Stalin's secret weapon: the origins of Soviet biological warfare
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Stalin's secret weapon |b the origins of Soviet biological warfare |c Anthony Rimmington |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
L ist of I Uustratio ns vii
About the Author xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Introduction I
1. Origins: The Launch of the Moscow Strand of the Red
Army s Offensive Biological Warfare Programme 13
2. The Creation of a BW Prison Laboratory:
The Bacteriological Convent 39
3 From Defence to Offence: The Development of the Red
Armys Biological Warfare Facilities at Vlasikha 53
4. The Soviet Union s Secret of Secrets: The Creation of BW
Facilities on the Island of Gorodomyla 65
5. The Rise and Fall of a Working-Class Flero: Ivan
Mikhailovich Velikanov, Lead Scientist of the Soviet
Unions Offensive BW Programme 75
6. From Shikhany to Vozrozhdenie Island: The Selection of
Open-Air Proving Grounds for the Soviet Offensive
BW Programme 87
v
CONTENTS
7. The Soviet Union’s Enigma BW Programme: Military
Biological Research in Leningrad 99
8. From Flanders to Glanders: Soviet Military-Veterinary
BW Programmes 12.9
9. On the Brink of Bacteriological War: Stalin’s BW
Programme and the Second World War 137
10. Stalin’s BW Archipelago: Mapping-Out a New Post-War
BW Network 175
11. From Swords to Ploughshares: The Scientific and Industrial
Achievements of Stalin’s BW Archipelago 187
12. Yesterday Today: Stalin s Legacy and Russia’s Current
Military Biological Network 203
Motes 207
Index 243
VI
INDEX
Afghanistan, 130
Agas, Veniamin S., 81
Alibek, Ken, reports glanders fatality
on Vozrozhdenie Island, 98; on
Leningrad strand of Soviet BW
programme, 99; identification
of Military-Medical Academy as
lead BW facility, 121; on secret
RVS decree to develop typhus
battlefield weapon, 123; alleged
BW activities on Solovetskii
Island, 125,127; on evacuation of
BW facilities to Gorky, 149; on
alleged Soviet use of tularaemia at
Stalingrad, 154—157
Alibekov, Kanatzhan B., 98—99,123.
See also, Alibek, Ken
Alisov, Petr A., 41
Alksnis, Yakov I., 97
All-Russian Scientific-Research
Institute of Veterinary Virology
and Mikrobiology (Pokrov), 191
All-Union Institute of Experimental
Veterinary Science: creation, 131;
transfer to Moscow, 132; facilities
established on Lisii Island, 132;
station in Kashintsevo, 135;
evacuation to Omsk, 144
All-Union Scientific-Research
Institute of Antibiotics (VNIIA),
200
All-Union Scientific-Research
Institute of Penicillin and Other
Antibiotics, 199—200
All-Union Scientific-Research
Institute of Vaccines and Sera
(VN11 VS): creation in Zagorsk
on basis of Red Army veterinary
institute, 181; reorganization as a
closed facility under Beria, 182;
transfer to the USSR Ministry of
Defence, 182
Alma-Ata Biocombine, 135—136
A.N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry,
196
Andreev, Andrei A., 56
Anthrax. See Bacillus anthracis
Antibiotics: key role of military,
195; critical contribution of UK,
196—197; penicillin production,
M3
INDEX
195—199; defection of Borodin to
U K, 199; transfer of technology
to China, 199—201; Ermol aeva
appointed Director of Institute of
Antibiotics, 2,02
Antonov, Nikolai S., 91—92
Argentina, 17,129
Ashenin, V.A., 83
Ashkhabad Anti-Plague Station, 50,
188
Astrakhan Anti-Plague Laboratory, 51
Avseevich, Aleksander A.: brutal
interrogation of Mikhailova, 81
Bacillus anthracis: use by German
saboteurs, 17; German BW
sabotage against Russia, 18—19;
production of at Stepnogorsk
Scientific Experimental Industrial
Base (SNOPB), 23; Sverdlovsk
anthrax disaster, 23, 193; selection
of virulent and stable strains,
23—24; first tests of aerosol, 25,
30; infection with and subsequent
death of lab assistants, 30—31;
intelligence reports on German
experiments with anthrax spores,
39; tests of bombs at Kolomna,
87—88; work of the Zlatogorov-
Maslakovets lab on, 109, 115;
construction of anthrax shells,
IIO; trials of ill; Tsenkovskii
vaccine against, 133; production ot
vaccine against, 134—136; Soviet
intelligence reports German
work on, 138; work on at Kirov,
179; development of 577 vaccine
against, 189—191; S77 vaccine
production, 192—193; Burgasovs
work on in Sverdlovsk, 204;
natural outbreaks of, 206
Bacteriological arms race, 100
Bacteriophage; All-Union
Bacteriophage Institute, 192; use
at Stalingrad, 201—202, Institute
of Bacteriophage, 201, Field
testing of phage preparations in
conflict with Finland, 202
Baev, Aleksandr A., 126
Balezina, T.I., 196
Baranov Mikhail I., 37 76
Barbolin, 67
Barykin, Vladimir A., 69, 75, 83
Bashenin, Viktor A.: arrest and
transfer to Vlasikha, 60
Bellamy Christopher, 152, 156
Berdnikov, A,L 209n5
Berestnev, A. I., 209ns
Beria, Lavrentiy P: wartime
leadership of BW programme, 139;
maintains control of programme
in immediate post-war period, 175;
monthly reports by Burgasov 176
Berlin, Abram L., development of
live plague vaccine. 67; escape of
plague from lab, death of, 68
Berngof, F.G., 83
Bersol Joint Venture Company
(Trotsk), 89-90
Biochemical Institute of the Red
Army: creation at Vlasikha and
designation as Military Unit No.
