Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New Haven ; London
Yale University Press
[2017]
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| Schriftenreihe: | The Yale-Hoover series on authoritarian regimes
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | xi, 308 Seiten 1 Karte |
| ISBN: | 9780300179415 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
A Note on Archives and Language xi
Map of Locations of Forced Labor Camps and Colonies during
the Stalin Years xii
Introduction: Exploiting “Human Raw Material” i
i. Food: “Whoever Does Not Work, Shall Not Eat” 19
z. Prisoners: “The Contingent” 44
3. Health: “Physical Labor Capability” 62.
4. Illness and Mortality: “Lost Labor Days” 85
5. Invalids: “Inferior Workforce” 109
6. Releases: “Unloading the Ballast” 133
7. Power: “We Are Not Doctors but Delousers” 160
8. Selection: “The More (and Less) Valuable Human Element” x
9. Exploitation: “Labor Utilization” 2,08
Epilogue: Deaths and Deceptions 232
Notes 2.49
Index 301
Index
Accidents, workplace, 106—107, 177—178,
192
Agricultural camps, 2,1, 51, 199; and colo-
nies, 12.7, 185, 189; sick prisoners in,
36, in, 114, 191, 193
Aktirovante. See medical discharge
Altai regional camps, 70, 74, 97, 170—171,
176, 242
Amnesty, 133, 157; postwar, 54, 77, 147,
155; prewar, 136; after Stalin’s death,
2.46—2.47; wartime, 113—114, 133,
136—141, 158. See also releases
Amputees, 70, 100
Arkhangelsk region, 40, 42, 95, 113, 176,
229
Arrests, 7, 2.4, 44-49, 56-60, 239, Z44
ASSR (Autonomous Soviet Socialist Repub-
lic). See republics by name
Autopsies, 89—90, Z40
Baltic states, 45—46, 68, nz, izz, 139, Z23
Bamlag camp, 63, 88, 99, 154, 185
Barracks: conditions, 81, 161, 167, 173,
186, zo6, 2275 harsh regime, 197; for
invalids, no; overcrowding, 92—93,
135; for political prisoners, 46; for
sick prisoners, 104, 130, 156; special
camps, 199; for Stakhanovites, 168,
206; technical, 229; for women, 172.
See also housing
Beria, Lavrenty, 4, 101, 196; on camp
reform, 134, 159, 222, 246; on health,
69, 75, 78, 176, 198; on invalid camps,
113—114; on labor, 50, 59—60; on ra-
tions, 22, 24 27? 37 42-՜43i i85; on
releases, 136—138, 142-148
Berman, M.D., 12, 116, 188; on doctors,
90, 99; on illness, 31—32, 99; on re-
leases, 135, 154-155.
Blindness, 68, 74, 81, 94, roi, 115—116,
136. See also illnesses
Bread, 23-24, 39. See also rations
Bribery, 15, 38, 129, 135, 210. See also
corruption
Brodsky, Joseph, 247
Bytoviki. See criminal offenders
Calories. See food
Camps: filtration, 2, 223; harsh-regime, 13,
197, 199, 202—203, 2-055 213; prisoner
of war, 2, 4- See also agricultural
camps; colonies; convalescent camps;
invalid camps; katorga; special camps;
transit camps
301
302 Index
Capital punishment, 197, 2.05
Chelyabinsk regional camps, 72., 12.0, 162-,
177, 180
Chernyshev, V.V., 2.7, 92, 137-138
Children, 2, 4, 45, 53-57» 171, 2*35; releases
of, 138-139, 144
Chita regional camps, 118, 166, 172
Chkalov regional camps, 105, 170, 179
Colonies, 32., 40, 161-162, 179, 237;
agricultural, 127, 185, 189; food in, 34,
177, 185; illness in, 6, 75-77» 83» H5,
1x9, 121, 123, 215, 2x8, 220; low pri-
ority of, 6, 87-88, 167-168, 184, 196,
211, 233; mortality in, 154, 186; pris-
oners in, 51-53, 56, 78, 171, 189-190;
releases from, 149—151; sick prisoners
in, 184, 189-194, 20i» 2-33» 2*44
Convalescent camps, 106, 121-132, 161,
204, 216; conditions in, 180, 201;
