 42-4-5» 42-7»
438—9, 440—1, 450—1; in twen-
ty-first century, 475
Ballets Russes, 329—30, 351, 359
ballooning, 194
balls: under Catherine I, 72; under
Anna, 92; under Elizabeth,
117; under Catherine II, 137;
under Alexander I, 192—3;
under Nicholas I, 244—5; under
Alexander III, 286—7; under
Nicholas II, 300—1, 345
banks and banking, 166, 289
banya see baths
Baranovsky, Gavriil, 343
barbers, 132
Baring, Maurice, 325, 326—7
Barkhin, Grigory, 390—1
baroque, 31, 46, 52, 103, 104—5, 106,
149
Basilewski Collection, 291
baths (banya), 56, 169—70, 269, 380
The Battleship Potempkin (film), 319,
392
Beardsley, Aubrey, 302—3
The Beatles, 448
beggars, 327
Behrens, Peter, 349
Belinskaya, Stanislava, 296
Belinsky, Vissarion: on St Petersburg,
227, 371; on the court, 228—9; on
popular drinks and dances, 230;
INDEX
567
on St Petersburg’s citizens, 2,32.; as
revolutionary thinker and writer,
2.48, 2-49; on Bulgarin, 2.52,
Bell, John, 2.8, 41, 60
Belsky, Igor, 438-9
Benckendorff, General Alexander
von, 2.16
Bennigsen, General von, 189
Benois, Alexandre: on Tsarskoe Selo,
106—7; frontispiece to Pushkin
book, 22,4 ; catalogues works at
Russian Museum, 291; back-
ground and relationship with
Nevsky Pickwickians, 301—2; on
Nicholas II and art, 304; on ballet,
317; on Nijinsky, 329; Petrushka,
338—9; paintings exhibited at
Menshikov Palace, 340; visits
Winter Palace hospital, 350—1
Benois, Nicholas, 302
Berggolts, Olga, 416, 4x9
Bergholtz, Friedrich Wilhelm von,
63-4
Beria, Lavrenti, 434
Bering, Captain Vitus, 74
Berlatskaya, Chionya, 336
Berlin, 51
Berlioz, Hector, 241, 278
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Lieutenant, 2x3,
215—16, 220
Betskoy, Ivan, 144
Biely, Andrei: and Bronze Horseman
statue, 147; Petersburg, 233—4,
314, 320—1; on Duncan, 299;
on St Petersburg’s workers, 304;
prose symphony, 343; appearance
in immediate aftermath of 1917
Revolution, 373
‘Big House’, 400, 401
Biron, Count Ernst Johann von, 81,
87-8, 98, 99, xoo
Black Hundred gangs, 323, 326
black markets, 385
Blackford, Henrietta, 281
Blanc, Louis, 250
Der Blaue Reiter group, 340
Blok, Alexander, 2.88, 299
Bloody Sunday (1905), 309—17, 3x3
Boeing-Boeing (farce), 475
Bogdanov, Andrei, 120
Bogrov, Mordko, 337
Bokova, Mariya, 266
Bolsheviks: origins, 325—6; Duma
delegates arrested, 330; member-
ship decreases between 1907 and
19x1, 331; begin to take control of
St Petersburg, 348; promises to the
people, 355; seize power, 359—62;
early days of government, 365—83;
consolidate power brutally, 370
books and publishing: in seventeenth-
century Amsterdam, 15; Peter I’s
library, 50; under Catherine II,
141—2; Imperial Russian Public
Library built, 157; formal censor-
ship introduced, 175; Paul bans
foreign imports, 184; Alexander
I’s policies, 201; Third Section
receives copies of all printed
matter, 220; writings begin to
circulate without being printed,
221; censorship tightens and gov-
ernment propaganda increases,
252—4, 256; censorship eased
under Alexander II, 261; tightened
again, 263; growth in desire for
sensationalism in early twentieth
century, 333; under Stalin, 388—9;
censorship continues under
Khrushchev, 437; see also litera-
ture and learning
Borisov-Musatov, Viktor, 303
Borodin, Alexander, 272, 278, 279,
292
Borodino, Battle of (1812), 204
Borovikovsky, Vladimir, X62; paint-
ings by, 176
Bourgeois, Nicolas, 50
Borodin, Alexander, 71
Braamcamp, Gerrit, 158
Bradbury, Malcolm, 461
Brat (film), 465
Brenna, Vincenzo, 154, 181, 187, 209
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (19x8), 37X
Brezhnev, Leonid, 445—53
Brianza, Carlotta, 294
Britain: Peter I visits, 17—22;
eighteenth-century relations with
Russia, 84; spies on Russia under
Elizabeth, 1x1; love of all things
British in St Petersburg, 132—3;
Catherine II’s relations with, 151;
568
INDEX
British labourers help remodel
Tsarskoe Selo, 151; Catherine
IPs love of things English, 152.—3;
Catherine II buys Houghton
Hall art collection, 160—1;
Russian Navy’s ships refitted at
Portsmouth, 166; Paul’s relations
with, 184; Crimean War, 2.54; St
Petersburg’s ongoing Anglophilia,
308; British community in St
Petersburg in early twentieth
century, 331; British Embassy
relief efforts in First World War,
350; sends expeditionary force
to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk,
371, 374; spies on Russia during
civil war, 375—6; tries to coor-
dinate counter-revolution, 377;
British Council exhibition in St
Petersburg, 438
Brobinsky, Count, 117
Brodsky, Joseph, 5—6, 69, 2,35, 2.67,
450
The Bronze Horseman statue, 143—7,
X45, J46, 411, 428, 481; Pushkin’s
poem, 147, 2.12., 223—6, 224
Brown, Lancelot Capability, 153, 155
Bruce, Peter Henry, 43, 44, 59—60
Bruce Lockhart, Sir Robert, 344, 368,
371
Briihl, Count Heinrich von, 158
Bruni, Fedor, 2.35—6, 2.39
Bryant, Louise, 365, 367, 369, 378
Bryullov, Alexander, Z37
Bryullov, Karl, 235, 236
Buchanan, Sir George, 345, 356, 357,
361, 367
Buchanan, James, 310
Buchanan, Meriel: on discontent in St
Petersburg, 348; on discomforts
during First World War, 350; on
Alexandra, 352; on Bolsheviks,
355; and 1917 Revolution, 356; on
St Petersburg in aftermath of 1917
Revolution, 368, 369
Buddhist temple, 343
budochnikiy 129, 130
building techniques and wages, 196,
197
Bukharin, Nikolai, 398
Bulatov, Colonel, 219
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 404
Bulgarin, Faddei, 252, 258
Burturlin, Peter, 64
Bush, John, 152
Butter Week carnival (Maslenitsa),
10, 87, 338
Buturlin, Count Dmitry, 210
Buzheninova, Avdotya, 97—8
Cadet Corps, 82—3,113, 194
Cadet Corps gardens, 178
Cadet School, 121
Calais, 50
calendar, Russian, 23, 370
Cameo Service, 136, 237
Cameron, Charles, 150—2, 153—4, 156,
198,209
Campana, Giampietro, 260
camps see gulags
canals, 31, 82, 139—40; see also indi-
vidual canals by name
cannibalism, 419
Caravaque, Louis, 50, 109
Carburi de Ceffalonie, Captain
Marin, 144—5
Carmarthen, Admiral, 20, 24
cars, 331, 341, 444, 447
Carte, John, 18
Casals, Pablo, 328
Casanova, Giacomo: mother visits
St Petersburg, 93 ; on Russian
servants, 129—30, 191; goes to
masked ball, 137; on Catherine
II, 138; buys young maidservant,
170—1 ; on St Petersburg and life
there, 177, 477; formalities to be
complied with before leaving St
Petersburg, 183
The Catechism of the Revolutionary
(pamphlet), 271
Cathcart, Lord, 126
Catherine I (Martha), Empress of
Russia: meets Peter I, 25; brought
to St Petersburg to live with him,
38—9; son born, 43—4; appear-
ance, 51, 76; Peter I builds palace
for, 51; entertains at Peterhof,
53; behaviour at assemblees, 55;
Peter I prepares for her succession,
65—6; relationship with Peter I,
66; crowned Empress, 66—7; Peter
INDEX
565»
I executes her lover, 67; succeeds
to throne, 67, 70—1; grieves for
Peter I and daughter, 68; involve-
ment in Peter I’s death, 70; reign,
71—6; extravagance of parties,
72.-3
Catherine II, the Great, Empress of
Russia, 176; on Elizabeth, 108,
118; background and marriage,
и6; life at Elizabeth’s court,
116—17; children, 117; entertained
by Count Choglokov, 12,1—2.; on
Peter III, 12.4—5; on the climate,
126; reign, 126—79; wins power
in coup against husband, 133—5;
lifestyle, 135—7; iconography,
136, 175; St Petersburg build-
ing schemes and gardens, 136,
139—40, 147—57; court life, 138;
lovers, 138, 175; as writer and
intellectual, 141—3; assembles
Hermitage Collection, 157—62;
writes opera libretti, 163; sets up
bank, 166; and health and medical
matters, 167—9; variolated against
smallpox, 167; on serfdom, 171;
Pugachev’s rebellion against,
171— 3; Sevastopol progress, 173;
Radishchev’s revolutionary book
attacking, 173—5; death, 176—7,
179; relationship with Paul, 179,
180, 181, 182, 188; relationship
with Alexander I, 200—1
Catherine Canal, 284
Cavanagh, Eleanor, 146
Cavos, Alberto, 302
Cavos, Catterino, 210, 240, 302
Cecchetti, Enrico, 296—7, 339
censorship see books and publishing
Central Post Office, 154, 366
Chaadaev, Peter, 226, 484
Chagall, Marc, 390
Chain Bridge house, 220—1
Chaliapin, Fyodor, 327, 378
Champeaux, Gerard de, 180
Chappe d’Auteroche, Abbé, 168—9
Charles XII, King of Sweden, 23, 30
Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 38
Chechnya, 471—2
Cheka see police
Chekhov, Anton, 317
Chéret, Jules, 348
Cherkassy, Prince, 40
Chernenko, Konstantin, 453
Chernobyl, 5
Chernyshev, Ivan, 112
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 232, 252—3,
264—5, 266—7, 273
Chesme, Battle of (1770), 166
Chesme Palace (formerly
Kekerekeksinen; Frog Marsh
Palace), 153, 154
Chétardie, Marquis de la, no
Chevakinsky, Savva, 106
Chiaveri, Gaetano, 61
children: infant mortality, 140;
orphanages, 140, 147; labour,
257; child prostitutes, 2.55, 268,
288, 335; begging in twenti-
eth-century St Petersburg, 327; see
also education
chimney sweeps, 131
chocolate, 436
Choglokov, Count, 121—2
choirs, 94—5
cholera, 246-7, 270, 334—5, 374
Christmas, 294—5, 295
Church of Christ the Saviour on the
Spilt Blood, 289, 422
Churchill, Winston, 409
cinema: in Soviet era, 372, 391—3; see
also individual films by name
cinemas, 331—2
circuses, 404
Clarke, Revd Edward Daniel, 149
clerks, 230—1, 234
climate, 126—7, 478—9
clothes: Peter I forces nobles to mod-
ernise, 32; Paul’s laws governing,
184; in nineteenth century, 191—2,
280; in Sixties, 450
Cobenzl, Count Karl, 158
cocaine, 380
Coesvelt, William, 210
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 176—7