1094, 58; eye-witness account of
59; construction of main building,
60; work on botulinum toxin, 6l;
branch on Gorodomyla Island, 65;
renamed as Biotechnical Institute,
66
Bioprcparat, 2, 23, 99, 102, 184
Biotechnical Institute of the Red
Army: creation on basis of
Biochemical Institute, 66; transfer
244
INDEX
to control by Marshal Egorov, 70;
Khatanever as Director, 71—73;
renaming as Sanitary-Technical
Institute (STI), 73; expulsion of
Mikhailova from Party at, 8l; use
by of Vozrozhdenie Island, 96;
creation of air unit for, 97
Birger, Osip G., 83
Birstein, Vladimir, 29
Bojtzov, Valentin, 67, 71
Borodin, Nikolai M., 199
Botkin, Sergei S., 16
Botulinum toxin: capability developed
to store dry form, 24; use for
sabotage, 25,29; Velikanov s
research on, 34—36, $6, 83;
Sverdlovsk programme on, 180;
work on at Zagorsk, 182; primitive
field trials, 185; role of Tbilisi in
production, 194; Burgasov s work
on in Sverdlovsk, 204
British Secret Intelligence
Service (SIS): reports on
early Soviet BW programme,
13-14; on the Leningrad
strand of BW programme, 99;
detailed knowledge of Soviet
CW capability, 100—IOI;
identification of Zlatogorov
as lead BW scientist, 102, on
role of Maslakovets, 105-106;
identification of Zlatogorov-
Maslakovets lab, 108; on
construction of anthrax shells,
HO; reports on BW testing on
Kutaly Island, 112—114; reports on
Encephalitis lethargica research, 114-
117; on offensive BW experiments
at Plague Fort, 118-120; reports
on use of typhus in BW tests,
123-125
Brucella melitensis: work on at Kirov, 179;
development of vaccine, 194-195
Brucellosis, see Brucella melitensis
Bureau of Special Purpose (BON) :
creation, 40; appointment of
Faibich as director, 41; work
on cholera, plague, malaria and
tetanus, 42; imprisonment of
lead bacteriological scientists by,
45—52; operates liberal regime,
46; transfer to of Nikanorov,
48; Demikhovskii appointed as
director of, 57; reinstatement
of Faibich at, 58; transfer of
documentation on tularaemia
vaccine to Zagorsk BW facility
189; Medvedev’s account of
the Soviet system of prison
laboratories, 2i4n9
Burgasov, Petr, N., biography of,
175—176; role in management of
post-war BW programme, 176;
appointed temporary head of
Soviet BW network, 203; transfer
to Sverdlovsk BW facility 204
Burkholderiamallei (glanders): study
of in imperial Russia, 14; use by
German saboteurs, 17,19; Soviet
Committee on Glanders, 19;
glanders fatality on Vozrozhdenie
Island, 98; work on at Kronstadt
and Shissefburg, 119; alleged
experiments on at Solovetsky
Island, 125; infection of workers
with, 126; RVS order to establish
Glanders Committee, 129;
Central Veterinary Bacteriological
Laboratory work on, 130; military
trials on Vozrozhdenie Island, 130;
Soviet intelligence reports German
work on, 138; work on at Kirov, 150
245
INDEX
Busanov, 97
Butyrka Prison, 81 — 82
Central Army Chemical Proving
Ground (TsVKhP), 93~94
Central Control Commission of the
Communist Party: reinstatement
of Demikhovskii, 58; Stalin
calls meeting of, to discuss BW
programme, 61
Central Institute of Epidemiology
and Microbiology 69—70
Central Veterinary Bacteriological
Laboratory: creation, 19, 29; focus
on glanders, 130; renaming as
Central Microbiological Station,
130
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA);
reports on BW work at Fort
Alexander I, 119; lack of awareness
of British SIS reports on Soviet
BW 119—120; BW research
on Lisii Island, 133; reports on
evacuation of BW facilities, 142;
account of Chkalov outbreak, 148;
details work on bacterial aerosols
at Nil EG, 177; indicates probable
tests on Konstantin Island, 185:
details production of anthrax
vaccine, 190; vaccine work as an
indicator of BW progress, 195;
reports on antibiotics, 195—196
Chalisov, Iosif A., provides eye-
witness account of BW facility at
Vlasikha, 59; describes Velikanovs
plan of scientific work, 60;
confirms evacuation of ST I to
Saratov, 143; work on development
of E V plague vaccine, 193; award
of USSR State Prize, 194
Chel nyi, Aleksandr A., 76
Chemical Defence Research
Establishment (Porton Down). 152
Cherkasskiy, Benyamin, 135
China: Fishman escapes to. 21 ;
pneumonic plague outbreak
in Manchuria. 5, 50, 103, 120;
Mukden Plague Conference,
103; Soviet transfer of antibiotics
technology to, 199—201
Cholera (Vibrio choleraé). main focus at
Suzdal BW facility, 42; alleged use
in tests on Vozrozhdenie Island,
97; Zlatogorovs study of, 104;
tests of munitions containing. 124
Chumakov, Mikhail R, accepts
Velikanov’s invitation to work at
Vlasikha, 36; appointed director
of Institute of Poliomyelitis, 37:
appraisal of Velikanov, 83
Clostridium botulinum. See botulinum
toxin
Communist International
(Commintern), 107
Company for the Promotion of
Industrial Enterprises (GEFU). 89
Conroy, Mary S., 151
Coxiella burnetii (Qjever) : Alibek
reports research on, 125; Vorob evs
work on at Zagorsk facility. 183
Cumming, Mansfield S., 100
Davidson Pratt, J.. 144
Demikhovskii. Efim I., acting head
of Ninth Department, 28—32. 53;
clash with Velikanov, 53; criticism
of his leadership, 55—56; reports to
Stalin, 56 — 57, 61—62; appointed
head of Suzdal BW facility, 57;
transfer to Vlasikha, 58; exclusion
from BW programme, 62; civil
career, 62—63; search for Siberian
246
INDEX
test-site, 88—89; article on
Zlatogorov, 104—10$; meeting in
Moscow with Kopylov, 177
Dengin, 123—124
D’Herelle, Felix, 192
D. I. Ivanovskii Institute of Virology
181-182
Dnepropetrovsk University: institute
attached to, engaged in BW tests,
67
Domaradskii, Igor’ V, describes
Velikanov s pamphlet on Nazi
BW research, 79; suggests possible
military role of Zabolotny 121—
122; reports Soviet sensitivities
concerning Unit 731,172—173
Dorofeev, A.A., 60, 73
Drab, Semen T., 179
Dvizhkov, Pavel P, 60
Dzhishkov, I.P, 83
Egorov, Aleksandr I., 70
Eifel, Ivan, 79. See also Velikanov,
Ivan M.
El’bert, Boris Y., appointed director
of Belarusian State Sanitary-
Bacteriological Institute, 48;
arrest and transfer to Suzdal, 49;
work on tularaemia vaccine, $0,
187; collaboration with Velikanov,
83; release from the Red Army
188; recognition for work on
development of tularaemia
vaccine, 189
Eliava, Georgii G., 192
Encephalitis lethargica: work of the
Zlatogorov-Maslakovets lab on,
109; successful trials, ill; BW
research on, 114—117
Ermoleva, Zinaida E., 196, 202
Evstigneev, Valentin I., 170
Ezhov, Nikolai I., 61
Faibich, Mikhail M.: first director
of BON, 41—42, 43; operation
of liberal regime at Suzdal,
46; meeting with Stalin, 42;
reappointment as director of
BON, $8; identification by
Chalisov, 60; GCHQJntercepts
identify, 178; work on plague
vaccine, 193; award of USSR State
Prize, 194, 196.
