The Russian Revolution: a new history
"In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which ended Romanov rule, ushered the Bolsheviks into power, and changed the course of world history. Between 1900 and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation:...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Basic Books
[2017]
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Zusammenfassung: | "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which ended Romanov rule, ushered the Bolsheviks into power, and changed the course of world history. Between 1900 and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation: by the end of these two decades, a new regime was in place, the economy had collapsed, and over 20 million Russians had died during the revolution and what followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact due to a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, Russia's revolutionaries were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany and Sweden who sought to benefit-politically and economically-from the chaotic changes overtaking the country. The first comprehensive history of these momentous events in a decade, The Russian Revolution combines cutting-edge scholarship and a fast-paced narrative to shed new light on a great turning point of the twentieth century"... "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which brought an end to Romanov rule and ushered the Bolsheviks into power. Between the dawn of the 20th century and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation, the effects of which would reverberate throughout the world for decades to come. At the turn of the century, the Russian economy, which still trailed behind Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S., was growing by about 10% annually, and its population had reached 150 million. But by 1920, a new regime was in place, the country was in desperate financial straits, and between 20 and 25 million Russians had died during the Revolution and the Civil War, the Red Terror, and the economic collapse that followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact through a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the bumbling failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, they were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland who sought to benefit...politically and economically...from the chaotic changes overtaking the country"... |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxxi, 445 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits |
| ISBN: | 9780465039906 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV044347808 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20180111 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 170613s2017 xxuac|| |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 010 | |a 016058361 | ||
| 020 | |a 9780465039906 |c hardback |9 978-0-465-03990-6 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)1002280275 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV044347808 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 044 | |a xxu |c XD-US | ||
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-11 |a DE-739 |a DE-521 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a DK265 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 947.084/1 |2 23 | |
| 084 | |a OST |q DE-12 |2 fid | ||
| 084 | |a NQ 5070 |0 (DE-625)128534: |2 rvk | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a McMeekin, Sean |d 1974- |0 (DE-588)131526804 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Russian Revolution |b a new history |c Sean McMeekin |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Basic Books |c [2017] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2017 | |
| 300 | |a xxxi, 445 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln |b Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | |a "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which ended Romanov rule, ushered the Bolsheviks into power, and changed the course of world history. Between 1900 and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation: by the end of these two decades, a new regime was in place, the economy had collapsed, and over 20 million Russians had died during the revolution and what followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact due to a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, Russia's revolutionaries were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany and Sweden who sought to benefit-politically and economically-from the chaotic changes overtaking the country. The first comprehensive history of these momentous events in a decade, The Russian Revolution combines cutting-edge scholarship and a fast-paced narrative to shed new light on a great turning point of the twentieth century"... | ||
| 520 | |a "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which brought an end to Romanov rule and ushered the Bolsheviks into power. Between the dawn of the 20th century and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation, the effects of which would reverberate throughout the world for decades to come. At the turn of the century, the Russian economy, which still trailed behind Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S., was growing by about 10% annually, and its population had reached 150 million. But by 1920, a new regime was in place, the country was in desperate financial straits, and between 20 and 25 million Russians had died during the Revolution and the Civil War, the Red Terror, and the economic collapse that followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact through a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the bumbling failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, they were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland who sought to benefit...politically and economically...from the chaotic changes overtaking the country"... | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1905-1921 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a HISTORY / Revolutionary | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Februarrevolution |g 1917 |0 (DE-588)4153812-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Oktoberrevolution |0 (DE-588)4043429-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Russischer Bürgerkrieg |0 (DE-588)4126122-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Russische Revolution |g 1905 |0 (DE-588)4178762-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 651 | 4 | |a Europa | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Sowjetunion | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Soviet Union |x History |y Revolution, 1917-1921 | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Russische Revolution |g 1905 |0 (DE-588)4178762-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Februarrevolution |g 1917 |0 (DE-588)4153812-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Oktoberrevolution |0 (DE-588)4043429-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Russischer Bürgerkrieg |0 (DE-588)4126122-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Russland |0 (DE-588)4076899-5 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 5 | |a Geschichte 1905-1921 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Literaturverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Register // Gemischte Register |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 940 | 1 | |q BSBWK1 | |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029750687 | ||
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 471 |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804177586253725696 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
A Note on Dates, Names, Translation, and Transliteration
Introduction: The First Century of the Russian Revolution xi
Maps xviii
Prologue: The Blood of a Peasant i
% / 4 sr f ¥ ■ O c f! 4 t~ POU d NT
1 A 1 1 ..*
i .The Old Regime, and Its Enemies
2. 1905: Shock to the System
3. The Fragile Giant: Tsarist Russia on the
Precipice of War
4. Russia’s War, 1914—1916
11
2 9
45
61
5. Full of Fight 83
6. A Break in the Weather 95
7. Army in the Balance 109
8. The German Gambit 125
9. Twilight of the Liberals 137
10. Kerensky’s Moment 147
Vlll
Contents
11!, * H O S
ƒ ?, r
11. Lenin Shows His Hand
12. Army on the Brink
13. Red October
14. General Strike
15. Ceasefire
16. Russia at Low Ebb
17. Reprieve
*59
175
!93
213
225
241
255
IE BOLS
?; ■ c
j L?
N POWER
18. War Communism
19. Red on White
20. The Communist International
21. The Ides of March
22. “Turn Gold into Bread”: Famine and the
War on the Church
23. Rapallo
Epilogue: The Specter of Communism
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Notes
Sources
Index
273
281
301
311
321
335
343
353
357
359
401
421
Sources
Archives and Principal Collections Used
Arbetarrölsens Arkiv och Bibliotek (AAB), Stockholm, Sweden.
Olof Aschbergs Arkiv. 12 boxes.
Archives Nationales (AN), Paris, France.
BB 18/6727. Banque russo-asiatique.
F 7. Police générale.
Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Imperii (AVPRI). Moscow, Russia.
Fond 135. Osobyi politicheskii otdel.
Fond 138, opis 467. Sekretnyi arkhiv ministra.
Fond 149, opis 502b. Turetskii stol. Opis 502b. Miscellaneous.
Fond 151, opis 482. Politicheskii arkhiv.
Fond 187, opis 524. Posol’stvo v Parizhe.
Bundesarchiv Bern (BB), Bern, Switzerland.
E 21 “Polizeiwesen 1848-1930” files.
Bundesarchiv Militärabteilung (BA/MA). Freiburg, Germany.
RM 5/2596.The Imperial German Navy. Naval Staff, Section B. Matters
of International Law. Russia: Agents’ Reports on General Conditions,
Trade, Army, and Navy Discipline, Progress of Revolution, Negotia-
tions for Separate Peace. October 18,1917, to December 8,1917.
RM 5/4064. “Russland. Feb. 1918 to 31.12.18.”
RM 5/4065. “Russland, i Jan 1918 to 31 March 1918.”
RM 40-4. Sonderkommandos der Marine in der Türkei. Politische Na-
chrichten und allgemeine Nachrichten über den Kriegsverlauf.
RM 40/215. Nachrichten von der türk Armee (cont.), February 1918-
October 1918.
Deutsches Bundesarchiv Berlin (DBB). Lichterfelde, Berlin, Germany.
R 901. Auswärtiges Amt.
401
402 — Sources
Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF), Moscow, Russia.
Fond Pi. Opis i.
Delo 3. Prikazyi Moskovskogo i Zamoskvoretskogo raionnogo
VRK [voenno-revolyuts. Komitetov] ob arrilleriiskom ob-
strele Kremlya.
Fond P375. Voenno-Revolyutsionnyi Komitet pri Stavke Verkhovnogo
Glavkomandyushchego. Mogilev.
Opis i. VRK pri Stavke Verkhovnogo Glavkomanduyushchego.
1917-1918 gg.
Delo 5. Perepiska o pogromakh i drugikh besporyadakh, a
takzhe i prinyatii mer k ustraneniyu pogromov besporyad-
kov. December 1 to 24, 1917.
Fond Pi236. Voenno-Revohitsionnyii Komitet (Petrogradskii VRK,
PVRK) pri vserossiiskom tsentral’nom ispolnitePnom komitete.
Opis i. Petrogradskii VRK. 1917—1918 gg.
Fond Pi245. Opis 1.
Delo i. Perepiska s Sovnarkom, VTsIK, Narodnyi komissaria-
tom prodovol’stviya, NKPS I dr. uchrezhdeniyami po vopro-
su registratsii byivshikh ofitserov-sluzhashchikh sovetsldkh
uchrezhdenii. 1918.
Fond P6993. Opis i.
Delo i. Stenogramma zasedaniya s’ezda delegatov s fronta ot
24 aprelya 1917 g./bez okonchaniya.
Fond 529. Opis i. “Byuro zaveduyushchego zagranichnoi agenturoi de-
partmenta politsii v Konstantinopole.” (Okhrana files). 1911—1914.
Fond 555. Opis i. Guchkov, A. I. Lichnoe Delo.
Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (HHSA), Vienna, Austria.
Politisches Archiv X. Russland.
Karton 133. Berichte 1908 IX-XII. Weisungen, Varia 1908—1909.
Karton 134. Berichte 1909 I—IX.
Karton 149. Russland Liasse VHIb, DC, X.
Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
Collection: Alekseev, Mikhail V.
Box i. Manuscript “Tri Nedeli. (21 avgusta—14 sentyabrya 1917),
n.d.”
Folder 7. Kornilov, Lavr, Note concerning September 1, 1917.
Collection: Easily, Nicolas de. 11 boxes.
Collection: Girs (Mikhail N.).
Folder i-1. Russian Diplomatic Representations (General), 1918—
i9i9.
Folder 1-9. “Nekotoryie Zametki i Pis’ma posle moego otchisleniia
Sources
403
ot komandovaniia, 1918.”
Folder i֊2o. “Russia—General—History—Revolution and Civil War.”
Folder 1-22. “Moscow, military and political situation, report on, by
Colonel NovosiPtsev, June 1918.”
Folder labeled “Telegrams. From March 14, 1919, to April 22,
1919”
Collection: Golder, Frank. Box 2, folder 2. Diaries, 1914—1923.
Collection: Kerensky, Alexander.
Folder 19. “Speeches and Writings.”
Collection: Kesküla, Alexander.
Box i.
Folder 1*2. “Keskuela’s relations with the German govt., pass-
ports, university certificates issued to the name of Simon
Pobitoff.”
Folder 1-5. “i960.” Kesküla interview/diary composed in Madrid.
Box 2. News Clippings.
“Sonntagsbeilage. National-Zeitung Basel, Nr 303, Sonntag, 5.”
“Juli 1964”: “Der schlafende Tiger. Erinnerungen an
Aleksandr Kesküla. Von Prof. Adolf Gasser.”
Collection: Larsons, M. J. (Max Laserson). 2 boxes.
Collection: Russia Shtab Verkhovnogo Glavno Komanduyushchego.
(“Hoover Stavka”). 1 Box.
National Archives Annex (NAA), College Park, MD. USA.
State Department Reports on Russia, M 316, rolls 119—121.
National Archives of the United Kingdom (PRO). Kew Gardens, London,
UK.
ADM (Admiralty Office Correspondence).
File 137/940. Russia. Black Sea Reports. September 1916-June 1917.
FO 371. Foreign Office Correspondence.
Boxes 2093-96. Russia correspondence, 1914.
Boxes 2445-50. Russia (War) correspondence.
Box 3000. Russia (War) correspondence, cont.
WO 33. War Office Correspondence
Box 731. Wartime correspondence, 1914-1918.
Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes (PAAA), Berlin, Germany.
Akten betreffend. Allg. Angelegenheiten Russlands. (Russland 61.)
R 10066-80. January 1, 1908, to March 31, 1917.
Akten betreffend. Allg. Angelegenheiten Russlands. Russland 61 secr.
R 10136-38. January 1, 1888, to January 1920.
Akten betreffend: Eisenbahnen in Rußland.
R 11010-11. July i, 1908, to December 31, 1914.
404
Sources
Akten betreffend: Finanzielle Beziehungen Russland zu Deutschland
Préfecture de Police, Paris, France.
Dossier “Aschberg, Olof.”
Quai d’Orsay Archives (QO), Paris, France.
Angleterre, “Grande-Bretagne-Russie. Janv. 1921-Mai 1922” (folder 61)
URSS: debt (folder 421)
URSS: gold (folders 481-483).
Correspondence politique et commerciale dite “nouvelle série,” 1896-
1918. Russie.
File 4. Politique Intérieure. Dossier général. 1906-1914.
Files 8—h. Politique Intérieure. Pologne. 1896-1914.
Files 32-42. Politique Etrangère. Alliance franco-russe. 1896-1918.
File 50. Politique Etrangère. Relations avec Angleterre 1906—1914.
Riksarkivet Stockholm Utrikesdepartement (RSU). Stockholm, Sweden.
Rysslands handel med Sverige 1900-1918, and continuation (Handel
med Sverige: 1918, dec. -1919, sept, etc., -1922)
Boxes 4456, 4466, 4466b, 4467, 4477, and HP 494-495.
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Ekonomiki (RGAE). Moscow, Russia.
Fond 413. Ministerstvo vneshnei torgovli SSSR (Minvneshtorg SSSR).
Opis 3. Foreign Trade, 1917-1920, especially with Scandinavia.
Opis 4. Founding documents of Narkomvneshtorg (NKVT), etc.
Opis 6. Red Army Procurement, 1917-1922 and beyond.
Fond 7632. Gosudarstvennoe khranilishche tsennostei (Gokhran)
Narkomfina SSSR. 1920-1922. (2 opisi)
Fond 7733. Ministerstvo Finansov SSSR (Minfin SSSR). 1917-1991.
Opis i. Narkomfin RSFSR, 1917-1923, especially the “Seifovaia
komissiia” files.
Rossiisskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial-Politicheskii Istorii (RGASPI).
Moscow, Russia.
Fond 2. Lenin.
Opis 4. Biograficheskie dokumentyi V I. Lenina (1871-1923 gg.).
Delo 10. Denezhnyie dokumentyi V. I. Lenina, N. K. Krupskoi
i M. I. UTyanovoi.
Opis 5. Pis’ma 1898-Nov. 1917. (Correspondence).
Fond 4. Opis 3. (Lenin).
Delo 39. “Delo TsentraTnogo kontrrazvedyivatel’nogo otdele-
niya Glavnogo upravleniya general’nogo shtaba za. N0. 87,
Sources
405
t.P (prodolzhenie) perlyustratsionnyie telegrammyi VI I.
Lenina i dr. 10 (23) maya—ii (24) oktyabrya 1917 g*
Delo 40. Byuro razrabotki sekretnyikh arkhivov, deistvovavshe-
go s iyunya 1917 g., sostavlennyie po agenturnyim doneseni-
yam sekretnyikh sotrudnikov (pro voka torov) dlya Komissii
po obespecheniyu novogo stroya, ob organizationnoi, pro-
pagandistskoi rabote “lenintsev,” boľshevikov-primerentsev
(etc.).
Delo 41. Materialyi predvaritePnogo sledstviya o vooruzhen-
nom vyistuplenii v Petrograde 3(16)—5(18) iyulya 1917 goda.
(Witness Depositions Taken After the July Days).
Delo 45. Telegramma nachal’nika Petrogradskoi militsii vsem
komi ss aram o poluchenii ordera ot sud eb nogo sledovatel-
ya po osobo vazhnyim delam na arrest ... V. I. TJTyanova
(Lenina), obvinyaemogo po delu o vooruzhennom vosstanii
3(x6)֊5(i8) iyulya 1917 g.
Delo 48. Perepiska mezhdu Ministerstvom vnutrennyikh* del
Avstro- Vengrii i Direktsiei politsii v Krakove po voprosu
ob osvobozhdenii VI I. Lenina iz-pod aresta v Novom Targe.
August 16 to September n, 1914.
Delo 64. Telegrammyi generala L. G. Kornilova ministru pred-
sedatelyu Vremennogo pravitel’stva A. E Kerenskomu s tre-
bovaniem predaniya voenno-revolyutsionnomu sudu VI I.
Lenina i dr. lits. (July 23/August 5 to 12/25, 1917).
Fond 17. Politbiuro TsK RKP (b)—VKP (b).
Fond 464. Opis i. Vserossiiskoe Byuro ffontovyikh i tyilovyikh voenn-
yikh organizatsii pri Ts.K, RSDRP/b.
Delo i. Pis’ma, telegrammyi partiinyikh organizatsii, komite-
tov, otdel’nyikh lits po povodu sozyiva Vserossiiskoi konfer-
entsii voennyikh organizatsii fronta . . . April 22, 1917, to
June 22, 1917.
Delo 4. Pis’ma, zayavleniya, zapiski o vyidache oruzhiya, parti-
inyikh biletov Vserossiiskogo byuro voennyikh organizatsii
o sozyive partiinogo sobraniya Petrogradskogo garnizona, o
prieme v chlenyi partii i dr. voprosam. Avtografiya N. I. Pod-
voiskogo. May 31, 1917^0 beginning of 1918.
Delo 5. Spisok zavodov s ukazaniem kolichestva rabochikh,
krasnogvardeitsev, oruzhiya; chlenov Sověta “Krasno։ gvar-
dii,” svedeniya o Krasnoi gvardii i voinskikh chastyakh. April
20, 1917, to October 1917.
Delo 6. Protokol sobraniya Vbennoi organizatsii pri TsK
RSDRP (b) ot 26.XII.1917 g. s povestkoi dnya: 1. O sozdanii
sotsialisticheskoi armii. 2.Tekuschie dela.
4o6 — Sources
Delo 7. Protokolyi zasedanii Byuro I Ispolniteľnogo kollektiva
pri Byuro fŕontovyikh i tyilovyikh voennyikh organizatsii pri
TsK RSDRP (b). January 14, 1918, to March 22, 1918.