quotas, 126-128, 160; rations, 34-36,
123-124, 126, 218; recovery in, 51,
83-84, 125; secrecy, 126-127; work in,
121. See also invalid camps
Corrective-labor camps. See camps
Corrective-labor colonies. See colonies
Corruption, 38, 129. See also bribery
Council of Ministers, 20, 151, 199, 219,
246
Counterrevolutionary offenders, 4, 179,
222; camp population, 44-52, 199;
invalids, 114, 127, 191; isolation of, 3,
137, 183, 224, 245, 247; memoirists,
9, 45-46; releases, 137-152; and self-
mutilation, 101; sentences, 205; special
camps, 197; transfers, 156, 196; work,
210, 228. See also political offenders;
prisoners; Stalin, Joseph
Courts, 44, 49, 59-60, 143, 240; and
releases, 134, 138, 145-146, 156,
169; Supreme Court, 136, 145. See
also People’s Commissariat of Justice;
Procuracy
Criminalization of illness. See illnesses
Criminal offenders, 3-4, 12-13, 48-53, 100,
184; arrests, 56-57, 59-60; numbers
of, 48-49, X9I-X92; recidivists, 47-48,
*34, 137-140, 146, 196-197, 2'2‘3,
241, 245; releases, 114, 137-140, 149,
X52, 244-245; work, 46, 50, 60, 227.
See also rehabilitation and reeducation;
shirking; theft
Dalstroi camps, 50, 192, 197, 204—205,
212, 223
Deafness, 70, 136. See also illnesses
Death, 41, 62, 116, 136, 227, 229; anonym-
ity of, 96, 153, 243; camps, 1, 7, 116,
182; causes, 8, 93, 96, 153-155, 192,
240, 243; certificate, 95, 236-237, 240,
243; concealment, 108, 153, 236-240;
mass, 7, 107, 153; notification, 96;
quotas, 86; and releases, 153-158, 244;
responsibility for, 91, x54-155; sen-
tence, 197, 205, 227; statistics, 14, 86,
96, 150, 153-154, 157, 193, 243-244;
starving to, 25-26, 42, 148, 228; verge
of, 17, 91, 120, 158, 229; worked to,
5, 40, 56, 74—75, 103, 198, 208, 213,
229-230, 232, 234. See also deception;
illnesses; mortality; starvation
Deception, 15, 105-107, 135, 154, 238-
241. See also exploitation; invalids;
MVD; NKVD; special camps
Deportation, 2, 7, 9, n, 101, 194, 244
Digestive ailments. See illnesses:
gastrointestinal
Disabled prisoners. See invalids
Dmitlag camp, 100, 15 5-15 6, 197
Dobrynin, G.P., 12, 30, 78, 196, 199, 203,
220-221
Doctors, 26, 65, 85-97, 1x0, 134, 195-196;
dangers and risks, 72, 90-93, 99, 106,
160; jobs as, 63, 86, 89, 161, 198, 200,
227-228, 241; and labor therapy, 103;
limitations on, 33, 38, 72, 86, 152, 160,
233, 239-240; living conditions, 89,
92, 171; power, 174—178; and releases,
148, 169-170; role of, 9, 64, 67, 86,
99, 189, 194; and self-mutilation,
99-103; shortages of, 87-88, 107, 148,
164, 171-172, 206; training, 89-90,
97, 164, 172—173. See also hospitals;
medical treatment; surgery
Dokhodiagi. See goners
Dolgikh, I.I., 204-205, 226, 246
Dystrophy: food, 34, 36; and labor cat-
egory, 70-71; nutritional, 55, 104-107,
163, 192; and releases, 156; and
starvation, 94-95. See also illnesses;
malnutrition; starvation
Ekart, Antoni, 89, 92-93, 198, 228; on ar-
rests, 60; on doctors, 91; on food, 19,
Index 303
25, 42, 189, 106; on secrecy, 2.35-236;
on work, 9, 208, 227
Ethnic minorities, 4-5, 44-45, 53, 112, 2-2-9
Exile, 2,10,146,150, 155, 245-246
Exploitation: and camp medicine, 162-165;
and criminal offenders, 195; decep-
tion and secrecy, 208-209, ü 5-2*19;
destructive and lethal, 1, 5, 7-10,18,
no, 131,197-206; environmental, 59,
152; and illness, 16, 67, 80-81, 87, 91,
103-104, 225-226; intensification of,
219-221; labor, 1-5, 10-14, 2-7» 44? 94?
