Twilight of empire: the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918
Twilight of Empire is the first book in English to examine the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference during the later stages of World War I with the use of extensive archival sources. Two separate peace treaties were signed at Brest-Litovsk - the first between the Central Powers and Ukraine and the second...
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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| Zusammenfassung: | Twilight of Empire is the first book in English to examine the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference during the later stages of World War I with the use of extensive archival sources. Two separate peace treaties were signed at Brest-Litovsk - the first between the Central Powers and Ukraine and the second between the Central Powers and Bolshevik Russia. Borislav Chernev, through an insightful and in-depth analysis of primary sources and archival material, argues that although its duration was short lived, the Brest-Litovsk settlement significantly affected the post-Imperial transformation of East Central Europe. The conference became a focal point for the interrelated processes of peacemaking, revolution, imperial collapse, and nation-state creation in the multi-ethnic, entangled spaces of East Central Europe. Chernev's analysis expands beyond the traditional focus on the German-Russian relationship, paying special attention to the policies of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ukraine. The transformations initiated by the Brest-Litovsk conferences ushered in the twilight of empire as the Habsburg, Hohenzollern, and Ottoman Empires all shared the fate of their Romanov counterpart at the end of World War I. |
| Beschreibung: | xviii, 301 Seiten, 2 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781487501495 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
List of Illustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Note on Transliteration and Place Names xiii
Glossary xv
Introduction: A Forgotten Peace 3
1 Ostpolitik Meets World Revolution 12
2 Peacemaking and Self-Determination at Brest-Litovsk 41
3 The Great January Strike as a Prelude to Revolution
in Austria 79
4 The Brest-Litovsk System and Modern Ukrainian Statehood 120
5 Brest-Litovsk and the Elusive Bulgarian Dream of
Byzantium 158
6 The Second Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and After 183
Conclusion: Brest-Litovsk and Europe s Twentieth Century 221
Notes 225
Bibliography 273
Index 287
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Index
Adler, Fritz, 80-1, 91, 105, 108,114
Adler, Viktor, 85, 89-90, 103-4,
111-12,114
Albania, 162-3
Aleksandrov, Valentin, 164,175
Altvater, Vasilii, 24, 26-8, 30-1
Ambrosius, Lloyd E., 49
Anastasov, Todor, 167, 169
Anatolia, 31, 37, 50
Andrassy, Gyula the Elder, 33
Andrdssy, Gyula the Younger, 194
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir A.,
125,131
Arbeiter Zeitung, 17, 87, 214; Great
January Strike and, 89-94, 102-3,
105,108, 116
Ardahan, 37, 210-11, 213
Arens, Olavi, 33-4
Armee Oberkommando (AOK: Austro-
Hungarian High Command),
13, 22, 99,102, 119,137,155, 207,
244n8
armistice of 1917, 31, 40; armistice
negotiations, 21-31; Bolshevik
Declaration of Peace and, 15-21;
contrasted with 11/18 armistice,
21-2
Arz von Straupenburg, General
Arthur, 106, 207
Austria-Hungary: Austro-Marxism,
44, 91, 108-9,119; Austro-Polish
Solution, 32-4, 56, 59, 98,103-4,
132-3, 214; Bolshevik peace
proposal and, 17; Brest-Litovsk
Treaty and, 5,10; effect of
November Revolution on, 83-4,
91; food riots in, 80, 83, 86-7, 89;
food shortages in, 6, 79-84, 88, 93,
95-102, 104,112,117, 132-4; Great
January Strike of 1918 in, 39, 81-3,
87-95, 102-19, 185, 222; internal
unrest within, 17-18, 77, 80-1, 85,
95, 104, 106-7, 114,118-19; mutiny
of sailors of, 117-18; potential for
revolution in, 118-19,120,183,
185,188, 222, 244n9; POWs and,
55; relationship with Bolsheviks,
39,193—4, 201, 206-7; relationship
with Germany, 15, 32-3, 43, 54-6,
73, 76, 85, 198-9, 219, 239n51;
relationship with Ukraine, 10,
119,128,131-2, 193, 204, 222;
self-determination and, 45,131;
threat of signing separate peace
288 Index
by, 32, 43, 54-6, 76,193,238n42;
Treaty of Trianon and, 215; war
aims of, 32-3, 53-4, 56,193,197-8.
