The book smugglers: partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis
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| Beschreibung: | Titelzusatz auf dem Umschlag: "The true story of the paper brigade of Vilna" |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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CONTENTS
Author’s Note ix
Dramatis Personae xiii
Introduction i
PART ONE. BEFORE THE WAR
1 Shmerke — The Life of the Party 7
2 The City of the Book 13
PART TWO. UNDER GERMAN OCCUPATION
3 The First Assault 25
4 Intellectuals in Hell 33
5 A Haven for Books and People 42
A Rescued Gem:
The Record Book of the Vilna Gaon's Synagogue 52
6 Accomplices or Saviors? 55
7 The Nazi, the Bard, and the Teacher 61
8 Ponar for Books 67
9 The Paper Brigade 75
10 The Art of Book Smuggling 82
A Rescued Gem: Herzl's Diary 90
11 The Book and the Sword 94
12 Slave-Labor Curators and Scholars 102
13 From the Ghetto to the Forest hi
14 Death in Estonia 121
15 Miracle from Moscow 129
PART THREE. AFTER THE WAR
16 From under the Ground 137
17 A Museum Like No Other 145
A Rescued Gem: Sholem Aleichem’s Letters 153
18 Struggling under the Soviets 156
19 Tears in New York 164
20 The Decision to Leave 171
21 The Art of Book Smuggling—Again 178
22 Rachela’s Choice 184
23 The German Discovery 189
24 Parting Duties 198
A Rescued Gem: The Bust of Tolstoy and Other Russians 204
25 Wanderings: Poland and Prague 207
26 Paris 213
27 Return from Offenbach, or Kalmanovitch’s Prophecy 221
PART FOUR. FROM LIQUIDATION TO REDEMPTION
28 The Path to Liquidation 231
29 Later Lives 238
30 Forty Years in the Wilderness 244
31 Grains of Wheat 249
Acknowledgments 257
Notes 261
Glossary 295
Bibliography 299
Index 311
Illustrations follow page 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Most of the following individuals interviewed were either inmates of the Vilna
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Shulamith and Victor Lirov, Israel
Rachel Margolis, Yeruham, Israel
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Ghaya Palevsky, Bronx, New York
Maria Rolnikaite, St. Petersburg, Russia
Alexandra Wall, Berkeley, California
Akiva Yankivsky, Lod, Israel (via telephone)
Avraham Zheleznikov, Melbourne, Australia
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INDEX
Note: page numbers in italics refer
to images.
Aaroni, Abraham, 190
Abramovitsh, Gershon, 97, 142
Abramowicz, Dina, 37, 44—45, 249,
254
Abramowicz, S. J., 153
Ajzen, Avraham, 163, 172
Amarant, Shmuel, 148, 163, 171, 173
American Jewish Committee, 195,
221, 222, 223
American Jewish Joint Distribution
Committee (JDC), 192-93, 225,
234
Amsterdam: Bibliotheca Rosenthali-
ana, 195; books looted from, 63;
Rabbiner Seminar in, 190
Anolik, Nisan, 160
An-ski Museum, 29-30, 31, 59, 99-
100, 102, 196, 204, 206
As, Brayne, 72
Association of Ghetto Writers and
Artists, 34, 43, 113
Ausband, Isaac, 179
Banaitis,Juozas, 141, 150, 151
Baron, Salo, 221
Bartholdy, Wolf Latsky, 22
Bauer, Yehuda, 160
Beilis, Shloime, 173-74,179, 182-83,
217
Bergelson, Dovid, 233
Bericha, 183, 200-201, 203, 209,
211-12
Berlin: Allied postwar headquarters
in, 190; as ERR headquarters, 105,
107, 108; ERR shipments of books
to, 73—74, 114; Gotthard and, 29;
Kalmanovitch’s study in, 69, no;
Karaites and, 106-7; Muller’s
return to, 59; Pohl and, 28, 239;
Pohl’s reports to, 62-63, 7°? Schae-
fer’s academic career in, 68, no;
Sporket’s prewar life in, 68; YIVO
and, 20
Bernshtein, Meir, 169
Bernstein, Leon, 65, 140, 172
Bialystok, Poland, n, 39, 172
Big, Asya, 124-25
Book Chamber of the Lithuanian
SSR, YIVO documents in, 244-48;
efforts to catalog (1980s), 252; loan
to YIVO, 253-54; YIVO discovery
of, 249-51; YIVO negotiations to
acquire, 252-53
Borenshtein, Mendl, 96, 99, 140
Boruta, Kazys, 86
Bramson, Esfir, 251
Brause, Moshe, 98-99
Budreika, Z. S., 236-37
Cahan, Abraham, 93
Choral Synagogue, 149, 156, 179-80,
235
Chwoinik, Abrasha, 98, 100
Clay, Lucius, 189—90, 223, 224
collaborators, punishment of, 147-
48
Dos Naye Lebn {New Lift) [newspaper],
210
Dubnow, Simon, 165, 167
Ehrenburg, Ilya, 131, 138, 146, 161,
*74 23J
311
312 I Index
Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg
(ERR): arrival of Sporket team, 68;
destruction of books and artifacts by,
69“73 7I֊72 74» JI4; initial looting
by, 27-31; Jews selected to assist, 1,
55-56; and Judenforschung, 27-28,
29, io2֊io; lack of punishment for,
238-40; leaders of, 55; need for
Jewish assistance, 61-62; need for
long-term Vilna operation, 31-32;
number of books seized by, 62—63;
portrayal as rescue mission, 56, 67;
reluctance to finish work, 77; return
to Vilna, 55, 56; shipments to Ger-
many, 56, 62, 71, 73-74,114; Sutz-
kever’s Nuremberg testimony and,
198—99; Vilna headquarters of, 55;
work of, as high priority, 30, 31—32.