182, 209-215; physical, 62-63, 75֊84,
183-184,196, 206-207; and releases,
136,152,154,158-159; resistance to,
209, 222-224; and self-mutilation, 86,
100; of weak prisoners, 116-122,130;
of women, 54; and survival, 227-230.
See also labor utilization
Famine, 6, n, 14, 52, 99,152-153, 239
Firin, S.G., 117
Food, 32, 34, 40, 102, 169-171, 199;
calories, 41-43; cauldrons, 25,39, 42,
92; to children, 54; cost, 133, 139,
142, 219; distribution and inequality,
3, 6, 10, 20-22, 29-30? 33-34? 48,
55, 89,100, 125, 127,184-189, 206;
insufficiency, 26, 42-43, 93-94, 113,
123, 142, 153, 156,170-171; limits
on, 27-30, 34; locally acquired, 13, 24,
z9, 3i? 35? 39-41? 43, 119, 169; pack-
ages and parcels, 13, 40, 43, 198; as
punishment, 10,19-20, 24-25, 36-37,
43, 59, 100? 12.2.-123? 233? quality,
2-3? 33? 38-39? 87,115,166, 168, 2x3;
responsibility for, 13, 20, 35, 219-221;
sanitation and spoilage, 39, 161;
shortages, 6,10, 20-22, 38-39, 58, 93,
124, 135, 152, 164, 177, 224; and sick
prisoners, 31-36,104, 215; supply, 13,
20-22, 24, 26, 37-38, 79? 81,113,129?
169,177, 187; theft, 8, 38-39, 230;
variety, 22-23, 29, 32, 38, 43; wartime,
24-28, 33? 39-40? 42? 139-140; for
work, 104-105, 121, 130, 221; as
work incentive, 10,19, 25, 30, 54,
120,136, 206. See also agricultural
camps; illnesses; malnutrition; rations;
starvation
Frostbite. See illnesses
Gilboa, Yehoshua, 17,41, 57, 83-84
Ginzburg, Eugenia, 55-56, 86, 91,158,
228, 241
Glavki. See main administrations
Goners (dokhodiagi), 16,109,131,151,
157, 215, 217-218, 234
Gorky, Maxim, 17, 236
Great Terror, 20, 36, 44-49, 56-57, 88, 117,
153, 228
Guards, 16, 118,120, 197; abuse of prison-
ers, 8, 48, 224; costs of, 133,142, 222;
living conditions, 166,188, 223-224;
shortages, 35, 78,119, 223
Health. See doctors; hospitals; illnesses;
invalids
Herling, Gustaw, 66, 86, 210, 229, 243
Hitler, Adolf, 84, 214. See also Nazi
Germany
Hospitals, 9, 86-88,105-107,120-122,
148, 161-164,182; deaths, 97,154-
156,198; food, 31-36, 103-104,121,
163, 189, 209, 218; hospitalization, 91,
98, 105-106, 160,163,174-176, 181,
184, 187,192; illness, 76, 85-86, 91,
94, 97-98, 156; and invalids, 69, 103,
iio-iii, 117, 121-122,142, 146,
195, 216; jobs in, 87, 90, 92, 228; over-
crowding, 103,129,180, 217; quality,
87, 89, 92, 100,173, 206; quotas, 184,
233; recordkeeping, 242; recovery, 51,
55, 83, 168; shortages, 87-88, 107,
164,167,169, 171-173; and weakened
prisoners, 72, 74,195, 2x6-217, 2-34·
See also doctors; illnesses; medical
research; medicine; rations; shortages;
surgery
Housing, 93,140, 142, 161, 206, 213,
224; for doctors, 171; shortages, 126,
153,167, 169, 223. See also barracks;
shortages
Illnesses: anemia, 40, 67-68, 71, 187;
arthritis, 187; asthma, 67, 70, 80, 187;