See also Central Powers; Habsburg
Empire; Quadruple Alliance
Austro-Hungarian High Command
(Armee Oberkommando, ΑΟΚ), 102,
119,137,155, 207;
armistice with Russia, 13-14; Great
January Strike and, 244n8
Austro-Marxism, 44, 91,108-9. See
also SDAPÖ
Austro-Polish Solution, 32-4, 56,98,
103-4,132, 214
Avramov, Roman, 60-1
Ballhausplatz, 6, 22,133,165, 217
Balogh, Adalbert, 224
Battle Group Archduke Wilhelm, 152
Battle of Gorlice-Tamow, 12
Battle of Masurian Lakes, 12
Battle of Tannenberg, 12
Batum, 37, 210-11, 213
Bauer, Otto, 90-1,119, 247n40,
247n41
Baumgart, Winfried, 9-10
Bavaria, 98,189, 229nl5
Benes, Edvard, 69
Berend, Ivan T., 4-5, 225n4
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von,
9,13,34, 65,198-9
Bey, Nessimy, 42, 50, 64,128
Bihl, Wolfdieter, 194, 238n40
Bismark, Otto von, 65,134,160
Bitsenko, Anastasia, 24
Bohemia, 69,79,102,104, 111, 116,139
Bolsheviks, 37-9,184-91, 223;
armistice of 1917 and, 22-30;
Austrian communists and, 91;
effect of Brest-Litovsk treaty
on, 214-15, 224; first encounters
with Central Powers, 28;
following the First World War,
216; foreign policy of, 5, 23,
28-9, 39,57; French Revolution
and, 188; Great January Strike
and, 82,101; historiography of,
191, 217; hosting of Petrograd
negotiations, 57-61; imperialism
and, 219; international revolution
and, 37-40, 49, 57, 61, 68, 77-8,
119,126,183-9,192,194^5,199,
208, 214; Left SRs, 192, 210,
218; Marxism and, 38,49, 57;
November Revolution and, 14; as
party-state machine, 187; peace
proposal offered by, 14-21, 25,
40; propaganda activities of, 25,
28-9, 57, 59-60, 78,183, 211-12;
relationship with Austria, 39,
193-4, 201, 206-7; relationship
with Bulgarians, 57, 60-1,161,
165,168-9,176,178,181,183;
relationship with Germany, 183,
185-6,190; renewal of hostilities
with Germany, 207-8, 223; seen
as German agents, 18,184,189,
229n24; self-determination and,
42-4, 46-7, 68,196; signing
of Brest-Litovsk Treaty by,
210-12, 223; socialism in one
country and, 186-7; strategy at
Brest-Litovsk Conference, 184,
191-7,199, 214, 222; surrender
to Germany of, 209-11; terms
acceptable to, 39-40; Ukraine
and, 7,124,155,183,193,196-7,
204; Ukrainian Bolsheviks, 125,
135; use of workers and peasants
as diplomats, 24, 27-8,231 n46;
Index 289
violations of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
by 217-18; withdrawal from
negotiations by 202-4. See also
Russia; Soviet Union
Bolshevism, German strategy at
Brest-Litovsk negotiations and, 9;
in Ukraine, 125
Borowsky, Peter, 67-8
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 56
Brest-Litovsk, city of, 41
Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference,
3-4, 221-2; Austrian internal
unrest and, 82, 84-6, 89, 92-4,
99,102,104-7,117-19; Bolshevik
strategy at, 184, 191-7; Bolshevik
withdrawal from, 202-3; Bulgarian
involvement in, 159,164-70,
179-82; Christmas celebrated at,
50-1; discussions over separate
peace with Ukraine, 123-4,126-7;
dispute over location, 66; effect
of Austrian strike on, 105-6; final
phase of negotiations: Feb-March
1918, 203-12, 223; first phase of
negotiations: December 1917,
47-57, 77; historiography of, 10,
159; languages used at, 237n20;
Polish representation at, 73-5,
197; refusal of Entente powers
to join, 65, 67-8, 77; Russian
peasants used as diplomats,
24, 27-8, 231n46; second phase
of negotiations: January 1918,
65-77; third phase of negotiations:
February 1918,191-203; Ukrainian
delegation to, 125-7, 222; use of
academics at, 176
Brest-Litovsk Treaties, 4, 212-16;
armistice preceding, 21-31;
Bolshevik violations of, 217-18;
Bulgarian signing of, 164; coalition
warfare and, 6; contrasted with
Treaty of Trianon, 215; contrasted
with Treaty of Versailles, 8-9, 215;
decolonization and, 215, 223; effect
of on Habsburg Empire, 6-7, 223-4;
effect of on Ottoman Empire, 8;
effect of on Russian empire, 213-15;
effect of on Ukraine, 7,120, 214;
German war aims and, 213;
historiography of, 8-10, 212-13,
217; Imperial collapse and, 4, 7,
11,120, 215, 222; importance of, 4,
11, 223; international revolution
and, 119, 220; main provisions of,
213-14; Russian signing of, 211-12;
self-determination and, 5-6, 42-4,
77, 221-2; signed by Bolsheviks,
210-12, 223; Soviet-Central Power
conflict following, 216, 219;
Soviet interpretations of, 10, 213,
217; Soviet renunciation of, 219;
Ukrainian signing of, 4,10,136,
156, 201, 223; Ukrainian treaty of
Brest-Litovsk, 10,120,135-7,156,
201, 223; Ukrainization and, 121-2,
151,157; vilification of, 212-13
Britain, 19, 52,160,183, 202, 205;
armistice of 1917 and, 30; British
war aims, 66; as imperial power,
202, 215; Ukraine and, 126
buffer states, 5
Bukharin, Nikolai, 10,188-90, 208,
223
Bukovina, 99,130-1
Bulgaria, 8,181-2; armistice of