Collot, Marie-Anne, 144
Communist Party: 1920 power struc-
ture, 382—3; privileged life of elite,
396,431-2, 447
concentration camps.see gulags
Conegliano, Cima da, 291
570
INDEX
Consecration of the Waters ceremony,
43
Constantine (Alexander I’s brother),
200, 213—14, 2.46
Constructivism, 342, 390
The Contemporary (periodical), 2.61,
2.63, 2.6$
contraceptives, 395, 446
coopers, 131
Corberon, Chevalier de, 160
Corot, Camille, 2.30
Corps of Pages, 121
corruption: under Peter I, 57, 6z;
under Peter II, 71—z; under
Elizabeth, 122; police, 254; under
Alexander II, 2.81; under Nicholas
II, 335; in Soviet era, 379, 4Z0,
450; Gorbachev campaigns
against, 453; post-glasnost,
46Z-5, 469,470
Cottrell, Charles, 100
Courland, Frederick WTilliam, Duke
of, 37-8
Cozens, Alexander, Z4
Cozens, John Robert, ¿4
Cozens, Richard, Z4
crime and punishment see executions;
flogging; law and order; police
Crimea, 471
Crimean War (1853—6), Z54
Cross, Letitia, 19
Crozat, Pierre, 159
Cruickshank, Isaac, 185
Cui, César, 3Z8
Currency Bank, 156
Custine, Astolphe de: on St
Petersburg, 4, zz6, Z34; film
character based on, 68; on
St Petersburg floods, 68; on
St Petersburg’s squares, ZZ7;
on reconstruction of Winter
Palace, Z38; on celebrations for
Alexandra Feodorovna’s name-
day, Z45; on Russia’s political
climate, 252, Z54, Z56; on Bronze
Horseman statue, 481
dachas, Z58
Dadaism, 341
Daguerre, Dominique, 180
Dahl, Vladimir, 186
dance: popular dances in nineteenth
century, Z30, Z45; Duncan per-
forms in St Petersburg, Z99, 317;
Siamese influence, 308; popular
dances in early twentieth century,
345; popular dances in Fifties and
Sixties, 44z; see also ballet
Dashwood, Sir Francis, 69, 84—5
David, Jacques-Louis, 149
Davidov, Vladimir, Z97
DDT, 454
Deane, John, Z4, 6z
Decembrist uprising (18Z5), Z13—2,0,
215, zzi—z
Decrezet, Antoine, 155
Degaev, Sergei, Z91
Deineka, Alexander, 394
Demidov, State Councillor, izz
Denon, Dominique Vivant, zxo
Department of State Police see police
department stores, 333, 396
Derzhavin, Gavrila, 151, 155, 167,
2-53-4
Deschisaux, Pierre, 7Z—3, 74
Diaghilev, Sergei: on Kschessinskaya’s
affair with Nicholas II, Z94;
background and appearance, Z99;
on Duncan, 299, 3x7; and modern
art, 302—4; as international
impresario, 327—9; relationship
with Nijinsky, 329—30; rehearses
Petrushka, 338; and The Kite of
Spring, 339; tours America, 351;
refuses post of Minister of the
Fine Arts under Kerensky, 359;
Prokofiev’s ballet for, 389
Dialogues (film), 453—4
Dickens, Charles, 230, 234
Didelot, Charles-Louis, 243
Diderot, Denis: correspondence
with Catherine II, 141; visits
St Petersburg, 142, 143; helps
Catherine II obtain Paris art-
works, 158, 159; Levitsky’s
portrait, 162; on St Petersburg,
177
Dimsdale, Dr Thomas, 167—8
divorce, 395
Doblin, Alfred, 234
doctors see health and medicine
dog-catchers, 131
ÍNDEX
571
Dolgorukov, Vladimir, 293
Dolgoruky, Prince Alexei, 79
Dolgoruky, Catherine, 79—80
Dolgoruky, Ivan, 79—80, 84
Dolgoruky, Prince Michael, 12
Dolgoruky family, 78
Dolgov (building contractor), 173
Donizetti, Gaetano, 468
Dos Passos, John, 2.33—4
Dostoevsky, Fyodor; relationship with
Pushkin, 2.213; inspiration for The
Double, 2.34—5; on St Petersburg,
2.2.3, 477; first story, 2.49; sen-
tenced to death for involvement
with Petrashevsky circle but
sent to Siberia instead, 251—2;
returns from exile, 2.59; supports
student demonstrations, 2-63;
1862. arson attacks mentioned in
Crime and Punishment, 2.64; on
women’s condition, 2.65; milieu
of his novels, 2.67; prostitutes
in Crime and Punishment, 2.68;
planned novel about drunken-
ness epidemic, 268; on terrorism,
2.78; death, 2182.; anti-Semitism,
2.87; Soviet attitude to, 388; on
St Petersburg’s weather, 479
Dostoevsky, Mikhail, 263
Dovshenko, Alexandr, 392—3
downpipes, 478
Drenteln, General Alexander, 275
Dresdensha (Anna-Cunegonda
Felker), 122
Drigo, Riccardo, 297
drinking see alcohol
drugs,380,459, 460, 470
Dudinskaya, Natalia, 441
Dukes, Paul, 375—6
Duma: creation of First, 324—5, 325;
dissolved, 327; Second Duma
brought down, 330; Third Duma,
330-1, 337—8
Dumas, Alexandre, x, 231, 259
Duncan, Isadora, 299, 317, 388
dvorniki, 129—30
dwarfs, xx, 36, 37—8, 44, 84
dysentery, 30, 422
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 371, 383, 39J, 471
Earth (film), 392—3
Easter, 87, 193—4
education: under Peter I, 54—5; under
Anna, 82—3; under Elizabeth, 121;
under Catherine II, 140—x, X47;
under Alexander I, 201; under
Nicholas I, 248; student unrest
under Alexander II, 261֊3, 263;
improvements for women, 265;
student unrest in early twentieth
century, 334; women’s education
in early twentieth century, 334;
early Soviet attempts to spread
culture to the masses, 371—2;
women’s education in Soviet era,
394; schoolchildren given false
picture of life abroad, 396—7; fees
introduced by Soviets, 432
Edward VII, King of Great Britain
and Ireland, 353
Egyptian Bridge, 206
Eisenstein, Sergei, 5—6, 208, 319, 365,
392,408
Ekaterina Dolgoruky, Empress of
Russia, 282
Ekaterinburg, 77, 375
Elena Pavlovna, Grand Duchess, 259,
260,279
Eliasberg, Karl, 426
Eliseev Brothers’ Trading House, 305
Eliseev emporium, 343
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia: at
mother’s wedding, 39; Peter I
builds palace for, 51; learns ballet,
83; goes to the opera with Anna,
93—4; uneasy life during Anna’s
reign, 94; palace harmed by
fire, 95; Anna blocks her succes-
sion, 99; wooed by Shah Nadir,
99—100; stages coup, too, 102;
appearance, background and
character, 102, 107—8, no—11,
118; reign, 102—24; conspiracies
against, 103; luxury at her court,
103—4, 107—9, 117—x8; iconogra-
phy, 109—10; fear of assassination,
110; foreign policy, 111; lack of
interest in internal government,
in—12; and the arts, 112-16;
and cross-dressing, 108, 118—20;
death, 124; spied on in flagrante
by Peter III, 125; funeral, X25; and
572-
INDEX
Yakovlev, 131; rumoured to be
Emperor Paul’s mother, 179
Elizabeth Alekseevna (Alexander I’s
wife), Empress of Russia, 201
Elizabeth Ivanova, hi
Elssler, Fanny, 2-44
Emelyanov, Ivan, 2-83-4
The End of St Petersburg (film),
345 “5° 367
Engelhardt House, 2.32.
Engels, Friedrich, 385
Engineers’ Castle, 2.09
Engineers School, 61
English Reformed Church, 156
engraving, topographical, 162
Eon, Chevalier d’, 119—20
Eropkin, Peter, 95—8
Erotica Museum, 469—70
etiquette and manners, 55
Evdokia, Tsarina of Russia, 13, 39
Evelyn, John, 18, 2.0—1
executions, 22, 48—9, zzo
exploration, 74
Exter, Aleksandra, 390
Faber, Theodor von, 190—1
Fabergé jewels, Z87, 307, 403
factories see industrial relations and
unrest; industries
fairs, 10, 87,128, 1Z9,193—4, 307, 338
Falconet, Etienne, 143—7, X49, 4x1,
481
Fall of Berlin (film), 43Z-3
family, Soviet attitude to, 395-6, 446
famine see food
Farquharson, Henry, Z4
Farsetti, Filippo, 181
Farussi, Zanetta, 93
fashion see clothes
Faure, Félix, 308
Favier, Jean-Louis, no
Fedotov, Georgy, 384
Fedotov, Pavel, Z35
Felker, Anna-Cunegonda see
Dresdensha
Feiten, Yuri, 144—5,154—5, 156, 160
fencing, 404
Festival of the Magic of the White
Rose, Z44
Figner, Evgenia, Z77
Figner, Vera, Z75—6, z8z, Z83, Z85,
361
Filosofov, Dmitri, 30Z
Finch, Edward, 100,101
Finland, 3Z6, 409
Finland Station, 376, 437
fire-fighting, 46, 57, 130, 307
fires: (1736 and 1737), 95; (1740s),
izz; Winter Palace burns in 1837,
Z36-7, 237
First World War (1914—18): out-
break, 349; life in St Petersburg
during, 349-54; protests against
Russian involvement, 344;
Russian war efforts disintegrate,
361-z; Germans advance on St
Petersburg, 370—1; Russia leaves
the war, 37x
Fisher, Lola, 441
Flamsteed, John, zi
flogging, 48-9
flood barriers, 101, 139, 473—4
floods: (1721 and 1723), 62; (1726),
74; (1752), 121-2; (1763)* 165;
(1824), 2x2, 2x3, 225; (1903), 3OJ;
(1924), 386-7
Fokine, Mikhail: as dancer, 293;
strikes during 1905 Revolution,
299, 321—3; inspirations, 308, 317;
rehearses Petrushka, 338; remains
at Mariinsky throughout the First
World War, 351
Fontana, Giovanni, 51
Fontanka Canal, 165
food: in eighteenth century, 48, 85—7;
under Elizabeth, 117—18, 122—3;
under Catherine II, 131—2, 152,
166; sale of frozen, 131—2; under
Alexander I, 194—5; meal times,
231; under Nicholas I, 255—6;
shortages in aftermath of 1917
Revolution, 369—70, 376—7,
379; in Soviet era, 394, 396, 443,
446—7, 452; during siege, 415—20,
422—4; 1946 famine, 431—2;
expenditure on foreign imports,
450; special food for ballet
dancers, 451; rationing comes in
again under Gorbachev, 455; in
Nineties, 461—2; in twenty-first
century, 472
INDEX
573
football, 404, 42-9, 442, 481
Forbes, George, Baron, 84
Ford,John,435
Foster, Norman, 474
Fourier, Charles, 2.50
Fox, Charles James, 151
France: Peter I visits, 49—50;
Elizabeth’s relations with, in,
119—2.0; French Revolution’s
influence on Russia, 173—4;
rise in fashionability of French
language, 196; Napoleonic Wars,
202, 2.03—6; Crimean War, 2-54;
investment in tsarist Russia, 2-90,
32.7; and Russian Civil War, 374;
see also Paris
Francis, David, 355
Franco-Prussian War (1870—1), 2.80
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, 349
Frederick II, the Great, King of
Prussia, in, 157, 158
Fredericks, Count, 357
Freemasonry, 2.06, 212
Friedland, Battle of (1807), 202
Frog Marsh Palace see Chesme Palace
FSB see police
Fyodor III, Tsar of Russia, xx
Gagarin, Yuri, 443
Gaignat, Louis-Jean, 68
Galeria, 482
Galich, Alexander, 442.
