Graded modality: qualitative and quantitative perspectives
This book explores graded expressions of modality, a rich and underexplored source of insight into modal semantics. Studies on modal language to date have largely focussed on a small and non-representative subset of expressions, namely modal auxiliaries such as 'must', 'might', a...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford studies in semantics and pragmatics
10 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | This book explores graded expressions of modality, a rich and underexplored source of insight into modal semantics. Studies on modal language to date have largely focussed on a small and non-representative subset of expressions, namely modal auxiliaries such as 'must', 'might', and 'ought'. Here, Daniel Lassiter argues that we should expand the conversation to include gradable modals such as 'more likely than', 'quite possible', and 'very good'. He provides an introduction to qualitative and degree semantics for graded meaning, using the Representational Theory of Measurement to expose the complementarity between these apparently opposed perspectives on gradation. The volume explores and expands the typology of scales among English adjectives and uses the result to shed light on the meanings of a variety of epistemic and deontic modals. It also demonstrates that modality is deeply intertwined with probability and expected value, connecting modal semantics with the cognitive science of uncertainty and choice |
| Beschreibung: | Contains bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 275 Seiten Diagramme 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780198701347 9780198701354 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Graded modality
Autor: Lassiter, Daniel
Jahr: 2017
Contents
General preface xj
Preface Yjj
Acknowledgments xviü
1 Gradation, scales, and degree semantics x
1.1 Introduction and motivation i
1.2 Scalarity and gradability 3
1.2.1 What is scalar semantics? 3
1.2.2 What is gradability? 7
1.3 Gradable adjectives and the typology of scales 8
1.3.1 Compositional implementation of scalar semantics 8
1.3.2 The positive form, vagueness, and comparison classes 10
1.3.3 The minimum/maximum/relative typology 11
1.3.4 Scale structure 13
1.4 Two perspectives on scales 16
1.5 Summary and preview 17
2 Measurement theory and the typology of scales 19
2.1 Introduction to measurement theory 20
2.2 Measure functions, interpretability, and the typology of
scales in RTM 24
2.2.1 Ordinal scales, admissibility, and interpretability 26
2.2.2 Ratio scales 28
2.2.3 Interval scales 30
2.3 Compositional degree semantics without degrees 32
2.4 Measurement theory and natural language scales 35
2.4.1 Concatenation as restricted join 35
2.4.2 What makes a ratio scale? 39
2.4.3 Boundedness in ratio scales 41
2.4.4 Proportional modifiers, scale type, and boundedness 43
2.5 Interval scales and intermediacy 45
2.5.1 Formal characterization of interval scales 45
2.5.2 Concatenation-as-join, positivity, and intermediacy 46
2.5.3 Other alternatives to positivity 48
2.5.4 Boundedness in interval scales 49
2.6 Summary and conclusion 50
2.7 Appendix 51
3 Previous work on graded modality: Lewis and Kratzer 53
3.1 Modality and gradation 53
3.2 Classical and ordering-based semantics 54
3.2.1 Classical modal logic 54
viii
CONTENTS
3.3 Lewis on graded modality 55
3.3.1 The basic proposal 55
3.3.2 Aside: Convention for interpretation of Greek
sentence letters 57
3.3.3 Measurement-theoretic considerations 57
3.3.4 Maximality and disjunction 60
3.4 Kratzer on graded modality 62
3.4.1 Premise sets and world-orderings 62
3.4.2 Modal comparisons 66
3.4.3 Compositional interpretation using RTM 69
3.4.4 Other graded modalities 72
3.4.5 Lexical semantics ofnon-graded modals 72
3.4.6 Conditionals 73
3.4.7 Logical relations among modal Statements 74
3.4.8 Quantitative modal language 78
3.5 Conclusion 79
4 Epistemic adjectives: Likely and probable 80
4.1 Scale structure and modifiers 82
4.1.1 The Disjunctive Inference revisited 84
4.1.2 What makes a ratio scale, again? 85
4.1.3 The uses of ratio modifiers 88
4.1.4 Solvability 91
4.1.5 Connectedness 92
4.1.6 Summary: The scales of probable and likely 96
4.2 Boundedness and the relative/absolute distinction 97
4.2.1 Tests for boundedness and minimum/maximum/
relative Classification 98
4.2.2 The Classification of likely and probable 101
4.2.3 The curious case of proportional modifiers 102
4.2.4 Can relative/absolute Status be reduced to scalar
boundedness? 105
4.2.5 Implications of Kennedys theory for likely and probable 107
4.2.6 Klecha s account 108
4.2.7 Other relative adjectives on closed scales 111
4.2.8 Multiple non-synonymous adjectives on the same scale 114
4.2.9 Degree modifiers can be sensitive to positive form meaning 117
4.2.10 Summary: Likely and probable in the context of scalar
adjective typology 119
4.3 Chapter summary 121
5 Certainty and possibility 123
5.1 Certain and sure 123
5.1.1 Classification of certain and sure 125