Fedorov, Lev A., describes Velikanovs
joint report to VOKhlMU and
VSU, 36; describes work at
Suzdal, 42; creation of specialist
air unit, 97; reports presentation
on BW by Zlatogorov, 104; brief
biography 2i2n39
First Moscow Medical Institute, 182
First Moscow State University
Faculty of Medicine: Khatanever
graduation, 71; graduation of
Velikanov and Mikhailova, 7$
Fish: BW tests against, 66
Fishman, Yakov M.: appointed head
of VOKhlMU, 20, 32; exile to
Yenisei-Turukhan, 21; interaction
with Unshlikht, 22; report
on BW to Voroshilov, 24—27,
88; appointed first director of
Institute of Chemical Defence, 28;
advocates combined use of BW
and CW 30—31; visits to Vlasikha,
37; participates in meeting with
Stalin, $6, 61; arrest, rehabilitation
and death, 71; appointment of
Ginsburg to commission organising
biochemical field trials near
Shikhany 94; as Soviet military
attache in Germany 2iin33
247
INDEX
Florey, Howard, 196—198
F.M. Blumenthal Chemical-
Bacteriological Institute, 16
Foot-and-mouth disease
(FMD): alleged use in tests on
Vozrozhdenie Island, 97; FMD
institute on Gorodolyma Island,
6 5; field testing of vaccine against,
65; focus on at Lisii Island facility,
132; acquisition of foreign strains,
133; resumption of research on at
Lisii Island, 144
Fort Aleksandr I (Plague Fort):
creation, 1$, 117; plague vaccine
production at, 1$; training of
scientists at, 46; funding for BW
research, ioi; work of Maslakovets
in plague labs, 106; operation
under KOMOCHUM, 11S; BW
research at, 117—120; identified
as BW facility by German
intelligence, 119; CIA fails to
find evidence of BW mission at,
119—120; Zabolotny’s plans for use
of, 122; export of plague vaccine to
British Empire, 224n6$
Fort Detrick, 183
France: work of Gamaleya at Pasteur
Institute, 16; possession of
tularaemia culture, 33; intelligence
on Soviet-German collaboration
at Shikhany, 92; reservations with
regard to Geneva Protocol, 141
Francisella tularensis: Soviet acquisition
of strain from U.S., 32—33; search
for new strains in Volga regions,
36; creation of live vaccine against,
48-50, 187-189; Khatanever
as lead Soviet expert on, 71—72;
dissemination tests, Vozrozhdenie
Island, 97; work on in Kirov,
151, 179; alleged use at Battle
of Stalingrad, 152—157; work of
Efbert and Gaiskii on vaccine
against, 187—189
Frinovskii, Mikhail P, signs order for
arrest of Velikanov, 81
Frunze, Mikhail V: attends
Comintern meeting on BW
107; and creation and funding of
Maslakovets’ BW lab, 108—109
Gaiskii, Nikolai A., arrest and
transfer to Suzdal, 50; work
on development of tularaemia
vaccine, 187-189
Gamaleya, Nikolai F.: support for
rabies vaccine production, 14;
attachment to Military- Medical
Academy, 16
Gas gangrene: work of 1.1.
Mechnikov Instituite on, 76—77;
Velikanov publication on, 83
Geissler, E„ 67,141, 157
Gendler, Mikhail: head of
VoKhIMUs Biochemical
Department, 94; significant figure
in BW testing at Shikhany 95;
arrest and execution, 95
Geneva Protocol (1925), 78, 140—141,
152
Genig, VA., 182
Germany: intelligence identifies
Leningrad strand of BW
programme, 14; no evidence of use
of BW against humans in World
War One, 17; Military Veterinary
Academy as source of cultures, 19 .
joint Tomka project, 22; attempts
to procure tularaemia cultures,
33; Zeiss accused of transferring
tularaemia cultures to, 34; Soviet
248
INDEX
reports on German anthrax
experiments, 39; intelligence on
Lake Gorodomyla BW facility, 66,
97; Velikanovs pamphlet on Nazi
BW research, 79; Soviet-German
collaboration on production of
mustard gas, 89—90; intelligence
on Shikhany BW tests, 95;
intelligence on Vozrozhdenie
Island tests, 96—97; sale of poison
gases in breach of Versailles
Treaty, lOO; intelligence reports
on Zlatogorov- Maslakovets lab,
108, 137; intelligence reports on
experiments at Shlissefburg, 108;
intelligence on role of Plague
Fort, 117; BW sabotage attacks,
17-20,129,131, 140; intelligence
on Soviet military BW course, 139;
ratification of Geneva Protocol,
140—141; threatens capture
of Soviet BW facilities, 142;
intelligence report on Chkalov
BW facility, 146—148; dispatch of
plague vaccine to front, 154; claims
outbreaks linked to guerrilla
activity, 158; failure to identify
Kirov facility, 178
Ginsburg, A.N., heads-up first Soviet
military bacteriological laboratory;
23; leads experiments on anthrax-
loaded artillery shells; conducts
research on botulinum toxin, 25;
transfer of his lab to the Institute
of Chemical Defence, 28
Ginsburg Nikolai N.: work in
Ninth Department, 30—31; secret
memorandum to Stalin, 54-56;
reporting on Velikanov to NKVD,
81; participation in Siberian
expedition, 88; management
of trials at Shikhany, 94—95;
identification by GCHQJ78,
180; orders collection of ground
squirrels from Vozrozhdenie Island,
179; appointed scientific director
at Sverdlovsk, 180; and creation of
STI anthrax vaccine, 190—192; and
creation of brucellosis vaccine, 194-
195; awarded of USSR State Prize,
191,19b
Glanders. See Pseudomonas mallei
Glavmikrobioprom (Main Administration
of the Microbiological Industry),
102, 204
Goldberg, Samuil, S.L., 102. See also,
Zlatogorov, Semen I.
Gorodomyla Island open-air test
site, 13; location of branch
of Biochemical Institute, 65;
location of V/2-1094 branch of
Bio technical Institute, 66; tests on,
conducted by institute belonging
to Dnepropetrovsk University;
67; transfer of Vlasikha facility to,
72—73; compartmentalisation at,
132; operation of FMD facility at,
132
Government Communications
Headquarters (GCHQ): and
intercepts from Kirov facility,
178; intercepts by identify links
between Kirov facility and
Vozrozhdenie Island, 179
Great Terror: and N KVD purge of
microbiologists, 68—69; execution
of Nikanorov 69; arrest of Egorov
and Tukhachevsky 70; arrest of
Fishman, 71; arrest and execution
of Velikanov and Mikhailova,
80—83; arrest and execution of
Gendler, 95
249
INDEX
Grudenkov, A.S., 193
Hague Convention (1907), 17 131
Hart, John, 2i2n39
Heatley, Norman, 197
Higher Military Chemical School,
123—124
Himmler, Heinrich, 157—158
Hirsch, Walter: on perceived lack of
cooperation from Soviets during
joint work at Shikhany, 92; on BW
testing at Shikhany, 95; on agent
called lebeda, 148; awareness of BW
testing on Vozrozhdenie Island,