Galle glassware, 307
gambling, $6,89, 345, 459
Gapon, Father, 311—13, 316, 32,6
gardens: Summer Garden grounds,
32—3; at Peterhof, 52—3, 200; at
Tsarskoe Selo, 107, 149—52, I53
at Tauride Palace, 155, 202; plea-
sure gardens, 179, 194
Gargarin, Sergei, 114
Gargarin Palace, 156
Gastronom shops, 396, 432
Gatchina, 149, 181—2, i8x, 412
Gates, Robert, 472
Gautier, Théophile: on Tsarskoe Selo,
107, 152; on Nevsky Prospekt,
232; on St Petersburg ballet,
242—3; co-writes Giselle libretto,
244; on St Petersburg mazurka
dancing, 245; on St Petersburg
meals, 255—6
Gazprom Tower, 473, 480
Gedeonov, Stephan, 260
Gellart, Christian, 142
General Staff of the Army offices, 209
George III, King of Great Britain and
Ireland, 160
Georgi, Johann Gottlieb, 161
Georgia, 471
Gerasimov, Alexander, 394
Gerasimov, General, 318, 322—3
Gergiev, Valery, 468—9, 474
German Embassy, 349
Germany: Catherine I visits, 51;
German presence at Anna’s court,
87—8; Alexander II’s relations
with, 280; anti-German feeling in
First World War, 349, 350, 352;
German agitators in St Petersburg,
352, 355, 357; allows Lenin to
cross its territory to return to
Russia, 359; invasion of Soviet
Union, 408—29
Gide, André, 5, 396—7
Ginzburg, Lydia, 415, 4x8
Giselle (ballet), 244, 440—1
glasnost, 453—7
glasses, 450
Glavit, 388
Glavosobtorg, 396
Glazunov. Alexander, 292, 297
Glière, Reinhold, 438
Glinka, Mikhail, 240, 241—2, 245,
278,287
Gogen, Alexander, 305
Gogol, Nikolai: on St Petersburg,
4; background, 234; on Glinka,
241—2; Belinsky takes to task,
249; Shostakovich opera based on
short story by, 393
works: Dead Souls, 71; The
Government Inspector, 240;
‘Nevsky Prospekt’, 233; ‘The
Overcoat’, 234—5; Petersburg
Tales, 233, 239—40
GOKHRAN, 402
Goldman, Emma, 376—7, 379, 380—x
Golitsyn, Prince Alexander, 201
Golitsyn, Prince Boris, 122
574
INDEX
Golitsyn, Prince Dmitry, 80,158,159,
161
Golitsyn, Prince Mikhail, 88, 97—8
Golitsyn, Prince Vasily, 12—13
Golitsyna, Daria, 55
Golitsyna, Princess Natasha, 75-֊6
Goloshchekin, David, 454
Golovin, Ivan Mikhailovich, 63
Goncharova, Natalia, 222, 342
Gonzaga Cameo, 2x1
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 453—7
Gordunov, Dmitri, 438
Gorky, Maxim, 373, 378, 379, 402
Gorokhova, Valentina, 418
Gorokhovaya Street, 95—6,96,197,
371
gostiny dvor (merchants yard), 131,
148,333,414,436
Gothic Banquet Service, 244—5
Gotzkowsky, Johann Ernst, 87
Gould, Glenn, 439-40
Gould, William, 155
GPU see police
Grabit, Jean, 198
Granovsky, Timofey, 248, 254
Great Market, 47,131
Great Northern War (1700—21), 29,
33-4, 41, 62
Grebenka, Evgeny, 129
Grebenshchikov, Boris, 448—9, 465
Green Frog Service, 152—3
Greinert, Elza, 418—19
Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 180
Grice, Richard, 24
Grieg, Edvard, 297
Grimm, Baron Melchior von, 141,
146, 156, 157, 160
Grinevitsky, Ignaty, 283-4
Grisi, Carlotta, 244
Grossman, Vasily, 437, 475
gulags, 387, 398, 435, 437
Gulbenkian, Calouste, 403
Gumilev, Nikolai, 373
Guryev Service, 206
Gustav III, King of Sweden, 163
Gwynn, Stephan, 24
gymnastics, 404
hairdressers, 132, 232
Hammer, Victor and Armand, 403
Hango, Battle of (1714), 41
Hanway, Jonas, 104,118
Harris, Sir James, 152
Hastie, William, 196—7
Hawksmoor, Nicholas, 17—18
Haymarket, 246—7, 267, 459
health and medicine: under Catherine
II, 167—9; cholera outbreaks,
246-8; women training as doc-
tors, 265—6, 272, 334; epidemics
under Alexander II, 270; epidem-
ics in early twentieth century,
334—5; in immediate aftermath
of 1917 Revolution, 374; women
doctors in Soviet era, 395; during
siege, 418, 422, 427; see also indi-
vidual diseases by name; public
health and hygiene
heating, 129—30
Hell (radical group), 269—70
Heilman, Lillian, 478
Herbel, Nicholas, 61
Hermitage: Catherine II amasses
collection and erects building
to house it, 155, 156, 157—62;
Yusupov charged with upkeep of
galleries, 181; collections evacu-
ated in preparation for Napoleon’s
invasion, 205; Alexander I extends
collections, 210-11; after fire,
New Hermitage built to house col-
lections, 238—9; under Gedeonev’s
directorship, 260; Alexander III
extends collections. 291; Winter
Palace becomes part, 372-3; best
artworks moved to Moscow for
safe-keeping during civil war, 373;
artworks returned from Moscow,
378; Soviet government sells many
treasures and transfers others to
Moscow, 402-3; treasures evac-
uated in preparation for German
invasion, 412; food planted in
Small Hermitage during siege,
422—4; guided tours for soldiers
during siege, 426—7; artworks
returned after Second World War,
431; 200th anniversary, 437—8;
exhibitions from abroad, 438,
449; guided tours for foreigners,
449; Peter I exhibition, 468; films
about museum, 68
INDEX
575
Hermitage Theatre, 156, 163, 193, 330
Herzen, Alexander: on Catherine
II, 137; publishes Radishchev’s
Journey, 174; on political atmo-
sphere under Nicholas I, 221, 2.53;
on St Petersburg’s atmosphere,
2.27; on Bryullov’s Last Day of
Pompeii, 236; as revolutionary
thinker and writer, 248, 249—50;
background, 249; hauled up
before Third Section, 253; reac-
tion to Nicholas I’s death, 254;
pamphlet published by, 261; mon-
uments to, 374; on revolutionary
process, 383
Heyden, Jan van der, 16
historicism, 245
Hitler, Adolf, 408, 409—10
Holland, 9, 14—17, 22, 50, 180
Holstein-Gottorp, Charles-Frederick,
Duke of, 72
Horse Guards Riding School see
Manege
horseracing, 404
hospitality, 195
hospitals, 168, 169
Hotel Moskva, 459
House of Arts, 373
House of Soviets, 406
housing: under Peter I, 31, 35, 42, 46,
60; under Anna, 85, 95 ; under
Catherine II, 139—40, 163—4;
under Nicholas I,.229; under
Alexander II, 267, 270; com-
munal, 402, 435, 445—6; Fifties
cooperatives, 436; style of private,
446; in Nineties, 460—1; in twen-
ty-first century, 470, 472—3, 482
Howard, John, 164
hunting, 88—9
hygiene see public health and hygiene
Hyndford, Lord, ixx, 118
ice hockey, 442—3
Ice Palace, 97—8, 470
Ignatiev, Nicholai, 287—8
Ignaty, Archimandrite, 289
Imperial Academy of the Liberal
Arts of Painting, Sculpture and
Architecture, 121
Imperial Ballet School (formerly St
Petersburg Classical Dance and
Ballet School): foundation, 83;
Rinaldi becomes director, 93;
Gautier on, 243; Pavlova at, 293;
Kschessinskaya at, 2.94; Nijinsky
at, 316, 329; minimum age of
students, 451
Imperial Porcelain Factory, 123, 153,
206, 307
Imperial Russian Public Library see
National Public Library
India, 184
industrial relations and unrest:
growing industrialisation and
its effects, 257—8; first sustained
Russian strike, 271; growing
unrest in late nineteenth century,
309—10; and 1905 Revolution,
311—13, 318, 319—2-3; trade
unions legalised, 324; with 1905
Revolution crushed, working
conditions worsen and produc-
tivity soars, 331; Lena Goldfields
massacre triggers new wave of
strikes and unrest, 343—4; 1914
general strike, 348; First World
War brings worsening condi-
tions for workers, 349—50; and
1917 Revolution, 354—8; strikes
in immediate aftermath of 1917
Revolution, 369; Cheka fires on
strikers, 377; worker disenchant-
ment with Bolsheviks, 380—1;
absenteeism penalties, 409
industries: under Elizabeth, 123—4;
under Catherine II, 140; under
Alexander I, 270—x; under
Alexander III, 289—90; under
Nicholas II, 304—5; and First
World War, 349—50; in Fifties and
Sixties, 436, 443; privatisation,
463
inflation, in Nineties, 461—2
Inkhuk,389—90
inoculation, 167—8
Institute of St Catherine, 203
intergirl (film), 460
Internet, 471
iron industry, 271, 309
Ishutin, Nikolai, 269—70
Istomina, Avdotya, 243
576
INDEX
Ivan IV, the Terrible, Tsar of Russia,
z5
Ivan V, Tsar of Russia, n—12, 13
Ivan VI, Emperor of Russia, 99—100,
103, 133, 135
Ivanov (film), 448—9
Ivanov, Alexander, 2.35—6
Ivanov, Lev, 2.96—7
Izvestia (newspaper), 356, 391, 404
jails, 164
Japan, 305, 319
Jawlensky, Alexei von, 340
jazz, 401, 453—4
Jews, 2.61, 287—8, 300, 323, 349,
405-6
Johnson, Samuel, 161
Josephine, Empress of France, 210-11
Joyce, James, 2.33
judo, 443
Juel, Just, 38
Justice, Elizabeth, 85—7, 94
Kakhovsky, Pyotr, 214, 2.15, 220
Kamenev, Lev, 383, 398
Kamennoostrovsky Prospekt, 314,
332·
Kamenný Island, 178, 329
Kandinsky, Vasily, 340, 342, 389
Kaplan, Fanya, 375
Karakozov, Dmitri, 269-70
Karsavina, Tamara: on St Petersburg
at Christmas, 295; and 1905
Revolution, 299, 3x6, 321—2; on
nineteenth-century traditions,
307-8; apartment, 328; rehearsals
at Hermitage Theatre, 330; on
the Ballets Russes in Paris, 330;
on St Petersburg during First