See also Gotthard, Herbert; Paper
Brigade; Pohl, Johannes; Sporket,
Albert
Elijah of Vilna (Rabbi), 16-17, 22, 52,
53֊54. 85. r°2
Elkin, Mendl, 167
Epshtein, Gershon, 213-15
ERR. See Einsatzstab Reichsleiter
Rosenberg
Etinger, Yakov, 200
Eynikayt [Unity) [newspaper], 152, 162,
232» 233
Fareynikte Partizaner Organiza-
tsye (FPO). See United Partisan
Organization
Feffer, Itzik, 182, 233
Feinshtein, Daniel, 47-48, 65, 72,
77-78.79. ho
FPO. See United Partisan
Organization
Frankfurt, Germany: books looted
from, 63; ERR shipments of books
to, 114; Pohl’s postwar life and, 239;
US military headquarters in, 190.
See also Institute for Investigation
of the Jewish Question (Frankfurt);
Rothschild Library (Frankfurt)
Fried, Anatol, 36, 72-73
Gens, Jacob, 72-73, m, 113, 121, 123
Gershater, Akiva, 65, 72, 106, 140, 217
Getoyediyes {Ghetto News) [newspaper],
146, 167, 172
Ghetto library, xvii; auxiliary institu-
tions, 50-51; branch libraries, 47;
collection of books and artifacts
by, 48—50; creation of, 36, 37; de-
terioration of books in, 47; efforts
to protect cultural heritage, 49, 50,
5։; hiding of books in, 58-59, 73,
86, 140; Jewish artifacts displayed
in, 42; nickname of, 51; as oasis of
normalcy, 42, 44, 46; patrons, types
of. 44-45. 46; popularity of, 37, 42,
47; and reading as psychological
relief, 42, 45, 47-48; reading room
in, 42, 46; research for ERR, 105-6;
and respect for books, 46-47; size
of collection, 42; staff of, 37—38,
48; types of books read, 45-46. See
also Kruk, Herman, as director of
Ghetto library
Gintsburg, Ilya, 85, 204-6
Glants-Leyeles, Aaron, 210
Glazman, Joseph, 118
Goldschmidt, Abraham E., 29-30,
30-31, 216
Gordon, Jacob, 65, 72, 81, 106, 140
Gotthard, Herbert: background of,
68; brutality of, 69; and looting of
Vilna, 29, 68; postwar life of, 215-
16, 239-40; studies produced with
Jewish labor, 105-10; and YIVO ex-
hibition on Jews and Bolsheviks, 102
Grade, Chaim, 8-9,181, 182, 210, 211,
242-43
Great Synagogue (Shtotshul), xvii,
15-16. 30. 3b 36,49-5°. ։56 l8°.
215. 236-37
Index I 313
Grichanski, Chana, 169
Gustman, Yisroel (Rabbi), 156, 179
Gutkowicz, Yankl: career after Jewish
Museum, 235; as director of Jewish
Museum, 178, 223-24, 231՜32 235;
Kaczerginski’s removal of museum
artifacts and, 179, 181—82, 217-18
Gzmilewska, Wiktoria, 39, 78, 86
Haifa, 171, 220
Heller, Moshe, 37, 105, 109
Herzl, Hans, 90—91
Herzl, Theodor, diary of, 86, 90—93,
!59 !72 181,182, 218
Heymland (Homeland) [periodical],
162
hiding of smuggled books: with Chris-
tian sympathizers, 86, no; FPO
help with, 96—97; in Ghetto library,
58֊59 73 86,140; inside YIVO
building, 87, 112; in sites around
Vilna, 73, 86
Himpel, Alexander, 55, 61
Historical Commission, 26
Hohe Schule, Nazi plans for, 31—32
Horne, Joseph, 226
Hungen, Germany, cache of looted
books in, 191
Idelson, Mark, 169
I. G. Farben chemical company, 193
Institute for Investigation of the Jew-
ish Question (Frankfurt), 29, 61-63,
69—70, 74, 170, 189-91; return of
YIVO books from, 189—97, 221—27
Ioffe, Abraham Nisan (Rabbi), 105,
109, 140
Israel, founding of, 232—37, 245-48,
251
Israel, Land of, Jewish migration to,
171, 208, 209, 219-20
Jaffe, Dina (Nadezhda), 65, 72, 140
Jaffe, Shmuel, 183
Jankauskas, Julian, 78, 97—99, 100,
101, 116
Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
(Moscow), 130, 131, 152, 157, 161,
162, 175-76, 200, 233, 235
Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy, Nazi
fear of, 29, 57, 62, 109
Jewish ERR work group. See Paper
Brigade
Jewish Museum, Vilnius: brief thriv-
ing of, 231-32; donations to, 151; as
dropoff for undeliverable Jewish
mail, 145; efforts to recover stolen
artifacts, 223—24; establishment of,
141—42; funding issues at, 151—52, 157,
163, 176; government authorization
of, 162—63; grassroots support for,
146; inability to protect recovered
materials, 174; location of, 143—44,
149—50, 174; as location of majority
of rescued artifacts, 231; mission
of, 163; portions of collection sent