Basedow disease, 71; beriberi, 94;
bronchitis, 80; cancer, 67, 70, 81, 94;
criminalization of, 99-103; dementia,
95, 136; diabetes, 187; diarrhea, 22,
32, 94-96,147; dysentery, 54, 91,
93; emphysema, 67, 70-71, 80,187;
epilepsy, 71,101, 187; flu, 107, 192;
304 Index
Illnesses (continued)
frostbite, 94, too; gastrointestinal, 91,
94» 97» 101, 106-107, 187,192, 239;
glaucoma, 187; gonorrhea, 67; heart
disease, 67, 70-71, 94, 189; hernias,
34, 36, 73, 81, 136; inflammation, 81,
94; influenza, 80, 92; kidney disease,
101, 187; List of, 66-75, 79-82, 135,
150, 199, 213, 235; malaria, 97,107,
172, 192; mental, 134,138, 145;
neurodegenerative, 80; pneumonia,
54, 80, 92, 94, 97, 107, 192; senil-
ity, 70, 81, 187; schizophrenia, 70;
scurvy, 22, 31-33,93-96, 104,158,
177, 215, 229; silicosis, 80-81; skin,
94-95,106-107, 149, 156,168,187,
239; syphilis, 99; typhus, 27, 92-94,
97, 149, 194; ulcers, 187, 215. See also
blindness; deafness; dystrophy; hospi-
tals; malnutrition; medical treatment;
pellagra; starvation; surgery; tuberculo-
sis; vitamin deficiency
Invalid camps, 110-116, 190-192; condi-
tions, 115-116; costs, 112-115, 200,
206, 217, 237; isolation of prisoners,
110-111, 129,132, 144; numbers
of prisoners, in-112,114; quotas,
in; work in, no-111, 114,122. See
also agricultural camps; convalescent
camps; invalids; transit camps
Invalids, 14, 53, 66, 115-116,188, 246;
certification, 69, 73, 135, 148,169;
concealment, 149-150, 209, 212; costs,
in-112; isolation and separation,
no-112, 132, 193; jobs for, 25, 30-31,
68,117, 226-227; labor category, 16,
67-74, 79-81, 109; laws and direc-
tives on, 98, 117, 128, 136, 139; living
conditions, 115-116,148; and mortal-
ity, no, 115-116, 142, 157, 243;
not-working, 25, 29-30, 69, 123, 201,
216-217, numbers of, 69, 75-77,
83, in-112, 126, 135-138, 143, 146,
191-192, 204-205, 212, 217-218; “off
the labor rolls,” 141,155, 215-218;
production norms, 10, 25, 123, 220,
226; quotas, 120, 160; rations, 25-26,
123; releases, 54, 67, 74, 80, 99-100,
133-146,151,157; special camps,
200-205; wages and salaries, 220;
wartime, 112-114, 138-140; as work
refusers, 220, 226. See also illnesses;
invalid camps
Irkutsk regional camps, 89, 116
Juvenile offenders, 52-53, 76, 137-138,
143, 179. See also children; criminal
offenders; prisoners; theft
Karelia republic camps, 112
Karlag camp, 92, 112-113, 198-199,
201-203, 218, 221
Katorga, 13,197-200, 205, 207. See also
camps: harsh-regime
Kazakh republic camps, 112, 162, 169-172,
188, 203, 242
Kengir uprising, 204
Khabarovsk regional camps, 83,131, 192,
196
Kogan, L.I., 66
Kolyma: illnesses in, 119-120, 134, 158;
secrecy, 236-237; special camps, 199,
203-204; women, 57; work, 198, 208,
241. See also Magadan