1917 and, 26-7; Austrian food
shortages and, 99-101; Bolshevik
peace proposal and, 17-19,
164-6; conflict with Ottoman
290 Index
Empire, 160,162,166-8,173-5,
181; Dobrudja and, 17, 21,
99-101,161,165-8,172-5,177,
179-81, 263n30, 263n36; dream of
Byzantium and, 8,159-60,162,
164,167,170,172,174-5,181-2,
261n4; foreign policy of, 159,
161-2; Ioffe Program and, 165,
168,172,175; Macedonia and, 17,
99-100,161—4,166-8,170; national
unification and, 19,159,162-4,
166,169-72,181; participation in
Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference,
159,164-70,179-82; participation
in Petrograd negotiations,
57-8, 60-1; relationship with
Bolsheviks, 57, 60-1,161,
165,168-9,176,178,181,183;
relationship with Central Power
allies, 161-3,166-7,173-5,178-82;
relationship with Russia, 173,
176- 8; relationship with Ukraine,
177- 82; self-determination and,
164,172-3,175-6,181-2; sense
of victimization and, 173-4,179;
Treaty of San Stefano, 160-3,172,
176,181, 212; war aims of, 21, 50,
160-8,172-3,179. See also Central
Powers; Quadruple Alliance
Burián, István, 134,154,199
Cambon, M. Jules, 233n77
Central Powers: armistice of 1917
and, 13-14, 20-3, 25-7, 31, 40;
Bolshevik peace proposal and,
5,15-21; Bolsheviks and, 191-4,
198-9, 205, 219-20, 223; Bolshevik
surrender and, 210-11; collapse of,
224; defeat of, 181; first encounter
with Bolsheviks, 28; Ioffe Program
and, 50; military strategy of,
12; participation in Petrograd
negotiations, 57-61; position at
beginning of treaty negotiations,
43; reaction to Bolshevik
withdrawal from negotiations,
203-5; reaction to Ioffe Program,
51-2,103; self-determination and,
16, 44, 77; separate peace with
Ukraine, 10, 29,120,135-7, 201;
Skoropadskyi and, 146; war aims
of, 21, 31-7; withdrawal of from
Ukraine, 151. See also Austria-
Hungary; Austro-Hungarian High
Command; Bulgaria; German
High Command; Germany
Chaprashikov, Stefan, 58, 60-1,
191-2
China, 45
Christmas Truce, 20
Churchill, Winston, 3
coalition warfare, 6,15
Cobban, Alfred, 42
collective security, 49
Comintern (Communist
International), 57
Committee for the Salvation of
Ukraine, 143-4
Congress of Berlin, 33,160-1,171,
173, 262n8
Constant, Stephen, 261n4
Coudenhove, Max von, 96
Courland, 5,13, 69-70,107, 232n70,
238n42; German occupation
of, 33-4, 36,46, 50,52-3, 69-70;
independence of, 72, 77, 90,
242n93; Russian loss of, 12-13,16,
53, 209, 213
crisis zone, 5,225n4
Croatia-Slavonia, 56
Index 291
Csâky von Kererzek und Adorjan,
Emerich, 22, 39
Csicserics, Maximilian von, 54
Czapp, Karl von, 111-12
Czechoslovakia, 69,139
Czernin, Otto, 99-101,100-1,165,
171,175,177
Czernin von und zu Chudenitz,
Count Ottokar, 49-56; agitated
behavior of, 54,130; armistice of
1917 and, 29-30, 32-3; Austrian
food shortages and, 83, 96-9;
Austrian war aims and, 32-3, 53,
232n70; Bolshevik peace proposal
and, 15-18; Bulgarian war aims
and, 164-71,175,179; Christmas
speech of, 43, 51, 62, 66-7,170;
conference of 5 February and,197-9;
conflict with Germans, 55-6,198-9;
conflict with Ottoman Empire, 50;
Great January Strike and, 82, 85,
92,94,103,108,112,114,117; as
leader of Brest-Litovsk delegation,
41-2, 53,166; photo of, 71; Polish
self-determination and, 73-5;
reaction to Bolshevik withdrawal
from negotiations, 204, 206-7;
reaction to Ioffe Program, 51-4,103;
relationship with Bolsheviks, 39,49,
192-7, 200-1, 216-17; relationship
with Kühlmann, 236n3,238n42;
Russian Revolution and, 13; self֊
determination and, 67; Ukraine
and, 127-8,130-5,192,196
Daimler Motor Works, 86-7
Dean, Martin, 56
Debo, Richard K., 49,187,190, 200,
208
decolonization, 215, 223, 271n3
Decree on Peace, 15-20, 25, 40;
armistice following, 21-31; Central
Powers reactions to, 15-21,164;
Ioffe Program and, 48; main tenets
of, 43; no annexations clause of,
18-19, 48, 50, 53,164-6; offered by
Bolsheviks, 14
Demblin, Count August, 59, 97,106-7
De Pottere, Georg, 219
Deutsch, Julius, 109
Dimitrov, Georgi, 57
Dobrudja, 6, 170-5, 263n30; Bulgaria
and, 17, 21, 99-101,161,165-8,
172-5,177, 179-81, 263n30, 263n36
Dobryi, Abram, 143-4
Domes, Franz, 81, 86, 93, 111
Dontsov, Boris, 150
Doroshenko, Dmytro, 147-8
Dual Monarchy. See Austria-
Hungary
Dukhonin, Nikolai, 19-20
Dzerzhinskii, Iron Feliks, 218
Eastern Front, 3,106; armistice of
1917 and, 12-13, 21, 40; Kerensky
Offensive, 14; map of, xix; renewal
of hostilities along, 206-9, 223;
unofficial armistices along, 20
economic freedom, principle of, 48, 52
Eichhorn, Field-marshal Hermann
von, 143-4,150
Ellenbogen, Wilhelm, 85-6, 90-1,103
Entente Powers, 12; armistice of 1917
and, 30; Bolshevik peace proposal
and, 16,18; refusal to join Brest-
Litovsk conference, 65, 67-8, 77;
relationship with Russia, 215-16;
relationship with Ukraine, 126;
self-determination and, 46, 65-6.