to Book Chamber, 235, 245, 249;
recruitment of collectors for, 145—46;
retrieval of cached books, 142—43;
revival of (1989), 250; search for
appropriate building, 149; search
for Soviet sponsor of, 141, 150—51;
search for surviving documents and
objects, 146-47, 148,152,159-60,
175—76; Soviet Commission status
given to, 151 ; Soviet opposition to,
159, 160—63; Soviet shutdown of,
234—35; special focus on document-
ing Nazi crimes, 141—42, 147—49,
199; staff members’ flight from
Soviet sphere, 171—72; staff of, 146;
support of Soviet Jews for, 152; and
survivor testimony, recording of,
141, 148—49; Torah scrolls, ritual
burial of, 179-81
Jewish school, Vilnius, 156—57, 161,
162,176,182,235
Jewish Workers Bund, 8, 18, 19, 33, 94
314 I Index
Judenforsckung, 27-28, 29, 102-10,170
Judenrat, xvii, 34-35, 36~37 43 48,
49, 50, 62, 67, 149-50
Kaczerginski, Jacob, 7,12
Kaczerginski, Shmerke, xiii; Aba Kov-
ner and, 172; appearance of, 7, 9;
Beilis and, 173-74; Białystok, 11,
39; biography of, xiii, 7-12, 21, 243;
charisma of, 8, 9, 10; collection of
ghetto songs, 158; as Communist,
2, 9-10, ir, 159, 208, 220, 241; death
of, 242-43; on death of Vitenberg,
hi; diary of, 142; efforts to enter
Palestine, 209, 220; efforts to enter
US, 207, 219, 220, 241; flight from
Ghetto, 38-39; flight to Poland,
176-J9, 182-83, 207-11; and FPO
fighters’ flight to forest, 116; and
Gotthard, capture of, 216; in hiding
as deaf-mute, 39-40, 63; and Jewish
orphans, 156; on Jewish partisans,
120; Kalmanovitch and, 68; Krin-
sky and, i, 65, 66, 79-80, 185, 186֊
88, 241, 256; later life of, 241-42; loss
of faith in Soviet Communism, 132,
176-77; love of books, 12,18; mar-
riage to Kaufman, n֊i2, 38-39;
memoir by, 218; in Paris, 213-14,
217-18, 219, 220, 233; as partisan
fighter, 116-20, 132-33* x37* 140;
poet-songwriter, 3, 8, 63-64, 80,
hi, 120, 208; and Polish antisem-
itism, 210; Prylucki and, 25; and
resistance to Ghetto liquidation, 115;
smuggling of artifacts out of Soviet
Sphere, 177, 179, 181-82, 183, 207,
214, 217-18; and Soviet occupation
of Vilna, 11-12; Sutzkever and, 11,
63-64,139; work for FPO, 96, 97֊
101; and Zionism, turn to, 208
Kaczerginski, and Jewish Museum:
closing of, 236; effort to save docu-
ments from trash, 175—76; establish-
ment of, 141,142,145,151; inability
to protect recovered materials, 174;
Kovner’s theft from Jewish Mu-
seum and, 172-73; Lithuanian au-
thorization of, 163; problems faced
by, 163; resentment of Kovner’s
leadership, 159; resignation as
director, 178; site for, 150; Soviet
opposition and, 150-51, 160—61,
U4-75; staff flight from, 173-74
Kaczerginski, and Paper Brigade,
1-2, 63, 72; on ERR reluctance to
finish work, 77; final tasks of, 112,
114; lunch break activities, 77,79;
smuggling by, 2-3, 7, 84, 85, 86, 87,
ti2, 153, 204, 205
Kaczerginski, in postwar Vilna:
apartment of, 138, 143-44, r45;
loneliness of, 158; and memories of
dead friends, 145; and retrieval of
hidden works, 137-38, 139,140-41,
142; return to Ghetto, 63; reunions
with friends, 139; and search for
surviving documents and objects,
146-47, 148, 159-60; and Soviet
resistance to Jewish culture, 157—58-
See also Jewish Museum, Vilnius
Kalmanovitch, Zelig, xiii; address to
Ghetto Writers Association, 113;
biography of, xiii, 38; death of,
122-23, 140; debate with Szapszal,
108; diary of, 69, 73,105, 106,
108-9, 114, 214, 218; at Ghetto
library, 37-38, 48, 49; Lerer and,
79, 121-22; and murder of Ghetto
elderly, 81; in Narva, 121—22; and
New York YIVO, as source of hope,
89; politics of, 37-38; Schildkret
and, 225; on Sporket, 69; Szapszal
and, 107; YIVO bleter eulogy for,
168-69; YIVO staff’s concern
about, 165-66
Kalmanovitch, and Paper Brigade,
72; bonds between members of,
Index | 315
79; cooperation with ERR goals,
67—68; and destruction of books
and objects, 71, 73; emotional strain
of, 81, 179; final tasks of, 114; hope
for books’ safety, 67-68, 80—81,
227; relations with ERR staff, 57;