Delo 15. Finansovyie dokumentyi: kvitantsii, raspiski. March
1917 to March 28, 1918.
Opis 3. Povestki dnia zasedanii. (Politbüro Minutes, 1919-1923).
Fond 538. Opisi 1-3. Internationale Arbeiterhilfe (1921—1935).
Fond 670. Opis i. Grigory Sokoľnikov (Lichnoe delo).
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Voenno-Morskogo Flota (RGAVMF). St.
Petersburg, Russia.
Fond u. Kolchak Aleksandr ^siľevich, Admiral (1874-1920). (Lichnoe
delo). Opis i.
Delo 45. Pozdraviteľnyie telegrammyi v svyazi s naznachiem
A. V. Kolchaka komanduyushchim flotom Chernogo morya
i t.d. May 1916 to June 26, 1917.
Delo 57. Pis’ma raznikh’ lits k A. V. Kolchaku, January 25,1917,
tojuly 21, 1917.
Fond 716. Morskoi shtab verkhovnogo glavnokomanduyushchego
(stavka) 1914-1917. Opis 1.
Delo 267. Doklady komandovaniya Chernomorskogo flota o
deistviyakh za ianvar’-avgust mesyatsyi 1917 g. Podlinniki.
31.1.1917 to 25.8.1917.
Delo 277. Gosudarstvennyi perevoroť, February 24, 1917, to
June 6, 1917.
Delo 278. Perepiska s9 Genmorom, komanduyushchimi Balti -
iškim i Chemomorskom flotami, komanduyushchimi fron-
tami i dr. o revolyutsionnyikh’ sobyityakh’ v strane. February
28, 1917, to March 20, 1917.
Delo 279. Continuation. March n, 1917, to September 23,
I9I7*
Delo 280. Politicheskie voprosyi, July 5, 1917, to October 28,
1917.
Delo 283. Ministerstvo Morskoe Morskogo Shtaba. Verkhov-
nago Glavnokomanduyushchago. Delo o lichnome sostave.
January 1917 tojuly 10, 1917.
Delo 293. Telegrammyi o politicheskikh sobyityakh na Cher-
nomorskom flote. June 25, 1917^0 September 9, 1917.
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv (RGIA). St. Petersburg,
Russia.
Fond 1276.
Opis 13. Council of Ministers (Protocols, Correspondence, etc.).
Opis 14. Provisional Government (Protocols, Correspondence, etc.).
Sources
407
Fond 1278.
Opis xo. State Duma (Protocols, Transcripts, Correspondence, etc.)
Delo 3. Gosudarstvennoi Dumyi. Delo Vremennago Komiteta
Gosudarstvennoi Dumyi. Prikazyi Komiteta. 28 Fev. 1917
goda po 18 iyunya 1917 goda (Rodzianko’s Ghost Duma”).
Delo 5. Telegrammyi predsedatelya vremennago komiteta Gos.
Dumyi M. V Rodzianko v Stavkkomom vsekh frontov o
sverzhenii samoderzhaviya, sostave Vremennago pravitel’st-
va I priglashennii gen. Kornilova na post glavnokomanduy-
ushchego Petrogradskim voennyim okrugom . . . 1 marta
1917 goda po 27 iunya 1917.
Delo 9. Prikazyi, rasporyazhanie i tsirkulyaryi vremennago
praviteľstva: ob otrechenii Nikolaya II ot prestola i obra-
zovanu Vremennago pravitel’stva. ... 2 marta 1917 po 29
iunya 1917.
Delo 12. Vozzvanie Vremennago komiteta Gos. Dumyi k
naselenyu, sodatyi i t.d . . . Obrashchenii k’ naseleniyu i
armii. .March 7 to September 7, 1917.
Fond 1358. Opis i.
Delo 1939. Peterburgskoe telegrafnoe Agenstvo. Neopubliko-
vannyie telegrammyi/podlinnyie. S’ 8ogo Yanvarya po 15
avgusta 1917 g.
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Vbennyi Arkhiv (RGVA). Moscow, Russia.
Fond i. Upravlenie delami Narkomata po voennyim delam. Opis’ 1.
Kantselariya. December 1917 to November 1918.
Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Voenno-Istoricheskii Arkhiv (RGVIA). Moscow,
Russia.
Fond 2000. Opis i. Glavnoe upravlenie General’nago Shtaba. (Stavka).
Fond 2031. Opis i. Shtab giavnokomanduyushchego armyami sever-
nogo fronta (Northern Army).
Fond 2067. Opis i. Shtaba glavnokomanduyushchago armiyami Yugo-
zapadnago fronta (Southwestern Front).
Tsentral’nyi Gosudarstvennyi Istoricheskii Arkhiv Sankt-Peterburga
(TsGIASPb). St. Petersburg, Russia.
Fond 1695. Opis 2.
Delo i. O roste vliyaniya bol’shevikov. Prokuror. Petrogradska-
go Sudebnyoi Palatyi. Delo po obvinenyi soldat gvardim
Moskovskikh’ polka prinimayavshikh uchastii v vooruzhen-
nim vyistu.
Delo 30. Uchastie v sobyyityakh’ 3—5 iyulya 1917 g. Kronsh-
tadtskogo garnizona.
4o8 — Sources
Vincennes* Service Historique de la Défense (VSHD). Vincennes, Paris,
France.
7 N 1538. Attachés militaires. Russie. 1902-1914.
Yivo Institute. Bund Archives. New York City, USA.
ME1-88/103. Bolshevik Military Organization. Pamphlets, 1906.
Document Collections
Adamov, E. A., ed. KonstantinopoP iprolivyi. 2 vols. Moscow: Izdanie Litizdata
NKID, 192 5-26.
--------. Razdel aziatskoi Turtsii. Po sekretnyim dokumentam b. Ministerstva inos-
trannyikh del. Moscow: Izdanie Litizdata NKID, 1924.
Bunyan, James, ed. Intervention, Communism, and Civil War in Russia, April-
December 1918. Documents and Materials. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins
Press, 1936.
Bunyan, James, and H. H. Fisher, eds. The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917—1918.
Documents and Materials. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961.
Degras, Jane. The Communist International, 1919—1943: Documents. 3 vols.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1956—1965.
Emmons, Terence, and Bertrand M. Patenaude. War, Revolution, and Peace in
Russia: The Passages of Frank Golder. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution
Press, 1992.
Galperina, B. D., and VI. Startsev, eds. Petrogradskii Sovet rabochikh isoldatskikh
deputatov v 1917 godu. 4 vols. Moscow: Rosspen, 2003.
Golder, Frank, ed. Documents of Russian History 1914-1917. Translated by
Emanuel Aronsberg. New York/London: The Century Company, 1927.
Grave, B. B. Burzhuaziia nakanune fevralskoi revoliutsii. Moscow/Leningrad:
Tsentrarkhiv, 1927.
Hahlweg, Werner, ed. Lenins Rückkehr nach Russland, 1917: die deutschen Akten.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1957.
Kerensky, Alexander E, and Robert Paul Browder, eds. The Russian Provisional
Government 1917. 3 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1961.
Krasnyi Arkhiv. Istoricheskii zhumal. 106 vols. Moscow; Gospolitizdat, 1922-
I941·
Lyandres, Semion, ed. The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917
Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Pipes, Richard, ed. The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive. Translations
by Catharine Fitzpatrick. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999.
Pokrovskii, M. N., ed. Drei Konferenzen (zur Vorgeschichte des Krieges). Berlin:
Ar bei ter buchhandlung, 1920.
Sources
409
-------.Internationale Bezie hungen im Zeitalter des Imperialismus. 8+ vols.
Berlin: R. Hobbing, 1931—.
-------. Tsarskaia Rossiia v mirovoi voine. Vol 1. Leningrad: 1926.
Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii. Third Series (1881—1931). 33 vols.
Brill Microfilms (1990).
Shchegolev, P E., ed. Padenie tsarskogo rezhima: stenograficheskie otchetyi doprosov
i pokazannie, dannyikh v. 1917 g· v. chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii vre-
mennago praviteľstva. 7 vols. Moscow: Gos. Izd., 1924—1927.
Sovětsko- Germańskie Otnosheniia ot peregovorov v Brest-L·itovske do Podpisaniia
Rapalľskogo Dogovora. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Politicheskoi Literatury,
I971·
Yakhontov, A. N. Soviet Ministrov Rossiiskoi Imperii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny.
Bumagi A. N. Yakhontova. St. Petersburg, n.p. 1999.
Zeman, Z. A. B., ed. Germany and the Revolution in Russia, 1913—1918. Documents
from, the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry. London: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1958.
Published and Online Works Cited or
Profitably Consulted, Including Memoirs
Abraham, Richard. Alexander Kerensky. The First Love of the Revolution. New
York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
Agnew, Jeremy, and Kevin McDermott. The Comintern. A History of Interna-
tional Communism from Lenin to Stalin. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Airapetov, O, R., ed. “Na Vbstochnom napravlenii. Sud’ba Bosforskoi eksped-
itsii v pravlenie imperatora Nikolaia II.” In Poslednaia voina imperatorskoi
Rossii: sbomik statei, 158—252. Moscow: Tri kvadrata, 2002.
Akimov, F. I. “Bolsheviki v bor’be za soldatskie massy Iugo-Zapadnogo fronta
(1914—fevraP 1917 g.).”In Voenno-istoricheskiizhumal,no. 2 (1977): 87—88.
Albertini, Luigi. The Origins of the War of 1914. 3 vols. New Y rk: Oxford
University Press, 1952—1957.
Allen, W. E. D., and Paul Muratoff. Caucasian Battlefields. A History of the Wars
on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828—1921. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press, 1953.
“L’armee rouge approvisionnée par la contrebande.” Echo de Paris, November
20, 1920.
Artizov, A. N. Getman P. P. Skoropadskii Ukraina na perelome 1918 god. Moscow:
Rosspen, 2014.
Aschberg, Olof. “A Wandering Jew from Glasbruksgatan” (Ein vandrande
jude fran Glasbruksgatan). Unpublished English-language typescript
4io — Sources
translation by Alan Blair, located in Olof Aschbergs Arkiv at the Arbetar-
rölsens Arkiv och Biblioték, Stockholm, Sweden.
Ascher, Abraham. PA. Stolypyin. The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
Astashov, Aleksandr. Russkiifront v 1914-nachale 1917 goda: voennyi opyt I sovre-
mennost . Moscow: Novyi Kronograf, 2014.
Baker, Mark. “War and Revolution in Ukraine: Kharkiv Province’s Peasants’
Experiences,” in Sarah Badcock et al., Russia s Home Front in War and Rev-
olution. Vol. 3, book i. Russia s Revolution in Regional Perspective, 111-142.
Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2016.
Balabanoff, Angelica. Impressions of Lenin. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 1964.
Ball, Alan. Russia s Last Capitalists: The Nepmen. Berkeley: University of Cali-
fornia Press, 1987.
Bark, Peter. Memoirs (PBM). Columbia University Rare Book Manuscript
Library. Columbia University, New York, USA.
Barthel, Max. Kein Bedarf an Weltgeschichte. Wiesbaden: Limes, 1950.
Bascomb, Neal. Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007.
Basily, Nicolas de (N. A. Bažili). Nicolas de Easily, Diplomat of Imperial Russia.
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1973.
Baumgart, Winfried. Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918. Von Brest-Litowsk bis zum Ende
des Ersten Weltkrieges. Vienna/Munich: Oldenbourg, 1966.
Bayer, Waltraud, ed. Verkaufte Kultur. Die sowjetischen Kunst- und Antiqui-
tätenexporte 1919-1938. Frankfurt-am-Main: Peter Lang, 2001.
Beller, M., and A. Burovskii. Grazhdanskaia Istoriia bezumnoi voiny. Moscow:
Astreľ, 2010.
Blücher, Wipert von. Deutschlands Weg nach Rapallo. Wiesbaden: Limes, 1951.
Bobroff, Ronald Park. Roads to Glory. Late Imperial Russia and the Turkish
Straits. London: I. B. Tauris, 2006.
Bodger, Alan. “Russia and the End of the Ottoman Empire.” In The Great
Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire. London: Frank Cass, 1984.
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir Dmitrievich. Na boevyikh postakh fevral skoi i okty-
abr skoi Revoliutsii. Moscow: Federatsiya, 1931.
Braunthal, Julius. Geschichte der Internationale. 3 vols. Berlin: Dietz, 1961-.
Brenton, Tony, ed. Historically Inevitable? Turning Points of the Russian Revolu-
tion. London: Profile Books, 2016.
-------. “The Short Life and Early Death of Russian Democracy.” In Histori-
cally Inevitable?, Tony Brenton, ed., 142-162.
Brovkin, Vladimir. Behind the Front Lines of the Civil War. Political Parties and
Social Movements in Russia, 1918—1922. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univer-
sity Press, 1994.
Sources
— 411
Buchanan, George, Sir. My Mission to Russia, and Other Diplomatic Memories.
London: Cassell Sc Co., Ltd., 1923.
Budnitskii, Oleg. Den’gi russkoi emigratsii: kolchakovskoe zoloto 1918— *957.
Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2008.
Budnitskii, Oleg. “Generály i den’gi, ili ‘Vrangelevskoe Serebro.” Diaspora 6
(2004): I34-173.
-------. “Kolchakovskoe zoloto.” Diaspora 4 (2002): 457—508.
-------. Russian Jews Between the Reds and the Whites, 1917—192,0. Translated by
Timothy Portice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.
“Bulygin Duma Statutes”: http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his242/doc
uments/frus/buly ginduma. html.
Caute, David. The Fellow-Travelers. A Postscript to the Enlightenment. New York:
Macmillan, 1973.
Chernov, V. M. The Great Russian Revolution. New York: Russell Sc Russell,
1966.
“Churches Resist Decree of Soviet.” New York Times ^ April 14, 1922.
Clarke, William. The Tost Fortune of the Tsars: The Search for the Fabulous Legacy
of the Romanoffs. London: Orion, 1996.
Clements, Barbara Evans. Bolshevik Feminist. The Life of Alexandra Kollontai.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979.
Cook, Andrew. Ace of Spies: The True Story of Sidney Reilly. London: Tempus,
2004.
-------. To Kill Rasputin: The Life and Death of Gregori Rasputin. Stroud, UK:
Tempus, 2005.
Crawford, Donald. “The Last Tsar.” In Brenton, ed., Historically Inevitable?
Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, 66—90.
Crisp, Olga. Studies in the Russian Economy Before 1914. London: Macmillan,
1976.
Criss, Nur Bilge. Istanbul Under Allied Occupation 1918—192,3 (Ottoman Empire
and Its Heritage). Leiden: Brill, 1999.
Curtiss, John Shelton. The Russian Church and the Soviet State 1917—1930.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1953.
Daly, Jonathan. “‘Storming the Last Citadel’: The Bolshevik Assault on the
Church, 1922.” In Brovkin, ed., The Bolsheviks in Russian Society: The Rev-
olution and the Civil Wars. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
Davis, Robert H. et al. A Dark Mirror: Romanov and Imperial Palace Library
Materials in the Holdings of the New York Public Library: A Checklist and
Agenda for Research. New York: Norman Ross, 2000.
Deutscher, Isaac. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky, 1879—1921. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1954.
Devlin, E Roger. “Solzhenitsyn on the Jews and Tsarist Russia.” Occidental
Quarterly 8, no. 3 (Fall 2008): 61—80.
412 — Sources
Dieter-Müller, Rolf. Das Tor Zur Weltmacht. Boppard am Rhein: Harald Boldt,
1984.
Dobrorolski, Sergei. Die Mobilmachung der russischen Armee 1914. Berlin:
Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft für Politik und Geschichte, 1922.
Dowling, Timothy C. The Brusilov Offensive. Bloomington: Indiana Univer-
sity Press, 2008.
Dune, Edward. Notes of a Red Guard. Translated by Diane Koenker and S. A.
Smith. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
Durnov, P. N. Memorandum to Tsar Nicholas II, February 14, 1914. http://
www2. stetson. edu/~pste eves/classes/dumovo. html.
“8 American Officers Reported Captured.” New York Times, January 30, 1920.
Feldman, Robert S. “Russian General Staff and the June 1917 Offensive.”
Soviet Studies 19, no. 4 (April 1968): 526-543.
Figes, Orlando. “The Harmless Drunk.” In Brenton, ed., Historically Inevita-
ble? Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, 12 3-142.
-------. Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution, 1917-
1921. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
-------. A People s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891—1924. New York:
Penguin, 1998.
Fischer, Fritz. Germany s Aims in the First World War. New York: W. W.
Norton, 1967.
Fisher, Harold H. The Famine in Soviet Russia 1919—1923: The Operations of the
American Relief Administration. New York: Macmillan, 1927.
Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2008; orig. 1982.
“France to Propose Action by Allies.” New York Times, April 21, 1922.
Freund, Gerald. Unholy Alliance. Russian-German Relations from the Treaty of
Brest-Litovsk to the Treaty of Berlin. London: Chatto and Windus, 1957.
Fuhrmann, Joseph T. Rasputin: The Untold Story. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sc
Sons, 2013.
Fuller, William C, Jr. Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881—1914.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
-------. The Foe Within: Fantasies of Treason and the End of Imperial Russia.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006.
-------. Strategy and Power in Russia, 1600—1914. New York: Free Press, 1992.
Futrell, Michael. Northern Underground. Episodes of Russian Revolutionary Trans-
port: and Communications Through Scandinavia and Finland 1863—1917.
London: Faber Faber, 1963.
Gatrell, Peter. Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900—1914.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
“Germans Astound Genoa Conference By Announcing Compact With Rus-
sia, Granting All That Allies Reject.” New York Times, April 18, 1922.