See also Britain; France; Russia
292 Index
Esterházy, Móric, 83, 96
Estonia, 33-4, 205, 207-8, 223;
Bolshevism in, 216; national
movements in, 34, 36,139;
proposed union with Germany,
70; Russian evacuation of, 33,
201-2, 208-9; self-determination
and, 69
Favoriten, 92-3,105,107, 111, 115-16
February Revolution of 1917, 8,13,
36, 215; effect of on Ukraine, 122;
self-determination and, 46; strikes
and, 88
Fedyshyn, Oleh S., 10,123,146
Felshtinskii, Iurii, 187,191
Ferdinand, Maximilian Karl, 19,
61,100,162-3,170-2,181, 261n4;
abdication of, 159-60
Finland, 36,195, 205, 208-9, 213-14,
216
First World War, 12; following
Bolshevik withdrawal from
negotiations, 206-8; food shortages
and, 95; impact of ideology on,
221; as imperialist war, 14; Italian
front, 106,149,162-3; Kerensky
Offensive, 14; unofficial armistices
during, 20. See also Eastern Front;
Western Front
Fischer, Fritz, 9,160, 213, 226n9
Fischer Controversy, 9
Flanner, Karl, 87
Floridsdorf, 92-3
Flotow, Baron, 88,103-4
Fokke, Colonel Dzhon, 23-4, 26, 28,
30-1, 51,126,135,197, 203, 231n46
Forgách von Ghymes und Gacs,
Count Johann, 143,146,154, 217
Fourteen Points, 48-9, 66
France, 19,183; armistice of 1917
and, 30; as imperial power, 72,
215; relationship with Russia,
215-16; Ukraine and, 126
French Revolution, 188, 205, 208
Galicia, 79,109,130-3,152; food
production in, 79, 99; Poland and,
32, 73; Ukraine and, 103,128,
130-3, 204,222
Ganchev, Colonel Petur, 22, 26,130,
165-6,169-72,180
Gautsch, Baron, 76
German High Command (Oberste
Heeresleitung, OHL): ambitions
of, 33-4; armistice of 1917 and,
22; armistice with Russia, 13-14;
German constitutional crisis
and, 62-5; military culture
of, 35; opposition to Austro-
Polish Solution, 32-3; reaction
to Bolshevik withdrawal from
negotiations, 205-6, 223; reaction
to Ioffe Program, 53-5; renewal
of hostilities with Russia,
206-9, 223; Ukraine and, 137,
143; ultimatum issued by, 192;
ultimatum to Russia and, 76; war
aims of, 32
Germany: Austrian food shortages
and, 97-9,101; Bolshevik
violations of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and, 217-18; borders of, 225nl;
conference of 5 February in,
197-9; constitutional crisis in,
62-5; Dobryi Affair and, 143-4;
encirclement of, 35-6; potential
for revolution in, 183,185-6,
188, 208; reaction to Bolshevik
withdrawal from negotiations,
Index 293
204-6; relationship with Austria,
15, 32-3, 43, 54-6, 73, 76, 85,198-9,
219, 239n51; relationship with
Bolsheviks, 183,185-6,190,195,
218-19; relationship with Poland,
63-4; relations with other Central
Powers, 15, 32-3, 43,198-9;
response to Bolshevik peace
proposal, 15,18-19; strategic
position of, 35-6; strikes in, 185;
territories occupied by, 19; threat
of signing separate peace by, 13,
33,134; war aims of, 34-6,197-8,
213; wartime government of, 62.
See also Central Powers; German
High Command; Quadruple
Alliance
Golczewski, Frank, 126,137,153
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 224
Gorky, Maxim, 60-1
Gratz, Gustav, 199-200
Great January Strike (1918), 7, 39,
81-3, 87-95,102-19,185, 222,
244n9; Brest- Litovsk negotiations
and, 104-6; ending of, 113-18;
food riots and, 82, 87; growth
and spread of, 88-95,102-12;
immediate background and
outbreak of, 83-8; map of, xix;
Ukrainian annexations and, 132
Great War. See First World War
Greece, 50,158,161-2, 168,173, 182
Groener, Wilhelm, 143
Guthier, Steven L., 139
Habsburg Empire. See Austria-
Hungary
Habsburg, Wilhelm, Archduke von:
Austro-Polish Solution and, 32,
104; Bolshevik peace proposal
and, 15-18; food shortages and,
82, 96,101; implications of Brest-
Litovsk Treaty for, 6-7,11 ; Poland
and, 73,112; relationship with
Germany, 32; revolution in, 7,
119; self determination within, 15,
131; Treaty of Trianon and, 215;
Ukrainian annexations and, 130-1,
134-5, 204; Ukrainization and, 121,
146,151-6; war aims of, 56
Hâdik, Janos, 83, 96-7, 99
Hahlweg, Werner, 9
Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pablo, 125,139,141,
145
Hakki Pasha, Prince Ibrahim, 47, 56,
211, 237n20
Halych-Volhynia, Kingdom of, 132
Hanusch, Ferdinand, 111
Haselsteiner, Horst, 278
Healy, Maureen, 80, 82-3
Hellferich, Karl, 219
Hempel, 59,192
Hertling, Count Georg Friedrich
von, 54;
armistice of 1917 and, 34; Bulgarian
war aims and, 174; German
war aims and, 34; negotiations
regarding Bolsheviks, 198-9;
Polish self-determination and,
73; reaction to Bolshevik peace
proposal, 18; ultimatum to Russia
and, 202
Hess, Moses, 44
Hetmanate, 144,146-51,155, 214. See
also Ukraine
Hindenburg, Field-marshal Paul
von, 34-5, 53-5, 64-5, 76,192, 201;
ultimatum to Russia and, 76
Hobsbawm, Eric, 221
Höfer, General Anton, 86, 88,111-12
294 Index
Hoffman, Jerry, 123,128
Hoffmann, Major-General Max von:
agitated behavior of, 54; armistice
of 1917 and, 22,24-9,31,33;
Bolsheviks and, 28; Bulgarian war
aims and, 167,179-80; on conflict
following Bolshevik withdrawal
from war, 203, 207, 216; criticism of,
92,104; Czernin s Christmas speech
and, 62; German constitutional
crisis and, 63-5; as leader of Brest-
Litovsk delegation, 42; memoirs
of, 170; opposition to ultimatum
to Russia, 76; photo of, 71; Polish
self-determination and, 75; reaction
to Bolshevik peace proposal, 18;
reaction to Bolshevik withdrawal
from negotiations, 204; surrender
of Bolsheviks and, 209; Ukrainian
annexations and, 130-1; Ukrainian