research for ERR, 105—10; selection
for, 55-56; and smuggling of books,
67, 85, 88, 96; and YIVO, clean-up
of, 59; and YIVO exhibition on
Jews and Bolsheviks, 103, 104
Kanovich, Grigorii, 254
Kapralov, Piotr, 233—34
Karaites: Jews’ efforts to masquerade
as, 108; Kalmanovitch’s research
on, 106—8; Nazi treatment of, 106;
number in Vilna region, 107; YIVO
exhibit on, 103
Kaufman, Barbara, 11—12, 38-39, 78,
80, 97
Kempner, Vitka, 96, 138
Kittel, Bruno, 2—3, 84, 123
Kletzkin, Boris, 19-20
Kligsberg, Moshe, 214
Klooga work camp, 125—28, 140, 160
Korczak, Ruzhka (Reizl): flight from
Soviet sphere, 171 ; and Paper Bri-
gade, 65, 72; postwar return to
Vilna, 138, 140; smuggling by, 99;
work with FPO, 95—96, 99, 100
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, 86
Kovalsky, Isaac, 152
Kovner, Aba: flight from Soviet
Sphere, 172-73; as FPO leader, 94,
114, 115; and Jewish orphans, 156;
Kaczerginski and, 172; and pun-
ishment of collaborators, 147-48;
return to Vilna, 138, 139, 140; as
Zionist, 159, 172
Kovner, Aba, and Jewish Museum:
authorization of, 163; as chairman,
158, 159; establishment of, 141, 142,
145, 146, 163; and recovery of hid-
den books, 141; Soviet opposition to,
i5°—51, 160—61; theft of materials
from, 172—73
Kovner, Mikhal: death of, 118, 140;
and Paper Brigade, 65, 72; smug-
gling by, 99; work with FPO,
95-965 995 100, 118-19
Kremer, Pati, 41
Krinsky, Joseph, 65-66, 79-80
Krinsky, Rachela, xiii; background of,
65; biography of, xiii—xiv; and Book
Chamber collection, 254; forced
move to ghetto, 66; Kaczerginski
and, 1, 65, 66, 79-80, 182, 186—88,
241, 256; Kruk and, 65, 66; later life
of, 240—41; loss of home and family,
66; marriage, 65—66; postwar life
of, 184—88, 220; on Sporket, 68—69;
Sutzkever and, 65, 66, 185-86, 187,
241; Sutzkever’s YIVO award and,
254, 256; wartime imprisonment of,
140, 158, 184
Krinsky, and Paper Brigade, 1, 65,
72; emotional strain of work, 76;
final tasks of, 112,114; lunch break
activities, 77, 78-79; march to work,
76; signing of YIVO guest book by,
113; smugglingby, 84, 85, 101; visits
from daughter at, 78—79; working
conditions, 78
Kruk, Herman, xiv; biography of,
xiv; character of, 33, 58; death
of, 127, 140; decision to remain
in Ghetto, 121, 123; and German
invasion of Vilna, 34; and Ghetto
archive, efforts to preserve, 113; on
Jewish Ghetto, 36, 41; at Klooga
camp, 125-26, 127—28, 160; Krin-
sky and, 65, 66; at Lagedi camp,
126—27, j4°5 j8o; on mass shootings
of Jews, 34, 35—36; and New York
YIVO, as source of hope, 89; on
Pohl, 61; prewar flight to Vilna,
33-34; as socialist, 33, 37, 57; work
with FPO, 97
Kruk, as director of Ghetto library,
34, 36-38, 41, 56; and branch li-
braries, 47; collection in, 48-50;
efforts to protect cultural heritage,
49, 50; hiding of resistance arms,
97, 113-14; on high demand for
books, 42; on library volunteers,
48; move of hidden books from li-
brary, 73; opening of reading room,
42; protection from Nazi seizure,
72-73; reports authored by, 45
Kruk, as head of Paper Brigade: con-
cerns about mission of, 56, 60; and
destruction of books, 70; efforts to
keep books in Vilna, 56; emotional
strain of, 76; expansion to forty
members, 62, 63; permit allowing
access to city, 58, 67, no, 113; pro-
tection of Wilno University Marx-
ist collection, 57; relations with
Muller, 56-57; research for ERR,
no; search for books in Vilna, 58;
selection as, 55-56; shutdown of
group, 112; smuggling and hiding
of books, 56, 57, 58-59, 67, 73, 82,
no, 204, 205; transfer of Strashun
collection and, 56, 57-58; and
YIVO, clean-up of, 59-60; and
YIVO exhibition on Jews and Bol-
sheviks, 103-4
Kruk, Herman, diary of, 34-36, 55,
56, 58, 73, 89; Kovner’s theft of
pages from, 172; postwar recovery
and publication, 159-60, 218, 220;
smuggling out of Soviet Sphere, 183
Kruk, Pinkhas (Pinkhas Schwartz),
33» 34
Kurliandchik, Solomon, 246-47
LaFarge, L. B., 197
Lagedi camp, Kruk in, 126-27, x4°)
160
Lamm, Benjamin, 72