Gerschenkron, Alexander. “Russia: Patterns and Problems of Economic
Development, 1861-1958.” In Economic Backwardness in Historical
Sources
413
Perspective. A Book of Essays. Cambridge, ALA: Belknap Press of Harvard
University, 1962.
Grebenkin, Igor Nikolaevich. Russkii ofitser i gody. Mirovoi voiny i revoliutsii,
1914—1918 gg. Riazan: Riazanskii gos. Un-t., 2010.
Greger, René. Die Russische Flotte im Ersten Weltkrieg, 1914—1917, Munich:
J. F. Lehmann, 1970.
Gross, Babette. WilliMilnzenberg: Einepolitische Biographic. Stuttgart: Deutsche
Verlags-Anstalt, 1967.
Guchkov, Alexander, and N. A. Bažili. Aleksandr Ivanovich Guchkov rasskazy-
ivaet. Moscow: TOO Red. Zhurnal “Vopros istorii,” 1993.
Gurko, Vladimir Iosifovich. Features and Figures of the Past. Government and
Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II. Translated by Laura Matveev. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 1939.
Halpem, Paul G. A Naval History of World War /. Annapolis, MD: Naval Insti-
tute Press, 1995.
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. The February Revolution: Petrogrady 1917. Seattle: Univer-
sity of Washington Press, 1981.
Heywood, Anthony. Engineer of Revolutionary Russia: Iurii V. Lomonosov (18 7 6—
1952) and the Railways. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.
-------. Modernising Lenin s Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade, and
the Railways. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999·
Holquist, Peter. Making War. Forging Revolution: Russia s Continuum of Crisis,
1914—1921. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia and the Russians. Cambridge, ALA: Harvard Univer-
sity Press, 2001.
Hovannisian, Richard, “The Allies and Armenia, 1915—18 ľ Journal of Contem-
porary History 3, no. x (January 1968): 145—168.
-------. The Republic of Armenia. 4 vols. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1971—1996.
leones Russes. Collection Olof Aschberg. Donation faite au Musée National. Stock-
holm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet. P.A. Norstedt Sc Söner, 1933.
Isarescít, Mugur, Cristian Paunescu, and Marian Stefan. Tezaurul Bancii Natio-
nale a Romaniei la Moscova—Documente. Bucharest: Fundatiei Culturale
Magazin Istoric, 1999.
Karpova, Rosa Federovna. L. B. Krasiny sovetskii diplomat. Moscow: Izd.
Sotsialno-ekonom. Lit., 1962.
Katkov, George. Russia 1917: The February Revolution. New York: Harper Sc
Row, 1967.
Katzenellenbaum, S. S. Russian Currency and Banking 1914—1924. London:
P. S. King Sc Son, 1925.
Kazemzadeh, Firuz. The Struggle for Transcaucasia, 1917—1921. New York:
Philosophical Library, 1951.
Kennan, George. Soviet-American Relationsy 1917—1920. 2 vols. London: Faber
Faber, 1956 and 1958.
414 — Sources
Kerensky, A. F. The Catastrophe. Kerensky s Own Story of the Russian Revolution.
New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1927.
-------. The Crucifixion of Liberty. New York: John Day Co., 1934.
Kettle, Michael. Sidney Reilly. The True Story of the World s Greatest Spy. New
York: St. Martin’s Press, 1983.
Kipp, Jacob. Lenin and Clausewitz: The Militarization of Marxism, 1914-
21 ” Military Affairs 49, no. 4 (October 1985): 184-191.
Kotkin, Stephen. Stalin, Volume One: Paradoxes of Power, 1878—1928. New York:
Penguin Books, 2015.
Kovalenko, D. A. Oboronnaia promyishlennost’ sovetskoi rossii v 1918—1920
gg. Moscow: Nauka, 1970.
Krasin, Leonid Borisovich. Dela davno minuvshikh dnei (Vospominaniia). Mos-
cow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1931.
-------. O vneshnei torgovle i otnoshenii k nei russkoi kooperatsii. Novgorod:
Tipografiia Gubsoiuza, 1921.
-------. Voprosy vneshnei torgovli. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo,
1928.
Krassin, Lubov. Leonid Krassin: His Life and Work. London: Skeffington Son,
1929.
Krivoshein, K. A. A. V. Krivoshein (1857-1921 g.) Ego znachenie v istorii Rossii
nachalaXXveka. Paris: 1973.
Krivova, Natalya Alexandrovna. Vlast i Tserkov’ v 1922-1925 gg. Politbiuro i
GPU v borb e za tserkovnyie tsennosti 1 politicheskoepodchinenie dukhovenstva.
Moscow: Airo-XX, 1997.
Kukuruzova, N. V. Wealthier Than the Romanovs? The Wealth of Princes Yusupov.
St. Petersburg: Yusupov Palace, 2006.
Laserson, Max (M. J. Larsons). An Expert in the Service of the Soviet, trans.
Dr. Angelo S. Rappoport. London: Ernst Benn, 1929.
-------. hn Sowjet-Labyrinth. Episoden und Silhouetten. Berlin: Transmare, 1931.
Lazitch, Branko. “Two Instruments of Control by the Comintern: The Emis-
saries of the ECCI and the Party Representatives in Moscow.” In Milo-
rad M. Drachkovitch and Branko Lazitch, eds., The Comintern: Historical
Highlights. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1966.
Lebor, Adam. Hitler s Secret Bankers: How Switzerland Profited from Nazi Geno-
cide. London: Simon Schuster, 1999.
Lenin, V. I. Collected Works. 45 vols. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977.
-------. Selected Works. 12 vols. New York: International Publishers, 1937.
-------. Sochineniia. Edited by N. I. Bukharin et al. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe
SotsiaPno Ekonomicheskoe Izdatel’stvo, 1931.
-------. Socialism and War. The Attitude of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor
Party Towards the War. Geneva: Sotsial-Democrat, 19x5.
Liberman, Simon. Building Lenin s Russia. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1945.
Sources
415
Lieven, D. C. B. Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals. New Haven, CT:
Yale University Press, 2002.
-------. Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias. London: J. Murray, 1993.
-------. Russia the Origins of the First World War. New York: St. Martin’s
Press, 1983.
-------. Towards the Flame. The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to War and
Revolution. New Vork: Viking, 20x5.
Lloyd, Nick. Hundred Days. The Campaign that Ended World War 1. New York:
Basic Books, 2014.
Lohr, Eric. Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens
during World War I. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
-------. “The Russian Army and the Jews: Mass Deportation, Hostages, and
Violence During World War I.” Russian Review 60 (July 2001): 404—419.
Lyandres, Semion. The Bolsheviks “German Gold” Revisited: An Inquhy into the
1917 Accusations. Pittsburgh: Carl Beck Series, University of Pittsburgh,
1995-
Malia, Martin. Alexander Herzen and the Birth of Russian Socialism. New York:
Grosset Dunlap, 1965.
-------. The Soviet Tragedy. A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917—1991. New
York: Free Press, 1994.
Malle, Sylvana. The Economic Organization of War Communism. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
Manifesto of 17 October 1905. Online at: https://community.dur.ac.uk/
a.k.harrington/ octmanif.html.
Marx, Karl. Capital, vol. 1, and Manifesto of the Communist Party. In Robert C.
Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader. New Vork: W1 W. Norton, 1972.
Massie, Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: Atheneum, 1967.
Mawdsley, Evan. The Russian Civil War. Boston: Allen Sc Unwin, 1987.
-------. The Russian Revolution and the Baltic Fleet: War and Politics, February
1917 to April 1918. New York: Barnes Sc Noble Books, 1978.
-------. “Sea Change in the Civil War.” In Brenton, ed., Historically Inevitable?
Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, 200—217.
McDonald, David MacLaren. United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia
1900—1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
McMeekin, Sean. History s Greatest Heist. The Bolshevik Looting of Russia. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 200S.
—------. The Ottoman Endgame. War.; Revolution, and the Making of the Modem
Middle Easty 1908—1923* New York: Penguin Press, 2015.
-------. The Red Millionaire: A Political Biography of Willi Miinzenbergy Moscow s
Secret Propaganda Tsar in the West, 1917—1940. New Haven, CT: Yale Uni-
versity Press, 2003.
-------. The Russian Origins of the First World War. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press/Belknap, 2001.
4i 6 — Sources
Melgunov, Sergei. Kak boľsheviki zakhvatili vlasť. Oktiabr skii perevorot /57/7
goda. Paris: La Renaissance, 1953.
-------. Krasnyi terror vy Rossi։. New York: Brandy, 1979.
-------. Martovskie Dni 1917 goda. Paris, 1961.
-------. Zolotoi nemetskii kliuch5 k boľshevitskoi revolutsii. Paris: Maison du livre
étranger, 1940.
Menning, Bruce. Bayonets Before Bullets. The Imperial Russian Army, 1861—1914.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992.
Miliukov, Paul. Political Memoirs. Translated by Carl Goldberg. Ann Arbor:
University of Michigan Press, 1967.
-------. The Russian Revolution. 3 vols. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic Interna-
tional Press, 1978-.
Miller, Margaret. The Economic Development of Russia 190y—1914y with Special
Reference to Tradey Industry, and Finance. New York: A. M. Kelly, 1967.
Mitrofanov, Georgii. Istoriia russkoipravoslavnoi tserkvi 1900—1927. St. Peters-
burg: Satis, 2002.
Morley, James William. The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918. New York:
Columbia University Press, 1957.
Moynahan, Brian. The Russian Century. A History of the Last Hundred Years.
New York: Random House, 1995.
Miinzenberg, Willi. Solidarität. Zehn Jahre Internationale Arbeiterhilfey 1921—
1931. Berlin: Neuer Deutcher Verlag, 1931.
Mutlu, Dilek Kaya. “The Russian Monument at Ayastefanos (San Stefano):
Between Defeat and Revenge, Remembering and Forgetting.” Middle
Eastern Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 75-86.
Nation, R. Craig. War on War: LeniUy the Zimmerwald Lefty and the Origins of
Communist Internationalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989.
Nechaev, Sergei. The Catechism of a Revolutionary, https://www.marxists.org/
subj ect/anarchism/nechayev/ catechism.htm.
Nikitin, B. V. The Fatal Years: Fresh Revelations on a Chapter of Underground
History. Westport, CT: Hyperion Press, 1977.
-------. Rokovye gody: novyia pokazanie uchastnika. Paris: Les Editeurs Reunis,
*937-
O’Connor, Timothy Edward. The Engineer of Revolution. L. B. Krasin and the
Bolsheviks, 1870-1926. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992.
Osipova, Taisia. “Peasant Rebellions: Origin, Scope, Dynamics, and Conse-
quences.” In Brovkin, The Bolsheviks in Russian Society. The Revolution and
the Civil Wars.
Paléologue, Maurice. An Ambassador s Memoirs. Translated by. E A. Holt. 3
vols. London: Hutchinson Co., 1923-1925.
-------. La Russie des Tsars pendant la Grande Guerre. 3 vols. Paris: Plon-
Nourrit, 1921.
Sources
417
Pares, Bernard. The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. A Study of the Evidence. New
York: Knopf, 1939.
Pasvolsky, Leo and Moulton, Harold G. Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruc-
tion. A Study of the Relation of Russia s Foreign Debts to Her Economic Recov-
ery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1924.
Patenaude, Bertrand. The Big Show in Bololand. The American Relief Expedition
to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 2002.
-------. Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary. New York: Harper, 2009.
Pearson, Michael. The Sealed Train. New York: Putnam, 1975.
Petroff, Serge P. Remembering a Forgotten War. New York: Columbia Univer-
sity Press/Eastern European Monographs, 2000.
Pipes, Richard. The Degaev Affair. Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia. New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
-------. Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime. New York: Vintage, 1995.
-------. The Russian Revolution. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1990.
Pomiankowski, Joseph. Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches. Erin-
nerungen an die Türkei aus der Zeit des Weltkrieges. Zurich: Amalthea, 1928.
Price, M. Philips. Dispatches from the Revolution: Russia, 1915—1918. Durham,
NC: Duke University Press, 1998.
Rabinowitch, Alexander. The Bolsheviks in Power: the First Year of Soviet Rule in
Petrograd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Radkey, Oliver. The Unknown Civil War in Soviet Russia. A Study of the Green
Movement in Tambov Region, 1920—1921. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univer-
sity Press, 1976.
Radzinsky, Edvard. The East Tsar. The Life and Death of Nicholas II. Translated
by Marian Schwartz. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
-------. The Rasputin File. New York: Anchor Books, 2001.
-------. “Rescuing the Tsar and His Family.” In Brenton, ed., Historically Inev-
itable? Turning Points of the Russian Revolution, 163—177.
Rauchensteiner, Manfried. Der Tod des Doppeladlers: Österreich-Ungarn und der
Erste Weltkrieg. Vienna Verlag Styria, 1993.”
“Red Leaders Split on Robbing Churches.” New York Times, April 7, 1922.
Reed, John. Ten Days That Shook the World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Rendle, Matthew. “The Problem of the ‘Local’ in Revolutionary Russia: Mos-
cow Province, 1914—22.” In Badcock et al., eds., Russia s Home Front in
War and Revolution, vol. 3, book 1, 19—44.
Reynolds, Michael A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman
and Russian Empires. New York: Cambridge University Press: 2011.
Rodzianko, Mikhail. The Reign of Rasputin. An Empire s Collapse. Translated by
Catherine Zveginsvoff. London: A. M. Philpot Ltd., 1927.
Roslof, Edward E. Red Priests. Renovationism, Russian Orthodoxy, and Revolution,
i9°$—1:946. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
4i8 — Sources
“Russia Must Respect Private Property, Powers Will Tell Her in Note Today.”
New York Times, April 29, 1922.
Sanborn, Joshua. “The Mobilization of 1914 and the Question of the Russian
Nation: A Reexamination.” Slavic Review 59, no. 2 (2000): 267-289.
Saul, Norman E. Sailors in Revolt. The Baltic Fleet in 1917. Lawrence, KS:
Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.
-------. War and Revolution, The United States and Russia, 1914—1921.
Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001.
Sazonov, S. D. Fateful Years, 1909—1916: The Reminiscences of Serge Sazonov,
Russia s Minister for Foreign Affairs: 1914. London: J. Cape, 1928.
Scharlau, W. B., and Z. A. B. Zeman. The Merchant of Revolution, The Life of
Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus), 1867-1924, Oxford: Oxford Univer-
sity Press, 1965.
Schilling, M. E, Baron, ed. How the War Began, Being the Diary of the Russian
Foreign Office from the 3rd to the 20th (Old Style) of July, 1914, trans. Major
W. Cyprian Bridge. London: G. Allen Unwyn, 1925.
SebagMontefiore, Simon. The Young Stalin. New York: Vintage Reprint, 2008.
Seidt, Hans-Ulrich. Berlin, Kabul, Moskau. Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer und
Deutschlands Ostpolitik, Munich: Universitas, 2002.
Senin, A. S. Aleksandr Ivanovich Guchkov, Moscow: Skriptorii, 1996.
Service, Robert. Lenin: A Biography. Harvard: Harvard/Belknap, 2000.
Shapiro, Leonard. The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modem Com-
munism, New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Shkliarevsky, Gennady. Labor in the Russian Revolution: Factory Committees and
Trade Unions, 1917-1918, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993.
Shukman, H. “The Relations Between the Jewish Bund and the RSDRP,
1897-1903.” Unpublished D. Phil Thesis, Oxford University, 1961.
Smith, C. Jay, Jr. The Russian Struggle for Power, 1914—1917, A Study of Rus-
sian Foreign Policy During the First World War, New York: Philosophical
Library, Inc., 1956.
Smith, Douglas. “Grigory Rasputin and the Outbreak of the First World
War.” In Brenton, ed., Historically Inevitable? Turning Points of the Russian
Revolution, 48-65.
Sokolov, Nicholas A. The Sokolov Investigation of the Alleged Murder of the Rus-
sian Imperial Family, Translated by John F. O’Connor. New York: Robert
Speller Sons, 1971.
Solomon, Georg. Unter den Roten Machthabern, Was ich im Dienste der Sowjets
persönlich sah und erlebte, Berlin: Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1930.
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander. August 1914, Translated by H. T. Willetts. New York:
Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2014.
-------. Deux siecles ensemble, 1793-1993, Tome i:Juife et russes avant la Revolu-
tion, Paris: Fayard, 2002.
Sources
419
Stanziani, Alessandro. L Economie en Revolution. Le cas russe 1870—1930. Paris:
Albin Michel, 1998.
Steinberg, John W. All the Tsar s Men: Russia s General Staff and the Fate of
Empire, 1898—1914. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,
2010.
Steinberg, Mark D., and Khrustalev, Vladimir M. The Fall of the Romanovs.
Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 1995*
Stevenson, David. Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy. New
York: Basic Books, 2004.
Stites, Richard. Revolutionary Dreams. Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in
the Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Stone, David. The Russian Army in the Great War: The Eastern Front, 1914—
79x7. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015.
Stone, Norman. The Eastern Front 1914—1917. New York: Charles Scribner’s
Sons, 1975.
-------. Europe Transformed 1878—1919. London: Wiley/Blackwell, 1999/1983.
Sukhanov, N. N. The Russian Revolution 1917. A Personal Record. Translated by
Joel Carmichael. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955.
Suny, Ronald. Armenia in the Twentieth Century. Chico, CA: Scholars Press,
1983.
-------. “Empire and Nation: Armenians, Turks and the End of the Ottoman
Empire.” Armenian Forum x, no. 2 (1998): 17—51.
“Tell of Kolchak’s Gold.” ATew York Times, September 30, 1919.
Tolstoy, Leo. The Cossacks. New York: Tark Classic Fiction, 2008.
Tuchmann, Barbara W. The Zimmermann Telegram. New York: Viking, 1958.
Tunstall, Graydon. “Austria-Hungary and the Brusilov Offensive of 1916.”
Historian 70 (1) (Spring 2008) 30—53.