World War, 351—2; on October
Revolution, 362; in 1920s, 378
Kazan Cathedral, 187,199, 310
Kekerekeksinen see Chesme Palace
Kennedy, John F., 444-5
Kerensky, Alexander, 354, 358—62,
366
KGB see police
Khalturin, Stephan, 277
Kharchenko, Oleg, 474
Khlysty see Kristovovery
Khrushchev, Nikita: succeeds Stalin
and denounces him, 435; in
power, 435—45; agrees to publica-
tion of Solzhenitsyn novel, 437;
attitude to abstract art, 438; atti-
tude to jazz, 442; loss of support
and then power, 444-5
Kije, Lieutenant, 186
Kinchev, Konstantin, 465
Kirov, Sergei, 397—8
Kirov Theatre see Mariinsky Theatre
Kist, Gerrit, 9
Klemperer, Otto, 393
Klenze, Leo von, 238
Kliastitzi, Battle of (1812), 203
Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 20
Knowles, Admiral Sir Charles, r66
Knox, General Alfred, 356, 367
Kochubey, Prince Viktor, 188
Koestler, Arthur, 385, 399, 409
Kokovtsov, Count Vladimir: and
1905 Revolution, 314—15, 316; at
ceremony to admit First Duma,
324; on Third Duma, 331; and
Rasputin, 337—8; and 1917
Revolution, 354, 356, 358
Kolpakova, Irina, 441
Komissarzhevskaya, Vera, 340
Konigseck, Herr, 24—5
Konstantin, Grand Duke, 277
Korb, Johan, 22
Kornilov, General Lavr, 361
Korobov, Ivan, 95—6
Kostrovitskaya, Vera, 416, 417
Kotlin, 28, 29
Kotzbue, Auguste von, 184, 186-7
Koussevitzky, Sergei, 339
Krestovsky, Vsevolod, 270
Krestovsky Island, 178—9, 331, 442,
472*”3
Kristovovery (Khlysty), 336
Kronstadt: fort constructed, 29; port
at, 42; dilapidation in eighteenth
century, 84—5; canal to admit
stricken ships, 165—6; cathedral
built, 198; concerts in, 279; 1906
revolt, 326; prostitution in early
twentieth century, 335; in twen-
ty-first century, 473—4, 473
Kronstadt mutiny (1921), 380-1
Kschessinskaya, Matilda, 294, 305—7,
3°8, 33°
INDEX
577
Kubelik, Jan, 3Z8
Küchelbecker, Wilhelm, 221
kulaks, 388
Kuleshov, Lev, 39Z
Kunstkammer, 50, 61, 73, 74—5,
466-7
Kuratkin, Prince, 10
Kutuzov, General, zoz, Z04
Kuznetsov, Alexei, 433—4
La Vie (French envoy), 6z
Labensky, Franz, zio
Ladoga, Lake, 420-2, 4ZX, 4Z4
Ladvoski Atelier, 390—1
Lakhta Centre, 473, 4S0, 481
Land and Freedom movement, Z75—7,
z8z—6, 290-1
Lande, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 93, IZ4
Ladoga Canal, 8z
Lane, Edward, 68
languages, 195—6, 450
Larionov, Mikhail, 34Z
Lavrov, Peter, Z7Z
law and order: in eighteenth century,
56, 57, 58, 73; under Elizabeth,
103, izz; under Catherine II,
164; under Alexander I, 197—8;
under Nicholas I, zzo—1, Z54—5;
trial by jury and defence counsels
introduced, 2.61; trial by jury
suspended, Z75; rise in gangs
and street crime under Nicholas
II, 309, 318, 3Z7, 333; in Soviet
era, 398, 406; during siege,
419, 4Z0; in Seventies, 450; in
Nineties, 455—6, 459—60, 464—5;
in twenty-first century, 470; see
also executions; flogging; police;
revolution, the road to
Le Blond, Jean-Baptiste Alexandre,
33, 45, 46, 5z
Le Carré, John, 461
Le Nôtre, André, 33
Leeuwenhoek, Anthonie van, 15—16
Lefort, François, 9, 13
Légat, Nikolai, Z96—7
Légat, Sergei, 3ZZ
Légat, Vera, Z93
Legend of the Communard (show),
378
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 6x
leisure and entertainment: under Peter
I, 55—6; under Anna, 87; under
Catherine II, 178—9; in nineteenth
century, 19Z—4, Z58; in early
twentieth century, 307—8, 331; in
Soviet era, 404, 44Z—3, 448; see
also individual types of entertain-
ment by name
Lena Goldfields massacre (191Z), 343
L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles, 45
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich: begins revolu-
tionary activities, Z90; encourages
industrial unrest, 309—10; and
peasant politicisation, 319; on
1905 Revolution, 3Z3; emerges as
Bolshevik leader, 3Z5—6; flees to
Finland, 3Z6; flees to Switzerland,
330, 341; returns to St Petersburg
to seize power, 359—61; joins
Soviet government, 369; prohib-
its export of art treasures, 373 ;
executes Gumilev, 373 ; shot by
SR activist, 375 ; on function of
towns, 379; power, 383; accepts
controlled capitalism, 385; death,
386; brutal policies, 387; and
cinema as propaganda, 391
Leningrad (journal), 433
Leningrad Choreographic Academy,
450-1
Leningrad Circle for New Music, 393
Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra,
393,400, 4Z5
Leontov, Valery, 448
Lermontov, Mikhail, zzi, z3Z
Leskov, Nikolai, 399—400
Lessing, Gotthold, 14Z
Levine, James, 468
Levitan, Isaak, 303
Levitsky, Dmitry, i6z
L’Hôpital, Marquis de, 117
Lialin, Oleg, 436
libraries see National Public Library
Lissitsky, El, 390—x
Liszt, Franz, Z40—I, 242
literature and learning: under
Elizabeth, xzo—1; under Catherine
II, 141—3, 147; under Nicholas I,
ZZ1-7, 2-33-5. 2.39-4o Z48-5Z;
censorship tightens, Z5z—4 ; under
Alexander II, Z64—7, Z70, Z71—z;
578
INDEX
in Soviet era, 372., 373, 388—9,
394, 404, 437; see also books and
publishing
Litta, Count, 260
Little Society, 176
Litvinenko, Alexander, 471—2
living organs, 114,115
Locatelli, Giovanni-Batista, 115
Lomonosov, Mikhail, 79,120-1, 221
London, 17—21, 230; Wallace
Collection, 237
Loris-Melikov, Mikhail, 278
Loubet, Emile, 308
loudspeakers: street, 406, 424, 426;
on cars, 444
Louis XIV, King of France, 49, 64
Löwenwolde, Karl Gustav von, 81,
102
Ludwig I, King of Bavaria, 238
Lunacharsky, Anatoli, 371—2, 378
Luzhkov, Yuri, 463—4
Lvov, Nikolai, 154
Lvov, Prince Pavel, 329
Macartney, George, 180
McCartney, Paul, 470
Maddison, John, in
Madonis, Luigi, 92-3
Mahler, Gustav, 328
The Maid of Marienburg (play), 39
Makhaev, Mikhail, 162
Makovsky, Sergei, 340
Malenkov, Georgy, 434
Malevich, Kasemir, 341, 342, 389,
390
Maltsevsky Market, 436
Maly Konyushennya, 483
Maly Theatre, 393, 439-40, 475
Mamontov, Savva, 292
Manchuria, 305
Mandelstam, Osip, 308—9, 352, 404
Manége (Horse Guards Riding
School), 199
Manet, Edouard, 260
manners see etiquette and manners
Manstein, General, 88, 89, 92,94,
100,104
Marble Palace, 149
Maria Alexandrovna, Empress of
Russia, 259, 281
Maria Feodorovna, Empress of Russia
(Paul’s wife), 153—4, 180, 202
Maria Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia
(Alexander Ill’s wife), 286, 324
Mariinsky Theatre (Kirov in Soviet
era): design and opening, 259;
under Alexander III, 292; 1892
production, 296; Nijinsky at,
329—30; in First World War, 351;
in immediate aftermath of 1917
Revolution, 358—9, 378; renamed
GATOB briefly, then Kirov, 398;
Ulanova at, 404-5 ; hit by German
shell in Second World War, 414;
foreign visitors, 449; gala concert
broadcast worldwide, 468; in
Nineties, 4; in twenty-first cen-
tury, 468-9, 475, 483; Mariinsky
II built, 474—5
Marinetti, Filippo, 341
Maritime Cathedral of St Nicholas,
106, 422
markets: under Peter I, 47—8, 47, 58;
under Anna, 101; under Elizabeth,
123; buying frozen food from,
131—2; monitoring of hygiene,
140; Christmas markets, 295;
under Nicholas II, 333; post-glas-
nost, 465 ; see also individual
markets by name
Mars Field, 269, 308, 413
Martin y Soler, Vincente, 163
Marx, Karl, 272, 374
Marye, George, 346
Mashina Vremeni (Time Machine),
448
Maslenttsa see Butter Week carnival
masquerades: in London, 19; under
Peter I, 41; under Anna, 91,91;
under Elizabeth, 106; under
Alexander I, 192—3; under
Nicholas I, 244
Masson, Charles François Philibert,
138, 175—6,180
Matisse, Henri, 403, 437, 485
Mattarnovy, Georg, 61
Matus, Ksenia, 425—6
Matveyev, Artamon, 10, 11—12
Matvienko, Valentina, 467—8
May Day celebrations, 308, 374
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 388
INDEX
579
Meader, Vaughn, 444—5
meal times, 2,31
Meek, Baron Vladimir von, 307
medicine see health and medicine
Medvedev, Dmitri, 448, 450, 473
Melba, Dame Nellie, 2.91—2.
Mellon, Andrew, 403
Meltzer, Friedrich, 307
Menelaws, Adam, 2.45, 2-46
Mengden, Julia, xoo
Mengs, Anton Raphael, 155
Mensheviks: and 1905 Revolution,
319; origins, 32.5—6; Lenin collab-
orates with, 32.6; Duma delegates
arrested, 330; vision for commu-
nism, 359; challenge claims of
Bolshevik government, 369
Menshikov, Alexander: background
and character, 19, 37; relationship
with Peter I, 19, 34; introduces
future Catherine I to Peter I,
2.5; St Petersburg palace, 35—7;
knowledge of German, 38; Peter I
builds Oranienbaum for, 51; Peter
I’s treatment of, 62.; furthers own
career under Catherine I, 71—2.;
over-reaches himself, 77
Menshikov Palace, 35—8, 36, 49, 77,
8z,340
mental health, 168
merchant’s yard see gostiny dvor
Mertens Trade House, 332.—3
Messelier, de le (French diplomat),
107
Messmacher, Maximilian, 2.80, 303
metro system, 481—2.