178
Hitler, Adolf, 137; prohibition
on offensive BW activity Î41;
discussions on chemical and
biological warfare, 157—158
Hosoya, Seigo, 219m 5
1.1. Mechnikov Institute of Infectious
Diseases (Moscow): Velikanov
as assistant director, 76; Korshun
as director, 76; appropriation of
institute s notebooks by Velikanov,
77
1.1. Mechnikov Ukrainian Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology:
evacuation to Stalingrad and
Chkalov, 145; possible links to
early BW programme, 146:
Zlatogorov as director, 104, 146
I.G. Farben Behringwerke
laboratories (Marburg), 154
Ignatovich, VF., 182
Imperial Russia, network of civil
bacteriological R D and
production facilities, 14—16:
bacteriological revolution in,
14; expansion of bacteriological
network, 15-16; and creation of
military-bacteriological facility r6
Influenza: Zlatogorov s work on
control of outbreaks, 102; EL not
an invasive influenza encephalitis,
114; alleged use in munitions, 115
Iinuma, T, 167
Institute of Chemical Defence
(IK/iO): bacteriological lab, 25, 28;
Fishman appointed first director,
28; Section VI of, 28—29; Section
N of, 28; Ninth Department of
28—30, 53, 57, 88; appointment
and dismissal of Velikanov at, 28;
appointment of Demikhovskii
to, 28; appointment of Nikolai
Ginsburg to, 30; possession
of dedicated proving ground
in Moscow, 31; renamed as
Scientific-Research Chemical
Institute, 32; Yanel’ as director,
31-32, 56, 88
Institute of Experimental Medicine,
14—15, 46; creation of Plague Fort,
15,117; and the Commission for
the Study of Plague, 51; work of
Maslakovets in plague labs, 106:
penicillin lab of, 196—197
Institute of Microbiology: Korshun as
director, 60; Velikanovs research
at, 75
Institute of Red Professors, 32, 77
Institute of Prophylactic Sciences
(iPN): creation by Military-
Medical Academy 120; lead role
of Zabolotny at, 121; Zlatogorov
appointed director of 122
Ipatieff, Vladimir N.: head of poison
gas production, 22, 100; initiation
of BW tests, 87—88; Ipatieff flees
to United States. 88
250
INDEX
Irkutsk AntE Plague Institute of
Siberia and the Far East, i$i, 188
Isaev, Vasilii L, 117
Israel Institute for Biological
Research (IIBR), 160
Italy: Fishman resident in, 21
Ivan Chur in Tomsk Bacteriological
Institute, 15
Japan: Ishii visit to Soviet Union,
77—78; Velikanov visit to,
77—78; and alleged recruitment
of Velikanov, 82—83; Merkulovs
warning on BW sabotage by, 140;
and allegations of Soviet BW use,
162-163,167; Unit 731,163-164,
166,168,170,172-173; Soviet
knowledge of Pingfan, 164; use
of BW by Japan at Nomonhan,
164-166; Unit 100,166,168-169,
170; Soviet capture of BW
facilities, 168—169; disappearance
of captured munitions, 170; Soviet
capture of BW personnel, 170,
175; transfer of Japanese BW
personnel to NKVD prison in
Cherntsy, 171; Soviet sensitivities
concerning Unit 731,172-173;
Union Council for Control of
Japan, 173
Japanese encephalitis virus, 173
Kaganovich, Lazar M., participates
in April 1934 BW meeting, 56;
presents information to Stalin on
mil it ary bacteriological work, 61
Kalinin, Mikhail I., s6
Kamenev, Lev B., 107
Kapitov, Nikolai F., 179
Karakuyumchan, M.K., 182
Karasawa, Tomio, 171-172
Karneev, R V, 193—194
Kashintsevo Biofactory: creation, 135;
transfer of Lisii Island facilities
to, 144; evacuation to Omsk, 14$;
production of glanders diagnostic,
145; production of anthrax vaccine,
190
Kazakhstan, 62; 90; 96; 106; 135
Kazanskii, 119
Khabarovsk war crimes trial, 167,
170-171,173
Kharkov Zoo-Technical institute, no
Khatanever, Leonid M., as foremost
Soviet expert on tularaemia, 71;
departure from ST I, 73; leader
of expedition to Vozrozhdenie
Island, 97; supervision of
Burgasov, 176
Khvat, Alexander G., 82
Kinburn Testing Station, no—112,
119
Kitamura, Torajiro, 167
Kliewe, Heinrich: capture, 119;
informed that Hitler had
prohibited work on offensive BW,
141; knowledge of Soviet BW
programme, 154; accusations of
BW attacks by saboteurs, 159; on
learning of the BW role played by
Maslakovets, 22$ny6
Klimanova, M.L, 182
Klimoshinskii, 147
Klingburg, Marcus: investigation of
Chkalov poisoning, 148; espionage
against Israel, 160; biography 161;
allegations of German deliberate
exposure of Soviet citizens,
161-162
Klyucharev, LA., 183
Koch, Robert, 14,117
Koenig, Robert, 19
251
INDEX
Kolomna experimental testing
ground, 87—88
Kopylov, Nikolai E: Appointed
director of ST I, 73—74; requests
use of Shikhany for BW tests, 95;
as director of STI in post-war
period,176; evidence of power
struggle with Ginsburg, 177;
identification by GCHQ^iyS;
appointed director of Sverdlovsk
BW facility, 180; work on EV
plague vaccine, 193; award of
USSR State Prize, 196
Korneev, R.V, 60
Korshun, Stepan V: arrest and
execution, 60; clash with
Velikanov at Mechnikov Institute,
76, execution, 2i6n2i
Kossovskii, A.S., 81
Kostyuchenok, Mikhail I., 182—183
Kozlov, A.S, 193
Kravchenko, Anatolii T, T81—182
Krichevskii, Il’ya L., 32, 69—70
Kuibyshev, Valerian V: participates
in April 1934 BW meeting, 56;
review of Yafife s statement on
military-bacteriological work, 61
Kulaly Island open-air test site,
112—114
Kulik, Grigorii E, 95
Kursk Biofactory; 133, 190
Kuz’minki proving ground, 130
Kyrgyz Microbiological Institute,
188
LA, Tarasevich Scientific-Research
Institute for the Standardisation
and Control of Medical-Biological
Preparations (Moscow), 33—34,
69; 193
Leitenberg, Milton, 198, 204
Leningrad strand of BW programme:
association with older generation
of microbiologists, 13
Leningrad Veterinary and Zoological
Technical Institute, 108, no
Leprosy 97
Lermolo, Elizabeth, 43—45
Lewisite, 113
Likhtenshtein, Abram, 159
Lisii Island anti-livestock BW
facilities: creation and focus on
FMD, 132; BW research on,
132—133; evacuation to Omsk, 144
Logginov, S.B., 130
Lukina, R.N., 84
Lyubarskii, Vladimir, 69—70
Main Artillery^ Directorate:
Chemical Section and storage
of bacteriological bombs, 87;
Kolomna experimental testing
ground, 88; request to use
Shikhany for BW testing, 95;
Main Military-Veterinary
Administration of the Red
Army: creation of Veterinary
Bacteriological Laboratory , 19, 129
Makhnev, Vasilii A., 176
Malaria, 42, 113
Markaryan, A.G., 182
Maslakovets. Petr P.: identified by
British and German intelligence.