Landsbergis, Vytautas, 253
Lawrence, Geoffrey, 199
Leftwich, Joseph, 90-91
Lehrer, Leybush, 167
Leivick, H., 213, 219-20
Lerer, Moshe, 79,121-22
Levitsky, Liuba, 2
Liptzin, Sol, 189
Liro, Alexander, 172
Lodz, Poland: Bericha in, 211; Ger-
shater in, 217; Jewish postwar flight
to, 178; Kaczerginski in, 186-87;
Rachela Krinsky in, 182,184, 186-
87; Sutzkever in, 207, 2ir, 215-16
Lubotsky, Israel, 65, 72, 79, 95-96,
140
Lukishki Prison, 30, 40, 66, 84
Lukosiunas, Algimantas, 250-51
Lunski, Chaikl: death of, 125; at
Ghetto library, 37, 38; imprison-
ment of, 30-31, 38; and Nazi loot-
ing of Strashun, 29-30; Nazi’s
arrest of, 29; and Paper Brigade,
55-56, 57; as Strashun librarian,
18; and YIVO, clean-up of, 59
Mackowicz, Izia, 96
Malenkov, Georgy, 162
Markeles, Chaya, 140
Markeles, David, 65, 72, 140
Markeles, Noime, 65, 72, 96,140,145,
163,173
Markish, Peretz, 130, 233
Markov, Fyodor, 116,117, 119, 129
Mats, Hirsh, 72
Mats, Nadia, 65
Meir, Golda, 232-33, 240
Melezin, Abraham, 187-88, 240-41
Mendelsohn, Shloime, 164
Mendelsund, Rachel, 37
Menkin, Michael, x-xi
Michael, Jerome, 221
Mikhoels, Solomon, 131, 200, 231,
233
Moment (newspaper), 26
Index I 317
Morevsky, Abraham, 19
Morgn-Frayhayt (Morning Freedom) [news-
paper], 10
Moscow: antisemític backlash in,
232—33, 247; and efforts to save
trashed documents, 175-76; Golda
Meir in, 232-33; Jewish support
for Vilnius Jewish Museum in,
152; Kaczerginski in, 174—75;
Kaczerginski’s publisher in, 182;
Lithuanian government in exile
in, 129, 139; Soviet toleration of
Jewish culture in, 162; Sutzkever
in, 130-32, 139, 158, 160, 166-68,
173, 174, 184, 187, 200, 201, 207,
209; Sutzkever’s recall to, 129, 185;
Sutzkever’s return to Vilna from,
139; Vilna art sent to, 205-6. See
also Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
(Moscow); Soviet Union
Muller, Hans, 55-59, 68
Murer, Franz, 35, 72-73, 81, 84
Murphy, Robert D., 196-97
Nadich, Judah, 192, 195, 223
Nadler, Alan, 253, 254
Narva camp, 121—22, 140
New York: Jewish labor Committee
in, 34; Kaczerginski and Sutzkev-
er’s efforts to migrate to, 207, 209,
210, 213; Kaczerginski’s death and,
242-43; Kaczerginski’s publication
in, 10; Krinsky in, 188, 220; Rubin-
shtein in, 196; Sholem Aleichem in,
Í53, 155; Weinreich’s move to, 25,
29, 89; Yiddish periodicals in, 93,
164, 242. See also Yiddish Scientific
Institute (YIVO), New York branch
New York Post, 166
New York Times, 131, 251
NKVD, 173,176-77, 235
Noble, Shlomo, 190
Norich, Samuel, 249-53, 255
Nuremberg Trials, 198-200, 238
Offenbach Archival Depot, 193—95,
222-23, 225-26
Olkenicka, Uma, 65, 72, 77, 79-81,
124,140,169
Opatoshu, Joseph, 213
orphanage, Jewish (Vilna), 156, 235
Osherovitsh, Hirsh, 178, 246
Paleckis, Justas, 129, 139, 161, 162
Paper Brigade: ambivalent role of,
56, 60, 66; bonds among, 79—81;
contact with Christian supporters,
76-79? 97_96; and destruction of
books, 70—74; efforts to keep books
in Vilna, 56; emotional strain of, 76,
80, 81; expansion of, 62; final tasks
of, 112-13, n45 and FPO, 95-101;
informers, as concern, 99; lunch
break activities, 77-79, 97-99?
100; manual laborers in, 56, 57, 62;
march to and from work, 76, 81,
84; members killed, 140; members
of, 64-65; nickname for, 75; orga-
nization of, 72; postwar scattering
of, 220; research for ERR, 105-10;
selection of leaders of, 55-56; and
selection of works for shipment to
Germany, 56, 62, 71, 114; signing of
YIVO guest book by, 112-13; sort-
ing criteria for books, 62; Sporket’s
abuse of, 68-69, 60; and strain of
ghetto life, 81; survivors returning
to Vilna, 140; tasks assigned to, 56;
transfer of Strashun Library, 56,
57-58; working conditions for, 75-
79; and YIVO, clean-up of, 59—60;
and YIVO exhibition on Jews and
Bolsheviks, 102-5
Paper Brigade, smuggling of artifacts
by: into Ghetto, severe penalties for,
2? 3? 63, 84, 85; gold and silver rit-
ual objects, sale of, 99—100; Kruk’s
catalog of smuggled items, 86; and
moral dilemma of saving lives vs.