Meyerhold, Vsevelod, 340, 388
Mezentsov, General Nikolai, 2.75
Michelet, Jules, 2.53
Michetti, Niccolò, 33
Mickiewicz, Adam, 223
Mikhail, Grand Duke (nineteenth
century), Z14, z8o
Mikhail, Grand Duke (Nicholas IPs
brother), 357
Mikhailov, Mikhail, z6i, Z65
Mikhailov, Timofei, Z83
Mikhailovsky Palace, 188; building
of, 187—8; Paul killed at, 189;
abandoned by Alexander I, 190;
rebuilt, Z09, z6o; converted into
Russian Museum, 2.91; restor-
ation, 468
Miladorovich, Count, Z15
Miloslavsky family, 10—xz
Ministry of Finance building, Z09
Ministry of Foreign Affairs building,
Z09
Mir Isthusstva (The World of Art՝,
magazine), 301—3
Mira, Pietro (Pedrillo), 90
Mirsky, Leon, Z75
Mitchell, Admiral, zi
Molière, 239
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 410, 4iz
Mons, Anna, 13—14, 24—5
Mons, William, 67
Montferrand, Auguste Ricard de, 207,
227, 237
Monument to the Third
International, 382, 382
Morosov, Ivan, 403
Morosov, Pavlik, 402
Moscow: in eighteenth century, 60,
77—8; Napoleon’s occupation,
203—5; mid-nineteenth-century
thinkers and writers, 248—50;
1862 arson attacks, 264; attacks
on Jews, 288; paintings trans-
ferred there from Hermitage, 403;
post-glasnost flaunting of wealth,
463—4; ‘Chechen’ bombs, 471—2;
character and atmosphere, 479;
metro system, 481
Moscow School of Mathematics and
Navigation, 24
Moss, Eric Owen, 474
Mothe, Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la,
147-8, 157
Mottley, John, 58, 77
Mottraye, Aubry de la, 48, 50, 73,
74? 75
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 163, 475
Mravinsky, Yevgeny, 400
Mukhina, Lena, 414—15, 417, 418, 427
Münnich, General Burkhard
Christoph von, 87—8, 98, 99, 100,
102,III
Münzenberg, Willi, 395
Muradelli, Vano, 438
Muraviev, Count, 269
Muravyov, Nikita, 213, 220
580
INDEX
Murmansk, 371, 374
music: under Anna, 92—4; under
Elizabeth, 114—16; under Nicholas
I, 2.40— 4; under Alexander II,
2.59, 2,78—80; under Alexander III,
291—8; under Nicholas II, 32,7—30,
338-40, 343, 347-8, 351; in Soviet
era, 378, 389, 393-4, 35 5 -4°i,
424—6, 438—42.; love of Western-
style music grows, 441—2., 448—9,
453-4, 465, 470; in twenty-first
century, 475
Mussorgsky, Modest, 279, 280, 287,
292, 301, 327-8
Myshkin, Ippolit, 274
Nabokov, Vladimir, 308, 318, 331,
383
Nadir, Shah, 99—100
Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of
France, 199, 202, 203-5, 2-06
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, 260
Napoleonic Wars, 202, 203—6
Narkompros, 372, 388
Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will),
276—7, 282-6, 290—1 -
Nartov, Andrei, 19
Narva, Battle of (1700), 23
Narvskaya, 270—1
Naryshkin, Alexei, 143
Naryshkin, Natalya, 10—12
Naryshkin, Sergei, 109,114, 116
Naryshkin family, 10—12
Naryshkina, Maria, 201
Natalya Alekseevna (Peter Fs sister),
4i
Natalya Petrovna (Peter I’s daughter),
68
National Congress Palace, 467
National Public Library (formerly
Imperial Russian Public Library),
157, 209, 260, 427
nationalism, 465
Nautilius Pompilius, 465
Nechaev, Sergei, 271—2
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 229, 253, 265, 266
Nemtsov, Boris, 472
neoclassicism, 148—50,154—6, 206—7,
227, 260, 430-1
Netherlands see Holland
Neva River, 78; course, 25; maps,
26; Bell on, 28; crossing, 42;
sandbars, 42; sailing on, 87,178;
fishing, 123; in winter, 127,128,
129, 192, 205, 332, 406; drink-
ing from, 166—7; influence on
Stravinsky, 339
Nevsky Bridge, 255
Nevsky Pickwickians, 301—4
Nevsky Prospekt, 96, X23; construc-
tion, 96—7; building schemes
under Catherine II, 131,148, 157;
in its heyday, 177, 179, 255; build-
ing schemes under Alexander I,
199; a walk along it in mid-nine-
teenth century, 231—4; Dostoevsky
on, 267; in early twentieth
century, 305, 308, 332—3, 343;
renamed 25th of October Street
in Soviet era, 407; hit by German
shells in Second World War,
4x3—14, 423; rebuilding after the
war, 431; in Nineties, 1, 2, 3-5; in
twenty-first century, 484
Nevsky Prospekt massacre (1917),
355-6
Nevzorov, Alexander, 454—5
New Economic Policy (NEP; 1921),
385,386
New Holland Arch, 148
New Holland Island, 474
newspapers, 82, 333, 404; see also
books and publishing
Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 323;
accession, 214; reign, 214—56;
and Decembrist uprising, 214—20;
establishes Third Section, 220—1;
St Petersburg building schemes,
227—8, 236—9, 255; reaction to
Winter Palace fire, 236; love of
chivalry and dressing-up, 244—5;
attitude to women, 245—6; resis-
tance to industrialisation, 246;
rioting precipitated by cholera
outbreak, 246—7; cracks down on
revolutionary thinkers, 250—4;
foreign policy, 254; death, 256
Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia: balle-
rina mistress, 294; reign, 299—57;
character, 299—300, 322; lifestyle,
300—1; domestic and foreign
policies, 304—5; 1905 Revolution,
INDEX
581
2.99, 309—2.3; October Manifesto,
32.2., 32.4; reasserts autocratic
power, 32.4; relationship with
Rasputin, 336—8; interest in para-
normal, 342.; celebrates Romanov
tricentenary, 345—6; reaction to
Rasputin’s death, 354; and 1917
Revolution, 354—5; abdicates and
put under guard, 357; moved with
family to Tobolsk, 361; death, 375
Nicholas, Grand Duke, 304
Nicholas Konstantinovich, Grand
Duke, 2.81
Nijinsky, Romola, 2.94
Nijinsky, Vaslav, 2-99, 3x6, 32.9—30,
339
Nikitenko, Alexander, 252.
Nikitin, Ivan, 50
Nikolaev, Leonid, 397
Niodini (dancer), 115
NKVD see police
Nobel, Ludwig, 271
The Northern Bee (periodical), 252
Noverre, Jean-Georges, 243
Novikov, Nikolai, 141
Novokshchenova, Tatiana, 90
Nureyev, Rudolf, 440—1
Nurok, Alfred, 302
Nuvel, Walter, 302
Nyenskans, 26, 27
Obama, Barack, 447
Obolensky, Prince Yevgeny, 213
obshchina (village communes), 2.49,
250,272,273
October (film), 5—6, 208, 365, 392
October Manifesto (1905), 322, 324
Odessa, 287, 319
Of Freaks and Men (film), 333—4
Ogarev, Nicholas, 250
OGPU see police
oil, 474
Okhrana see police
Okhta, 473
Okudzhave, Bulat, 442
Olga, Grand Duchess, 346
oligarchs, 464—5
opera: under Anna, 93—4; under
Elizabeth, 115—16; under
Catherine II, 163; under
Alexander I, 210; under Nicholas
I, 240, 241—2; under Alexander
II, 259, 279—80; under Alexander
III, 291—3, 294; under Nicholas II,
327—8, 347—8; in Soviet era, 389,
393, 399—401, 438; in twenty-first
century, 475
Oranienbaum, 51, 148, 200
Orleans, Philippe, Due d’, 292
Orlov, Alexei, 134
Orlov, Grigory, 117, 134, 138, 149, 155
orphanages, 140,147
Ostermann, Johann Friedrich, 87—8,
100,102,III
Paget, Lady Muriel, 407
Pahlen, Count Peter von der, 189
‘Painting in Great Britain 1700—1960’
(exhibition), 438
Palace Square: celebrations for royal
weddings held in, 116, 137;
joust in, 137; workers petition
Catherine II in, 173; buildings
around, 209, 227; assassination
attempt on Alexander II in, 275;
1905 massacre in, 315, 3x5; and
1917 Revolution, 5—6, 366; hit by
German bomb in Second World
War, 426; May Day demonstra-
tion in, 457; resurfaced, 467; ice
palace in, 470
Paléologue, Maurice, 352
Palladio, Andrea, 153, 155, X56
Panin, Nikita (Catherine II’s Foreign
Minister), 159
Panin, Count Nikita (Paul’s assassin),
189
Paris: Peter I visits, 50; Catherine
II buys artworks from, 157—8;
Paul buys artworks from,
180—i; Napoleon captures, 205;
Alexander I visits, 210-11; flood
risks in nineteenth century, 230;
1863 Salon, 260; Commune,
280; assassination attempt on
Alexander II in, 281; Diaghilev’s
success in, 327—8, 329—30, 338,
359; Nureyev visits, 441
Parkinson, John, 167
Parland, Alfred, 289
Pashkevich, Vasily, 163
Pasternak, Boris, 404, 437
582-
INDEX
Patti, Adelina, 291
Paul, Emperor of Russia, 185; birth
and parentage, it7, 179—80; Peter
III wishes to rid self of, 133—4;
Catherine II gives palaces to,
149, 153—4; variolated against
smallpox, 167; reign, 179—90;
relationship with Catherine II,
179, 180, 181, 182, 188; back-
ground and character, 180—2, 183;
death, 188—90
Pauzié (court jeweller), no
Pavlova, Anna, 2.93, 2.99, 330
Pavlovsk Palace, 153-4, 198
People’s Vengeance, 2.71
People’s Will see Narodnaya Volya
peredvizhniki see Wanderers art
movement
perestroika, 453—7
Perovskaya, Sofia, 2.76, 283, 284, 285,
374, 400
Perrot, Jules, 243, 244
Perry, John, 19
Pestel (Decembrist), 220
Peter I, the Great, Tsar and Emperor
of Russia: background and child-
hood, 10—13, 2-8; character, 10, 13,
21—2, 34, 63—4; early interest in
building, 12; becomes tsar, 13—14;
reign, 15—69; first wife and family,
13; tour of Europe, 9—10,14—22;
drinking habits, 16—17, 33, 38,
53, 64, 70; personal meting out
of punishments, 22, 58; moderni-
sation policies, 23—4; bigamous
marriage, 25; founds and builds
St Petersburg, 25—37; bigamous
marriage made public, 39; forces
people to move to St Petersburg,
39—40, 44; tries to force St
Petersburg residents to sail, 42;
attempts to regulate food supplies,
48; further European trips, 49—51;
as collector, 50; builds palaces
around St Petersburg, 51—4; more
modernisation policies, 54—5;
behaviour at assemblées, 55;
involvement in son’s death, 58—60;
involvement in St Petersburg’s
administrative affairs, 62; pro-
claimed Emperor, 64-5 ; decrees
Table of Ranks, 65; prepares for
Catherine I’s succession, 65—6;
relationship with Catherine I,
66; executes Catherine I’s lover,
67; death and funeral, 67—8, 70;
achievements in St Petersburg
assessed, 68—9; measures against
corruption, 71—2; glorified in
Peter and Paul Cathedral, 78—9;
promotion of cult of Alexander
Nevsky, 96—7; Catherine ITs
statue to honour, 143—7, 145,146,
411, 428, 481; Paul’s statue to
honour, 188; Hermitage exhibi-
tion, 468; opera about, 468; as
branding tool, 469
Peter II, Emperor of Russia, 71—2, 76,
77- 80
Peter III, Emperor of Russia, 116—17,
124-5, *33-4 179-80
Peter Petrovich (Peter I’s son), 43—4
Peter and Paul Cathedral, 35, 68,
78- 9,318,332,467
Peter and Paul Fortress: Peter I builds,
28—30; rebuilt in stone, 35; still
unfinished, 73, 85; gun salutes
from, 193; houses imperial mint,
197; restored for 2003, 467
Peterhof (Petrodvorets): Peter I builds,
52—4; chapel built, 106; under
Alexander I, 200; Nicholas I
entertains at, 245; in early twen-
tieth century, 308, 348; renamed
Petrodvorets in First World War,
350; in Soviet era, 405, 412;
wrecked by Germans in Second
World War, 54,54, 432
Petersburg Side, 229, 309, 332
Petipa, Marius, 243—4, 296
Petrashevsky, Mikhail, 250—2
Petrograd Free Studios, 372
Petrov, Colonel Andrei, 114
Petrov, Vasily, 136
Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma, 394
Philadelphia Museum of Art, 403
Philharmonic Hall, 426, 439, 461—2,
483
photomontage, 389, 390
Picasso, Pablo, 403
Picq, Charles le, 209, 210
plague, 168
INDEX
583
plays see theatre
Plehve, Vyacheslav von, 310, 311
Plekhanov, Georgy, 2,74, 2-75, 276
Pobedonostsev, Konstantin, 286, 320
Poincare, Raymond, 348
police: secret police under Peter I,
30; Police Chancellery set up, 56,
57; secret police under Anna, 99;
under Catherine II, 164; under
Alexander I, 197; Nicholas I
establishes Third Section, 220—1;
its actions against intellectuals,
251—4; police corruption, 254;
rising crime under Nicholas I,
254—5; assassination attempts on
heads of Third Section, 275; Third
Section replaced by Department
of State Police, 278; fail to prevent
Alexander II’s assassination,
283; Okhrana’s activities under
Alexander III, 290—1; Okhrana’s
activities under Nicholas II, 3x0—
13, 318, 322-3, 330, 337; Cheka
set up, 371; Cheka activities, 373,
375, 377; Cheka becomes GPU,
then OGPU, then NKVD, then
KGB, 387; shops exclusive to
NKVD, 396; NKVD and Stalinist
purges, 397—8, 399, 400; NKVD
HQ, 40j; NKVD’s lifestyle during
siege, 419—20; KGB enforce
censorship under Khrushchev,
437; KGB and phone tapping,
446; KGB spy on foreign tourists,
449; fear of KGB decreases, 453;
ex-KGB officers given important
posts under Sobchak, 462; FSB
and ‘Chechen’ bombs, 471—2
Police Bridge, 197
Polish Rebellion (1863), 258, 269
Politkovskaya, Anna, 472
pollution, 165, 166—7, 332, 341; see
also public health and hygiene
Poltava, Battle of (1709), 33—4
Pompeii, 148
Poniatowski, Count Stanislas, 117,
134
Pope-Hennessy, Una Birch, Dame,
407
Popkov, Peter, 433
Popova, Lyubov, 390
porcelain, 123, 136, 152—3, 2°b3 2-37?