102; SIS description, 105; work
in Plague Fort, 106, 118; exile to
Kazakhstan and death. 106; RVS
decision to create Zlatogorov-
Maslakovets lab, 108; and testing
of anthrax-filled bombs at
ShlissePburg, 109; works in lab
at Oranienberg, HO; develops
desiccated form of plague, 112;
252
INDEX
and loss of institutional memory
concerning BW role, 127—128;
Kliewe reports learning of the BW
role played by Maslakovets from
French documentation, 225n76
Mairianovskii, Grigorii M., 29
Masuda, Tomosada, 163
Mauger, Philippe, 205
McCoy George W, 32—33
Mechnikov, Ilya I., 14
Melioidosis, 12$
Merkulov, Vsevolod N., 140
Metachem Joint Stock Company for
the Manufacture of Metal and
Chemical Products, 89
Michurin, 113
Mikhailov, Fedor M., 159—160
Mikhailova, Zoya I. (wife of Ivan
Velikanov): interaction with
Demikhovskii, 28; work at First
Moscow State University, 75;
research at Pasteur Institute, 78;
pamphlet on BW, 79; arrest and
execution, 80-83; rehabilitation,
83—84; lead role in Vozrozhdenie
Island expedition, 96
Mikoyan, Anastas, I., $6
Mikrob Institute (Saratov): Fishman
calls for military to use experience
of, 26; Nikanorov appointed
director, 47; Berlin as deputy
director, 67; as spin-off from the
Plague Fort, 119; possible co-
location with ST7, 143; Nikolaev
appointed director, 177
Military-Chemical Directorate
(VOKhlMU): appointment of
Fishman as head, 20; creation
of first bacteriological lab, 23;
ordering foreign equipment for
bacteriological lab, 24; work of
A.N. Ginsburg on anthrax and
botulinum toxin, 25; absorbs
Vlasikha facility, 58; loses control
of Biotechnical Institute, 70
Military-Medical Academy (VMA):
and Leningrad strand of BW
programme, 13; construction
of infectious diseases clinic,
16; transfer of Chalisov to,
59; Zlatogorov s graduation
from, 102; Zlatogorov as head
of Department of Infectious
Diseases at, 103; Zlatogorov as
Professor at, 103—104; graduation
of Maslakovets, 105; identification
as lead BW facility, 120—121;
Institute of Prophylactic Sciences
subordinate to, 120,122; alleged
development of weapon based on
Typhus rickettsiae, 123; alleged links
to Solovetsky Island, 125—127;
evacuation to Samarkand, 149;
opening of Second Academy, 150;
Department of Microbiology at,
181; conducts tests in the Aral Sea,
184; Smirnov as head of, 203
Military-Naval Medical Academy
(VMMA), 183
Military-Sanitary Directorate
(GVSU): responsibility for
defence against BW, 36; conflict
with Velikanov, 54; transfers
Vlasikha facility to VOKhlMU,
58; issues guidelines for pathogen
storage, 73; places pressure on
Velikanov, 76; Colonel Smirnov
as head, 143; transfer of Rogozin
to, 153
Military Scientific-Medical Institute:
creation by RVS, 37; transfer from
GVSU to VOKhlMU control, 58;
253
INDEX
renaming as Biochemical Institute
of the Red Army, 58; conducts BW
research at Shikhany, 94; Velikanov
as director of 138
Military-Topographical Directorate,
26—27
Minakova, L.V, 182
Miterev, Georgii, 202
Moldova, 191
Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 56, 84
Moscow Chemical-Pharmaceutical
Scientific-Research Institute, 70
Moscow Factory of Medical
Preparations No. 2, 200
Moscow ‘Pneumatic’ Chemical
Works, 87
Muklevich, T. 26
Muromtsev, Sergei N.: focus on
botulinum toxin, 29, 35; appointed
acting head of Gamaleya
Institute, 29; work in the Ninth
Department, 31, 76; transfer from
Mechnikov Institute, 76
Mustard gas (Sulphur mustard), 24,
89-90
N. A. Semashko Factory of Medical
Preparations, 200
Nadson, Georgii, 69—70
National Institute of Public Flealth,
75
Neradov, Eugen K., 101
Neustroev, VD, 177
N.F. Gamaleya Scientific-Research
Institute of Epidemiology and
Microbiology 16, 189
Nikanorov, Sergei M., enrolment
on special plague training course,
46; appointed director of Mikrob
Institute, 47; arrest and transfer to
Suzdal, 48; execution, 69
Nikitin, 101
Nikolaev, Nikolai I, 177 193
NKVD: activities of Marianovskii’s
Laboratory No. T, 29; transfer of
Murom tsev to, 29
N.N. Burdenko Clinical Hospital, 182
Nomonhan Incident, 164—166
Norway, 17—18
Novogrudkii, D.M., 83
Odessa Bacteriological Station, 14—15
Ofdenburgskii, Aleksandr P, 14—15
Ogurtsov, PA., 84, 177
Olsufyev, Nikolai G, 189
Omsk Scientific-Research Veterinary
j
Institute, 144
Ordzhonikidze, Grigol, 56
Orel Biofactory: production of
Tsenkovskii vaccine, 133—134;
evacuation to Omsk, 144;
production of ST 1 anthrax vaccine,
19, 191; current status, 206
Orent, Wendy, 112
Orskaya, Zoya, 79. See also Mikhailova,
Zoya I.
Ostashkov. nearest town to facilities
on Gorodomyla Island , 65; as
official location of facilities, 66;
Parshina, Elizaveta I., description of
work at Suzdal, 42; interaction
with Faibich, 43; operation of
liberal regime at BON, 46
Partisans alleged use of BW 159—160
Pashutin, Viktor, V, 16
Pasteurellosis (Pasteurclla multodda), 31
Pasteur, Louis, 14, 16, 133, 190, 236ns
Pasteur Institute (Paris), 33, 78;
192-193
Pathogen guidelines for military labs,
73
254
INDEX
People s Commissariat of Internal
Affairs (NKVD): development
of toxins for use by agents, 29;
proposed formation of special
battalion to protect Gorodomyla
Island, 66; clean-up in Moscow
after plague outbreak, 68; purge
of bacteriological personnel, 68;
charges against Zeiss, 69; forms
Special Commission focused
on sabotage in VOKhIMU, 71;
shadowing of Velikanov, 80;
Ginsburg reporting to and brutal
interrogation of Zoya Mikhailova,
81; torture of Vavilov, 82; control
of Solovetsky Prison of Special
Significance (SLON), 126;
Beria placed in charge of BW
programme, 139; and control
of Stalingrad, 153; filtration of
Japanese captives in search for
BW specialists, 170; transfer of
Japanese BW personnel to prison
operated by in Cherntsy, 171
Petrograd Committee for the Study
of Epidemic Disease, 103
Petrograd Medical Institute, 106
Petrograd Microbiological Society, 103
Petrograd State-Chemical
Pharmaceutical Institute, 102
Pfeiffer, Richard, 117
Plague. See Yersinia pestis
Podol’yan, Vladimir, Y., 173
Polosin, E.I., 180
Popovsky, Mark, 45, 150, 177—178
Psychoneurological Institute, 102
Psittacosis (Chlamydiapsittact), 183
Pseudomonas mallei (glanders): use by
German saboteurs, 17, 19; Soviet
committee on glanders, 19; fatality
on Vozrozhdenie Island, 98; work
at Kronstadt and Shlisselburg,
119; alleged experiments on
Solovetsky Island, 12$; infection
of workers, 126; RVS order to
establish glanders committee, 129;
focus on at the Central Veterinary
Bacteriological Laboratory,
130; use in military trials on
Vozrozhdenie Island, 130; Soviet
intelligence reports German work
on, 138; work on in Kirov, 150
Rabies vaccine, 14
Rakovsky, Christian, 77
Ramon, Gaston, 78
Rasputin, Sergei I , 42
Red Chemist Chemical Factory, 125
Revolutionary Military Council
(RVS): creates scientific
committee focused on glanders,
19,129; selection of Fishman
as head of VOKhIMU, 20;
interaction of Fishman with,
22—23; Fishman s report on