Ullman, Richard. Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917—1921, Volume 3: Anglo-Soviet
Accord. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961, 1968, and 1972.
Vasiliev-Iuzhin, Mikhail. “The October Revolution in Saratov.” In Jonathan
Daly and Leonid Trofimov, eds., Russia in War and Revolution, 1914—1922:
A Documentary History. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company,
2009.
Volkogonov, Dmitri. Lenin. A New Biography. Translated by Harold Shukman.
New York: The Free Press, 1994.
von Hagen, Mark. “The Great War and the Mobilization of Ethnicity in the
Russian Empire.” In Post-Soviet Political Order. Conflict and State Building.
London: Routledge, 1998.
Wawro, Geoffrey. ^4 Mad Catastrophe. The Outbreak of World War I and the Col-
lapse of the Habsburg Empire. New York: Basic Books, 2015.
420 — Sources
Werth, Nicolas. “The Iron Fist of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat,” “The
Red Terror,” and “The Dirty War.” In The Black Book of Communism.
Crimes, Terror, Repression. Translated by Jonathan Murphy and Mark
Kramer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Wheeler-Bennett, John W. Brest-Litovsk. The Forgotten Peace, March 1918.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1956.
Wildman, Allan K. The End of the Russian Imperial Army. 2 vois. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1980/1987.
Williams, Robert C. The Other Bolsheviks. Lenin and his Critics. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1986.
------. Russian Art and American Money, 1900—1940. Cambridge, MA: Har-
vard University Press, 1980.
Willmott, H. P. The Last Century of Sea Power. Volume One: From Port Arthur
to Chanak, 1894—1922. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2009.
Zenkovsky, Alexander. Stolypin: Russia’s Last Great Reformer. Translated by
Margaret Patoski. Princeton, NJ: Kingston Press, 1986.
Zhirnov, Yevgenii. “Kak Zakalialsia Brend. O role ‘Rolls-Roisa’ v rossisskoi
istorii,” Kommersant-Den’gi, March 15, 2004.
Index
Abdul Hamid II, Sultan, 49
administrative exile, 19
Aehrenthal, Baron Alois Lexa von, 49
agriculture, 14-15, 275—276, 283-284
Agriculture Ministry strike, 219
Aisnes, 150
Aland island, 246
Albania, 52
Albatross Werke, 339
Albion operation, 196
Alekseev, Mikhail, 114-116, 119, 120,
121-122, 182, 218, 346
abdication declaration addressed to,
118
appointed chief of staff, 70
army command given to, 122
Brusilov replaces as commander, 149,
i5c^i5i
Civil War and, 241-242, 259, 264
death of, 285
February Revolution and, 102, 103,
104,106, 107, 108, 109, m-112
Guchkov’s letter to, 76—77, 85
Kornilov’s surrender to, 190
letter to Lvov, 147
message to Nicholas, 114-116
plot to depose Nicholas, 87
resignation of, 199—200
telegram to front commanders,
116-117
World War I and, 70, 76-77, 85, 147,
148, 149, 150-151, 231
Alexander I, Tsar, 61, 247
Alexander II,Tsar, 12, 16, 17, 28, 50
Alexander III, Tsar, 16, 17, 29, 51
Alexander Nevsky Monastery, 325
Alexander Palace, 57
Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress, 4, 71,
84, 86, 87, 103
assassination of, 261
Duma’s criticism of, 1,2
February Revolution and, 98
house arrest of, 260
Rasputin’s influence over, 5-6, 57, 58
Alexandrovich, Grand Duke Sergei, 35
Alexis, Tsar, 13
Alexis, Tsarevich, 86, 104
hemophilia of, 1, 57-58, 118
measles of, 95n
Nicholas’s abdication and, 118
Allenstein, 62
All-Russian Central Executive
Committee (VTsIK), 326, 328
All-Russian Committee to Save the
Country and the Revolution, 216,
217
All-Russian Communist Party, 30m
All-Russian Conference, 182-184, 198
All-Russian Main Staff, 248
All-Russian Provisional Government,
285
All-Russian Public Committee to Aid
the Hungry (Pomgol), 323
All-Russian Union of State Employees,
218
All-Russian Union of Zemtsvos and
Municipal Councils. See Zemgor
All-Russian-Extraordinary Commission.
See Cheka
American Relief Administration (ARA),
323-324,326,327,343
Amur Railway, 48
anarcho-syndicalism, 17
Anastasia, Grand Duchess, 261
421
422 — Index
Anatolia, 201
Anglo-Soviet Accord, 318, 334, 336, 337,
349
Ankara, 89, 308, 309
Antonov, Alexander, 314, 315, 318-319,
325
Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir, 209, 242,
315
“Appeal to Ukrainian Citizens,” 179
April Days, x, 144-146, 149, 175, 182,
208, 209
April Theses, 131, 132
ARA. See American Relief
Administration
Archangel, 242, 247, 263, 264, 282, 283
archives, Russian, xiii-xiv, xvii, 133
Ardahan, 25, 235, 246, 250, 309, 318
Armand, Inessa, 129
Armenia, 74, 142, 228, 308
Armenians, 25, 35-36, 235
army. See Red Army; Russian Imperial
Army; Volunteer Army
Army of the Niemen (German), 68-69
Aschberg, Olof, 333, 336-338, 340, 341
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 4
Astrakhan, 266, 287, 331
Augustów Forest, 66
Aurora (battle cruiser), 208
Austria, 318
Austria-Hungary, 25
Balkan Wars and, 52-53, 57
Bosnia-Herzegovina annexation,
49-50
Crimean War and, 30
ultimatum to Serbia, 57, 58
World War I and, 62, 64, 68, 73, 75,
159-160, 162, 234, 249
autocracy, 16-17,41-42
Avanti!, 305
Azef, Evano, 18
Azerbaijan, 235, 308, 318
Baku, 15, 35-36, 250, 263, 267, 277
Bakunin, Mikhail, 17, 86
Balkan League, 52, 53
Balkan Wars, 52-53, 57, 58
Balkans, 49—50
Balkashin, Colonel, 100
Baltic Fleet, 26, 37, 133, 208, 214, 215,
242
mutiny in, 110, 140
Russo-Japanese War and, 32-33
World War I and, 91-93,140,
196-197, 204, 205
Baltic Sea, 15, 274
Baltics
Civil War and, 289, 291, 298
Russia’s loss of, 282
World War I and, 92, 231, 236, 253
Baluev, P. N., 153, 157,162, 163,193,
195, 216-217
banks, 341, 349
in Russian Empire, 15
strike of, 219-223, 234 24L 25^» 273
See also People’s Bank; State Bank
Baranovichi, 70
Baratov, N. N., 74, 161
Bark, Peter, 55,57
Easily, Nicholas de, 115-116
Battleship Potemkin (film), 38
Batum, 25, 235, 246, 250, 318
Beatty, Warren, 348
Beletsky, S. P., 265
Belgium, 65, 323
Belorussians, 25, 26
Belyaev, General, 102, 104
Berdichev, 249
Berlin, Treaty of, 33, 49
Berlin Wall, fall of, xiii
Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, 126
Berliner Tageblatt, 78, 126-127
Berlin-to-Baghdad Railway, 50
Bessarabia, 248
Bismarck, Otto von, 16
Bitlis, 74, 146
Bitsenko, Anastasia, 233
Black Bloc, 71, 78, 86
“Black Earth” belt, 14
Black Hundred, 327,331
Black Sea, 15, 76, 283
Black Sea Fleet, 37, 38, 246
lynching of officers in, 123
mutiny in, 140
Russo-Japanese War and, 33
scuttling of, 255, 256
World War I and, 89, 92, 93, 140,151,
255 256
Blackburn Aeroplane Motor Co., 318
Blohm Voss, 339
Bloody Sunday, 35, 39, 70, 93, 97
Bobrinsky, Count A. A., 77
Boer War, 53
Index
423
Bogolepov, N. P., 20
Bogrov, E . G., 51
Bolshevik Battle Squad, 36
Bolshevik Central Committee, 132,
133, 134, 144, 169, 170, 174, 198,
201—202, 203, 245
Bolshevik Central Executive Committee,
265
Bolshevik Military Organization, 164,
165, 168, 198, 200, 201, 205, 206,
214
Bolsheviks
consolidation of power by, 213—223
demonstrators bribed by, 135,
169—170
fading influence of, 45
Izvestiya influenced by, 113
Kerensky’s rehabilitation of, 190— 191,
197-198, 200, 345
Kornilov affair and, 187—191
Lenin’s attempt to rally, 201—202
parliamentary elections and, 222, 346
Petrograd Congress and, 198—199
position in Sovnarkom, 214
propaganda of, 39-40, 133, 135, 149,
348
putsch attempt, 143-145, 149, 150,
153
Revolution of 1905 and, 40
Russian character of movement, 2 3
split from Mensheviks, 20, 22—23
Stavka control seized by, 230
at Third Congress of Soviets, 237
World War I and
army infiltrated by, xv—xvi, 149,
155—r56 162, 163-167, 185,
193, 195—198, 200, 201, 204—205
German support of, 13 2—13 6
See also Civil War; July Days; October
Revolution; peasant wars
Bolshoi Theater, 182, 210, 258, 260
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 11,61, 198—199,
247, 330
Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir, 113
Bosnia-Herzegovina, 49—50
Bosphorus, 89, 140, 141, 150
Botkin, Evgeny, 260
Boxer Rebellion, 30, 31
Brest-Litovsk, 295, 305, 338
peace talks at, 227, 232—238
World War I fighting in, 68
Brest-LitovskTreaty, 243, 245—247, 248,
256, 258, 275, 281, 346-347, 349
invalidated by German surrender, 268,
298
Komuch abrogation of, 253
signing of, 246, 350
Supplementary Agreement to, 263
Brezhnev, Leonid, 249n
British Royal Marines, 247
British Royal Navy, 242
Bronstein, Lev. See Trotsky, Lev
Brusilov, Alexei, 75—76, 77, 81, 87, 88, 91,
120, 157, 304
Alekseev replaced by, 149, 150—151
Galician campaign and, 152, 153, 154,
156, 159—164, 182
Brussels Congress, 20, 22—23
Bublikov, A. A., 102, 107, 109
Buchanan, Sir George, 4, 204, 227
Budennyi, Semen, 296, 304
Buhring, Lieutenant von, 130
Bukharin, Nikolai, 237, 245, 247» 275,
276, 306
Bulgaria, 52, 76, 268
Bullitt, William, 288—289
Bulygin, A. G., 39
Bund, 22—23, 40, 129
bunts, 22
Bykhov Fortress, 190
Cachin, Marcel, 305
calendars. See Gregorian calendar; Julian
calendar
“Call by the Petrograd Soviet to the
Peoples of the World,” 139
Cambodia, 351
Capital in the Twenty-First Century
(Piketty), xiii
capital punishment. See death penalty
capitalism, xiii, 15, 47~48 275 343. 350
Caspian oil fields, 267
Catechism of a Revolutionary (Nechaev), 9
Catherine the Great, Empress, 26, 74,
332
Caucasian Army, 25, 74, 123, 290, 293
Caucasus, 26, 30, 70, 283, 314, 315
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 249n
Central Asia, 30, 47, 72, 308, 314
Central Committee of the All-Russian
Union of Railwaymen. See Vikzhel
Central Labor Group, 94
424 — Index
Central Theater, 210
Centre Party, 106
Cesis (Tsesis), 201
Chayanov, A. V., 14-15
Cheka, 223, 265, 274, 325, 328
ARA infiltrated by, 323
arrest of British and French nationals,
264
creation and purpose of, 2 21-2 2 2
on famine, 321-322
Left SR seizure of, 260
number of employees in, 301
Okhrana compared with, 18
peasant wars and, 311,313-315,316,
319
See also State Political Directorate
Cheliabinsk, 251, 252, 289, 297, 315, 331
Chelnokov, M. V., 71, 107
Chemin des Dames mutiny, 150,
I54~I55
Cheremisov, General, 205, 215
Cherkess, General, 202
Chernigov, 294
Chernov, Viktor, 40, 142, 144, 146,171,
197, 284
chervonetz, 341
Chicherin, Georgy, 248, 295, 296, 298
China, 48
aggression against Russia, 243
Boxer Rebellion in, 30, 31
Communism in, 351, 352
Second Comintern Congress and, 308
Sino-Japanese War and, 30
trade agreement with Russia, 318
Chkheidze, N. S., 105,106, 171, 174, !84
cholera, 257, 277, 321
Christmas Day Declaration, 234, 236
Church of Christ the Savior, 330
Church of the Epiphany, 330
Churchill, Winston, 292, 295, 310, 349
Civil War, 241-242, 250, 253, 239,
264-269, 281-299, 302, 303,
309-310, 317, 322, 332, 337, 343,
347» 349
advantages of Reds in, 286, 297
Allies invited to intervene in, 264
Bullitt’s Moscow mission, 288—289
evacuation of Whites, 296-297
Lenin’s encouragement of, xv-xvi,
128, 231, 281, 351
peace terms, 298-299
peasant disturbances during, 311,312
weapons, 285-286
Cold War, xi, xii, xiii
Comintern. See Communist
International
Commissariat of Formerly Private
Banks, 222
Committee for the People’s Struggle
Against Counter-Revolution, 190
Committee of the Constituent Assembly.