2-44~5
Porter, Robert Ker, 190, 192—3, I94
200
Pososhkov, Ivan, 57
Potempkin, Prince Grigory: coaches,
133; Catherine II presents with
Cameo Service, 136; relation-
ship with Catherine II, 138—9;
Catherine II gives palace to,
155; and Mozart, 163; and the
‘Potempkin villages’, 173
Potempkin incident (1905), 319
Praskovia Saltykova (Ivan V’s wife),
83
Pravda (newspaper), 404
Preobrajenskaya, Olga, 316
Preobrazhenskoe, 12, 22
Primorsky Prospekt, 343
Princip, Gavrilo, 349
Printz (Prussian ambassador), 13
Private Opera Company, 292
Progulka (film), 465—6
Prokopovich, Feofan, Archbishop of
Novgorod, 66—7, 68, 70, 76
Prokoviev, Sergei, 186, 204, 328—9,
389, 424—5
Proletkult, 372, 381, 388
Proletkult Arena Theatre, 38*
prostitution: under Peter I, 56; under
Anna and Elizabeth, 122; under
Catherine II, 169; under Paul,
184; under Alexander I, 197; reg-
ulation begins under Nicholas I,
254—5; continues under Alexander
II, 268; in late nineteenth century,
288; in early twentieth century,
335—6; in Soviet era, 395; in
Nineties, 459—60; in twenty-first
century, 470
Protopopov (Minister of the Interior),
356
Prussia, in
Przhetslavsky, O. A., 207
public health and hygiene: under
Peter I, 57—8; under Anna, 101;
City Council’s responsibilities,
130; under Catherine II, 165,
166—7; drinking water, 166—7;
under Alexander II, 270; in early
584
INDEX
twentieth century, 334-5; in
1920s, 380; during siege, 417
Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 349-50, 367
Pugachev, Emilian, 171-3
Pugacheva, Alla, 448
pugilism, 56
Pulkovko Airport, 460
Pulkovo Heights, Battle of (1919), 377
Purishkevich, Vladimir, 353
Pushkin, Alexander: on Lomonosov,
12.0; education, 201; anti-estab-
lishment works, 212; overview of
life and works, 221-6; favourite
café, 232; masterpieces pub-
lished, 239; Glinka adapts one
of his poems into an opera, 242;
infatuation with ballerina, 243;
music inspired by his works, 280;
popularity in Soviet era, 388
works: ‘The Bronze Horseman’,
147, 212, 223-6, 224; The
Captain's Daughter, 172-3; ‘Ode
to Liberty’, 175
Pushkin Museum, 438
Putilov, Nikolai, 271
Putilov Iron Works, 271
Putin, Vladimir: background,
443; Russian critics, 454; as St
Petersburg’s deputy mayor, 462;
attitude to St Petersburg, 467-8;
censorship and propaganda, 471;
macho policies and possible shady
dealings, 471—2; wealth, 474, 480;
and Trump, 484
Pyliaev, Mikhail, 288
Quarenghi, Giacomo, 53-4,150,
155-6,199, 207, 209
queuing, 345, 354, 379, 416, 44^-7
racism, 470—1
Radek, Karl, 380, 398
Radishchev, Alexander, 169,173-5,
374
Radziwill, Prince, 305-7
Rag Fair, 47-8,47
railways, 247, 258-9, 270, 289, 305
Ransome, Arthur, 380, 382-3
RAPM see Russian Association of
Proletarian Musicians
RAPP see Russian Association of
Proletarian Writers
Rasputin, Grigory, 336-8, 346-7» 347»
352-4, 358,469-70
Rasputin and the Empress (film), 358
Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo, 104, r88
Rastrelli, Francesco Bartolomeo, 54,
103,104-7,113,156
Rayonism, 342
Razumovsky (Rozum), Alexei:
background and rise to riches, 94;
relationship with Elizabeth, 94,
112,125; building of his palace,
105-6; entertains Catherine II,
139; stalls in his park, 178—9;
entertains total stranger for two
years, 195
Red Army: origins, 366; suppresses
Kronstadt mutiny, 381
Red Bridge, 197
red detective stories, 389
Red Terror, 375
Redesdale, Lord, 191, 258-9, 310, 328
Reed, John, 344-5» 365-6, 367» 381
Reilly, Sidney, 377
religion: nineteenth-century diversity,
196; nineteenth-century attitude
to, 249; increase in interest in the
esoteric under Nicholas II, 342-3;
in Soviet era, 405; clergy help to
bolster defiance during German
invasion, 422; Gorbachev asserts
Orthodox right to worship, 456-7
Rembrandt, 159
Repin, Ilya, 274, 292, 340
restaurants, 231, 447—8
revolution, the road to: Decembrists,
213-20, 2x5, 221—2; thinkers
and writers under Nicholas I,
221-7, 233-5» 2-39-40» 248-54;
Slavophiles vs Westerners, 249;
Nicholas I cracks down on
thinkers and creates climate of
fear, 250-4; worsening industrial
relations, 257-8; unrest and pres-
sures for reform under Alexander
II, 261-7, 271-5; narodnik։, 250,
272-3, 274; rise of terrorism,
275-8; Alexander II assassinated,
282-6; attempt on Alexander Ill’s
life and backlash, 290—1; 1905
INDEX
585
Revolution, 2.99, 309—2-3; first
Duma, 32-4—5; trouble still builds,
325—7; Second and Third Dumas,
330—1, 337—8; Lena Goldfields
massacre sparks new unrest,
343—4; First World War increases
unrest, 352.; 1917 Revolution,
354—66; Kerensky’s Provisional
Government, 358—62., 366; early
days of Soviet government, 365—83
Richard, John, 108—9, no
Richardson, William, 12.6
Rigaud, Hyacinthe, 50
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai: on
Glinka, 2.41; on Berlioz, 2.78;
Borodin on, 2.79; on Balakirev,
287; Wagner’s influence, 292; and
1905 Revolution, 318; teaches
Stravinsky, 328; Le Coq d’Or,
347—8; Sadko, 475
Rinaldi, Antonio (Fusano), 93, 137,
148-9,171
Robbins, Raymond, 362
robots, 443
Rodchenko, Alexander, 389, 390
Rodin, Auguste, 329
Rodzianko, Mikhail, 338, 346
Roerich, Nicholas, 339
Roland, Betty, 406
Rolling Stones, 470
Romney, Henry Sidney, First Earl of,
21
Romodanovsky, Prince Fyodor, 22,
30, 34,37, 43
Rondeau, Claudius, 95
Rondeau, Mrs, 80, 85
Roosen, Jan, 32
Rosen, Baron, 345
Rossi, Carlo, 207, 209—10, 240
Rossi Street, 209—xo
Rostopchin, Count, 182, 204
Rostral Columns, 207, 208, 459, 468
Rotari, Pietro, 161—2
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 68, 142, 167
rowing, 404
Royal Transport (ship), 20
Rozhdestvenskaya Street, 246
Rozum, Alexei see Razumovsky,
Alexei
Rozum, Kyril, 94—5
Rubinstein, Anton, 259, 263
Rubinsteyna Street, 483
Rumyantsev, Count, 162
Rural Evenings (play), 438
Russian Ark (film), 68, 357, 484
Russian Association of Proletarian
Musicians (RAPM), 393—4
Russian Association of Proletarian
Writers (RAPP), 394
Russian-Baltic Aeroplane Factory, 331
Russian Civil War (1918—22), 374—5,
377-8
Russian Museum, 149, 2.91, 438
Russian Musical Society, 259, 279
Russian Navy, 24, 35, 63, 165—6
Russian Revolution (1905), 299,
309-23
Russian Revolution (19x7), x, 5—6,
354-66, 360
Russian Social Democratic Labour
Party, 325, 330
Russian Society for the Protection of
Women, 335
Russo-Japanese War (1904—5), 305,
Ruysch, Frederik, x6, 50, 75
Rykov, Alexei, 398
Ryleyev, Kondraty, 219, 220, 222
Rysakov, Nikolai, 283—4, ^85
Sadovaya Street, 283, 285
Sadovnikov, Vasily, 233
St Catherine’s Lutheran Church, 154
St Isaac’s Cathedral, 227—8, 2.39, 405
St Isaac’s Square, 423, 424
St Nicholas’s Cathedral see Maritime
Cathedral of St Nicholas
St Petersburg: Peter I founds and
builds, 25—37; under Peter I,
25—69; casualties during building,
30, 69; Peter I forces people to
move to, 39—40, 44; eighteenth-
century house building, 46;
influence of Western style,
49—50; Peter I builds palaces
around, 51—4; eighteenth-century
demographics, 56; further
building under Peter I, 60—2; first
European public picture gallery,
62; as naval base, 62—3; Peter
I lies in state and is buried in,
67—8; Peter I’s achievements there
586
INDEX
assessed, 68—9; under Catherine I,
73—6; under Peter II, 77—9; under
Anna, 80-101; expansion under
Eropkin, 95—7; under Elizabeth,
102-9, 112-24; permanent state
theatre founded, 1x3—14; becomes
centre of learning, izo—1; under
Catherine II, iz6—33, 135—79; in
winter, iz6—9, iz89 19Z, Z05, 332,
406; City Council founded, 130;
Catherine II’s building schemes
and gardens, 136, 139—40, 147—
57; revival as naval base, 165—6;
hospitals set up 168, 169; workers
petition Catherine II about
Dolgov, 173; multiculturalism,
178, 196; under Paul, i8z—90;
leaving procedures, 183; under
Alexander I, 190—zoo, zoz—3,
zo6—13 ; through the seasons,
19Z—4; early nineteenth-century
demographics, 196; Alexander I’s
building schemes, 196—7, 198—9,
zo6—10; Napoleon’s failed plan
to capture, Z03—5; influence of
Empire style, zo6; under Nicholas
I, z 14 48, Z50—6; Decembrist
uprising, 213—zo, zxy, zzi—z;
writers and thinkers begin to
shape the city, zzi—7; Nicholas
Ts building schemes, ZZ7—8,
Z36—9, 2-55; height restriction
on buildings, zz8; a day in the
life of the main thoroughfares,
230-z; cholera outbreak leads to
rioting, Z46—7; another outbreak,
Z47—8; under Alexander II,
Z57—86; industrial revolution and
its effects, Z57—8; Alexander II’s
building schemes, z6o, z8o; pop-
ular unrest, z6i—7, Z71—5; i86z
arson attacks, Z64; terror attacks,
Z75—8; late nineteenth-century
fashion in interiors and exteriors,
280; Alexander II assassinated,
z8z—6, 2.84; under Alexander III,
z86—98; under Nicholas II, Z99—
357; art-nouveau buildings go up,
305-7, 306; gang warfare, 309,
318, 32.7; 1905 Revolution, Z99,
309—Z3 ; unrest continues, 3Z5—7;
industry booms, 331; early twenti-
eth-century building, 33z—3, 343,
349; early twentieth-century debt
and corruption, 335; Rasputin’s
rise to power, 336—8; unhappy
atmosphere of poverty and dec-
adence, 343—7; unrest increases
dramatically, 348—9; 1914 general
strike, 348—9; during First World
War, 349—54; renamed Petrograd,
350; 1917 Revolution, 354—66,
360; Kerensky’s Provisional
Government, 358—6z, 366;
early days of Soviet govern-
ment, 365—83; capital moved to
Moscow, 370—1; street names
changed, 373—4; unemployment
soars after Russia leaves First
World War, 374; Red Terror, 375;
Yudenich attempts to capture,
377—8; Kronstadt mutiny, 380—1;
between the wars, 384—407;
renamed Leningrad, 385; Stalinist
purge, 397—40z; foreigners no
longer allowed to live there, 407;
German siege during Second
World War, 408—Z9, 4x3, 4x4,
4x5, 4ZI, 4Z3 ; rebuilding after
siege, 430—1; ‘Leningrad Affair’
purge, 433—4; under Khrushchev,
435—45; Western influence grows,
435, 441—z; 448—9; domestic con-
ditions begin to improve, 435—6;
Fifties building and maintenance
schemes, 436; under Brezhnev,
445—53; Gorbachev and glasnost y
453—7; name changed back to
St Petersburg, 457—9; Sobchak
elected mayor, 458—9; in Nineties,
1—6, 458—65, 460, 464, 466; in
twenty-first century, 465—75,
479—85; preparations for 300th
anniversary, 465—9; twenty-first
century building schemes, 47z—5,
481; character and atmosphere,
476-85
St Petersburg Classical Dance and
Ballet School see Imperial Ballet
School
St Petersburg Conservatoire, Z59, Z79,
318,393
INDEX
587
St Petersburg Medical Institute for
Women, 2/72,
St Petersburg Medical-Surgical
Academy, 2.65—6
St Petersburg Vedomosti (newspaper),
82.