Soviet BW to chair of, 24—27;
creates Military Scientific-
Medical Institute, 37; letter from
Velikanov, 79; creation of special
technical-economic commission
under, 89; Trotsky as chairman
attends meeting on BW 107;
creates and funds the Maslakovets1
BW lab, 108; approves BW tests
in Ukraine, Hi; SIS reports on
reserves of cultures held by, 114;
alleged secret decree issued by to
create weapon based on Typhus
rickettsiae, 123; activity of its Higher
Military Scientific Chemical
Commission, 123-125; and role in
typhus programme, 124—125
255
INDEX
Rickettsia prowazekii, r 59—16o
Rickettsia tsutsugamusht, 183
Rogozin, Isaak I,: arrest of chauffer,
152; presence in Astrakhan
provokes German alarm, 153;
paper on causes of tularaemia
outbreaks, 157
Romania, 17 129
Rostov-on-Don Anti-Plague
Institute, 151, 188
Rostov-on-Don Institute of
Epidemiology and Microbiology,
188
RSFSR People s Commissariat
of Public Plealth: use for
concealment of BW programme,
13, 101; Fishman’s calf to use
Commissariat’s bacteriological
expertise, 26—27; Vladimirskii
as commissar, 33—34: transfer
of smallpox institute to army’s
facility at Vlasikha, 36; creation
of regional anti-plague centre, 47;
appointment of Demikhovskii
to Highly Dangerous Infections
Committee, 57; operates FMD
institute on Gorodomyla Island,
65; offensive BW tests by its
Sanitary-Biological Institute, 67;
role in enigma BW programme,
99; covert funding of BW
research, ioi; and historical
parallels with Biopreparat
network, 102; and funding of
Kinburn Testing Station, ill; and
funding of Zlatogorov’s plague
research, 119; appointment of
Zabolotny to Scientific-Medical
Council, 122; appointment of
Rogozin as head of Anti-Epidemic
Directorate, 153, 157
Russian Commission for Plague
Investigation in China, 103; 121
Russian Ministry of Food and
Agriculture, 191
Rybin, Fedor V, 73
Safety lapses and human casualties
of Soviet BW programme: deaths
of two lab assistants, 22—23,
63; deaths of Konakova and
Lobova, 30—31, death of tetanus
researcher, 43; glanders fatality on
Vozrozhdenie Island, 98
Saltykov, R.A., 193
Samarkand Medical Institute,
149-150
Samsanova, VS., 182
Sanders, Gordan, 196 — 197
Sanitary-Biological Institute
(Dnepropetrovsk): engaged in
tests on Gorodomyla Island, 67
Sanitary-Technical Institute (STI):
creation on basis of Biotechnical
Institute, 73; Unit No. 8000,
73; Kopylov as director, 73—74;
supply of aerial dispersal bombs
to Shikhany, 95; evacuation
in face of German advance,
142—143; renaming as Institute
of Epidemiology and I Iygiene,
150; development of STI anthrax
vaccine, 190
Saporozhets, 72
Saratov Veterinary Station, 151
Savateev, AT , 83
Scientific-Research Experimental
Sanitary Institute (NilSI), 153
Scientific-Research Institute of
Epidemiology and Hygiene
(N11 EG): located at site of Kirov
Infectious Disease Hospital, 150:
256
INDEX
collaboration with anti-plague
institutes, 151; as key BW hub, 176;
directors, 177; GCHQJntercepts
identifying key personnel,
178—179; identification by U.S.
intelligence, 179; work on plague
vaccine, 193—194; work on
brucellosis vaccine, 194—195
Scientific-Research Institute of
Hygiene (Sverdlovsk): possible
use of Japanese information in
design, 172; creation and transfer
of personnel to from Kirov, 18 O;
focus on botulinum toxin, 180, 194
Scientific-Research Sanitary Institute
(Zagorsk): Podol’yan as director,
173; transfer to USSR Ministry
of Defence, 182; appointment of
Vorob ev, 183; work on smallpox,
184; Suzdal documentation
transferred to, 189
Scientific-Technical Chemical
Committee, 87
Scientific-Technical Council tor
Molecular Biology and Genetics,
204
Semashko Pharmaceutical Factory 151
Shchelkovo Biocombine, 135
Shikhany Proving Ground: joint
Tomka project, 22, 90—91;
origins, 89—90; secret Soviet-
German agreement, 90—92;
joint experiments, 91; German
removal of barracks, 92, Central
Army Chemical Proving Ground,
93~ 94; BW testing, 94—95; heart
of biological defence network,
204—205; shift in management to
Shikhany 206
Shirô, Ishii, 77-78, 162-163,
165—166, 172
Shkiriatov, Matvei E, 58
Shlissefburg open-air experiments,
109
Shpitalskii, Evgenii I., 90
Shurupov, I.Z., 20905
Sigizmundovich, Alelsandr: informs
on Velikanov for NKVD, 81
Sinclair, Hugh, 100
Sinitskii, Andrei A., 181
Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship,
Alliance and Mutual Assistance,
199
Skvortsov, Vitalii V, 177
Smallpox: early Russian research on,
14; transfer of Vlasikha smallpox
lab to Red Army 36; manufacture
of vaccine against, 49; Zlatogorovs
work on control of Astrakhan
outbreak, 102; work of the
Zlatogorov-Maslakovets lab on,
109,115; work of Vorob ev on, 184
Smirnov, Efim E: and evacuation
of STI, 143; control of Zagorsk
facility, 181; appointment of
Kostyuchenok, 182—183; head of
Seventh Directorate, 203; head of
Fifteenth Directorate, 204
Smith, Michael, 100, 105
Solvetsky Island laboratory 125—127
Soviet- German collaboration on
production of mustard gas, 89—90
Spain, 17
Special Technical Bureau for Military
Inventions of Special Importance
(Ostekhbyuro), 108 — 109
Spitsyn, N A., 73
St. Petersburg Bacteriological
Institute, 16
Stalin, Joseph V: exploitation
of scientific base, 16; exile to
Yenisei region, 21, 89; First
257
INDEX
Five Year Plan, 27; agreement
between Fishman and Stalin,
31; Velikanovs presentation to,
35—36; and receipt of March
1934 secret memorandum,
54—56; participation in meeting
of Politburo on Soviet BW
programme, 56—57; attends March
1935 meeting on BW 61; unleashes
the Great Terror, 68; letters
and reports to from Velikanov,
84; orders acceleration of B W
preparations, 139; April 1941
meeting with chemical-biological
experts, 140; approves evacuation
of STI to Kirov, 143; personal
selection of Kirov Infectious
Disease Hospital, 150; monthly
reports by Burgasov to, 176; agrees
to Anglo-U.S. medical mission,
196; death, 203; legacy 204
State Institute for the Design of
Enterprises of the Medical
Industry 200
Stepnogorsk Scientific Experimental
Industrial Base (SNOPB), 23
Stepun, O.A., 70
Stolzenberg, Hugo, 89
Suvorov, Sergei V., first Soviet
observations on tularaemia, 33;
joins group to combat outbreak of
pneumonic plague in tularaemia,
50; arrest and transfer to Suzdal,
51; creation of Suvorov archive, 52
Suzdal Camp of Special Purpose,
43-45
Sverdlovsk anthrax disaster, 23, 193
Sweden, 18
Tamarin, A.L., 190—191
Tartakovskii, M.G., 209n5
Tbilisi Scientific-Research Institute
of Vaccines and Sera, 192—194
Tetanus: work on at BON, 42—43;
work on at Mechnikov Institute,
76—77; Velikanovs serum against
tetanus, 79; publication by
Velikanov on, 83; firing of tetanus-
containing shells, 87; alleged use
in tests on Vozrozhdenie Island,
97; work of the Zlatogorov-
Maslakovets lab on, 109, 115; work
by Zlatogorov on, Hi; tests on
Kulaly Island, 113; SIS reports
on RVS holdings of, 114; toxoids
against, 182