Komi republic camps, 95, 158,199, 204
Krasnoiarsk regional camps, 34,125,163,
167, 180
Kruglov, S.N.: on invalids, 113, 117; on
labor, 19,193, 196, 203-204, 222-224,
226; on health, 78-82, 127-128, 193,
220
Kulaks, 2, 9, 11, 45, 49-50» 56, 58, 67, 139,
158, 236, 244
Labor. See exploitation; labor utilization;
work refusers
Labor productivity, 1, 12, 19, 21, 31, 204;
declining, 224-225, 230; and food,
27, 36; incentives, 3, 8, 132, 143-144»
210, 219; and mechanization, 59; and
releases, 133, 144; and self-mutilation,
102; Stalin on, 210; and weakened
prisoners, 123,131-132, 221. See also
exploitation; labor utilization
Labor therapy, 86, 103-105, 121, 128. See
also illnesses; medical treatment
Labor utilization, 12, 62, 108,194, 227,
232-233; declining and poor, 82,
169-170, 205, 224-225, 230; efforts
to improve, 75, 78-80, 175, 221, 226,
238; rates of, 155, 163,165, 208-218,
238-239; weakened prisoners, 71, 80,
Index 305
104, 116-121, 128. See also exploita-
tion ; labor productivity
Lenin, V.I., 10, 19, 45, 241
Lice, 63, r6i, 168-169, 178, 224
List of Illnesses. See illnesses
Loidin, D.M., 107, 148,161-167,179,
i8i-r82; on doctors, 171-173; on
food, 33-34,163; on health, 69,
72-75,124-125; on illnesses, 96-98;
on keeping records, 242; on labor, 165,
213-214; on mortality, 163
Magadan, 186, 204, 241. See also Kolyma
Main administrations (Glavki), 35, 88,106,
114,189-193, 212
Malaria. See illnesses
Malingering and malingerers, 37, 61, 87,
99,101-103,106, 122, 145. See also
self-mutilation; shirking; work refusers
Malnutrition, 32, 68, 70-73, 94-95, 224,
229, 239. See also dystrophy; illnesses;
pellagra; starvation, vitamin deficiency
Medical discharge (aktirovanie): ban on,
136,157; concealment and secrecy,
148-152, 216; and health officials,
148,169-170; and illnesses, 133,136;
and mortality, 14, 13 4-136, 156; post-
war, 80; and prisoner petitions, 151;
rates of, 151-15 2; wartime, 138-139,
14 3-144, 156,158,169. See also ill-
nesses: List of; invalids; releases
Medical examinations, 63-66, 72, 80-82,
90, 95 99 111, 135,186. See also doc-
tors; exploitation
Medical-labor commission, 33, 35, 64, 91,
99, 128
Medical research, 89,93,104,173-174, 241
Medical-sanitation department, 5, 9, 92,
229; complaints by, 125,129-130,
166-171,196; on deaths, 153-154,
156, 163,170; on food, 28, 33-35,
38, 40-41; on health, 51, 63, 64, 67,
69-74, 82,115; on illnesses, 96-98,
103-107,120, 149,170, 186; on
labor utilization, 117-118, 121-124,
155,191, 213-214, 225; mentality,
178-181; powerlessness, 164,166,
174-178; recordkeeping, 163, 239-
242; on releases, 148,155; responsi-
bilities of, 85, 88,117,160-165; on
self-mutilation, 102-103; on shortages,
171-174. See also doctors; hospitals;
Loidin, D.M.