See Komuch
Communism
capitalism restored under, 343, 350
collapse of, xii, xiii
elements of Soviet, 301
European domestic policy and,
349-350
international resistance to, 348-349
introduction of to world, xi
spread of, 351-352
Communist International (Comintern),
305-308,348
Communist Manifesto (Marx), 351
Communist Youth International, 324
concentration camps, 301, 310, 317, 323
Congress of All the Democratic
Organizations in Russia, 198-199
Congress of Berlin, 25
Congress of the Czechoslovak
Revolutionary Army, 252
Congress of the Peoples of the East,
308-309
Conquest, Robert, xii
Constanta, 76
Constantinople, ix, 55, 89
Balkan wars and, 52
secret treaties on, 74, 139-142, 161,
228
Constituent Assembly, 122,137,138,
179, 200, 203, 206, 222, 223, 231,
253.283
Allies’s demand for reconvening of,
289
dissolution of, 237, 346
election of, 227
fight for cause of, 241
Constitutional Democrat Party See
Kadet Party
I Corps (Russian), 63,162
II Corps (Russian), 63
VI Corps (Russian), 63
Index
425
IX Corps (Austrian), 159—160
XI Corps (Russian), 163
XVI Corps (Russian), 163
XVII Corps (Russian), 201, 229, 230
XX Corps (German), 63
XX Corps (Russian), 66
XXXIII Corps (Russian), 163
XXXIX Corps (Russian), 162, 194—195
Cossacks, 183—184
characteristics of, 26—27
Civil War and, 283, 285, 286, 291,
294,296,310
Don, 26, 184, 218, 231, 241—242, 249,
253, 267, 283, 286, 296, 310
February Revolution and, 95, 96, 97
July Days and, 171
Kuban, 26, 113, 184, 218, 253, 267,
283
October Revolution and, 207
Revolution of 1905 and, 34, 35, 43
surrender to German soldiers, 244
Terek, 26, 294
Trainsbaikal, 253
Zaporozhian Host of, 255
Cossacksy The (Tolstoy), 27
Council of Ministers, 4, 39, 42, 46, 48,
52 54» 55» 56 57» 67 69» 76 77» 84
IOI, 102, 104, 118, 122, 137, 138,
139
Crimea, 26, 249, 290, 297
Crimean War, 16, 25, 28, 30
Cuba, 351
Curzon, Lord George, 293
Curzon line, 293, 309
Czechoslovak Legion, 250—253, 255,
261, 264, 278—279, 282, 283—284,
286, 287, 297-298, 302
Ekaterinburg taken by, 262-263
gold reserves seized by, 257, 289, 298,
3°7
Kazan taken by, 263
Perm taken by, 2 5 7—2 5 8
Czechoslovak National Council, 252
Czechoslovakia, 318
Dan, Fyodor, 203
Danilov, Yuri, 121—122, 195
Dardanelles campaign (World War I),
161
Davidovsky, Commissar, 211
death penalty, 19, 20, 46
abolition of, 123, 138, 213
reinstatement of, 180—182, 199, 263,
347
debt repudiation, 247, 253, 318, 334,
335,337
Decembrist revolt, 19
Degaev affair, 17
Delo bJaroday 203, 209, 219
Denikin, Anton, 85, 181, 231, 256
arrest of, 195
Civil War and, 250, 253, 283, 285,
286, 289—290, 291, 292, 293, 294,
295-296, 302, 303, 310, 312
Kornilov affair and, 194, 195
Deriabin (soldier-emissary), 217
d’Espèrey, Louis-Félix-François
Franchet, 268, 290
Detskoe Selo, 306
Directory of the Independent Ukrainian
People’s Republic, 304
Djugashvili, Yosif. See Stalin, Josef
Dogger Bank Incident, 3 3
Don region, 241, 250, 253, 256, 287
Donbass (Donets), 209, 249, 290
Dorpat, See Tartu
draft riots, 61, 72
drought, 321, 322
Dukhonin, N. N., 200, 204, 207,
227-230, 231
Duma, XV, 344
antigovernment speeches in, 78—79,
84, 87, 88, 138
Balkan Wars and, 53
closure of, 70, 71
creation of, xvii
dissolution decree, 99, 101
February Revolution and, 99, 101,
102—103, 105—108
Fundamental Laws and, 44, 46
Progressive Bloc, 69, 70, 79
proposal for introduced, 39
Provisional Government and, 138η
Rasputin issue and, 1—2,3
reconvening of, 76
Stolypin and, 47
waning power of, 137—138
Witt’s advice on, 41
World War I and, 61, 69—70, 78—79
Durnovo, P. Ν ., 42-43, 55-56, 59» 69
Dvinsk, 231, 244
dvoevlastie, 137, 148
426 — Index
Dybenko, P. E., 205, 214
Dzerzhinsky, Felix, 221-222, 260, 265
East Prussia, 26, 61, 62-63, 65-66
Eastern Army Group, 284, 287, 288,
297
economy
capitalist (see capitalism)
inflation, 73, 209, 335-336
loans sought, 334, 335-342
looming bankruptcy, 327-328
money re-legalization, 343
moneyless, 276
New Economic Policy, xvi, 319, 341,
343 347, 349, 35°
post-revolution, 241
Russian Empire, 11-12,15
Stolypin’s policies and, 47-48, 51
War Communism (see War
Communism)
World War I era, 73, 83, 209
Education Ministry strike, 219
Egorov, A. L, 305
Eighth Army (German), 62, 63, 185
Eighth Army (Russian), 62, 75, 145, 162,
163, 181, 183
Eight-Power Expedition, 30, 31, 243
Eisenstein, Sergei, 209, 348
Ekaterinburg, 257, 261, 262-263, 2^9,
298,315
Eleventh Army (German), 68
Eleventh Army (Russian), 62,159,161,
163-164, 214, 226
emigres, 290
Engelhardt, B. A., 106
Enver Pasha, 309
epidemics, 257, 277, 297, 32r
Epstein (bank director), 220
Erdeli, General, 161-162
Erzincan, 249
Erzurum, 74, 76,146, 161, 249, 291
Estonia, 129, 230, 243, 244, 245, 246, 303
Bolshevik government recognized by,
298-299, 302
Russian Civil War and, 291-292, 295
Ethiopia, 351
European Russia, 14,15, 36
Executive Committee of the Communist
International (ECCI), 307
exiles, 19-20,138, 169
exports, 47, 73, 279-280, 322
Fackely Die, 233
factories, 15-16, 273, 316
Falkenhayn, Erich von, 68
famine, 14, 315-316, 321-329, 335, 343
fascism, 350
Fastov, 294
Faustschlag offensive, 244
February Revolution, x, xi, xiv, xv, 72, 88,
95-108, 125-129,132, 143, 150,
175, 207, 209, 260
casualties, 124
control of armed forces following,
121-124
demonstrations preceding, 95-96
freeing of prisoners, IOO-IOI
government of public confidence
proposal, 101,102-103,104
international reaction to, 12 5-12 7
motivations of protestors, 97
mutinies and, 99--100, 109-110,114,
127
Okhrana headquarters storming, 101,
109- 110
size of crowds, 97
spread and impact of, 109-114
studies of, xii
February Revolution (Hasegawa), xii
Fedorov, N. N., 85, 87
Fifth Army, 62, 89, 90, 91, no, 181, 193,
195, 201, 215, 244, 289, 297
Fifth Congress of Soviets, 258, 260
Filonenko, N. N., 183,189
Finland, 196, 242, 246, 278, 291, 317,
336
absorbed into Russian Empire, 26
independence issue, 235, 289, 292
Lenin in, 43, 166, 168, 177, 191, 197,
202
Russian Civil War and, 289, 292,
295
Russia’s loss of, 248, 253, 282
“Russification” campaign, 21
trade agreement with Russia, 318
Finns, 25, 26
First All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
154.155. γ5 5
First Army (Austrian), 62
First Army (Russian), 61, 62, 63, 75, 91,
110— 111, 148, 215
First Balkan War, 53, 57
First Cavalry Army, 304
Index
4 27
First Congress of the Communist
International, 305
First Finnish Rifle Division, 229, 230
First Five Year Plan, 3 50
First Machine Gun Regiment, 114, 164,
165, 166, 167, 172, 173, 174, 175,
*97
First Ottoman Army Corps, 54
First Ottoman Caucasian Army, 250
First Turkish Army Corps, 111
First Workingman’s International
Association, 17
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, xii
Food Ministry strike, 219
food supplies/shortages
February Revolution and, 95—97
under Lenin, 257, 258, 260
World War I, xiv, 73, 77, 79, 93
See also famine; grain
Foreign Ministry, 74, 76, 139, 140, 146,
228, 248, 309
Four Brothers mine, 262
Fourteen Points, 236, 349
Fourth Army, 62
France, 27, 30, 55, 56
Balkan Wars and, 5 2
Communist Party of, 307, 348
Crimean War and, 2 5
February Revolution, reaction to, 125,
126
Russian Civil War and, 264, 285, 289,
290
Russian debt repudiation, 247
secret treaties and, 74, 139—142
Three-Year Service Law, 54
trade delegation sent to, 336
trade with Russia rejected by, 318
Ukraine and, 242, 285, 290, 292
World War I and, 61, 65, 66, 74, 139,
150, 154-155, 232, 243, 250, 251,
264, 283
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria,
56
Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria, 30
Freemasons. See Masons
French Communist Party (PCF). See
France, Communist Party of
French Revolution, xi, 102, 265, 332
Friends of Soviet Russia (FSR), 324,
349
Frunze, M. V., 288, 289, 297
Fundamental Laws, 44, 46
Fürstenberg-Hanecki, Jakob (Ruba),
134, 166, 174
Gagarin, S. V., 175
Gajda, Rudolf, 252, 287, 289
Galicia, 26, 304
Galician campaign (World War I), 62,
64, 69, 87, 123, 142, 145, 150,
151-156, 159-167, 178, 182, 193,
199, 225, 226, 244, 251
Bolshevik influence in, 155—156,
201
February Revolution and, in
Kerensky’s tour, 152—153
obscurity of reasons for, 160—162
Russian return to offensive, 194—195
Russian success in, 75—76, 91
Russian territory lost in, 181
Gallipoli, 161
Gangut (battleship), 92, 93
Gapon, George, 34—35
Garantie- und Kreditbank fur den
Osten, 341
Golden Ring, 13
Gatchina Palace, 215, 216, 295
General Jewish Workers Union of
Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. See
Bund
Genoa conference, 335
George V, King of England, 260—261
Georgia, 253, 263, 308
Georgians, 25, 235
German Communist Party (KPD). See
Germany, Communist Party of
Germans, 25, 26, 243
Germany, 30, 273, 302
Balkan Wars and, 52
Bosnian crisis and, 49—50
Communist Party of, 305, 307
exports from, 280
February Revolution, reaction to,
Ï25-I27
Finland occupied by, 291
Georgia abandoned by, 308
growing tensions between Russia and
53-57
loan deal with Russia, 337—342, 348
October Revolution, reaction to,
209—210
Red Terror and, 267—268
428 — Index
Germany (continued)
Spartacist League/Uprising, 305, 306,
338
Stalin-Hitler pact, 350
trade agreement with Russia, 318
trade delegation sent to, 336
Ukraine and, 235-238, 244, 246, 249,
253» 283* 284* 286
Weimar government in, 338
World War I and, 61-66,68-71,
73» 75? 7 $ 89~93* I25-i3 5 i5°?
159-160,185, 267-269, 344
Albion operation, 196
armistice negotiations, 225-239,
24Î-247
collapse at western front,
268-269, 273* 274 281-282,
284
Lenin’s collusion with, xiv, XV,
xvi, 12 7-136, 165-166, 173,
176-178, 345
post-armistice diplomatic
relations, 255-260, 263-264
post-armistice incursions of,
248-249, 250, 251
Russian peace with, 245-248, 253,
275* 34 5-347 349*350
Versailles Treaty, 338
World War II and, 350
Gini coefficient, xiii
Glavbum, 275
Glavlak, 275
Glavsol, 275
Gokhran, 311, 325, 337, 338, 342
church looting proceeds to, 328, 331,
332* 333* 336
creation of, 302
sale of treasures, 326, 339, 341
gold reserves, 289, 298, 2p8n, 302-303,
307, 311, 313, 318, 327-328* 334*
336֊34L 347-348
final hoard of, 335
German loan deal and, 337-341
in Germany, 295
in Perm, 257
in Romania, 249
in Sweden, 274, 278, 303, 307, 348
gold standard, 15, 73, 335
Golder, Frank, 96,100,131,143,165,
168,170, 175
Golikov, Evgeny, 37
Golitsyn, Prince N. D., 84, 99,101,
102-103,104
Golos Pravdy, 133
Goltz, Count Rüdiger von der, 291
Gomel, 23
Goremykin, Ivan, 55, 68, 69, 70, 71, 76
Gorky, Maxim, 35, 237, 306, 323
Gorlice-Tamow, 249
Gosplan, 275
Gostinyi Dvor, 97
GPU. See State Political Directorate
grain
exports of, 47, 73,322
food procurement brigades and, 257
prodrazverstka, 311, 314, 319, 322
requisitions of, xvi, 301, 314, 322
World War I supplies, 73, 83
Grand Orient of the Peoples of Russia,
71
Great Britain, 54, 55, 56, 273
alliance treaty with Japan, 31
Anglo-Soviet Accord, 318, 334, 336,
337* 349
blockade of, 274, 278, 298, 302, 304,
318
Boer War and, 53
Communism rejected in, 348-349
Communist Party of, 307
Crimean War and, 25
February Revolution, reaction to,
I25
Red Army training request to, 248
Russian Civil War and, 264, 284-285,
287, 289, 292, 294-295, 296, 31°
Russian debt repudiation, 247
Russo-Japanese War and, 33
secret treaties and, 74, 139-142
Ukraine and, 242
World War I and, 4, 73, 74, 139,150,
155, 161, 232, 243, 250, 264, 283
Great Program, 54
Great Retreat, xiv, 68-69
Great Russians, 25, 26, 286
Great Terror, 3 50-3 51
Greece, 52, 229
Gregorian calendar, ix-x, 95n, 238
Grenadier Regiment, 168
Griazanov, Fyodor, 43
Grigorevich, I. K., 54
Grodno, 46, 266, 305
Gröner, Wilhelm, 249, 250, 255
Index
429
Guchkov, Alexander, 53, 58, 66—67, 69,
78, 79, 87, 88, 96, 97, 101, 108,
119—120, 121, 122, 140, 143, 149,
160, 344
emissaries of sent to front, 148
letter to Alekseev, 76—77, 85
plot to depose Nicholas, 85—86, 94
resignatdon of, 145—146
shadow government and, 70—72, 76
visit to Nicholas, 117—118
weaknesses as a leader, 137
gulags, 19, 350
Gulf of Finland, 298
Gumbiimen, 61, 65
Gurko, V L, 85
Gvozdev, K. A., 94, 105
Hague Congress, 17
Harbin, 283
Harding, Warren, 327
Hartwig, Nikolai, 53
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, xii
Helfferich, Karl, 264
Helphand, Alexander Israël. See Parvus
Helsinki, 110, 123, 124
Helsinki conference, 196
Helsinki Mint, 336
Henry VIII, King of England, 332
Herzen, Alexander, 17, 86
Hetmanate, 286
Hindenburg, Paul von, 63, 232
Hitler, Adolf, 350
Hoare, Samuel, 5
Hoffmann, Max, 232, 233, 236—237, 238,
243, 244, 245, 246, 249
Hollweg, Theobald von Bethmann, 50
Holodomor, 350
Hoover, Herbert, 323—324, 325, 326,
327 343
Hötzendorf, Conrad von, 62, 64, 75
Hungary, 323
Ice March, 242, 296
icons, 333
Iliodor, Bishop. SeeTrufanov, Sergei
Ilkevich, Lieutenant General, 155
Imperial Ballet, 12
imports, 274, 280, 318
independence movements, 235
Independent German Socialist
Democratie Party (USPD), 305
India, 308
industrialization, 15—16
inflation, 73, 209, 335-336
Interior Ministry, 6, 21, 36, 39, 42, 43,
45 76, 88, 97, 101
International Women’s Day, 95, 345
Internationale, The” (socialist anthem),
128—129
Ipatiev (engineer), 261
Iran, 308
Irkutsk, 252, 297—298
Ispolkom, 138, 143, 146, 148, 152, 169,
170, 180, 190, 198, 216, 217, 218
Bolshevik control of, 201, 202
demands fair trials for Lenin and
Zinoviev, 197
dissolution of, 214
secret treaties repudiated by, 140, 141,
146
treason charges against Lenin and, 176
Trotsky elected chairman, 200, 202
Istanbul. See Constantinople
Italy, 52, 225, 229, 232, 307, 318
Ivanov, N. I., 103, 106, 107, 108, 112,
115,119
Izvestiya, 106, 107, 113, 139, 170, 176,
183, 184, 190, 228, 229, 265, 304,
316, 326, 328, 329
Izvolsky, Alexander, 49—50, 139, 288
Jansson, Wilhelm, 130
Japan, 30—39,229
Russian Civil War and, 264, 288
Sino-Japanese War and, 30
trade with Russia rejected by, 318
in Vladivostok (Siberia), 242—243,
247, 248, 250-251, 253, 283, 314Ո
See also Russo-Japanese War
Jews
expulsion of during WWI, 68
looting of synagogues, 330
military service during WWI, 147
pogroms against, 21—22, 23—24, 26,
29,35,61,294
Provisional Government and, 138
in Russian Empire, 21—24, 25
Stolypin’s proposed equality for, 47
Joffe, Adolph, 232-233, 234, 255
Julian calendar, ix—x, 95Ո
July Days, x, 166-174, 182, 193, 195,
199, 208, 209, 261, 316, 333
430 — index
July Days (continued)
amnesty for participants in, 190-191
casualties, 173
government investigation of, 175-179,
197-198
suppression of, 173-174
Trotsky’s speech, 167, 171, 172, 178
Junkers, 339, 340
Kadet Party, 69,145, 177,178,179,199,
*56 257
Brest-Litovsk opposed by, 258
founding of, I, 39
Petrograd Congress boycotted by, 198
return from political exile, 284
Kaiserlingk, Walther von, 243
Kakhanov, Semion, 38
Kaledin, A. M., 183-184, 218, 231, 235,
241-242
Kaluzhskaia, 331
Kamenev, Lev, 132, 177
armistice negotiations and, 232-233,
237
July Days and, 166, 174
Kerensky denounced by, 203
October Revolution and, 206
Petrograd Congress and, 199
Revolution of 1905 and, 41
Second Congress of Soviets and,
215
treason charges against, 200
Ukraine rebellion and, 242
Vikzhel strike and, 218
Kangeroo Bombing Aeroplane, 318
Kaplan, Fanny, 264, 265
Kapp putsch, 338
Karabekir, Kazim, 309
Karelia, 291
Karinsky, N. S., 175, 176-177
Kars, 25, 235, 246, 250, 309, 318
Kasatkin, General, 288
Katkov, George, xii
katorga, 19
Kazakhstan, 289
Kazan, 257, 263, 284, 287, 331
Kemal, Mustafa (Atatürk), 309, 318
kerenki. See Kerensky rubles
Kerensky, Alexander, xvi, 72,97, 119,
122, 173, 174, 178-183, 197-209,
214, 218, 229
All-Russian Conference and, 182-183
andgovemment speech in Duma, 78,
79.84
ascent to power, 123
Bolsheviks rehabilitated by, 190-191,
197-198, 200, 345
dwindling support for, 215,216
February Revolution and, 98, 102,
105, no, 112-113,114
July Days and, 167,170, 178
Kornilov affair, 185-191,193-195,
197,198,199, 200, 202, 207, 215,
259.345.346
liberals deserted by, 142-143, 145,
I78-180
Myasoedov affair, 67
October Revolution and, 205-209,
211
Petrograd Congress and, 198-199
resignation threatened by, 146
Revolution of 1905 and, 40, 41
Romanov family and, 261
Romanov jewels hidden by, 180, 333
secret treaties, 139-141
on Sumenson, 133
Tashkent uprising and, 202-203
Trotsky’s denunciations of, 167,178,
204, 345
tsarist officials protected by, 113
as war minister, 146
World War I and, 138-143, 148-154,
156, 159-167, 178, 180-182, 199,
204-205, 225, 251, 345
Kerensky rubles, 241, 274, 336-337
Kesküla, Alexander, 128,129
Khabalov, Sergei, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104
Khanzhin, M. V., 287, 289
Kharkov, 210, 235, 249, 290, 292, 296
Khatisov, A. L, 87
Kherson, 210, 249
Khvostov, A. N., 3, 71, 76, 265
Kienthal, 128
Kiev, 210, 246, 293, 294, 296
Kishinev, 21-22, 23, 29
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 4
Klembovsky, V. N., 190, 199
Knox, Alfred W. E, 284, 285
Kokovtsov, Vladimir, 51, 52-53, 54-55
Kolchak, A. V
Civil War and, 284-293, 297-298
kidnapping and execution of, 297-298
World War I and, 89, 111,140, 151
Index
431
Kollontai, Alexandra, 164, 166, 174
Kolokoly 17
Komissarov, Mikhail, 3
Komuch, 253, 262, 264, 283—284
Konovalov, A. L, 71, 72
Koprukoy, 74
Korea, 30, 31, 32, 36, 39
Kornilov, Lavr, 112, 120, 143, 145,
182—191, 218, 230, 231
All-Russian Conference and, 183—184
Civil War and, 241—242, 250, 259
death of, 250
Galician campaign and, 162—163, 181
Kerensky vs., 185—191, 193—195, 197,
198, 199, 200, 202, 207, 215, 259,
345* 34*
plot to depose Nicholas, 86
Kossikovsky, D. V, 86
Kovno, 46, 68
Kozlovsky, Miecyslaw, 133, 134, 173,
I74
Krasin, Leonid, 277—278, 298, 302, 303
Krasnaya Gorka, 295
Krasnik, 62
Krasnov, P. N., 242, 283, 286
Krasnov, Peter, 215, 216, 217
Kremlin, 210, 211, 216, 217, 218
Krestinsky, Nikolai, 302, 337, 338—339,
341, 342
Kritilichevsky (bank director), 220
Krivoshein, Alexander, 51, 54, 55, 57,
59, 86
Balkan Wars and, 52—53
resignation from Duma, 70, 71
World War I and, 69, 70, 138
Kronstadt, 92, 93, 123, 196, 205, 349
February Revolution and, 109-110,
114
peasant rebellion in, 316—317, 318,
3 T9
Kronstadt Revolutionary Committee,
271
Krupp, 339
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 127, 129
Krylenko, N. V, 155—156, 226, 227, 232,
244—245, 248, 281
ceasefire ordered by, 229—230
as commissar of war, 214
critique of the war, 152
telegram to Hoffmann, 245
Krymov, A. M., 85, 86, 88, 189—190, 191
Kshesinskaya, Mathilde, 134
Kshesinskaya Mansion, 134-135, 143,
165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 173, 176,
197, 200
Kuba. See Fiirstenberg-Hanecki, Jakob
Kiihlmann, Richard von, 236, 243,
25 $-257
Kurdistan, 74, 228
Kurochkin, V. V, 175—176
Kuropatkin, Alexei, 31
Kursk, 292, 294, 296
Kuskova, Ekaterina, 323
Kut, 161
Kwantung, 30, 32, 39
labor unions, xvii, 16, 44, 70—71, 218
Labour Party (British), 304, 349
Laidoner, Johan, 292, 295
land reform, 18, 46, 51
Lashkevich, Major, 99
Latvia, 230, 246, 318
Latvian Rifles, 256, 257, 260, 284, 291
Latvians, 25, 295—296
Laurent, Pierre, 165—166
Lazavert, Dr., 6—7
Lazistan, hi
League of Nations, 289
Lebedev, D. A., 287, 289
Lebedev, M. N., 197—198
Left Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs), 198
2I4, 237» 258—259* 260, 284, 29I
“Left Wing” Communism, An Infantile
Disorder (Lenin), 306
Lemberg (Lvov/Lviv), ix, 62, 68,
159-160, 305
Lena goldworks, 52
Lenin, 93, 113, 147, 164, 241, 246-248,
302, 303, 304, 337, 350-352
Aschberg negotiations and, 336, 338
340
267,301,325
attempts to rally Bolsheviks, 201—2Q2
bank strike and, 219-223
Bund opposed by, 22—23
church looting and, 325-327,
3^329’33 If332’333, 335’ 348
Civil War and, xv—xvi, 128, 231,
281-282, 291, 292, 293, 295 6
298,347,35!