33 Central Scientific-Research
Experimental Institute, 204—205
Tiflis Bacteriological Institute, 192
ToboPsk Biofactory 134—135
Tokyo Imperial University s Institute
of Infectious Diseases, 219m 5
Trichothecene toxins, 148
Troester, Carl, 19
Trotsky Leon: reporting on Leningrad
BW research, 107; speech on
chemical weapons, 107—108
Trypanosoma cruzi. 183
Tsenkovskii, Lev S., 133, 190
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail N.: creation
of BW facility at Vlasikha, 37;
participation in meeting on
Soviet BW, 1935, 61; control
of Biotechnical Institute, 70;
arrest, 70; alleged military-fascist
conspiracy 82; integration of BW
into military doctrine. 139
Tularaemia. See Francisella tularensis
Turchinovich-Vyzhnekevich, YT,
209n5
Typhus: Faibich as specialist on,
41; alleged use in tests on
258
INDEX
Vozrozhdenie Island, 97; secret
RVS decree to develop battlefield
weapon, 123; typhus BW
experiments, 123—124; alleged
experiments on Solovetsky Island,
125-12 7
UK Defence Evaluation Research
Agency, 18—19
UK Defence Intelligence, 194
Ukraine iio-m
Ulam, Adam B., 21
Union for Chemical Safety
(Moscow), 2i2n39
United Russian- British Commercial
Company, 224n65
United State Political
Administration (OGPU):
surveillance of Zeiss, 34; creation
of BW sharashka, 40; activities at
Convent of the Intercession, 41;
arrest of Suvorov, 51; participation
of chief at BW meeting with
Stalin, 56; arrest of Korshun,
60; operation of prison camp on
Vozrozhdenie Island, 96; arrest
of SIS informants, Neradov and
Nikitin, 101; arrest and death
of Zlatogorov, 104, 122; work of
OGPU scientists on typhus, 123;
management of SLON, 126; work
on tularaemia vaccine, 189
United States: German biological
sabotage against, 17, 129;
isolation of tularaemia by Public
Health Service, 32; shipment
of tularaemia strain to Soviet
Union, 33; Ipatieff flees to, 88;
warns USSR of alleged German
preparations to use chemical
warfare, 231 n67
Unshlikht, Iosif S.: oversight
of chemical and biological
programmes, 22—24
U S Joint Biological Warfare
Intelligence Committee, 180
Ushkan Islands, 88
USSR Academy of Medical Sciences,
37, 181
USSR Academy of Sciences, 104,
177
USSR Ministry of Agriculture, 177
USSR Ministry of Defence: Kirov
facility, 155; Main-Military
Medical Administration, 176;
participation in offensive
programme, 177; Sverlovsk facility,
180, 194; Zagorsk facility, 181;
Seventh Directorate, 182, 203;
anthrax vaccine; licensing of
STI vaccine, 191; stockpile, 193;
Fifteenth Directorate, 204
USSR Ministry of Health: transfer
to of military-veterinary institute
(Zagorsk), 181; Beria takes
direct control of Zagorsk facility,
182; organises anthrax vaccine
production in Tblisi, 192—193;
formation of antibiotics institute,
202; Smirnov appointed head of,
203
USSR Minis try of the Medical
Industry, 20O
USSR State Prize, 191, 194, 196
Vaccine-Sera Laboratory of the Red
Army (Vlasikha) : transfer of
smallpox institute buildings to, 36;
visit of Voroshilov, 37; renaming
as the Military Scientific-Medical
Institute, 37
Vavilov, Nikolai I, 82
259
INDEX
Velikanov, Ivan M.. as head of Ninth
Department, 28; management
of botulinum toxin programme,
34—35; appointed director of
Vlasikha facility, 36; criticised
for focus on defensive topics, 54;
report to Stalin, 56—57; March
1935 meeting with Stalin, 61;
reprimand from Voroshilov,
66; early career, 75; clash with
Korshun, 76; participation in
delegation to Japan, 77; letter to
Revolutionary Military Council,
79; arrest and execution, 80—83;
rehabilitation, 83—8$; expedition
to Lake Baikal, 88; undertakes
trials of biological munitions
at Shikhany 94; attends lecture
on BW by Zlatogorov, 104;
publication of article on BW in
foreign countries, 138
Velikanov Mikhail I. (father of Ivan
Velikanov), 75
Velikanov, Vladimir I. (son of
Ivan Velikanov), article to mark
ninetieth anniversary of his
father s birth, 59; on N KVD
informants against his father, Si;
role in rehabilitation of his father,
83-84; 127-128
Veterinary Scientifk Research
Institute: origins, 13O; transfer
from Leningrad to Zagorsk, 131;
evacuation to Troitsk, 143; pivotal
role in Soviet war effort, 143-144;
transfer of facility from military to
USSR Ministry of Health, 181
Vigodtchigov, 124
Vladimirskii, Mikhail E, 33
Vlasevskii, N., 123-124
Volynkin, Yu.M., 180
von Rosen, Otto K.R.: BW sabotage
against Russian army garrisons,
18-19
von Paulus, Friedrich, 155
Vorobev, Anatolii A.: key toxins
specialist at Zagorsk, 183; transfer
to Biopreparat, 184
Voroshilov, Kliment E.: Fishmans
report on BW to Voroshilov, 24-
27, 67 88; receipt of intelligence
on German BW 39,138; delivery
to Stalin of secret memorandum,
54; April 1934 meeting on
BW in Stalins office, 56; and
resubordination of Vlasikha
facility 58; reprimand of Velikanov;
66; letters and reports to from
Velikanoy 84; attends Comintern
meeting on BW 107; reports Soviet
Union prepared to use BW 138
Vozrozhdenie Island: experiments
led by Khatenever, 72; use by
Biotechnical Institute, 96;
expedition to, led by Velikanov,
97; creation of an air unit for
participation in testing on, 97;
Khatanever expedition to, 97:
glanders fatality on, 98; military
trials of glanders, 130; GCHQ_
intercepts, 178—179; operation
of 52nd Field Scientific Research
Laboratory on, 184; key role in
BW programme, 185
Vyshinskii, Andrei Yu., 82
Wakamatsu, Yujiro, 166, 169
Weindling, Paul, 159
Wilkinson, Mark, 20, 78, 92-93
World War I: biological sabotage
against Russia, 17-19; Suvorovs
role as Chief Doctor during, 51;
260
INDEX
creation of bacteriological station
to combat malaria, 113; BW
sabotage attacks on Romania,
United States and Argentina, 17,
129; BW sabotage and the Hague
Concvention, 131
World War II: German biological
warfare research, 19; Khatanever’s
work on tularaemia at the
front, 72; capture of Heinrich
Kliewe, II9; military trials on
Vozrozhdenie Island during,
130; Operation Barbarossa,
142; evacuation of STI in face
of German advance, 142—143;
military veterinary institute of
pivotal importance to Soviet
war effort, evacuated to Troitsk,
143; evacuation of Lisii Island,
144-, evacuation of Kashi ntsevo
and Orel Biofactories, 144—145;
German capture of Von Apen,
146; Luftwaffe raid on Gorky,
149; transfer of STI to Kirov,
150; severe disruption to Soviet
military biological programmes,
1ST; alleged use of tularaemia at
Battle of Stalingrad, 152—159;
capture of Rogozins chauffer
in Stavropol, 152, vaccination
of German troops on southern
front, 153; temptation to deploy
biological weapons at Stalingrad,
156; alleged discussion by Hitler
and Himmler on use of BW
157—158; alleged use by partisans
of biological agents, 159 —160;
allegations of German deliberate
exposure of Soviet citizens, 161 —
162; Soviet invasion of Manchuria,
167; capture of Japanese offensive
BW facilities, 168-169; filtration
of Japanese captives in search
for BW specialists, 170; transfer