3i8 I Index
Paper Brigade (continued)
saving books, 85; most valuable
books saved, 86; motives for risking
life, 82, 85, 87—88; participation of
manual laborers in, 85; process of,
2—3, 82—85; selection process for,
82—83. See a^so individual members
Paris: Alliance Israelite Universelle
in, 195; Ecole Rabbinique in, 190;
Jewish culture in, 213; Kaczerginski
in, 213-14, 217-18, 219, 220, 233;
Ona Šimaite in, 195; and smuggling
the “Vilna Archive,” 211—12, 213—15;
Sutzkever in, 213—15, 216, 2 17,
219—20; Sutzkever’s flight to, 211—12;
YIVO branch in, 20
Partisans, 116—20, 132, 140
Pasternak, Boris, 132
Paturksy, 72
Peretz, I. L., 20, 59-60, 86, 153
Petrosian, Arfo A., 174—75
Plonsky, David, 211—12
Pohl, Johannes, xiv; arrest of Prylucki,
27; biography of, xiv-xv, 28—29;
destruction of books and artifacts
by, 69, 70, 71, 179, 198-99; and
ERR working conditions, 75; as
Judaica expert, 27—28, 29; and loot-
ing of Vilna, 29, 30, 37, 49, 60-63;
and New York YIVO, 89; Nurem-
berg trials and, 198—99; postwar
life of, 238—39; role in Nazi looting
operations, 61, 63; on smuggling of
books, 83
Poland: antisemitism in, 21-22, 25,
207, 210; Communist takeover of,
210—11; Kaczerginski’s flight to,
i76—79, 182—83, 207-11; and looted
YIVO materials, 222, 224; Sutz-
kever’s flight to, 183, 198, 207-11,
215-16; underground in, 31, 94-95·
See also Warsaw, Poland
Pomrenze, Seymour, 194, 195, 196,
224, 225, 226—27
Ponar, mass shootings of Jews at, 27,
34 35-36. 39. 40, 4։, 44. 49. 66,
84, 116, 124, 140, 174; documentary
evidence of, 147-48; Nuremberg
testimony on, 198, 199
Pravda, 131-32, 138, 139, 199
Prylucki, Nojekh, 25-27, 29-31, 216
Prylucki, Paula, 26, 27, 30
Rajak, Michael, 180
Ran, Leyzer, 169-70, 214, 235
Reichenfeld, Moritz, 91
Rejzen, Zalmen, 91, 164
retrieval of hidden books: destroyed
caches, 137, 140; initial surveys of
caches, 137-38, 139, i40-4i;Jew-
ish Museum and, 142—43; Šimaite
caches and, 201—3
Rindziunsky, Alexander, 232
Ringelblum, Emanuel, 31, 165—66
Rodziewicz, Wictoria (Wikcia), 66,
78-79, 184-88, 241
Rogow, David, 254
Romm Press, 20, 71, 99—100
Rosenberg, Alfred, 238
Rothschild Library (Frankfurt),
X9I_92 x93
Rubinshtein, Isaac, 196
Schaefer, Willy, 68, 77, 100-101, 103,
109, 110
Schildkret, Lucy, 225-27
Schmidt, L M., 204
Shatzky, Jacob, 167
Sheinbaum, Yechiel, 115
Shlosberg, Ber, 169
Sholem Aleichem, letters of, 153—55,
x99
Shomer Ha-Tza’ir (Young Guard), 65,
79, 94. 159. ‘71. *83
Shur, Grigorii, 202
Šimaite, Ona, 78, 86, 201—3
Slawson, John, 195, 223
Smetona, Antanas, 129
Index I 319
Smirnov, Lev, 199
Sniečkus, Antanas, 157, 161, 162, 234
Soviet Union: Jewish Nationalist
movement of 1960s, 247-48; occu-
pation of Vilna (1939-1941), 11-12,
25, 34; postwar Extraordinary State
Commissions, 141-42; smuggling
of artifacts from, 177, 179, 181—83,
198-201, 207, 210-15, 217-18, 220,
240; suppression of Jewish culture
in, 141, 150-51,156-59, 160-63,
174-76, 250, 251. See also Moscow;
Vilna, postwar Soviet rule in
Spinkler, Gerhard, 68, 72
Sporket, Albert: arrival in Vilna, 68;
background of, 68; and destruction
of books and artifacts, 70, 71-72;
and Ghetto library, plans to seize,
72—73; harsh treatment ofjewish
workers, i, 68—69, 79; Nuremberg
trials and, 198-99; organization of
Paper Brigade, 72; and shutdown
of ERR Jewish team, 112, 114; on
smuggling of books, 83; and YIVO
exhibition on Jews and Bolsheviks,
102
Stalin, Joseph, 102, 103, 131, 232-33,
246
Strashun, Matityahu, 102, 251
Strashun Library, xvii, 17—18, 29—31,
36. 49. 5° 56-58, 62, 112, 196, 226
Suslov, Mikhail A., 161—62, 174-75, 2 $l
Sutzkever, Abraham, xiv; biography
of, xiv, 10—11; efforts to enter Pal-
estine, 208; efforts to enter US,
207, 209, 213, 219, 220; flight to
Paris, 2II-I2; flight to Poland,
183, 198, 207-11, 215—16; and FPO
flight, 116; in Ghetto, 36-37, 38, 41;
Ghetto memories, publication of,
213; as Ghetto poet laureate, 63;
and Gotthard, capture of, 215-16;
in Israel, 219-20, 240; and Jewish
orphans, 156; Kaczerginski and,
11, 63—64, 139, 242; Kalmanovitch
and, 68; Krinsky and, 65, 66,
185—86, 187, 241; later life of, 240;
in Moscow, 130—32, 139, 158, 160,
166-68, 173, 174, 184, 187, 200, 201,
207, 209; murder of son, 43—44;
Nuremberg testimony, 198-200;
in Paris, 213-15, 216-17, 219—20;
as partisan fighter, 117—20, 129;
poems by, 43-44, 88, 99—100, 112,
130, 249, 254, 255; postwar return
to Vilna, 139, 140; Prylucki and, 25;
signing of YIVO guest book by, 112;
smuggling of artifacts out of Soviet
Sphere, 166—68, 177, 183, 198-201,
207, 210—15, 220, 240; Weinreich
and, 167, 209—10; work with FPO,
96, 100—101; YIVO anniversary
speech, 255-56; YIVO prize won
by, 254
Sutzkever, and Jewish Museum: bro-
chure for, 159; efforts to recover
documents, 175—76; establishment
of, 141, 142, 145; recruitment of
document collectors, 145—46; Soviet
opposition to, 150-51, 161; work at,
178-79, 183
Sutzkever, and Paper Brigade, 72;
final tasks of, 112; lunch break activ-
ities, 77; recollections about, 255—
56; resistance to humiliation of, 79;
smuggling by, 85-88, 99-100, 153,
204, 205