independence and, 128,130
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst, Prince
Gottfried zu, 17, 67, 85, 97-8, 206
Hohenzollern Empire, 3, 7,11, 44,
119,184
Holden, Anne Christine, 161
Holquist, Peter, 4
Holubových, Vsevolod, 113,129-30,
143,145,180
Honning, Baron, 98
Horak, Stephan M., 10
Hroch, Miroslav, 138-9, 256n68
Hull, Isabel V, 35
Hunczak, Taras, 146
Hungary. See Austria-Hungary
Imperial collapse: Brest-Litovsk
Treaty and, 4, 7,11,120, 215; of
Russia, 5, 8,120,122-3, 214-16,
222; self-determination and, 182
Imperialism: The Highest State of
Capitalism (Lenin, 1920), 14
indigenization [korenizatsiia] policy,
7,121,138,157
Ioffe, Adolf: agitated behavior of,
54; armistice of 1917 and, 22-5, 27,
30; Bulgarian war aims and, 168;
Great January Strike and, 92; as
leader of Brest-Litovsk delegation,
42, 56, 235n96; negotiations with
Central Powers, 52-3; presentation
of Ioffe Program by, 47-8; secrecy
of Brest-Litovsk negotiations and,
47; views on self-determination,
168-9,176. See also Ioffe Program
Ioffe Program, 47-51, 67, 85,103,
164-5,190; Central Powers
response to, 51-2,165,168, 172,
175,181; six points of, 42-3
Italy, 30,56,167,174; armistice of 1917
and, 30; Italian front, 106,149,162-3
Kaledin, Ataman Alexie, 124—5,195
Kamenev, Lev, 22,24, 30, 203
Kant, Immanuel, 44
Karl Franz Joseph, 54; Austrian
food shortages and, 83, 96-7,
134-5; Austrian unrest and, 106-7;
Bolshevik peace proposal and,
15-6, 29; Poland and, 59;
relationship with Bolsheviks,
193-4; Ukraine and, 152,154-5
Kars, 37,210-11, 213
Kerensky Offensive, 14
Kholm (Chełm), 130-2,135, 204, 222
Khrystiuk, Pavlo, 121,135,137,142
Kolushev, A., 174
Komomyi, O., 145
Krupskaia, Nadezhda, 189
Krylenko, Nikolai, 20, 30
Index 295
Kucharzewski, Jan, 73-4,133
Kühlmann, Baron Richard von:
armistice of 1917 and, 34; Austrian
food shortages and, 97; Bolshevik
violations of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and, 217-18; Bolshevik withdrawal
from war and, 203-6; Bulgarian
war aims and, 165-7,169-73,175,
179-80; conference of 5 February
and, 197-9; conflict with Ottoman
Empire, 50; debates with Trotsky,
68-72; dismissal of, 233n78; draft
treaty proposed by, 56; German
constitutional crisis and, 63-5;
German war aims and, 198-9; Ioffe
Program and, 50-1,55; as leader
of Brest-Litovsk delegation, 42, 47,
166; negotiating strategy of, 67;
photo of, 71;Polish border strip and,
34; Polish self-determination and,
73-5; Popov and, 178-9; reaction to
Bolshevik peace proposal, 18-20;
relationship with Czemin, 236n3,
238n42; relationship with German
military, 202, 240n77; secrecy of
Brest-Litovsk negotiations and,
47; self-determination and, 68-70;
Ukraine and, 127-8,130,192,196;
ultimatums to Russia and, 76,
201-2, 217; use of term security
by, 35, 233n77
Kupchan, Charles A., 219-20
Küstenland, 56, 79, 89, 99,117
Landwehr von Pr a genau, General
Ottokar, 96-8
Latvia, 34, 69,139,190, 216
League of Russia s Foreign Peoples,
122
Left SRs, 192, 210, 218
Lenin, Vladimir Il ich, 185-91, 208-9;
anti-war sentiment of, 14; Austro-
Marxism and, 91-2; Bolshevik
withdrawal from negotiations
and, 206-8; Brest-Litovsk Treaty
as victory for, 10, 224; as head
of state, 187,189; international
revolution and, 37, 49,185-8, 208;
nationalism and, 7, 45; renewal
of hostilities with Germany
and, 207-9; seen as German
agent, 18,184,189, 229n24; self-
determination and, 43-6; strategy
at Brest-Litovsk negotiations,
9; surrender of Bolsheviks and,
209; Trotsky and, 189-91, 206;
violations of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and, 217-18
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 25, 47,
50,181
Levytskyi, Mykola, 113,124
liberal internationalism, 43, 49, 221
Linz, 84,109, 111
Lithuania, 13, 107, 200, 238n42;
German occupation of, 33-4,
36, 46, 50, 52, 63, 202, 233n70;
independence of, 53, 72, 77,
90, 242n93; Polish- Lithuanian
Commonwealth, 72, 133; Russian
loss of, 12-13,16, 53, 209, 213, 216;
self-determination and, 46
Liubynskyi, Mykola, 113,124,129,
131,196-7; Dobryi Affair and, 144
Liulevicius, Vejas G., 63
Livonia, 33-4, 69-70,190,198, 201-2,
205, 207-9, 213-14, 223
Lloyd George, David, 48, 66, 72, 221
London, Treaty of, 56
Longinovid, Tomislav Z., 173
Lubomirski, Zdzisław, 133
296 Index
Ludendorff, General Erich: Austro-
Hungarian war aims and, 198;
Bulgarian war aims and, 174;
Czernin s Christmas speech and,
62; German constitutional crisis
and, 63-5; German war aims and,
36; negotiations with Bolsheviks,
199; reaction to Bolshevik peace
proposal, 18-19; reaction to
Bolshevik withdrawal from
negotiations, 205; reaction to Ioffe
Program, 53; strategy at Brest-
Litovsk negotiations, 9; use of
term security by, 35
Macedonia, 160,168, 263n35;
Bulgaria and, 17, 99-100,161-4,
166-8,170
Makarenko, Pavel Vasil evich, 191
Mandel, David, 88
Manela, Erez, 42-3
Markov, Georgi, 165,177
Martin, Terry, 138, 219
Marx, Karl, 44
Marxism, 38, 45; Austro-Marxism,
44,91,108-9,119; Bolshevik
understanding of, 38,49,169;
international revolution and, 57
Masaryk, Thomaś, 69
May, Arthur James, 194
Mayer, Arno J., 42
Mazower, Mark, 160, 221
Medrzecki, Włodzimierz, 135-6
Melgunov, Sergei R, 12
Merey von Kapos-Mere, Kajetan, 22,
29-30, 32,165
Mikhutina, Irina V., 10, 24,146,185,
187,191
Mirbach, Count Wilhelm von, 58-9,
61, 218
Montenegro, 56