St Petersburg Zoo, 42.7
Salome (theatre show), 340
Saltykov, General, 77, 90
Saltykov, Nicholas, 2,03
Saltykov, Count Nikolai, 200-1
Saltykov, Sergei, 117, 121-2, 138, 180
Samovskaya, Capitoline, Z43
sanitation see public health and
hygiene
Schädel, Gottfried, 51
Schiller, Friedrich von, 2.48
Schlüsselberg Fortress, 135, 290, 407
Schlütter, Andreas, 3z—3
Schröder, Gerhard, 468
Schumacher, Johann, 75
Schumann, Clara, Z41
Schumann, Robert, 241
science and technology: under Peter I,
15—16, 50, 61; under Catherine I,
74—5; under Elizabeth, izo-i; in
Soviet era, 389, 433, 443, 450
science fiction, 389
Scriabin, Alexander, 34z
Scudder, Jarred, 348—9
Seba, Albertus, 50
Second All-Russian Congress of
Artists (1911—xz), 34z
Second World War (1939—45):
German invasion and Leningrad
siege, 408—Z9; Leningrad prepares
for attack, 410—13, 413; bombard-
ment, 413—15, 4x4, 41J; shortages
and their effects, 415—zo; life for
the governmental elite, 419—zo;
relief trips and evacuations across
Lake Ladoga, 4Z0—z, 42.1, 4Z4;
spring 194z brings some improve-
ments, 422֊8, 423; Leningrad
premiere of Shostakovich’s 7th
Symphony stiffens resistance,
4Z5—6; celebrations at end of
siege, 4Z8—9; some liberated PoWs
sent to the camps, 4Z9; siege
becomes taboo topic, 430; monu-
ment to the siege, 451—z, 452.
secret police see police
Segur, Comte de, 137
Senate Square, 143—7, Z15
serfs and serfdom: under Catherine
II, 171, 172-3; under Paul, 187;
nineteenth-century appearance,
192; Alexander I’s reforms,
zoi—z; nineteenth-century
protests against, 249, 250; 1861
Emancipation of Serfs Edict,
261—z
Serge, Victor, 377, 380, 402
Sergeeva, Aksinia, 115—16
Sergei, Grand Duke, 288
Serov, Valentin, 303
servants, 129—30, 190—1, 192; see also
serfs and serfdom
Seven Years War (1756—63), in
sewage see public health and hygiene
The Sex Market (novel), 333
sexually transmitted diseases see
venereal disease
Shaginyan, Marietta, 389
Shakespeare, William, 239
Shakhavskoy, Yuri, 58
Shaporina, Liubov, 408
Shcherbatov, Prince Sergei, 307
Shchukin, Sergei, 403
Shelgunov, Nikolai, 261
Shelley, Mary, 477
Shepeleva, Mavra, 94
Sheremetev, Count Peter, 109
Sheremeteva, Natalia, 84
Shevchuk, Yuri, 454, 465
shipbuilding, 14—15, 17, zo, 24, 166
Shklovsky, Viktor, 369, 385
shops: under Peter I, 47; under
Catherine II, 131, 132—3, 179;
English shops, 132—3, 179, 308; in
1830s, 232; unique experience of
shopping in mid-nineteenth-cen-
tury Russia, 256; in early
twentieth century, 308, 333; first
department stores, 333; in Soviet
era, 396, 432, 446—7; in twen-
ty-first century, 482
Shostakovich, Dmitri: and St
Petersburg’s irrationality, 4;
sails close to the wind, 399—401,
432—3; work bolsters Leningrad’s
defiance during siege, 425—6
588
INDEX
works: ist Symphony, 393; 5th
Symphony, 400; 7th Symphony,
42.5—6, 42.9; 8th Symphony, 432.;
9th Symphony, 432—3; nth
Symphony, 316; Cheryomushki,
439; Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk,
399-400, 401; The Nose, 389;
‘Song of the Counterplan’, 401;
Tahiti Trot, 439
Shuvalov, Alexander, 112
Shuvalov, Ivan, 114, 121, 147, 157
Shuvalov, Peter, 112
Shuvalova, Countess, 345
Siam, 308
Siege Monument, 451—2, 452
Sikorsky, Igor, 331, 341
Singer Company building, 305, 306
Sipyagin, Dmitri, 310
smallpox, 167—8, 270
Smolensk, 204
Smolenskoe Cemetery, 115
Smolny Convent and Institute, 106,
140-1, 156, 199, 365, 367
Snow, Sarah, 132
Sobchak, Anatoly, 458-9, 462
social class: Peter Ps Table of Ranks,
65; see also serfs and serfdom;
wealth
social equality see wealth
Social Democrat Movement, 274
Socialist Realism, 394
Socialist Revolutionaries, 326
Society for the Translation of Foreign
Books, 141
Sokurov, Alexander, 68, 357
Soloviev, Yuri, 441
Solovyev, Alexander, 275
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 409, 437
Sophia, Regent of Russia, 12—13
soup kitchens, 334
Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
(i939),4o8֊9
space race, 443
Speransky, Mikhail, 201—2
Speshnev, Nikolai, 251
sport, 56, 331, 404, 442—3
Spring Rice, Sir Cecil, 300, 310, 317,
318, 321
Stael, Madame de, 202—3, 205
Stagecoach (film), 435
Stalin, Joseph: joins Bolshevik
government, 369; power in 1920,
383; succeeds Lenin, 386; in
power, 386—434; brutal policies,
387; modernisation policies,
387—8; attitude to culture, 388;
and music as propaganda, 393;
Stalin cult, 397; purges, 397—402,
405—6, 408; signs non-aggres-
sion pact with Germany, 408—9;
and German invasion, 409—10;
as subject of Shostakovich’s
7th Symphony, 429; attitude to
Leningrad siege, 430; showers
privileges on party elite, 432; and
Shostakovich’s 9th Symphony,
432— 3; growing paranoia,
433; ‘Leningrad Affair’ purge,
433— 4; death, 434; Khrushchev
denounces, 435; twenty-first cen-
tury attitude to, 471
Stankevich, Nikolai, 248
Starov, Ivan, 155
Stasov, Vasily, 207, 237-8
Stasov, Vladimir, 241
State Council Archive, 280
Stepanova, Vavara, 390
Stepniak-Kravchinsky, Sergei, 275
Stieglitz Museum, 303, 303, 402, 426
stil moderne see art nouveau
Stock Exchange, 207, 208
Stolypin, Peter, 324, 327, 337
Storch, Heinrich von, 142,182,
190-1,195,202-3
Stravinsky, Igor: on Glinka, 242; and
1905 Revolution, 299; on Nicholas
II, 300; on St Petersburg’s smells,
307—8, 328—9; background and
education, 328; severs his associ-
ation with Russia, 328—9, 340; on
Le Coq d’Or, 347—8; orchestrates
‘The Volga Boatman’ to replace
the national anthem, 359
works: The Fi re hi rd, 3 2 8;
Petrushka, 338-9; The Rite of
Spring, 339-40
Stray Dog club, 351
street lighting, 58, 130-1, 255, 308
streets, 164—5
Strelna, 51
streltsy, 11—12, 13, 22, 32
INDEX
589
strikes see industrial relations and
unrest
Stroganov, Count Sergei, 106, in,
157, 178,199
Stukolin, Vassily, 296
Sturmer, Boris, 352.
Sudeikin, Grigory, 2.91
Sumarokov, Alexander, 113—14
Summer Garden, 32,—3, 113, 136—7,
i55 178
Summer Palace, 32,—3, 35, 85, 91, 106
supermarkets, 446
Suprematism, 342.
Surikov, Vasily, 2.85
Suslova, Nadezhda, 266
Sviatopolk-Mirsky, Peter, 313
Svirsky (interior designer), 307
Sweden: Peter I’s relations with,
2,3, 2.4, 2.7, 2.9, 30, 33-4, 41, 62;
Elizabeth’s relations with, 103;
Catherine II’s relations with, 163
Swinton, Andrew, 139—40, 177
Switzerland, 266, 272, 2.76, 330, 341
La Sylphide (ballet), 2.44
Les Sylphides (ballet), 330
symbolism, 342.—3
Taglioni, Marie, 2.44
tailors, 132-, 308
tap-houses, 46—7
Tatlin, Vladimir, 382., 382,, 389, 390
Tauride Palace, 155, 187, zoz, 303—4,
356,431
Tchaikovsky, Modest, Z98
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr: on Glinka, Z4Z;
on ballet audiences, Z43; educa-
tion, Z59; death, Z97—8
works: 1st Symphony, Z78—9;
Eugene Onegin, z8o; Iolanta,
Z94; The Nutcracker, Z94—7, 296;
The Queen of Spades^ 292, The
Sleeping Beauty, Z93, Z94; Swan
Lake, Z93, Z98, 308,475
tea-sellers and tea-houses, 1Z9—30
technology see science and technology
telephones, Z89; tapping, 446
television, 443, 448, 454-5» 47i
Ten Days that Shook the World
(film), 365
Tenisheva, Princess, Z91, 339
Teplova, Mme, IZ5
textiles industry, Z57, Z71, 309, 395
Thailand see Siam
theatre: Elizabeth’s love of subversive
drama when crown princess, 94;
under Elizabeth, nz-14; under
Catherine II, 133, 142-, 147? 163;
under Nicholas I, Z39—40; under
Alexander II, Z59; under Nicholas
II, 340—1; in Soviet era, 378, 381,
438; in twenty-first century, 475;
see also ballet; opera
Theatre of the Noisy Present, 378
‘Theatre Street’, 440
Their, Major, 159
Thiers, Baron de, 159
Third Class Carriage (documentary),
456
Third Section see police
Thomon, Jean-François Thomas de,
Z07, Z09
Tilsit, Treaties of (1807), zoz
Time (periodical), Z63
Time Machine see Mashina Vremeni
To the Younger Generation (pam-
phlet), z6i, z6z
tobacco, 308
Tobolsk, 361
Todorovsky, Pyotr, 460
Tolstoy, Alexei, 344, 404
Tolstoy, Leo, Z04—5, 317, 388
Tooke, Revd William, 169
Torgsin shops, 396
torture: under Peter I, 58; under
Anna, 98, 99; under Elizabeth,
103; under Nicholas I, Z51; in
Soviet era, 375, 387, 388, 398, 408
Toscanini, Arturo, 4Z5
tourists, foreign, Z78, 435, 449, 475
tournaments, Z44
trams, 33Z, 33Z, 355, 384
Trans-Siberian Railway, Z89, 305
transport systems: nineteenth century,
Z58; in early twentieth century,
33Z; in twenty-first century,
481—z; see also metro system;
railways; trams
transvestism, 108, 118—zo
Trediakovsky, Vasily, 93
Trepov, Alexander, 35Z
Trepov, General Fyodor, Z74—5
Trezzini, Domenico, 31—z, 35, 81
590
INDEX
Trezzini, Pietro Antonio, 95—6
Trinity Cathedral, 2.7,155, 455
Tronchin, François, 159
Troshchinsky, Dmitry, 182.