death of, 350
432 — Index
Lenin (continued)
debts of Russia repudiated by, 247,
253 334
exile of, 19, 20,46,132
famine and, 322-324, 335
February Revolution, learns of, 129
in Finland, 43,166,168,177, 191,
197, 202
health problems of, 326
independence movements and, 235
July Days and, 168-169,171, 172,
173, 174, 195, 197
October Revolution and, xi, xii, 203,
204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211
peasant wars and, 312, 313, 315, 316,
319
personality cult, 344
plundering encouraged by, 243-244
Polish invasion and, 309
vs. Provisional Government, 143,
144
rebuilding of armed forces, 247-248
Red Terror and, 266-267
Revolution of 1905 missed by, 40,43
Romanov murders and, 262
Second All-Russian Congress and, 213
Second Comintern Congress and,
305-307
as Sovnarkom chairman, 214
Table of Ranks abolished by, 218
trade agreements and, 317-318
treason charges against, 175-176,
200
War Communism and, xvi, 273, 274,
275
World War I and, 139, 144, 149, 151,
*52» *53» *56» ւ6շ l67
armistice negotiations, 225-230,
233֊234 235 236 237
Czech laissez-passer signed by,
250-251
German collapse, 268-269
German collusion by, xiv, xv,
xvi, 127-136,165-166, 173,
17Ճ-178,345
peace with Germany, 245, 246-
248,253,275,346-347,350
post-armistice problems, 256,
257, 258,259, 260, 263
secret treaties published, 142, 146,
349
Leningrad» See Petrograd
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 232, 236
Lepke, Rudolf, 339, 341
Liaodong Peninsula, 30, 32, 36, 39
liberals, xvii, 137-146, 151, 344-345* 34
Kerensky’s desertion of, 142-143» *45»
178-180
shadow government of, 70-72, 76
World War I and, 69, 138-146, 148
Libya, 52
Liman von Sanders, Otto, 54-55» 57
Linde, Theodore, 143
Liteinyi Prospekt, 170
Lithuania, 230, 246, 291, 305, 318
Lithuanians, 25
Litovsky Guard Regiments, 99
Little Russians, 25
Litvinov, Maxim, 265, 302
Lloyd George, David, 302, 304, 310,
3*7-3։8,336» 348֊349
burned in effigy, 308
Russian Civil War and, 296, 298
World War I and, 4
Lobachevsky, B. V, 175
Lockhart, Bruce, 247, 248, 264-265,
2 $5n
London Convention, 228, 229
Ludendorff, Erich, 63, 66, 130,153, 244,
255-256,273
Leopold’s conversation with, 232
Russian Civil War and, 267-268
Russian offensive proposed by, 243
Lukomsky, A. S., 119, 186, 190, 194, 199,
231
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 167, 169, 174, 214
Lusitania (ship), 73
Lutsk, 75, m
Lviv. See Lemberg
Lvov. See Lemberg
Lvov, Prince Gregory, 71, 72,101,108,
117,118, 119,121, 138,145,146,
344
Alekseev’s letter to, 147
February Revolution and, 102
Grand Duke Nicholas dismissed by,
122
Pereverzev’s revelations and, 177, 178
plot to depose Nicholas, 86-87, 88, 94
resignation of, 179-180
Trotsky’s letter to, 174
Lvov,V. N., 187-189
Index
433
Macedonia, 48—49, 52, 268
Mackensen, August von, 68—69, 249
Makhno, Nestor, 294, 307—308, 314
Maly Porsk, 111
Malian to vich, R N., 208—209
Malyi Theater, 210
Mamontov, K. K., 294, 296
Manchester Guardian, 141—142
Manchuria, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 243,
25Յ
Mannerheim, Carl Gustav, 242, 248, 291,
292 295
March Action, 338
Mariinsk, 252
Mariinsky Palace, 101, 104, 137, 143,
170, 200, 206, 208
Mariinsky Theater, 12
Maroderstvo, 67
Martov, Julius, 19, 23, 40, 129
Marx, Karl, 17, 18, 280, 307, 350
Marxism, xi-xii, xiii, 18, 301
“Marxism and the State” (Lenin), 177
Masons, 71—72, 85, 146, 173, 178, 180,
199
Masurian Lakes, Battle of, 63, 66, 67
Matin, Le, 125, 126
maximalist socialism, 219, 274, 347, 349?
350, 352
May Day, 149
Mennonites, 26
Mensheviks, 39, 40, 41, 45, 94, 139, 201,
202, 218
Bres t-Li tovsk opposed by, 258
February Revolution and, 105
purge of, 215, 217
Red Terror and, 267
Second All-Russian Congress and,
213
in Sovnarkom, 214
split from Bolsheviks, 20, 22—23
Menzhinsky, Viacheslav, 220
Meter Hill, 32
Metropolitan Magazine, 3
Mexico, 125—126
Mikhailovich, Grand Duke Sergei, 115
Mikhailovsky Palace, 206, 207, 208
“millennial” Marxists, xiii
Milrevkom, 200, 206, 208, 209, 210, 211
Milyukov, Pavel, x, 1, 3, 39, 69, 72, 96,
97 ii9-I2° *39 ïbo, 176, 178,
284, 344, 345
antigovernment speech in Duma,
78-79, 84, 87, 88, 138
diplomatic relations with Germany,
256
February Revolution and, 98, 102
on July Days, 171
“notes to the allies” published, 143,
144
plot to depose Nicholas, 85
resignation of, 145—x 46
Revolution of 1905 and, 40
secret treaties, 140—142
war aims undermined, 140—146,
149-150
Minsk, 210, 216, 246, 291, 292, 293, 305
Mint, 276, 279
mir, 14
Miracle on the Vistula, 309
Mirbach, Count Wilhelm, 256, 257, 258,
259, 260, 264
Miroshkin (soldier), 159—160
Mogilev, 8, 70, 98, 102, 114, 119, 120,
121, 188, 189, 190, 204, 229, 230,
248
Moika Palace, 5, 7
Moldavia, 76
Moldavian People’s Republic, 248
Moltke, Helmuth von “the Younger,” 54,
62, 63, 68
Montenegro, 52
Moscow, ix, 218, 260, 302
church lootings, 328, 329—330
Civil War and, 286, 292, 293, 294, 296
famine in, 315—316
February Revolution and, 109, 114
October Revolution and, 210—21 r
pre-revolution culture and society of,
12-13
Revolution of 1905 and, 43
War Communism and, 276—277
Moscow Agricultural Society, 323
Moscow Conference. See All-Russian
Conference
Moscow Guard Reserves, 164, 165, 168
Moscow Polytechnic Museum, 331
Moscow-Kazan railway, 259
Mrozovsky, 1.1., 107
Mstislav-Maslovsky, S. D., 105, 106
Mstislavsky, S., 233
Mudros armistice, 283
Mukden, Battle of, 32, 33, 36, 39
434 — Index
Münzenberg, Willi, 324
Murmansk, 247, 263, 264, 281, 282, 283
Murom, 259
Mus, 74
Museum of the Revolution/Museum of
Political History, 134
Muslims, 25, 26, 48, 72
Mussolini, Benito, 305
muzhiks, 27
Myasoedov, S. N., 66-67
Naresuke, Nogi, 33
Narodniki, 17-18, 23, 28
Narotch Lake, 74-75, 76
Narva, 245
nationalization, 273-275, 325, 349
Naval Ministry, 214
Naval War College (U.S.), 284
Nechaev, Sergei, 9, 17
Nekrasov, Nikolai, 72, 85,105,173,177,
178,188
NEP. See New Economic Policy
Nepenin, Adrian, no, 115, 122
Neva, 12
Nevsky Prospekt, 96, 98, 143, 144,170,
306
New Economic Policy (NEP), xvi, 319,
34L343 347 349.350
New York Times, 332
Nicholas I, Tsar, 19, 28, 84-89
Nicholas II, Tsar, 20, 28, 29-39, 54, 67,
101, 134, 139, 142
abdication of, 118—119, 120η, 125,
147. 345-346
Alekseev’s message to, 114—116
assassination of, 261-262, 298, 344
Balkan Wars and, 53
Basily manifesto, 115-116
Bosnian crisis and, 49-50
coronation of, 29
Duma and, xvii, 1-2, 70-71, 76, 99
fatalism of, 84-85, 89
February Revolution and, 98, 99, 101,
102-103, 107, 108
final days as tsar, 114-118
first decade of reign, 29-30
Guchkov’s letter to Alekseev, 77
Guchkov’s visit to, 117-118
house arrest of family and, 180,
257-258, 260-261
plots to depose, 85-89, 93-94
Rasputin’s advice to, 4-5, 345
Rasputin’s murder and, 8, 84
Revolution of 1905 and, 41-44
Russo-Japanese War and, 31-39
Stolypin and, 45,46-47, 51
World War I and, xvii, 4, 57-59, 61,
64,69-70, 95,138
Nicholas Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 61,
68, 70, 74, 121
emigration of, 290
Lvov’s dismissal of, 122
Nicholas’s dismissal of, 71
viewed as candidate for throne, 86-87,
120
Nikitin, B. V., 133,135-136,172
Nikolaev, 42, 249
Nikolaevna, Anna, 87
Nikolaevsky Engineering School, 216
Ninth Army, 62, 75, 226
Nivelle, Robert, 150,154
Nizhny Novgorod, 169, 331
Nobel family, 15
Nikolaevna, Anna, 84
North Korea, 351
Northern Corps, 291
Northwestern (NW) Army, 291-292,
294-295
Norway, 318
Novgorod, 328
Novocherkassk, 250, 296, 297
Novoe Vremya, 49, 96,170,184
Novonikolaevsk (Novosibirsk), 252
Novorossiisk, 283
Noyon, 126
Nya Banken, 333,336
Nydquist Holm consortium, 303
Obolensky-Osinsky, Valerian, 220, 221
Obruchev, General, 164
October (Eisenstein), 348
October Manifesto, 41-42, 53
October Revolution, x, xi, xv-xvi,
203-211, 213, 225, 242, 259, 261,
281, 306, 316
casualties, 209
Moscow taken in, 210-211
peasant disturbances following, 311
Petrograd taken in, 207-210
plans for, 203-204
spread of, 217
works on, xii, 348
Index
435
Octobrist Party, 53, 69, 86, 145
Odessa, 15, 38, 89, in
oil, 15, 263, 267, 275, 277, 336
Okhotnyi ryad, 210—211
Okhrana, 17—18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 71, 77,
84, 129
establishment of, 17
Guchkov and, 86
July Days investigation, 175, 176,
177
Lenin and, 20
plots against throne and, 93, 94
storming of headquarters, 101,
109-110
Okopnaia Pravda, 133, 156, 160, 179
Old Believers, 53, 331
Olga, Grand Duchess, 261
Omsk, 252, 253, 283, 284, 288, 297, 315
opium, 279
opolchenie, 72
Order No. i, 120, 121, 122, 126, 137,
145, 148, 184, 344
effective revocation of, 182
Makhno’s, 294
stipulations of, 113—114
Order No. 2, 122, 135
Order No. 8, 148
Order No. 171, 319
Order No. 1925, 120
Order No. 1998, 121
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo, 315
Orel, 266, 294
Orenburg, 210
Orsha, 229, 230
Orthodox Church. See Russian
Orthodox Church
Orwell, George, xii
ostzeiskie, 92
Otradnovo, 217
Ottoman Empire, ix, 53—55
Balkan Wars and, 52—53
Crimean War and, 2 5
secret treaties on (see secret treaties)
World War I and, 65, 73, 74, 249—250
See also Turkey
Ottoman Straits, 49, 53—55
Russo-Japanese War and, 33
secret treaties on, 74, 139—142, 146,
161, 228, 288
World War I closure of, 65
Ovseenko, V. A., 214
Pacific Fleet, 37
Pale of Setdement, 21, 23, 35, 47, 138,
294
pan-Slavism, 49 53 55 i45 345
Panteleimon (battleship, formerly
Potemkin), 38n
paper, import of, 279
Paris Peace Conference, 288
Parsky, D. P, 195—196
partiinost’, 285
partizanstvo, 245
Parvus, 46, 129, 130, 153
arrest of, 43
German collusion by, 12 7—128, 131,
i85
July Days and, 173, 175
Revolution of 1905 and, 40, 42—43,
I27
Pavlovsk, 295
Pavlovsky Guard Regiment, 99, 100,
168
Peasant Land Bank, 47
peasant wars, 311—319, 322, 343
casualties, 319
Cheka response, 311,313—315,316,
319
crushing of, 318—319
motivation of rebels, 314
peasants
Bolsheviks and, 214, 287-288
church looting and, 325, 327
famine and, 322
in Russian Empire, 14—15, 18, 21—22
Peipus Lake, 245
Penza, 251—252, 266, 267, 331
People’s Bank, 276, 279
See also State Bank
People’s House, 166, 167, 171, 172,
178
peredushka, 237
Perekop Isthmus, 297, 309
P er ever zev, Pavel, 146, i7i, 172-173,
177-178,199
Perkhurov, A. P., 259, 260
Perm, 210, 217, 257—258, 266, 289, 291
Persia, 74, 161, 318
Peter and Paul Fortress, 84, 134, 170,
173,208
Peter the Great, Isar, 12, 32 5 3 3 2
Peters, Jan, 265
Petliura, Semen, 294, 304
436 — Index
Petrograd (St. Petersburg), 215-216,
218, 260, 273, 298, 302, 303
cholera epidemic in, 257, 277
church lootings, 324, 328, 331
Civil War and, 292, 294, 295
famine in, 315-316
February Revolution and, 102, 103,
104, 109, 110, 114
general strike in, 42
Kornilov orders march on, 189-190
name changes, ix, 64
October Revolution and, 207-210
pre-revolution culture and society of,
12
War Communism and, 276-277
World War I and, 64, 77, 93, 184-185,
196-197, 200, 203, 204, 246
Petrograd Congress. See Congress of All
the Democratic Organizations in
Russia
Petropavlovsk, 297
Petropavlovsk Cathedral, 332
Petrovsky, G. I., 265
Petrozavodsk, 266
Picot, Georges, 74
Piedmont-Sardinia, 25
Piketty, Thomas, xiii
Pilenko, A. A., 84
Piłsudski, Jozef, 286, 290-291, 292, 293,
303-304, 309,312
Pipes, Richard, xii, 209
Pitchfork Rebellion, 312
Planetz, Captain von, 130
Platten, Fritz, 129, 278
Plehve, Viacheslav, 20-21, 22, 32, 34
Plekhanov, Georgy, 19,40
Plenipotentiary Workers’Assembly, 316
Ploieşti, 76
Pobedonostsev, Constantine Petrovich, 9
Podvoisky, N. L, 143-144,168, 206,
207
pogroms
anti-German, 61, 67
anti-Jewish, 21-22, 23-24, 26, 29, 35,
61,294
Pottiers, Eugene, 128
Poland, 26, 78, 253, 337
independence issue, 289, 291
Russian Civil War and, 293
“Russification” campaign, 21
trade agreement with Russia, 318
Ukraine invaded by, 303—305,
309-310, 312
World War I and, 63, 69, 236
Poles, 25, 26, 290-291, 292
Politburo, 328, 336
Polivanov, A. A., 66, 70, 72
Polkovnikov, G. P., 204, 206, 216
Polovtsov, P. A., 166, 171, 172, 173, 197
Poltava, 294
pomeshchiki, 314
Pomgol, 323
Port Arthur, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 89
Potemkin (battleship), 37-38, 38η, 92, 99
Pourtalès, Friedrich, 49
Pravda, 131,132-133, 134, 142, 144, 173,
179, !98» 22շշ8» 234» 243-շ44
247»3շւ» 323»3շ6
Präventivkrieg, 54
Preobrazhensky Guards, 171
Presnaya, 43
Princip, Gavrilo, 56
Prinkipo Island, 289
Prittwitz, Maximilian von, 62, 63
private property, 15, 214
prodarmii, 314
prodnalog, 319
prodrazvërstka, 311,314, 319, 322
Progressive Party, 102, 107
proletariat, 15-16
Proletarskoe Delo, 185
propaganda, 39-40,133, 135, 149, 348
Protocob of the Elders of Zion, 21
Protopopov, Alexander, 4, 5, 76, 87-88,
94» 2°3
February Revolution and, 98, 101, 104
Milyukov’s denunciation of, 78
Provisional Council of the Russian
Republic, 200, 215
Provisional Executive Committee of
the Petrograd Soviet of Worker’s
Deputies, 105
Provisional Government, 106-108,114,
120-122, 131, 132, 133, 137-140,
166, 311
arrest of members, 202
attempted overthrow of, 143-145
call for dissolution of, 199
creation of, 72, 106
Duma and, 138η
fissures within, 177-180
formal announcement of, 137
Index
437
July Days and, 169, 170, 172—174
Kornilov’s statements on, 187—191
October Revolution and, 206, 207,
208—209, 210
order demanding obedience to,
I2I-I22
Second All-Russian Congress on, 213
Soviet and, 123, 137, 138
World War I and, 136, 148, 226, 344
Prussia, 336
Przemysl, 68
Pskov, 112, 207, 210, 246, 292, 294—295
Pulkovo, 216, 295
Purisbkevich, Vladimir, 1—3, 5, 6, 79, 84
Putilov Works, 34, 65, 96, 169, 209
Putyatin, Princess, 119
Rabkrin, 337
Rabochy Put, 203, 206
Radek, Karl, 129, 131, 234—235, 236,
339,34*
Radko-Dimitriev, General, 156
railroads, 13, 277—278
Amur, 48
Berlin՝to-Baghdad, 50
Moscow-Kazan, 259
strikes in, 40, 218
Trans-Siberian (see Trans-Siberian
Railway)
Rapallo (loan agreement), 339—342, 348,
349
Raskolnikov, F. R, 168, 169—170, 171,
172, 173, 185
Rasputin, Grigory, t— 8, yi, 83—84, 85,
88, 113, 261, 284
antiwar opinions of, xvii, 4—5, 57—58,
59
discovery of body, 83
Kerensky’s denouncement of, 78
murder attempt on, 58
murder of, 7—8, 79, 259
murder plots against, xiv—xv, 2—7, 76
“Rasputin: the Holy Devil of Russia”
(Trufanov), 3
Rathenau, Walter, 339—340
Rauch, Franz, 278—279
Rayner, Oswald, 5
Reagan administration, xii
Rech, 96, 176, 182, 209
Red Army, 257, 274, 284, 286, 303, 306,
309, 311, 337, 347
creation of, 247—248
death penalty restored in, 263
expansion of, 281—282
German subsidizing of, 256
inefficiency of, 302
peasant wars and, 314, 315, 316-317,
319
requests for foreign training of, 248
weapons of, 312—313
World War II and, 3 50
See also Civil War
Red Guards, 216, 237, 241, 242, 250
July Days and, 170, 172
October Revolution and, 207, 208,
209, 210, 211
Red October. See October Revolution
Red Terror, 266—268, 301, 317, 323, 325,
332 343» 349
Reds (film), 348
Reed, John, 348, 349
Reichsbank, 338, 340
religion. See Russian Orthodox Church
Rennenkampf, Pavel, 61, 62, 63
renovationists, 326
Republic (battleship), 215
Reval (Tallinn), ix, no, 123, 124, 196,
245, 298, 324
Revolution of 1905, xv, xvii, 34—44, 48,
49, 96, 97, 98, 103, 127
catalyst for, 34—35
climax of, 42
concessions in wake of, 39
critical moment for, 41
leadership of, 40—41
revolutionary defeatism, 128, 132
Revolutionary Russia, 40
Riabtsev, K. I., 210
Riezler, Kurt, 256, 257, 259
Rig** *5» 35 ї85 29* 323 324
Riga Treaty, 309
Right Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs),
215, 256, 257, 258, 259
“Rights of the Peoples of Russia to
Self-Determination, The,” 235
Rize, 74
Robins, Raymond, 238, 247, 248
Roche pharmaceuticals, 303
Rodzianko, Mikhail, 2, 59, 67, 79, 97,
in-123, їЗУ-їЗ8* *46» *49» *54»
182, 345, 346
abdication of Nicholas and, 118—119
438 — Index
Rodzianko, Mikhail {continued)
attempt to rally Nicholas, 84-85
Balkan Wars and, 53
February Revolution and, xv, 99,
101-108, 109-114
importance of role, xv
Kerensky vs., 112, 114
meeting with Grand Duke Michael,
119-120
plot to depose Nicholas, 85, 87-88