Moonsound Islands, 26-7, 30-1, 200,
202, 213
Moravia, 79, 85,104, 111, 116
Narkomindel (Narodnyi komissar
inostrannykh del, Russian people s
commissar for foreign affairs), 30,
68, 75,190-2,194,197,199-200;
armistice of 1917 and, 30; Trotsky
as, 38, 66,184-5, 205
Narodno Subraine, 161,171,177
nationalism, 45
national statehood, 158,182, 222;
contrasted with international
revolution, 126,178; Ukrainian,
138,141,150-1
national unification: Bulgaria and,
19,159,162-4,166,169-72,181
nation state consolidation, 8,158,160
nation state formation, 8,120,122,158
New Diplomacy, 42-3
Nicholas II, 13
Nikolaevich, Nikolai, 73
non-interference principle, 16, 30,
50,127
November (October) Revolution of
1917,14,31,36, 40; effect of on
Austria-Hungary, 83-4, 91
Nowak, Karl Friedrich, 55
Oberndorff, Alfred von, 180,192
Odessa, 137,144-5
Ordjonikidze, Sergo, 218
Ostrowski, Josef, 133
Ottoman Empire, 8,158; Bolshevik
peace proposal and, 17-19;
Bolshevik surrender and, 210-11;
conflict with Bulgaria, 160,162,
166-8,173-5,181; demands of, 50;
Index 297
implications of Brest-Litovsk Treaty
for, 11; relationship with Ukraine,
128; relations with Germany,
18-19; self-determination and, 45;
war aims of, 37
Pallavicini, Margrave Johann von,
18, 37,174
Paris Peace Conference, 5, 8, 226n6;
self-determination and, 43, 48,
68-9, 72, 222; use of academics at,
176
Pasha, Hakki, 47, 56, 211, 237n20
Pasha, Talaat, 37, 71,174,179; photo
of, 71
Pasha, Zekki, 22
Peace of Tilsit, 208, 213, 217
Penfield, Frederick C., 13, 80-1
Persia, 45
Petrograd negotiations (1917-18),
57-61
Pichon, Stephen, 65
Piłsudski, Jozef, 22
Plaschka, Richard Georg, 90, 244n8
Pokorny, Hermann, 22
Poland, 72-4; Austrian food
shortages and, 98; Austro-Polish
Solution, 32-4, 56, 98,103-4,
132-3, 214; German war aims
and, 34, 50, 240n74; independence
of, 112; Polish border strip, 34,
63-4,198; Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, 72,133; Polish
Question, 34, 63-4, 72,181;
potential for revolution in, 59;
Russian loss of, 12,16; Trotsky s
trip to, 197; Ukrainian annexations
and, 130-5, 204, 222
Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth,
72,133
Polosov, Mykhailo, 113
Popov, Hristo: Bulgarian war aims
and, 50,165-8,179-80; Kühimann
and, 178; participation in Brest-
Litovsk negotiations, 42,165-71,
176,180; photo of, 71; recall of,
180-2; relationship with Russia,
176-8; Ukrainian independence
and, 128-9; views on self-
determination, 168-9,176
Prisoners of War (POWs), 57, 84,
223-4; reimbursement for costs of,
52, 55, 213
property qualification, 70
Provisional Government (Russian),
13-14, 46,122
Prussia. See Germany
Putilov Works, 88
Quadruple Alliance, 12; armistice
negotiations and, 27; Bolshevik
peace proposal and, 16,19;
Bulgaria and, 164,171,175;
Dobrudja Question and, 181-2;
dysfunctional nature of, 101;
relationship with Ukraine, 120,
127-8,134-5. See also Austria-
Hungary; Bulgaria; Central
Powers; Germany; Ottoman
Empire
Rada, Ukrainian, 121-2; Austro-
German military intervention
and, 7; Dobryi Affair and,
143-4; historiography of, 125,
129; land socialization and,
141-2,150,157; relationship with
Bolsheviks, 124-6,129,135,137,
184, 196-7; relationship with
Central Powers, 129,142-4, 204,
298 Index
222; representation at Brest-
Litovsk negotiations, 126,128;
Ukrainian independence and, 129;
Ukrainian language and, 140-1,
148; Ukrainization and, 7,121-2,
138-40; urban centres and, 144-5.
See also Ukraine
Radek, Karl, 44,188, 213, 219
Radoslavov, Vasil, 161; Austrian food
shortages and, 100-1; Bolshevik
peace proposal and, 19; Brest-
Litovsk peace conference and,
165-6,169-70,180-1; Bulgarian/
Russian cooperation and, 176-7;
Bulgarian war aims and, 161-2;
fall of Radoslavov government,
159-60; Ioffe Program and, 165;
Petrograd negotiations and, 60-1;
Ukrainian independence and, 130
Rákosi, Mátyás, 224
Rauchensteiner, Manfried, 54,82
Reichsrat, 80, 88,104,112,132,142,
206
Renner, Karl, 86, 88, 90-3,103,108-9,
111, 114
Reynolds, Michael A., 37, 211
Riga, 14, 26, 200,202
Ritter, Gerhard, 9, 213
Rizov, Dimitur, 164,180
Romania, 56, 61,146,161,181,
193, 210; armistice with Central
Powers, 13-14, 20-1; Bulgaria and,
21, 50,166,173-4, 263n30; as food
source, 7, 96, 98-101,118
Rosenberg, Friedrich Hans von, 22,
24,42,127-8,130,179,202, 210-11
Ross, Colin, 141-2
Russia: armistice of 1917 and,
13-14, 20-1, 26-7, 31, 40;
borders of, 225nl; effect of
Brest-Litovsk treaty on, 213-14,
224; February Revolution in, 8,
13, 36, 215; following the First
World War, 216; food shortages
in, 95; hosting of Petrograd
negotiations, 57-8, 61; imperial
collapse in, 5, 8,120,122-3,
214-16, 222; military defeats of,
12, 206-8; November (October)
Revolution in, 14, 31, 36, 40;
Poland and, 73; post-revolution
conditions in, 58-9; Provisional
Government and, 13-14, 46,122;
relationship with Bulgaria, 173,
176-8; relationship with Ukraine,
122-4,126,129,131, 135,137,196;
relation with Ottoman Empire,
37, 50; renewal of hostilities
with Germany, 206-8, 223; self-
determination and, 16, 45-6, 67,
70, 75; signing of Brest-Litovsk
by, 4; territorial fragmentation of,
5, 12-13,16, 40, 53, 67,158, 209,
211, 213-14, 216; Ukrainian army
and, 149-50; Ukrainian treaty of
Brest-Litovsk and, 10; war aims
of, 46-7. See also Bolsheviks;
Soviet Union
Russian Civil War, 24
Sanborn, Joshua, 215, 223
San Stefano, Treaty of, 160-3,172,