Trotsky, Leon: prepares coup, 361;
leads Red Army, 366; joins Soviet
government, 369; on defence of
St Petersburg against Yudevich,
377—8; power, 383; Trotskyites
hunted down by NKVD, 398
Trubetskoy, Prince, 63
Trubetskoy, Prince Sergei, 2.13, 2.19
Trump, Donald, 484
Tsarskoe Selo: building of, 51;
Elizabeth inherits from Catherine
I, 94; Rastrelli redesigns, 104—5,
205, 106—7; Catherine II’s alter-
ations and gardens, 149,150—2,
153,176; Cameron Gallery,
150—1, 250; lyceum built at, 201;
Egyptian Gates added, 206; in
twentieth century, 307, 308; in
Soviet era, 412; in twenty-first
century, 468
Tukhachevsky, A4arshal, 380, 400,
408
Turgenev, Ivan, 265, 272, 274, 291
Turks: Peter Ts relations with, 14,
38—9; Anna’s relations with, 103;
Elizabeth’s relations with, no;
Catherine II’s relations with, 153,
162,166,175
Tuvulkov, Vasily, 52
Twelve Colleges, 61—2, 63
typhoid, 334, 422
typhus, 270, 334-5
typography, 390
Ulanova, Galina, 404—5, 424—5, 427
Ulyanov, Alexander Ilyich, 290
Union of Russian People, 323
Union of Youth, 340—1
The Unusual Adventures of Mr West
in the Land of the Bolsheviks
(film), 392
Ural Bashkirs, 32
Uritsky, Moisei, 368, 375
USA: American tourists in St
Petersburg, 278; Alexander II
sells Alaska to, 280; US Embassy
relief efforts in First World War,
350; Ballets Russes tour, 351; and
Russian Civil War, 374; Russian
love of US popular culture
during Second World War, 427;
Khrushchev visits, 444—5
Ushakov, Andrei, 99
Vaganova Ballet School, 440, 4J1, 462
Valberg, Ivan, 210
Varentsov (architect), 390—1
variolation, 167—8
Vasilchikov, General, 314, 315—16
Vasilevsky Island, 208; Menshikov’s
palace on, 35—6; plans for build-
ing on 45 ; under Anna, 85 ; theatre
established, 113; St Catherine’s
Lutheran Church built, 154; port
for galleys, 197; sphinxes on
quay, 206; Stock Exchange built,
207; violence in wake of chol-
era outbreak, 246 ; transport in
mid-nineteenth century, 258; fac-
tories built, 270; slum landlords,
344; in twenty-first century, 482
Vasnetsov, Viktor, 289, 345
Vauban, Marquis de, 30
Vedomosti (newspaper), 82
Veira, Anton de, 57
venereal disease, 168—9, 197, 268,
2-88, 335-6
Venetsianov, Aleksei, 235
Venice, 181, 226
Verdi, Giuseppe, 259
Versailles, 49, 52—3
Viardot, Pauline, 291
Viazemsky, Princess, 89—90
Victory Over the Sun (theatre show),
340-1
Vigée-Lebrun, Elisabeth, 262
Vigel, Filipp, 212
village communes see obshchina
Villebois, François, 38
Vitebsk, 389, 390
Vitebsk Station, 305
Vitruvius, 50
Vladimir, Grand Duchess, 345
Vladimir, Grand Duke, 459
vodka see alcohol
Volkonskaya, Princess, 88
Volkonsky, Prince, 10
Volkov, Yakim, 37
INDEX
59*
Voltaire, 77, 141, 143, 152-, 165
Volynsky, Artemy, 98
Voronezh, 2.4
Voronikhin, Andrei, 54, 199, 2.09
Vorontsov, Roman, 112, 119—zo
Vorontsov Palace, 106
Vorontsova, Countess Elizabeth, 12.5
Vosnezensky Street, 95—6, 96
Voznesensky, Nicholai, 433—4
Vroutv ISAaria (ship), 158—9
Vrubel, Mikhail, 2,89, 303
Vyazemsky, Prince, 171
Vyborg Side, Z71, 2,80, 314, 482.
wages: in nineteenth-century building
industry, 197; in twenty-first
century, 48 z
Wagner, Richard, z6x, Z78, Z9Z
Walker, James, 183
Walpole, Robert, 107, 161
Walter, Bruno, 393
Wanderers (peredvizhniki) art move-
ment, Z73—4
Warsaw, Z87—8
Washington DC, 45; National Gallery
of Art, 403
watchmen, 1Z9—30, 164
water, drinking, 166—7
We Grotv from Iron (play), 381
wealth: eighteenth-century poverty,
9Z; under Elizabeth, 103—4,
107—9 ; poverty in St Petersburg
under Catherine II, 163—4;
poverty in nineteenth-century
St Petersburg, iz8—30, Z57—8,
Z70; poverty in early twentieth
century, 344; inequality continues
in immediate aftermath of 19x7
Revolution, 369; Soviet inequality,
379, 396, 397-8, 419—zo, 431-2-,
45z—3; post-glasnost misappro-
priation of state assets, 463—5;
property developers, 47Z—3
weather see climate
Webb, John, Z37
Weber, Carl Maria von, Z39
Weber, Friedrich: on St Petersburg,
40, 61; on Russian court, 41,
53; on tsar’s tap-house, 47; on
banya, 56; on casualties among St
Petersburg’s builders, 69
Wedgwood, Tosiah, 15Z—3, 161
Wells, H. G., 378-9
Werefkin, Marianne von, 340
Western Rapid Diameter bridge
system, 480
Weyde, Marshal, 59
white goods, 450
White Nights, i
Whitworth, Charles, 39, x8z—3
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 308,
349
Wilhelmina of Bayreuth,
Markgravine, 51
Wilkes, John, 161
William III, King of Great Britain and
Ireland, 17, 19, zx
Wilmot, Catherine, 19Z
Wilmot, Martha, 194—5, 2-00
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 148
Winter Palace, 2.08, 2.38, 239; building
and refurbishment of first, 73;
Peter I dies in, 67; refurbished for
Anna, 81; building of third, 85;
building of present-day, 104—5,
113; Large Hermitage added, 155;
Small Hermitage added, 156—7;
robbery at, 164; cellars flooded,
165; balls and other entertain-
ments at, 19Z—3, Z45, 300—x;
plot to seize during coup against
Nicholas I, Z14; fire and restor-
ation under Nicholas I, Z36—9,
Z37; Narodnaya Volya bombs,
Z77; Christmas Eve rituals, Z95;
interior redecoration under
Nicholas II, 307; possible attempt
on his life at, 31Z—13; First Duma
proclaimed at, 3Z4; Alexandra
sets up hospital during First World
War, 350; and 1917 Revolution,
5—6, 357, 36Z; pillaging in wake of
Revolution, 368; film screenings
for workers, 37Z; becomes part of
Hermitage, 37Z; fur auction, 406;
hit by German shell in Second
World War, 4Z6; repairs after war,
431; see also Hermitage
Winter War (1939—41), 409
Witte, Sergei, Z89—90, 304
Wittgenstein, Count Peter, Z03—4
Wolff 6c Béranger café, Z3Z
INDEX
59z
Wolkonsky, Princess, 370, 373, 379
wolves, 46
women: status in eighteenth-century
Russia, 55, 56; nineteenth-cen-
tury improvements in condition,
2,65—6, 2.72; involvement in revolu-
tionary activities, 272—3; 1870
revolutionary manifesto address-
ing, 281; early twentieth-century
growth in crimes against, 333;
early twentieth-century educa-
tion, 334; Russian Society for
the Protection of Women, 335;
education in Soviet era, 394; rights
and status in Soviet era, 394-6,
446, 450; glasnost brings some
improvements, 455
Women’s Bureau see Zhenotdel
The World of Art see Mir Istkusstva
World War I see First World War
World War II see Second World War
Wonzel, Pieter van, 160, 177
Wood, Henry, 425
workhouses, 164
Wraxall, Nathaniel, 170
Xenia, St, of St Petersburg, 114—15
Yaguzhinsky, Pavel, 67, 71
Yaguzhinsky, Sergei, 112
Yakovlev, Savva, 131
Yakovlev, Vladimir, 462
Yakushkin, Ivan, 219
Yelagin Island, 179
Yeltsin, Boris, 458
Yesenin, Sergei, 388
youth culture, 435, 441—2, 448-9,
453-4
Young Russia (pamphlet), 263-4
Yudenich, General, 377—8
Yusupov, Prince, 113
Yusupov, Prince Felix, 353, 358
Yusupov, Prince Nikolay, 181
Yusupov Mansion, 353
Yusupov Palace, 156, 407, 431
Zaandam, 9, 14—15, 180
Zagriazky, General Artemy, X14
Zakharov, Andreyan, 198—9, 209
Zamyatin, Eugene, 389
Zasulich, Vera, 275, 276, 352, 362
zemstvo, 261
Zemtsov, Mikhail, 61—2, 95—6, 105—6
Zenit Arena, 481
Zenit football team, 429
Zhdanov, Andrei, 398—9, 433, 434
Zhelyabov, Andrei, 283
Zhenotdel (Women’s Bureau), 394—5
Zinoviev, Grigory, 330, 371, 379, 383,
35 8, 433
Zinoviev, Lilina, 377
Znamenskaya Square massacre
(1917), 355
Zoshchenko, Mikhail, 433
Zotov, Nikita, 43, 64
Zubatov, Sergei, 311
Zubov, Nicholas, 189
Zubov, Platon, 189
Zucchi, Virginia, 293—4
Zurich, 341
Zvenigora (film), 392
Zvezda (journal), 433 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Miles, Jonathan 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)137638434 |
| author_facet | Miles, Jonathan 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044414480 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1002228688 (DE-599)BVBBV044414480 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Sankt Petersburg (DE-588)4267026-3 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Sankt Petersburg |
| id | DE-604.BV044414480 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-12-05T11:04:58Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780091959463 0091959462 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029816209 |
| oclc_num | 1002228688 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 592 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Hutchinson |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Miles, Jonathan 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)137638434 aut St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire Jonathan Miles St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg London Hutchinson [2017] 2017 592 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This is an unforgettable epic history of St Petersburg, one of the most magical, menacing and influential cities in the world. 'St Petersburg' recreates the drama of over 300 years of this absurd and brilliant city, beginning with the homicidal megalomania of its founder, Peter the Great, and the sadism of its early rulers. It follows its tyrants, subjects, subversives, its artists, dancers, lovers and entrepreneurs as St Petersburg first turns itself into a vast work of art and then into the crucible for revolution. A backdrop to the great conflicts and upheavals of the twentieth century, this city's thrilling story continues to the present day, when, once more, its fate hangs in the balance. An ambitious and passionate Russian tale of murder, mastery and madness, played out against a backdrop of squalor and splendour. St Petersburg is an important and brilliant book, an unforgettable celebration of this incredible city and its inhabitants Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Sankt Petersburg (DE-588)4267026-3 gnd rswk-swf Sankt Petersburg (DE-588)4267026-3 g Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Miles, Jonathan 1952- St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4267026-3 |
| title | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire |
| title_alt | St. Petersburg Saint Petersburg |
| title_auth | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire |
| title_exact_search | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire |
| title_full | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire Jonathan Miles |
| title_fullStr | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire Jonathan Miles |
| title_full_unstemmed | St Petersburg three centuries of murderous desire Jonathan Miles |
| title_short | St Petersburg |
| title_sort | st petersburg three centuries of murderous desire |
| title_sub | three centuries of murderous desire |
| topic_facet | Sankt Petersburg |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029816209&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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