Provisional Government order and,
121-122
Rasputin investigated by, 58
walks out of Duma meeting, 78
weaknesses as a leader, 123,137
World War I and, 69
Romania, 38, 76, 226, 229, 248-249,
249n, 337
Romanians, 25
Romanov, Grand Duke Dimitry
Pavlovich, 2, 7, 79
Romanov, Grand Duke Michael, 86, 104,
116, 118-121, 318
abdication of, 120, 121
passing of throne to, 118-120
Romanov jewels, 180, 333-334
Romberg, Gisbert von, 128, 129
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 349
Roosevelt, Theodore, 38-39
Roshal, S. G., 168,174,185
Rostov, 263, 296
Rostov-on-Don, 231, 249, 328
Rovno, 225
Rozenfeld, Lev. See Kamenev
Rozhdestvensky, Zinovy, 33, 36-37
RSDRP. See Russian Social Democratic
Labour Party
RSFSR. See Russian Soviet Federative
Socialist Republic
Rudnev, V. V., 210, 211
Rudsky, General, 225
Ruskombank, 341, 343
Russia 1917 (Katkov), xii
Russian Bank of Commerce. See
Ruskombank
Russian Empire, 11-28
agriculture in, 14-15
economy of, n-12,15
industrialization in, 15-16
population of, 11
radicalism in, 17-24
size of, 11
student protestors in, 20-21
Russian Imperial Army, 24-28, 344
demobilization of, 238, 241, 248
ethnic composition of, 25-27
February Revolution and, 110-111
Kornilov affair and, 193-195
officers of enlisted in Red Army, 282,
347
size of, 24
social mobility in, 27-28
Russian Orthodox Church, xvi, 53
looting of, 324-334, 335. 336 337.
343. 348
pre-revolution, 13
Stolypin’s funding of construction, 48
Russian Revolution, The (Fitzpatrick), xii
Russian Revolution, The (Pipes), xii
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
(RSDRP), 18-19, 20, 22, 23
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic (RSFSR), 237
“Russification” campaign, 21
Russische Edelmetallvertrieb AG,
341
Russkoe Slovo, 49, 179, 182
Russo-Japanese War, xvii, 31-39, 45, 70,
89
Dogger Bank Incident, 33
peace talks, 38-39
reasons for, 31-32
Russia’s defeat, 37
Russo-Turkish War, 70
Ruzsky, Nikolai, 77, 108, 112, 115-116,
117, 119
Ryan, Edward, 276-277
Rybinsk, 259
Saaremaa, 196
Salonica, 268
Samara, 202-203, 2IO 252 253»
283-284, 287
Samponievsky Prospekt, 100
Samsonov, Alexander, 61-63, 66
San Stefano, 25
Sandberg (bank director), 220
Sanders, Bemie, xiii
Saratov, 46, 21 o, 217, 315
Sarikamis, 249
Savinkov, Boris, 183, 186-187,188,189,
259, 260, 264, 265^ 282
Index
439
Sazonov, Sergei, 50, 51, 52-55, 57» 59»
71, 79, 86, 161, 288
Balkan Wars and, 52—53
Civil War and, 288, 295
Nicholas’s dismissal of, 4—5, 76
World War I and, 69, 74, 138
Sazonov-Sykes-Picot Agreement, 74,
139—140,146, 228, 288
Scheidemann, Philip, 131
Schilling, Baron Maurice, 57
Schleicher, Kurt von, 339
Schlußstein, 267—268
SEA. See Swedish Finance Company,
Limited
Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets,
203, 213-215, 225, 226, 346
Second Army, 62, 63, 75, 201
Second Artillery Division, 114
Second Congress of the Communist
International, 305—308, 309
Second Latvian Brigade, 295—296
Second Machine Gun Regiment, 114
Second Regional Conference, 201
Second Workingman’s International
Association (Second International),
18, 40
Secret Order No. 08878, 293
secret treaties (World War I), 74,
139—142, 146, 161, 228—229, 236,
288, 349
Seeckt, Hans von, 339—340
Seim, 235
self-determination, 2 3 5—2 3 7
Selivachev, General, 163
Semashko, A. Y., 164—165, 167—168, 174
Semenov, Grigory, 243, 253
Serbia, 52, 57, 58
Serbs, 49, 50
serfs, liberation of, 14, 28
Serrati, Giacinto Menotti, 305
Sevastopol, 249, 255, 309
Seventh Army, 159, 163, 291
Shakhovskoy, Prince D. I., 77
Shcherbachev, General, 194, 195
Shelyakhovskaya, Evgeniya, 135, 144,
169-170, 175
Shipov, I. P., 219—220
Shliapnikov, Alexander, 105, 214
Shuia, 328—329
Shulgin, V. V, 117
Siberia, 13, 47, 229, 281
Civil War and, 287—288, 289—290
Czechoslovak Legion in, 2 50—2 5 3,
255, 261
exile to, 19, 138, 169
Japanese in, 242—243, 247» 248,
25°~251» 253 283 314n
peasant rebellion in, 314, 315
revolution spread to, 217
Siberian People’s Army, 284, 287, 290,
297
Siberian Provisional Government, 283
Sidorin, V. I., 293
Siegfried line, 267, 281
Simbirsk, 284
Sino-Japanese War, 30
Siret River, 76
Sivas, 89
Sivers, Faddei, 65—66
Sixth Army, 2 26
“skin Bolsheviks,” 155, 181
Skobelev, M. I., 105, 122
Skoropadsky, Pavlo, 255
Slashchev, General, 297
smallpox, 321
Smolensk, 328
Smolny Institute, 200, 201, 206, 213,
220, 306
Social Committee for the Fight Against
Famine, 323
Social Democratic Labor Party, 40, 41
Social Democratic Party (SPD)
(German), 19
Socialist Revolutionary (SR) Party, 40,
46, 105, 129, 142, 178, 193, 218,
283 347
assassination campaign of, 45
declining support for, 200
founding of, 18
parliamentary elections and, 222
purge of, 215, 217
Second All-Russian Congress and, 213
in Sovnarkom, 214
split in, 198
World War I and, 139, 346
See also Left Socialist Revolutionaries;
Right Socialist Revolutionaries
Sokolnikov, Grigory, 222, 233, 246,
333֊334
Sokolov, N. D., 105, 106, 113
Soldatskaia Pravda, 133, 134» 156, 179 .
Soldatskaia Z*hiz.ny 40
440 — Index
Sologub (bank director), 220
Solomon, Georgii, 277-278
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, xii
Somme, 4, 75
Sondergruppe R, 338, 339
Southern Army Group, 2 86
Soviet(s), 37-38, II2-114
February Revolution emergence of,
105-106, 107
Menshevik dominance in, 139
Moscow, 43, 45, 200
Nizhny Novgorod, 266
Penza, 267
Petrograd, 113,120, 121,126, 148,
170-171, 200, 201, 202, 206, 218,
260-261
Provisional Government and, 123,
137. i38
Samara, 203
St. Petersburg, 41,43,45
Tashkent, 203
Trotsky’s support for, 167
World War I and, 147-148
Soviet of People’s Commissars. See
Sovnarkom
Soviet rubles, 241, 276
Soviet Union (USSR), xii, xiii, xvi, 330,
352
Sovnarkom, 231, 235, 247-248, 266
bank strike and, 219, 221
church looting and, 328
creation of, 214-215
“decree on peace” passed by, 226
Left SRs expelled from, 259
recognized as sole legitimate
authority, 237
refusal to ratify parliamentary
elections, 222
War Communism and, 273, 274, 275
sovznaki. See Soviet rubles
Spartacist League/Uprising, 305, 306,
338
Special Army, 163, 181, 193, 194, 225
Special Conference for the Coordination
of Measures for the Defense of the
State, 70
Spiridonova, Maria, 258, 260
Spotekzak, 313
St. George Battalion, 103,106,112, 115
St. Petersburg. See Petrograd
St. Petersburg Gazette, 58
St. Petersburg University, 20
Stalin, Josef, XV, 252, 306, 330
armistice negotiations and, 227, 237
exile of, 19, 132,169
Great Terror and, 3 50-3 51
independence movements and, 235
July Days and, 173
Lenin personality cult and, 344
Lenin’s antiwar platform opposed by,
132^33
NEP abandoned by, 349, 350
as Orgburo chairman, 337
pact with Hitler, 350
Revolution of 1905 and, 35-36,41,43
in Sovnarkom government, 214
terror against ex-tsarist officers, 283
Stalingrad. See Tsaritsyn
Stashkov, Roman, 233
State Bank, 219-220, 241, 276
See also People’s Bank
state capitalism, 15, 47-48
State Planning Commission (Gosplan),
275
State Political Directorate (GPU), 328,
33°
State Treasury for the Storage of
Valuables. See Gokhran
Stavka, 64, 74, 85, 86, 88,121,140,196,
207, 225, 226, 227, 229
Bolshevik control of, 230
Kornilov affair and, 186, 187,188, 189
Order No. i and, 120
relocation of, 70
revival of, 248
Sterlitamak, 288
Stessel, Antony, 32, 33
Stokhod River, 153
Stolypin, Peter, xvii, 45-51,52,53,322
assassination of, 51
peace advocated by, 48-50, 57, 59
policies implemented by, 46-48
Stomoniakov, Boris, 338
Stone, David, 61
Straits Convention, 33,92
strikes, 21-22, 34-35, 93, 9b, 101, 109,
182
bank, 219-223, 234 24L 25^ 273
factory, 316
general, 38,40,42,97, 114,218-223
Index
441
outlawing of, 2 Bo
railroad, 40, 218
War Ministry, 227
Struve, P. B., 46
Stürmer, Boris, 1, 4, 76, 77, 78-79, 84
subbotniks, 280
Suez Canal, 33
Sukhanov, Nikolai, 177, 203
Sukhomlinov, Vladimir, 54—55, 65, 66,
67—68, 70, 71, 84, 160
Sumenson, Evgeniya, 133-134, 166, 173,
174, 198, 220
Supreme Council of the National
Economy (VSNKh), 275-276
Suvorov (flagship), 3 7
Svechin, M. A., 193, 195
Sverdlov, Yakov, 169, 265
Sviazhsk, 284
Sweden, 280, 298, 302
peasant wars and, 316—317, 318
Russian money laundering in, 274,
278, 303» 3°7 317» 348
trade agreement with Russia, 318
trade delegation sent to, 336
Swedish Finance Company, Limited
(SEA), 336, 338, 340
Sykes, Sir Mark, 74
Table of Ranks, 218
Taganrog, 249
Tallinn. See Reval
Tambov, 294, 314, 315, 318-319, 325
Tannenberg, Battle of, 63, 64, 66
Tartu (Dorpat), ix, 245
Tartu (Dorpat) Treaty, 298—299, 302
Tashkent, 202—203
Tatiana, Grand Duchess, 261
Taurida Palace, 102, 104, 105, 108,
112—113, 114, 115, 123, 126, 146,
200, 206, 237, 245, 246
Cheka closure of, 222
demonstration in front of, 94
July Days and, 169, 170-172
Provisional Government departure
from, 137, 143
Teatralnaya Ploshad, 210
Telegmafi De, 332
Ten Days That Shook The World (Reed),
348
“tennis court oath,” 102
Tenth Army, 63, 66, 181
Tenth Party Congress, 350
Tereshchenko, Mikhail, 72, 85—86, i38n,
146, 173, 177, 178
Third Army, 62, 68, 91, 297
Third Cavalry Corps, 85, 207, 215
Third Congress of Soviets, 237
Third Latvian Brigade, 296
Thirty-ninth Army Corps, in
Three-Year Service Law (France), 54
Tiflis, 43, 87, 151
Tikhon, Patriarch of Church, 324—327
Tilsit Peace, 247
Tishkin, E. A., 130
Tjernberg Leth Aktiebol, 313
“To All Honorable People” (Gorky), 323
Tobolsk, 180, 257, 261, 315
Togo, Admiral, 37
Tolstoy, Lev, 2 7
Tomsk, 252
Trabzon, 74, 249
trade
Balkan Wars and, 52
delegations sent to Europe, 336
opening up of, 317—318
Russian Empire, 13
War Communism and, 274, 279—280
See also exports; imports
Transcaucasian Federated Republic, 235
Transcaucasus, 248, 253, 282
Trans-Siberian Railway, 15, 30, 40, 48,
243, 251, 252, 297, 315
Trepov, A. F., 77, 84, 139
Triple Alliance, 30
Troitsky-Sergievskaia Monastery, 327
Trotsky, Lev, x, xv, xvi, 23, 46, 128, 249,
258, 283, 294, 313, 336
Allied landing authorized by, 247
armistice negotiations and, 226—227,
228-229, 230, 232-234, 236-238,
241
arrest of, 41, 43
church looting and, 326,32 7—3 2 8,
33L 332* 333. 348
Civil War and, 281, 282, 284, 288,
289, 293, 295, 298, 302, 347
as commissar of war, 248
Czechoslovak Legion dispute, 252,
255
death penalty restored by, 263
442 — Index
Rodzianko, Mikhail (continued)
famine and, 326-327, 328
as foreign minister, 214
gold exports cut off by, 340
as Ispolkom chairman, 200, 202
July Days and, 166-169,171-172,
J73 174
Kerensky denounced by, 167, 178,
204, 345
October Revolution and, 206
peasant wars and, 312, 316, 317, 318
“pedagogical demonstration,”
237-238, 245
People’s House speech, 167, 171,172,
178
Polish invasion and, 309
rebuilding of armed forces, 247-248,
281, 282
Red Terror and, 266
release from prison, 197
Revolution of 1905 and, 40, 41,42-43
Second All-Russian Congress and,
213,346
secret treaties published, 228-229,
236, 349
strikes and, 218-219
War Communism and, 280
Trufanov, Sergei (Bishop Iliodor), 3-4,
85
Tsargradsky Regiment, 89, 111,140
Tsaritsyn (Stalingrad), 249, 283, 290,
296
Tsarskoe Selo, 57, 84, 86, 98,103,104,
107, 216, 295, 306
Bolshevik capture of, 215
Romanov family held in, 180,
260-261
Tsederbaum, Julius. See Martov, Julius
tsentralka, 37
Tsereteli, Irakli, 146, 177-178
Tsesis (Cesis), 201
Tsushima Straits, 37, 39
Tukhachevsky, M. N., 288, 289, 297, 305,
309,318-319
Tula, 65, 286, 293, 294, 303, 312
Turnen River, 30
Turkey, ix, 49, 55, 308, 309
Balkan Wars and, 52, 53
Crimean War and, 25
Mudros armistice with, 283
Russo-Turkish War, 70
trade agreement with Russia, 318
See also Ottoman Empire
Turkish Straits, 52
“turnip winter,” 73
Tver, 210
Twelfth Army, 156, 185, 195-196, 205,
2I5
Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, 225
Twentieth Finnish Rifle Regiment, 164
typhoid fever, 321
typhus, 277, 297, 321
Tyumen, 315
Ufa, 252, 283, 284, 287, 289
Ukraine, 13, 14, 15, 179, 242, 248, 250,
255-256 307-308
Balkan Wars and, 52
church lootings, 331
Civil War and, 283, 284, 286-287,
290, 293-294
famine in, 321, 322
France and, 242, 285, 290, 292
Germany and, 235-238, 244, 246, 249,
253,283, 284,286
independence declared by, 235
peasant rebellion in, 314
Polish invasion of, 303-305, 309-310,
312
separatist movement in, 127, 130, 131,
230
Ukrainian People’s Republic, 235, 286
Ukrainians, 25, 26
Ulyanov, Vladimir. See Lenin
Union for the Defense of Fatherland
and Freedom, 259, 264
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR). See Soviet Union
United States
Boxer Rebellion and, 30
Kolchak’s visit to, 284
recognition of Soviet government, 349
Red Army training request to, 248
Russian Civil War and, 264, 285,
288-289
Russian famine relief, 323-324, 326,
327
secret treaties issue, 140-141
trade with Russia rejected by, 318
World War I and, 125-126, 140-141,
229,232, 247,25°
Zimmerman telegram and, 12 5-126
universal labor duty, 2 80
Uritsky, Moisei, 264, 265, 301
Uspensky Cathedral, 13
Vakilinchuk, Grigory, 37, 38
Van, 146
vanguardism, 22
Vannovski, General, 20
Vasiliev, I. R, 176
Vasilievsky Island, 93, 96, 98, 203, 206
Vatsétis, 1.1., 256, 260, 284
Vehip Pasha, 250
Veniamin, Orthodox Metropolitan of
Petrograd, 327
Verdun, 4, 75
Versailles Treaty, 338
Viatka, 217, 266, 331
Vietnam, 351, 352
Viktorovna, Ekaterina, 84
Vikzhel, 218, 229, 230
Vilnius (Vilna), 69, 181, 291, 293, 305
Viren, R. N., 92, no, 123
Vistula, 305, 309
Vitebsk, 266
Vladivostok, 30, 65, 252, 285
Allied landing in, 282
Japanese in, 242—243, 247, 248,
250-251, 253, 283, 3i4n
vodka, 15, 55, 73
voenprodotriady, 314
voenspetsy, 248
Volga, 26, 314, 315, 321, 322, 324, 329,
335 343
Volga (newspaper), 50
Volkerfriede, Die, 233
Volunteer Army, 253, 256, 282, 283, 285,
287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296
assembling of, 241—242
Denikin assumes command of, 250
Lockhart funnels funds to, 264
See also Civil War
Volynsky Guard Regiment, 99, 100
Voronezh, 292
Vorobin, 153, 155, 162, 181, 225
Voronezh, 266, 294, 296
Vbssische Zeitung, 244
VSNTCh. See Supreme Council of the
National Economy
VTsIK. See All-Russian Central
Executive Committee
Vyazemsky, D. L., 86
Index — 443
Vyborg, 93, 96, 97, 98, 164, 206
Vyrubova, Anna, 84
Wangenheim, Baron Hans von, 127—128
War Communism, xvi, 273—280, 3x0,
314,322, 347, 349
nationalization, 273—275
trade, 274, 279—280
transport collapse, 277—278
War Industries Committee (WIC),
70-71, 72, 76, 85, 94, 140, 182
War Ministry, 42, 65, 66, 72, 117, 121,
140, 143, 152, 214, 227
Warburg, Fritz, 4
Wavelberg (bank director), 220
Weimar government (Germany), 338
Western Army Group, 305
Westinghouse foundry, 313
Westminster Gazette, 125
What Is To Be Done? (Lenin), 2 2
White Finns, 248, 291, 292
White Russia, 253, 263, 305, 337
White Russians, 25, 248
See also Civil War
WIC. See War Industries Committee
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 5, 167
Bosnian crisis and, 50
Russo-Japanese War encouraged by,
31
telegram prior to outbreak of war, 58
World War I and, 1,71, 243—244,
256-257
Wilson, Woodrow, 125—X26, 140, 141,
236, 285, 288—289, 308, 349
Winter Palace, 34, 61, 87, 100, 104, 180,
187, 205—206, 207, 208, 213, 214,
306
Wirth, Joseph, 339
Witte, Sergei, 24, 30, 45, 47, 51, 52, 53,
56, 59
resignations of, 31, 44
Revolution of 1905 and, 41, 42—44
Russo-Japanese peace talks and, 39
Women’s Death Battalion, 181, 193, 205,
208
Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate
(Rabkrin), 337
World War I, xvii, 1—2, 61—79, 89—94,
125-136, 147-156, 159-167, 184-
і93-*98 24i—253 267-269,
281-283, 344-347
444 — Index
World War I (continued)
alcohol ban during, 64, 73
ammunition supplies, 65, 68, 72, 89
armistice negotiations, 225-239,
24I_247
army discipline restored, 180-182
Bolshevik infiltration of army, xv-xvi,
!49 155~‘156^ l6z i85»
193, 195-198, 200, 201, 204-205
Bolsheviks supported by Germany,
132-136
Bosphorus and, 89, 140, 141,150
casualties, 63, 64, 66, 68, 75, 159, 163
Christmas Day Declaration, 234, 236
conscription in, 72-73
Dardanelles campaign, 161