Sutzkever, in postwar Vilna: retrieval
of hidden works, 139, 140—41, 143,
202—3; and Soviet resistance to Jew-
ish institutions, 141, 157
Sutzkever, Freydke, 38, 63, 116, 118,
129, 130
Synagogue of the Vilna Gaon (Goen’s
kloyz), *ա, 16—17, 49, 52, 63, 180,
215; record book from, 49, 52—54,
86,159, 215
Szapszal, Seraya, 103, 107,108
320 | Index
Der Tog {The Day) (newspaper), 15, 167
Treblinka death camp, 116, 140
Treger, Zelda, 171
Trener, Rokhele, 114
Tsunzer, Ilia, 140
Ulpis, Antanas, 244—48
Undzer Vortipur Word) [newspaper],
208, 210
United Partisan Organization (FPO):
alliance with ERR team members,
95-101; bombing of train by, 95—96;
book smuggling and, 96-97; chim-
ney sweeps and, 103; creation of,
94; fighters’ flight to forest, 115-16;
German efforts to crush, in, 112;
Ghetto liquidation and, 114—16;
Ghetto police in, 96, 98—99; Pol-
ish underground’s refusal to aid,
94-95; public execution of mem-
bers, 124—25; reunion of in liberated
Vilna, 139; underground bunker of,
xvii, 3֊4, 96-97, 138, 142-43; weap-
ons acquisition by, 95—96, 97—101;
weapons training by, 95, 96, 97
United States government, and looted
books: policy on return of, 196-97,
221—25; release of YIVO books,
225—27; sorting and return of, 189—
97, 221-22, 225-26
Unity (Eynikayi) [newspaper], 152, 162,
232. 233
Uveeler, Mark, 224
Vaksman, Sala, 201
Vigodsky, Jacob, 91
Vildshtein, Tzivia, 156
Vilna: history of, 13-14; as Jerusalem
of Lithuania, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 51,
88, 89, 104, 115, 138, 182, 200, 203,
206, 215, 236; Jewish culture in,
15—22; Jewish population of, 13, 15;
liberation of, 126, 137, 138, 166; Nazi
invasion of, 26—27, 34; postwar re-
turn ofjews to, 138, 156; Soviet pre-
war occupation of, 11-12, 25, 34
Vilna, postwar Soviet rule in: and
antisemitic backlash, 232-37, 245-
48, 251; indifference to murders of
Jews, 171-72; and Jewish social life,
158; repatriation to Poland and, 172;
resistance to Jewish cultural institu-
tions, 141, 150-51, 156-59, 160-63,
174-76
Vilna Ghetto, xvii; Aktion of Yellow
Permits, 40-41; archive, efforts to
preserve, 113; ban on Jewish births
in, 43—44; cultural activities in,
43; distress of residents of, 41; and
forced labor, 43; forcing ofjews
into, 36, 38, 66; Ghetto no. 1, xvii,
36; Ghetto no. 2, xvii, 36, 41, 49;
history of, 15; Kaczerginski’s escape
from, 38—39; liquidation of (Sept.,
1943), 114—16, 123-25; mass round-
ups in, 40, 41, 113, 114-15; murder
of elderly in, 44, 81, 116; murder
of newborns in, 43-44; non-Jews’
efforts to aid residents of, 201; over-
crowding in, 36; period of stability
in, 43, 63; sealing off of (Aug., 1943),
113; smuggling, penalties for, 2, 3,
83, 84, 85; sports field in, 51, 114—15,
149; threats against, after FPO
exposure, hi, 112; work permits for
“specialists,” 40-41
Vilna University Library. See Wilno
University Library
Vilner Ernes (Vilna Truth) [newspaper],
173
Vilnius. See Vilna
Vitenberg, Itzik, 94, 97, hi, 146, 149
Voroshilov Brigade. See partisans
Wald, Benjamin, 199
Walker, John, 166
Index | 321
Warsaw, Poland: Bericha in, 211;
German siege of, 11; Grosser Li-
brary in, 33; and Jewish partisans,
94; Jewish refugees from, 89; Joint
Distribution Committee in, 210;
Kruk and, 33—34, 70; postwar
Jewish return to, 172; Prylucki and,
25, 26, 33; Ringelblum in, 165-66;
Sholem Aleichem and, 153; Sutz-
kever’s departure from, 211—12;
Vilna Publishing House in, 20. See
also Poland
Warsaw Ghetto: liquidation of, 165;
Ringelblum in, 31; uprising in, 94,
174, 211
Weinreich, Max: anger at Germans,
170; biography of, 20—21; death of,
249; escape to New York, 25, 29,
164; and Gotthard, capture of, 216;
and Herzl diary, 93; Kaczerginski
and, 209, 219, 242; news from Vilna
and, 165-66; and New York YIVO
branch, 89; and recovered docu-
ment collection, naming of, 219;
Schildkret and, 225; study ofJuden-
forschung, 170; Sutzkever and, 167,
209-10, 213, 219, 220, 255; wartime
activism by, 165; as YIVO presi-
dent, 20-21
Weinreich, and YIVO collection:
announcement of document recov-
ery, 217; efforts to recover, 166-68,
17°, 189-92, i95-97 r99~2°°; 207,
213-15, 220, 221, 223-25, 227; and
JDC book distribution, 193; own-
ership claims on associated collec-
tions, 195-96
Weiss, Martin, 84, 123
Wilnaer ^'pitting (newspaper), 104—5
Wilno University Library, 1, 25, 32,
56 57-58, 69, 70, 71, 245
Winter, Ella, 166-67
Wolff, Gerhard, 55
World War I, 54, 205—6
Wunder, Gerhard, 107
Yanai, Yaakov, 183
Yashunsky, Grigorii, 148, 172
Yiddish Daily Forward (newspaper), 89,
93? 242
Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO),
20-21; An-ski collection and, 59;
death of staff, 168-69; destruction
of building, 137, 166, 169—70; efforts
to hide archives of, 26; as ERR
worksite, 67, 75-79, 83, 87, 95, 97,
112; exhibition on Jews and Bolshe-
viks, 102-5; and Herzl diary, 91-
92; Nazi looting of, 29-32, 59-
bo, 62; Soviet takeover of, 25, 79,
121—22. See also Book Chamber of
the Lithuanian SSR, YIVO docu-
ments in; Paper Brigade; Weinre-
ich, Max
Yiddish Scientific Institute (YIVO),
New York branch: and announce-
