Materials for the 21st century:
Materials play a key role in our search for solutions to many pressing issues. They underpin industries, are critical for developing new consumer goods, are essential components for medical diagnosis, offer hope for the treatment of currently incurable diseases, and help solve environmental problems...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2017
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Materials play a key role in our search for solutions to many pressing issues. They underpin industries, are critical for developing new consumer goods, are essential components for medical diagnosis, offer hope for the treatment of currently incurable diseases, and help solve environmental problems. This is a guide to materials for the future |
| Beschreibung: | xvi, 319 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme |
| ISBN: | 9780198804079 9780198804086 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Materials for the 21st century
Autor: Segal, David
Jahr: 2017
Contents
Approximate Timeline for Developments in Materials xiii
1 Introduction: The Importance of Materials for
21st-century Economies 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The significance of surfaces on material properties 2
1.3 The 20th century: A golden age for synthetic polymers 3
1.4 The 21st century: A golden age for natural polymers? 4
1.5 From candy floss (cotton candy) to composites 4
1.6 Biopharmaceuticals: From small to large molecules 5
1.7 Chips with everything 6
1.8 Energetic materials and terrorism 6
1.9 Speciality metallic alloys 7
1.10 Renewable energy 8
1.11 Renewable materials 8
1.12 The importance of microstructure 9
1.13 Lighting technology 10
1.14 Sugars and foods 10
1.15 Intellectual property and materials 10
1.16 Summary 11
1.17 Further reading 11
2 Candy Floss, Cellulose, Sugars and Foods 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Cellulose 13
2.3 Candy floss (cotton candy) 15
2.4 Sugars and carbohydrates 15
2.5 Storage of sugar in the body 17
2.6 Summary 18
2.7 Further reading 19
3 Chips with Everything 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Cat s whisker, vacuum tubes and relays 21
3.3 Computability and the foundations of digital computers 22
3.4 Transistors 23
3.5 Silicon chips 25
3.6 Moore s Law 27
x Contenu
3.7 Directed self-assembly of block copolymers 27
3.8 Quantum computing 27
3.9 DNA computer 28
3.10 Summary 28
3.11 Further reading 29
4 Polymers 31
4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Polymers 31
4.3 Vulcanisation of rubber 32
4.4 Polymers in the 20th century 33
4.5 Polymers in the 21st century 39
4.6 Silicon-based polymers 40
4.7 Polyphosphazenes 40
4.8 Summary 40
4.9 Further reading 41
5 Healthcare: The Benefits of Materials 43
5.1 Introduction 43
5.2 Lasers in medicine and surgery 43
5.3 Magnetic resonance imaging 44
5.4 Biopharmaceuticals 45
5.5 Drug delivery 47
5.6 Nanotechnology and healthcare 47
5.7 Coronary stents 48
5.8 Bioprinting 49
5.9 Implants 50
5.10 Hydrogels 50
5.11 Biodegradable materials 50
5.12 The search for antimicrobial agents 51
5.13 Summary 51
5.14 Further reading 5 2
6 Let There Be Lights 53
6.1 Introduction 53
6.2 Light-emitting diodes 53
6.3 Quantum dots 55
6.4 Liquid crystals 57
6.5 Organic light-emitting diodes 58
6.6 Summary 59
6.7 Further reading 60
Contents xi
7 Energy Supplies for the 21st century 61
7.1 Introduction 61
7.2 Global electricity consumption 62
7.3 Nuclear power 62
7.4 Solar cells 64
7.5 Wind energy 65
7.6 Geothermal energy 65
7.7 Tidal energy 65
7.8 Hydroelectric power 66
7.9 Carbon capture 66
7.10 Lithium-ion batteries 67
7.11 Fuel cells 68
7.12 Summary 69
7.13 Further reading 69
8 The Preparation of Materials 71
8.1 Introduction 71
8.2 Critical materials 71
8.3 Pure materials 72
8.4 Fine powders 73
8.5 Thin films in the semiconductor industry 73
8.6 Synthetic polymers 76
8.7 Polymerase chain reaction 76
8.8 Fibres 77
8.9 Summary 78
8.10 Further reading 79
9 Disruptive Technologies 81
9.1 Introduction 81
9.2 Disruptive technologies 82
9.3 Wonder materials 82
9.4 Summary 84
9.5 Further reading 84
10 The Importance of Microstructure on Material Properties 87
10.1 Introduction 87
10.2 Microstructure: a definition 87
10.3 Toughness 87
10.4 Composite materials 88
10.5 Opals, butterflies and photonic crystals 89
10.6 Traditional ceramics 90
10.7 Metamaterials 90
10.8 Shape memory alloys 90
10.9 DNA 91
xii Contents
10.10 Optical properties 91
10.11 Summary 91
10.12 Further reading 92
11 Patents, Patent Trolls and Intellectual Property 93
11.1 Introduction 93
11.2 Patents 93
11.3 Patents and intellectual property 95
11.4 Patents as a source of technical information 96
11.5 Summary 97
11.6 Further reading 97
12 Everyday Products: The Role of Materials 99
12.1 Introduction 99
12.2 Sunscreens 99
12.3 Washing-up liquids and surfactants 100
12.4 Cosmetics 101
12.5 Disposable nappies (diapers): the role of hydrogels 101
12.6 Hard candy (boiled sweets) and fudge: the role of microstructure 102
12.7 Liquid crystal thermometers 103
12.8 Breathable garments 103
12.9 Acrylic textiles and carbon fibre 103
12.10 Decaffeinated coffee 104
12.11 Spider silk 105
12.12 Stainless steel 105
12.13 Summary 106
12.14 Further reading 106
13 Conclusions 107
13.1 Introduction 107
13.2 The commercial exploitation of materials 107
13.3 The Silicon Age? 108
13.4 The age of specialist alloys 109
13.5 The Genomic Age? 109
13.6 The Polymer Age 110
13.7 The role of climate change in materials development 110
13.8 The role of international conflicts and wars 111
13.9 Summary 111
13.10 Further reading 112
Glossary: Listing of 500 materials in alphabetical order 113
Appendix 1: Suggestions for Further Reading 304
Appendix 2: Selected Patent Documents Referred to in the Text 308
Index 313
|
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