desertions in, 123-124, 153-154, 163,
164, 195,231
draft riots, 61, 72
early support for, 61
eastern front, 74-75, 244
end of, 282-283, 312
events leading to, 51-59
Faustschlag offensive, 244
February Revolution impact on,
IIO-II2, 125—129
fraternization in, 144, 149, 164, 196,
228, 230
Galician campaign (see Galician
campaign)
German western armistice, 268-269,
273, 274, 281-282, 284
Great Retreat, xiv, 68-69
improvement in Russian performance,
74-76
Lenin and (see under Lenin)
liberals and, 138-146
living conditions of soldiers, 73-74,
89-90
London Convention, 228, 229
morale during, 89-91,181
mutinies, 92, 93,140,150,154-155,
162, 164-165, 345, 347
navy in, 91-93
Nicholas assumes army command,
69-70, 95
northern front, 89, 196
northwestern front, 62
“peace without annexations” principle,
142, 146, 234, 236
Period Preparatory to War, 57, 58
post-armistice diplomacy, 255—260,
263-264
post-armistice incursions in Russia,
248-253
production in critical sectors, 72-73
Rasputin’s advice on, xvii, 4-5, 57-58,
59
Russian peace with Germany,
245-248,253,275,346-347,349,
350 (see also Brest-Litovsk Treaty)
Russian territory lost in, 246
Russia’s final days in, 241-247
secret treaties, 74, 139—142, 146, 161,
228-229, 236, 288, 349
Siegfried line, 267, 281
southwestern front, 196
submarine warfare, 73, 125
trade decline and, 280
Versailles Treaty, 338
western front, 62, 65, 91, 150, 196,
255, 268-269, 273 281-282, 284
World War 11,350
Wrangel, Baron P N., 290, 293, 297,
309-310, 312
Yalu River, 30, 32
Yanushkevitch, Nikolai, 57, 67-68, 160
Yaroslavl, 260, 282
Yeltsin, Boris, xii
“Young Turk” revolution, 49
Yudenich, Nikolai, 74, 151, 291-292,
294-295, 298, 302, 303
Yugoslavia, 351
Yurovsky, Yakov, 261-262
Yusupov, Prince Felix, 2-3, 5-8, 79, 84
Yusupova, Princess Irina, 2-3, 7
Yusupova, Princess Zinaida, 2, 84
Zamykin, A. E., 167,172
Zankevich, M. L, 100
Zaporozhian Host of Cossacks, 255
Zemgor, 71, 86
Zemstvo Congress, 34
zemstvos, 16, 21, 28, 34
Zenzinov, Vladimir, 96, 98
Zetkin, Klara, 305
Zhilinsky, Yakov, 54-55, 62
Zbivoe SlovOy 173
Zimmerman telegram, 12 5-126
Index
445
Zimmerwald Left doctrine, xv, xvi, 128,
129, 142
Zinenko, F. P., 130
Zinoviev, Grigory, 127, 129, 166, 197,
200, 203, 237, 319
Civil War and, 295
in Finland, 177
July Days and, 172, 174, 197
peasant wars and, 316
Second Comintern Congress and,
306, 308
Zlatoust, 21, 289
Zlota Lipa Valley, 159
Znamenskaya Square, 98, 99
Zubatov, S. P., 21, 22
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)131526804 |
| author_facet | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | McMeekin, Sean 1974- |
| author_variant | s m sm |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044347808 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DK265 |
| callnumber-raw | DK265 |
| callnumber-search | DK265 |
| callnumber-sort | DK 3265 |
| callnumber-subject | DK - Russia, Soviet Union, Former Soviet Republics, Poland |
| classification_rvk | NQ 5070 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1002280275 (DE-599)BVBBV044347808 |
| dewey-full | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 947 - Russia & east Europe |
| dewey-raw | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-search | 947.084/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3947.084 11 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| era | Geschichte 1905-1921 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1905-1921 |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>05572nam a2200721 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044347808</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20180111 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">170613s2017 xxuac|| |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="010" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">016058361</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780465039906</subfield><subfield code="c">hardback</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-465-03990-6</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)1002280275</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV044347808</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxu</subfield><subfield code="c">XD-US</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-521</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">DK265</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">947.084/1</subfield><subfield code="2">23</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">OST</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="2">fid</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">NQ 5070</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)128534:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">McMeekin, Sean</subfield><subfield code="d">1974-</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)131526804</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Russian Revolution</subfield><subfield code="b">a new history</subfield><subfield code="c">Sean McMeekin</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">New York</subfield><subfield code="b">Basic Books</subfield><subfield code="c">[2017]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xxxi, 445 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which ended Romanov rule, ushered the Bolsheviks into power, and changed the course of world history. Between 1900 and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation: by the end of these two decades, a new regime was in place, the economy had collapsed, and over 20 million Russians had died during the revolution and what followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact due to a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, Russia's revolutionaries were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany and Sweden who sought to benefit-politically and economically-from the chaotic changes overtaking the country. The first comprehensive history of these momentous events in a decade, The Russian Revolution combines cutting-edge scholarship and a fast-paced narrative to shed new light on a great turning point of the twentieth century"...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which brought an end to Romanov rule and ushered the Bolsheviks into power. Between the dawn of the 20th century and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation, the effects of which would reverberate throughout the world for decades to come. At the turn of the century, the Russian economy, which still trailed behind Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S., was growing by about 10% annually, and its population had reached 150 million. But by 1920, a new regime was in place, the country was in desperate financial straits, and between 20 and 25 million Russians had died during the Revolution and the Civil War, the Red Terror, and the economic collapse that followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact through a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the bumbling failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, they were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland who sought to benefit...politically and economically...from the chaotic changes overtaking the country"...</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="648" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1905-1921</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Geschichte</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">HISTORY / Revolutionary</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Februarrevolution</subfield><subfield code="g">1917</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4153812-2</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Oktoberrevolution</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043429-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russischer Bürgerkrieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4126122-7</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russische Revolution</subfield><subfield code="g">1905</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4178762-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Europa</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Sowjetunion</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Soviet Union</subfield><subfield code="x">History</subfield><subfield code="y">Revolution, 1917-1921</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="651" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Russische Revolution</subfield><subfield code="g">1905</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4178762-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Februarrevolution</subfield><subfield code="g">1917</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4153812-2</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Oktoberrevolution</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043429-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Russischer Bürgerkrieg</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4126122-7</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Russland</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4076899-5</subfield><subfield code="D">g</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="5"><subfield code="a">Geschichte 1905-1921</subfield><subfield code="A">z</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Literaturverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Register // Gemischte Register</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="n">oe</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="940" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="q">BSBWK1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029750687</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="942" ind1="1" ind2="1"><subfield code="c">909</subfield><subfield code="e">22/bsb</subfield><subfield code="f">09041</subfield><subfield code="g">471</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| geographic | Europa Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europa Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| id | DE-604.BV044347808 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:50:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780465039906 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 016058361 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029750687 |
| oclc_num | 1002280275 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 DE-521 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 DE-739 DE-521 |
| physical | xxxi, 445 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits |
| psigel | BSBWK1 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Basic Books |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | McMeekin, Sean 1974- (DE-588)131526804 aut The Russian Revolution a new history Sean McMeekin New York Basic Books [2017] © 2017 xxxi, 445 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Bildtafeln Illustrationen, Karten, Portraits txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which ended Romanov rule, ushered the Bolsheviks into power, and changed the course of world history. Between 1900 and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation: by the end of these two decades, a new regime was in place, the economy had collapsed, and over 20 million Russians had died during the revolution and what followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact due to a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, Russia's revolutionaries were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany and Sweden who sought to benefit-politically and economically-from the chaotic changes overtaking the country. The first comprehensive history of these momentous events in a decade, The Russian Revolution combines cutting-edge scholarship and a fast-paced narrative to shed new light on a great turning point of the twentieth century"... "In The Russian Revolution, historian Sean McMeekin traces the origins and events of the Russian Revolution, which brought an end to Romanov rule and ushered the Bolsheviks into power. Between the dawn of the 20th century and 1920, Russia underwent a complete and irreversible transformation, the effects of which would reverberate throughout the world for decades to come. At the turn of the century, the Russian economy, which still trailed behind Britain, France, Germany, and the U.S., was growing by about 10% annually, and its population had reached 150 million. But by 1920, a new regime was in place, the country was in desperate financial straits, and between 20 and 25 million Russians had died during the Revolution and the Civil War, the Red Terror, and the economic collapse that followed. Still, Bolshevik power remained intact through a remarkable combination of military prowess, violent terror tactics, and the bumbling failures of their opposition. And as McMeekin shows, they were aided at nearly every step by countries like Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland who sought to benefit...politically and economically...from the chaotic changes overtaking the country"... Geschichte 1905-1921 gnd rswk-swf HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh Geschichte HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics HISTORY / Revolutionary Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd rswk-swf Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd rswk-swf Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd rswk-swf Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd rswk-swf Europa Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 s Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 s Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 s Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 s Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Geschichte 1905-1921 z DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | McMeekin, Sean 1974- The Russian Revolution a new history HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh Geschichte HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics HISTORY / Revolutionary Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4153812-2 (DE-588)4043429-1 (DE-588)4126122-7 (DE-588)4178762-6 (DE-588)4076899-5 |
| title | The Russian Revolution a new history |
| title_auth | The Russian Revolution a new history |
| title_exact_search | The Russian Revolution a new history |
| title_full | The Russian Revolution a new history Sean McMeekin |
| title_fullStr | The Russian Revolution a new history Sean McMeekin |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Russian Revolution a new history Sean McMeekin |
| title_short | The Russian Revolution |
| title_sort | the russian revolution a new history |
| title_sub | a new history |
| topic | HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh Geschichte HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics HISTORY / Revolutionary Februarrevolution 1917 (DE-588)4153812-2 gnd Oktoberrevolution (DE-588)4043429-1 gnd Russischer Bürgerkrieg (DE-588)4126122-7 gnd Russische Revolution 1905 (DE-588)4178762-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union / bisacsh HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics / bisacsh HISTORY / Revolutionary / bisacsh Geschichte HISTORY / Europe / Russia & the Former Soviet Union HISTORY / Europe / Former Soviet Republics HISTORY / Revolutionary Februarrevolution 1917 Oktoberrevolution Russischer Bürgerkrieg Russische Revolution 1905 Europa Sowjetunion Soviet Union History Revolution, 1917-1921 Russland |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029750687&sequence=000004&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mcmeekinsean therussianrevolutionanewhistory |