ment of recovered documents, 20,
217—19; efforts to recover collection,
166-68,170,189-97, 207, 2I3֊I5,
220—27; and Kruk’s diary, 160; new
building, inauguration of, 164—65;
and record book of Vilna Goan,
54; recovered collection, naming
of, 219; as source of hope for Vilna
Jews, 89; storage of recovered col-
lection, 227; as wartime YIVO
headquarters, 164
YIVO bleter{periodical), 164, 168—69
YIVO News (periodical), 218-19
Yosada, Yankl, 178
Young Guard. See Shomer Ha-Tza’ir
Young Vilna writers’ group, 8-9, 10,
IL25
Zakheim, Bella, 37
Zavelson, Tzemach, 65, 72, 76, 96
322 I Index
Zeleznikow, Avrom, 65, 96
Ziman, Henrik, 140—41, 157, 175
Zingeris, Emanuel, 249—50, 252
Zionism: Aba Kovner and, 159, 172;
Kaczerginski and, 208; Soviet
suppression of, 159, 200, 232; Sutz-
kever and, 200; and UPO, 94. See
also Bericha; Israel, founding of
Žiugžda, Juozas, 151, 161, 178
Zuckerman, Yitzhak (Antek), 211
Zunser, Ilia, 65, 77—78
Zuskin, Benjamin, 233
Bayedsch©
Sta a ts b ib iloi bek
M unchi^n |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fishman, David E. 1957- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)120278561 |
| author_facet | Fishman, David E. 1957- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Fishman, David E. 1957- |
| author_variant | d e f de def |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044377530 |
| classification_rvk | BD 9420 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1015670252 (DE-599)BVBBV044377530 |
| discipline | Theologie / Religionswissenschaften |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vilnius |
| id | DE-604.BV044377530 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-08T00:11:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781512600490 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029779791 |
| oclc_num | 1015670252 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M352 DE-11 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-Re13 DE-BY-UBR DE-12 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-M352 DE-11 DE-155 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | xv, 322 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, 2 Karten, Porträts |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | ForeEdge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Fishman, David E. 1957- Verfasser (DE-588)120278561 aut The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis David E. Fishman The true story of the paper brigade of Vilna Lebanon, NH ForeEdge [2017] © 2017 xv, 322 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Illustrationen, 2 Karten, Porträts txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Titelzusatz auf dem Umschlag: "The true story of the paper brigade of Vilna" Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd rswk-swf Jüdische Literatur (DE-588)4332690-0 gnd rswk-swf Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd rswk-swf Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd rswk-swf Buch (DE-588)4008570-3 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 gnd rswk-swf Vilnius (DE-588)5057560-0 g Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 s Jüdische Literatur (DE-588)4332690-0 s Buch (DE-588)4008570-3 s Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 s Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe, EPUB, MOBI, PDF 978-1-5126-0126-8 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Fishman, David E. 1957- The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Jüdische Literatur (DE-588)4332690-0 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Buch (DE-588)4008570-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4231103-2 (DE-588)4332690-0 (DE-588)4157319-5 (DE-588)4028814-6 (DE-588)4008570-3 (DE-588)5057560-0 |
| title | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis |
| title_alt | The true story of the paper brigade of Vilna |
| title_auth | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis |
| title_exact_search | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis |
| title_full | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis David E. Fishman |
| title_fullStr | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis David E. Fishman |
| title_full_unstemmed | The book smugglers partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis David E. Fishman |
| title_short | The book smugglers |
| title_sort | the book smugglers partisans poets and the race to save jewish treasures from the nazis |
| title_sub | partisans, poets, and the race to save Jewish treasures from the Nazis |
| topic | Rettung (DE-588)4231103-2 gnd Jüdische Literatur (DE-588)4332690-0 gnd Getto (DE-588)4157319-5 gnd Judenverfolgung (DE-588)4028814-6 gnd Buch (DE-588)4008570-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Rettung Jüdische Literatur Getto Judenverfolgung Buch Vilnius |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029779791&sequence=000003&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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