176,181, 212
Schlieffen Plan, 12
Schonfeld, Eduard, 86-7,104-5
Schuller, Richard, 199
Schwarzenstein, Philip Alfons
Mumm von, 143,148
Scientific Expedition in Macedonia
and the Pomoravie, 163
Index 299
SDAPÖ - Sozialdemokratische
Arbeiterpartei Österreichs, 17, 81,
84-6, 89, 91,103-4,108-9,111,113,
115
security, concept of, 35, 233n77
Seidler von Feuchtenegg, Ernst, 101,
106,108,111-12,117,132,134,
206-7; Austrian food shortages
and, 89, 96, 98
Seitz, Karl, 85, 89-91, 93,103, 111,
113-14
self-determination, 5-6,11, 42-3, 66,
69, 77,182, 222; applied to Russian
empire, 67; in Baltic regions,
69- 70; Bolshevik peace proposal
and, 15-16; Brest-Litovsk Treaty
and, 5-6, 42-4, 77, 221; Bulgaria
and, 164,168,172-3,175-6,181-2;
Central Powers use of, 67-8,
77; challenges in applying, 72;
declarations of independence
and, 242n93; as demand of
strikers, 185; Entente powers
and, 65-6; February Revolution
and, 46; Hungarian objections to,
55; Imperial collapse and, 182;
importance of to negotiations, 55,
66; Ioffe Program and, 47-8, 51-3;
Lenin s views on, 43-6,49, 75; non-
interference and, 16; origins of,
44-7; Paris Peace Conference and,
43, 48, 68-9, 72, 222; plebiscites on,
70- 2, 241n92; Poland and, 73-5;
as Russian war aim, 46; Trotsky s
stance on, 104,129; Ukrainian
annexations and, 130-1,133;
Ukrainian independence and, 129,
196; Wilson and, 43-4, 48, 66, 69,
221, 237nl8
Sendler, General von, 101
Serbia, 56, 67,146, 202; Bulgarian
war aims and, 50,100,161,163-6,
173
Sevriuk, Oleksandr, 113,129,131
Short Course in the History of the
All-Union Communist Party (Stalin,
1938), 10
Silesia, 34, 63, 79,116
Skalon, Vladimir, 30-1
Skocpol, Theda, 118
Skoropadskyi, Hetman Pavlo, 7,144,
146-51,153-5, 157, 214
Snyder, Timothy, 151
Social Democratic Workers Party
of Austria (Sozialdemokratische
Arbeiterpartei Österreichs, SDAPÖ),
17
Sokolnikov, Grigorii, 22, 209, 211-12
Soldatenko, Valerii F., 120,125
Soviet Union, 219, 224; Ukraine and,
7-8. See also Bolsheviks; Russia
Sovnarkom (Soviet narodnykh
kommissar, Council of People s
Commissars), 61,125, 210, 218
Spiridonova, Maria, 210
Stalin, Josef, 10,135,186-7, 218
Stashkov, R., 27, 30, 231n46
Steglich, Wolfgang, 9
Steiner, Herbert, 91
Steinwedel, Charles, 156
Strachan, Hew, 15
Straußenburg, Arz von, 106
Stürgkh, Karl von, 80-1
Styria, 85,102, 111
Sublime Porte, 18, 37,160,174, 210
Suppan, Arnold, 90
Szeptycki, Stanisław, 98
Tantilov, Petar, 100-1
Tatishchev, Aleksei, 147
300 Index
Thrace, 8,158,162,174-5
Thurn, Duglas von, 98
Tilly, Charles, 95
Tito, Josip Broz, 87
Toggenburg, Count, 111-12,117
Toshev, Andrei, 19,100,164, 210,
236n3, 247n40
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. See Brest-
Litovsk Treaties
Trianon, Treaty of, 215
Trotsky, Leon, 76-7, 184-5,191-203;
armistice of 1917 and, 23, 30;
Bolshevik withdrawal from war
and, 202-3, 206, 223; Bulgarians
and, 165; debates with Kuhlmann,
68-72; Great January Strike and,
92,185; international revolution
and, 37-8,49, 77,184-5, 214; Lenin
and, 189-91, 206; negotiations with
Austrians, 199-200; negotiations
with Central Powers, 191-203;
no war, no peace policy of,
184-5,188-92,194, 200, 206,
216,223; Poland and, 74-5,197;
post-glasnost rehabilitation of, 10;
self-determination and, 44,45-6,
68-71,104,129,199; stalling tactics
of, 75-6; surrender of Bolsheviks
and, 209; treacherous behavior
of, 10, 234n91, 235n96; Ukraine
and, 129,135,196-7; violations of
Brest-Litovsk Treaty and, 218
Turkestan, 45
Ukraine, 7-8,156-7; Archduke
Wilhelm and, 146,151-7;
Bolsheviks and, 7,124,155,183,
193,196-7,204; Dobryi Affair, 143-
4; effect of February Revolution
on, 122; foreign policy of, 125-6,
131-2; Hetmanate in, 144,146-51,
153,155, 214; independence of,
128-30,138,157, 213, 223; land
socialization in, 141-2,153,157;
relationship with Austria, 10,
119,128,131-2,193, 204,222;
relationship with Bulgaria,
177-82; relationship with Central
Powers, 10,122-30,132-8,143,150,
156-7, 204-5, 222; relationship with
Entente nations, 126; relationship
with Russia, 122-4,126,129,131,
135,137,196; separate peace signed
by, 10, 29,120,135-7, 201; signing
of Brest-Litovsk by, 4,10,136,
156,201, 223; as source of grain,
93, 96,101-2,132-5,137,183,193;
territorial claims of, 103,130-5,
204; Ukrainian army, 149,152;
Ukrainian Bolsheviks, 125,135;
Ukrainian language, 121,138-41,
147-8; Ukrainian Revolution,
120-3,125,135,141,153;
Ukrainization policies, 7-8,121-2,
138-41,144-6,148-9,151-7; West
Ukrainian People s Republic, 132,
156; Wilhelm von Habsburg and,
146,151-6; withdrawal of Central
Powers from, 151. See also Rada
Ukrainian language, 121,138-41,
147-8
Ukrainian Sich Sharpshooters
(Ukrains ki Sichovi StriVtsi, USS),
152-4,156
Ukrainization policies, 7-8,121-2,
138-41,144-6,157; Archduke
Wilhelm and, 151-6; of
Skoropadskyi regime, 14 -9
Union for the Liberation of Ukraine
(Soiuz vyzvolennia Ukrainy), 122
Index 301
United States, 30. See also Wilson,
Woodrow
Vasyl ko, Mykola, 142
Velychenko, Stephen, 148-9, 215
Vernadsky, Vladimir, 140,147
Versailles, Treaty of, 216, 226n6;
contrasted with Brest-Litovsk
Treaty, 8-9, 215
Verstiuk, Vladislav, 120-2
Viennese workers council, 105,108,
113-14, 116
Vladeva, Liliana, 163
Von Hagen, Mark, 4, 73
Von Ugron, Stephan, 133
Vynnychenko, Volodymyr, 126-7,
135-6
Vyshyvanyi, Vasyl. See Wilhelm,
Archduke von Habsburg