of Japanese B W personnel to
NKVD prison in Cherntsy, 171;
Union Council for Control of
Japan, 173; Burgasov serves as
epidemiologist during, 176; lack
of awareness of key BW facility in
Kirov, 178; Kostyuchenok serves
as head of Medical Service during,
182; use of phage preparations
at Stalingrad, 202; alleged CW
site at Lake Baikal, 220n3; US
warns USSR of alleged German
preparations to use chemical
warfare, 231 n6y
Yaffe, Georgii Y, appointed head
of group within Demikhovskifs
department, 31; period spent in
United States, 32; Stalin seeks
Demikhovskifs views on, 61; arrest
and execution, 62
Yagoda, Genrikh G., 56
Yakovlev, AT, 182
Yamada, Otozo, 168, 171
Yanef, Karl Y: reorganization of
Demikhovskii s department;
31—32; attends meeting with
Stalin, 56; despatch of expedition
to Siberia, 88
Yashin, 113
Yersiniapestis: German physician
proposes use of zeppelins to
disseminate, 17; as focus for
research at BON, 42; Nikanorov s
lab as leading centre for study of,
47; development of live vaccine
against by Berlin, 67; lab escape
of results in plague outbreak
261
INDEX
in Moscow, 68; outbreak of
pneumonic plague, Manchuria,
103; vaccine against, 15; Russia
as a leading country engaged in
study of, l$; BON research on, 42;
use of rats as plague carriers, 66;
accidental release from Moscow
plague lab, 67—68; live EV vaccine
strain, 67, 74; prohibition on
plague research in Moscow, 68;
Zlatogorovs role in control of
Astrakhan outbreak, 102; First
All Union Congress of Plague
Specialists, 104; tests at Kinburn
Testing Station, 112; Plague Fort
(Kronstadt), 117—120; fears of
use, World War II, 152—154;
Japan s production of 164; plague
outbreak at Pingfan, 168; work on
at Kirov, 179; live NI I EG vaccine
against, 193—194; export of plague
vaccine to British Empire, 224n6s
Yoshikuma, Ogura, 166
Yurkovskii, Abram M., 54—56
Zabolotny, Daniil K.: participation
with Zlatogorov in Shenyang
plague conference, 15, 103;
interaction with Nikanorov, 46; as
mentor for Suvorov, 50; links to
Maslakovets, TO6; lead figure in
Institute of Prophylactic Sciences,
121—122
Zaporozhets, 97
Zarkhi, G.I ., 33
Zdrodovskii, Pavel F, 29, 176
Zeiss, Heinrich: attempts to acquire
tularaemia cultures for Tarasevich
Institute, 32—33; surveillance
by OGPU, 34; NKVD charges
against and expulsion, 69
Zhdanov, Viktor M., 157
Zhukov, Georgü K., 143; 165
Zhukov Verezhnikov, Nikolai N.,
172-173
Zilber, Lev 29, 202
Zilinskas, Raymond A., 198, 204—
205
Zlatogorov, Semen I.: participation
in Shenyang plague conference,
15; meeting in Saratov with
Nikanorov, 47—48; identified by
British and German intelligence,
102; emergence as leading
authority on pneumonic plague,
103; lecture on biological
weapons, 104; Demikhovskiis
article on Zlatogorov, 104—105:
work on tetanus, III; focus on
pneumonic plague, ill—II2;
Micgurin working under, 113; BW
research on Encephalitis lethargic a.
114—117; as head of Special Testing
Commission, 116; BW research on
plague, 119; as director of Military
Medical Academy’s Institute of
Prophylactic Sciences, 120, 122:
arrest by OGPU and death, 122;
role in typhus programme. 125:
loss of institutional memory
concerning BW role, 127—128; as
director of Mechnikov institute,
146
Zlatogorov-Maslakovets Laboratory :
commencement of BW research,
106—107; subordination to
Zoological Technical Institute.
108; testing of biological bombs
at Shlissel’burg, 109; storage
of anthrax shells, no: German
intelligence report on, 137
Zuev, Boris T, 143
Ray»r,-Sche
262
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Rimmington, Anthony |
| author_GND | (DE-588)170114058 |
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| bvnumber | BV044336655 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)1061553254 (DE-599)BVBBV044336655 |
| era | Geschichte 1926-1953 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1926-1953 |
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| geographic_facet | Sowjetunion |
| id | DE-604.BV044336655 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:50:07Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781849048958 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029739805 |
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| physical | xiv, 262 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
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| publisher | Hurst & Company |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rimmington, Anthony Verfasser (DE-588)170114058 aut Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare Anthony Rimmington London Hurst & Company 2018 xiv, 262 Seiten, 16 ungezählte Seiten Tafeln Illustrationen txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1926-1953 gnd rswk-swf Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 p Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 s Geschichte 1926-1953 z DE-604 Äquivalent Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover 978-0-19-092885-8 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-094314-1 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-0-19-005023-8 https://www.recensio.net/r/59e83ed747fa48859a5785e5f36e1c0f rezensiert in: Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas / jgo.e-reviews, JGO 69 (2021), 2, S. 337-339 Rezension Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029739805&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB München - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029739805&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Rimmington, Anthony Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118642499 (DE-588)4145624-5 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare |
| title_auth | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare |
| title_exact_search | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare |
| title_full | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare Anthony Rimmington |
| title_fullStr | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare Anthony Rimmington |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stalin's secret weapon the origins of Soviet biological warfare Anthony Rimmington |
| title_short | Stalin's secret weapon |
| title_sort | stalin s secret weapon the origins of soviet biological warfare |
| title_sub | the origins of Soviet biological warfare |
| topic | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 (DE-588)118642499 gnd Biologische Waffe (DE-588)4145624-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stalin, Josif Vissarionovič 1878-1953 Biologische Waffe Sowjetunion |
| url | https://www.recensio.net/r/59e83ed747fa48859a5785e5f36e1c0f http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029739805&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029739805&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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