5.1.2 Proportional modifiers 125
5.1.3 A puzzle: Type of antonym 126
5.1.4 Certainty and likelihood 128
CONTENTS
ix
5.1.5 Analysis 1: Identical scales 130
5.1.6 Analysis 2: Distinct boundedness properties 131
5.1.7 Analysis 3: Covert type-theoretic distinction 132
5.1.8 Summary: Hie scale of certainty 136
5.2 Epistemicpossible 136
5.2.1 Possibility as a scalar concept 136
5.2.2 But is possible really a gradable adjective? 139
5.2.3 Relationship between gradable possible and likely 143
5.2.4 Degree modification with possible and likely 144
5.2.5 Summingup 146
6 Implications for the epistemic auxiliaries 147
6.1 Must, certain, and (in)directness of evidence 147
6.2 Entailments among epistemic auxiliaries, likely, and possible 151
6.3 Iheoretical accounts of must and might 152
6.3.1 Strong quantificational theories 153
6.3.2 Weak quantificational theories 154
6.3.3 Scalar theories 155
6.4 Context-sensitivity of might and must 157
6.5 Alternative-sensitivity of might and must 161
6.6 Are must and might gradable? 165
6.7 A mixed theory, and the Status of epistemic ought 168
6.8 Conclusion 173
7 Scalar goodness 175
7.1 Minimum/maximum/relative Classification 176
7.2 Aspects of scale structure 177
7.3 Is goodness positive, maximal, or intermediate? 178
7.4 Problems with maximality 181
7.5 The logic of scalar goodness 184
7.6 A possible-worlds semantics for scalar goodness 186
7.7 Applications 189
7.7.1 The Juliet scenario 189
7.7.2 Information-sensitivity: Modified Procrastinate 191
7.7.3 Modified Miners Puzzle and conditional expected value 192
7.8 Varying probability and values in the Miners Puzzle 201
7.9 Positive-form good 204
8 Ought and should 209
8.1 Basic connections among ought, should, and better 210
8.2 Defining ought and should in terms of better? 211
8.2.1 Supererogation 212
8.2.2 Ought as better than not 213
8.2.3 Ought as best of the relevant alternatives 213
8.2.4 Ought as better than the union of the relevant alternatives 215
8.3 Sloman s Principle 215
8.4 Sloman s Principle and supererogation 218
X
CONTENTS
8.5 Uncertainty, choice, and information redux 222
8.6 Deontic detachment 226
8.7 Anti-coordination and agglomeration: An experiment 229
8.8 Modeling anti-coordination scenarios 234
8.9 The Smith argument 237
8.10 Weakening 239
8.11 Conflicting oughts and shoulds 241
8.12 Evaluating a revised classical theory of ought 246
8.13 Gradability of ought and should 248
8.14 Deriving the Smith and Weakening principles from the scalar
semantics 254
8.15 Summary 256
9 Concluding remarks 258
References
Index
261
273
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| spelling | Lassiter, Daniel Verfasser (DE-588)1025795458 aut Graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives Daniel Lassiter First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2017 xix, 275 Seiten Diagramme 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Oxford studies in semantics and pragmatics 10 Oxford linguistics Contains bibliographical references and index This book explores graded expressions of modality, a rich and underexplored source of insight into modal semantics. Studies on modal language to date have largely focussed on a small and non-representative subset of expressions, namely modal auxiliaries such as 'must', 'might', and 'ought'. Here, Daniel Lassiter argues that we should expand the conversation to include gradable modals such as 'more likely than', 'quite possible', and 'very good'. He provides an introduction to qualitative and degree semantics for graded meaning, using the Representational Theory of Measurement to expose the complementarity between these apparently opposed perspectives on gradation. The volume explores and expands the typology of scales among English adjectives and uses the result to shed light on the meanings of a variety of epistemic and deontic modals. It also demonstrates that modality is deeply intertwined with probability and expected value, connecting modal semantics with the cognitive science of uncertainty and choice Modalität Linguistik (DE-588)4155830-3 gnd rswk-swf Gradation (DE-588)4157991-4 gnd rswk-swf Modality (Linguistics) Modalität Linguistik (DE-588)4155830-3 s Gradation (DE-588)4157991-4 s DE-604 Oxford studies in semantics and pragmatics 10 (DE-604)BV041136885 10 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029767059&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| title | Graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives |
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| title_full | Graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives Daniel Lassiter |
| title_fullStr | Graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives Daniel Lassiter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives Daniel Lassiter |
| title_short | Graded modality |
| title_sort | graded modality qualitative and quantitative perspectives |
| title_sub | qualitative and quantitative perspectives |
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