Wargelin, Clifford F., 79-80,134
Wassilko, Nikolaus von, 142
Wedel, Botho von, 19,106
Weitsman, Patricia A., 6
Wekerle, Sandor, 32, 55-6, 83,134
Weltpolitik, 36
Western Front, 3,18, 20,109
Westphalian System of international
relations, 16
West Ukrainian People s Republic,
132,156
Wheeler-Bennett, John W., 8-9, 25,
170, 212-13
Wiener Neustadt, 86-94,104-5,
113-14,116-18,185
Wilhelm, Archduke von Habsburg,
151-2, 205; Ukraine and, 7, 146,
151-7
Wilhelm, Kaiser II, 96, 162-3, 201;
German constitutional crisis and,
63-5; German war aims and, 34,
36; Ukraine and, 148,154-5
Wilhelmstrafie, 6, 22, 64,123, 210
Wilhelm von Hohenzollern, xviii
Wilson, Woodrow, 5, 48-9, 221;
Fourteen Points and, 48-9, 66; self-
determination and, 43-4, 48, 66,
69, 221, 237nl8
Windischgratz, Lajos von, 99
World War L See First World War
Yekelchyk, Serhy, 159
Zhekov, Nikola, 170-1,177
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Černev, Borislav |
| author_GND | (DE-588)105941161X |
| author_facet | Černev, Borislav |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Černev, Borislav |
| author_variant | b č bč |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044403202 |
| classification_rvk | NP 4466 NP 5230 NQ 4672 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1002223096 (DE-599)BVBBV044403202 |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV044403202 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:52:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781487501495 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029805210 |
| oclc_num | 1002223096 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | xviii, 301 Seiten, 2 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Černev, Borislav Verfasser (DE-588)105941161X aut Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 Toronto University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division [2017] © 2017 xviii, 301 Seiten, 2 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Twilight of Empire is the first book in English to examine the Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference during the later stages of World War I with the use of extensive archival sources. Two separate peace treaties were signed at Brest-Litovsk - the first between the Central Powers and Ukraine and the second between the Central Powers and Bolshevik Russia. Borislav Chernev, through an insightful and in-depth analysis of primary sources and archival material, argues that although its duration was short lived, the Brest-Litovsk settlement significantly affected the post-Imperial transformation of East Central Europe. The conference became a focal point for the interrelated processes of peacemaking, revolution, imperial collapse, and nation-state creation in the multi-ethnic, entangled spaces of East Central Europe. Chernev's analysis expands beyond the traditional focus on the German-Russian relationship, paying special attention to the policies of Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ukraine. The transformations initiated by the Brest-Litovsk conferences ushered in the twilight of empire as the Habsburg, Hohenzollern, and Ottoman Empires all shared the fate of their Romanov counterpart at the end of World War I. Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd rswk-swf Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference / (1917-1918) Treaties of Brest-Litovsk / (1918) Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference World War (1914-1918) World War (1914-1918) / Peace Treaties of Brest-Litovsk (1918) World War, 1914-1918 / Peace World War, 1914-1918 / Europe, Eastern World War, 1914-1918 / Europe, Central Europe, Central Europe, Eastern 1914-1918 (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 u DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Paperback 978-1-4875-2449-4 https://www.recensio.net/r/3e4936c5b7d4468d922b463677aa00b9 rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 68 (2020), 2, S. 315-317 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Černev, Borislav Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd Weltkrieg (1914-1918) |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1234404044 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_auth | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_exact_search | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_full | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_fullStr | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Twilight of empire the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| title_short | Twilight of empire |
| title_sort | twilight of empire the brest litovsk conference and the remaking of east central europe 1917 1918 |
| title_sub | the Brest-Litovsk Conference and the remaking of East-Central Europe, 1917-1918 |
| topic | Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 (DE-588)1234404044 gnd Weltkrieg (1914-1918) |
| topic_facet | Friede von Brest-Litowsk 1918 März 3 Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Hochschulschrift |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/3e4936c5b7d4468d922b463677aa00b9 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029805210&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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