Medical treatment, 70, 80, 87, 90, 94,
103-105, 115, 128,173, 188, 242. See
also doctors; hospitals; labor therapy;
surgery
Medicine, 90, 97-98,107,169, 173, 206.
See also shortages
Memoirs, 5, 8, 13, 15-17» 189» 2*37j Mh
243; authors, 9, 46, 49; on deaths,
153; on doctors, 86,174; on food,
22-23, 25; on illness, 94,176; on
medical examinations, 64—65; on
prisoners, 45-48; on releases, 157; on
self-mutilation, 100; on transport, 183,
195; on work, 120, 208, 227-230. See
also Ekart, Antoni; Gilboa, Yehoshua;
Ginzburg, Eugenia; Herling, Gustaw;
Razgon, Lev; Rossi, Jacques; Shalamov,
Varlam; Solzhenitsyn, Alexander
Ministry of Internal Affairs. See MVD
Molotov, V.M., 21, 37,115-116,142
Molotov regional camps, 40-41, 97, 115,
130, 155-156» 167-168,172-173,179
Mortality, 16, 73-75» 81,154,163,178,
232, 243-244; and camp conditions,
170-171,177; concealment, 105-106,
133» i5* i54-i55 158, 215-2-18,
239; and health, 82, 91-92, 94, 98,
117,170-171; high-priority camps,
186, 206; historians on, 1, 7-8, 157;
low-priority camps, 193; official Gulag
rates, 14-15» 140, 153-154,161,164,
190, 218; pressure to reduce, 163,165,
181-182; quotas, 9, 87,120, 153-154,
160, 163, 165, 238; and releases,
152-158, 234; special camps, 201-203;
wartime, 25, 92,113, 139-142, 166,
186. See also death; starvation
MVD, 2, 115, 222; arrests, 52; on camp
reform, 245-246; on camp unrest, 222-
223; on deaths, 155; economic role,
12-13, 2-2-4; on exploitation, 211-213,
216, 226, 238; on food, 20, 28-31,
35-38; on prisoners’ health, 76-82,
193, 212, 240; on reeducation, 12, 19;
on releases, 151; on secrecy, 236-238;
special camps, 198-203; on wages, 31,
219-222; on weakened prisoners, 54,
126-129, 218. See also camps; colo-
nies; NKVD; OGPU; security police
306 Index
Nasedkin, V.G., 185, 212-213, 219, 238;
on deaths, 240; on food, 23, 28, 40; on
health, 69, 75; on invalids, 112-113,
123, 126-127; on releases, 137-138,
146-149
Nationality. See ethnic minorities
Nazi Germany, 8-9, 24, 46, 84,122,182,
237-238; collaborators and POWs,
116, 214; death camps, 8, 182,
237-238; invasion of USSR, 24, 68,
112-113, 134, 137-141,158,185;
medical killing, 9, 173.
NKVD, 2, 198, 229, 234; on camp condi-
tions, 98, 167, 175, 182; on doctors,
88, 92-93; on exploitation, 4, 211,
214; on food, 20-28, 32-33, 35-37?
42,185; on health, 68-69, 161-162,
193; on medical research, 173-174;
production plans, 58-59,196; on
releases, 134-146, 148, 157-158,
171, 221-222; on secrecy, 78, 235;
on weakened prisoners, 112-114,
117-118, 124, 126, 186,190. See also
Beria, Lavrenty; MVD; OGPU; security
police
Norilsk camp (Norillag): doctors, 33, 89;
health, 30, 62; high-priority, 6, 126,
185-187, 212; invalids, 116; katorga,
198, 202; labor utilization, 62, 215;
prisoners, 220, 229; rations, 30, 33;
special camps, 199, 203, 205
Novosibirsk regional camps, 41, 72, 118,
168-169, 171-173, 176
OGPU, 2, 21, 39, 58, 68, 99. See also MVD;
NKVD; security police
Pechora (Pechorlag), 33, 69, 89, 106,126,
185, 198, 225
Pellagra, 42, 55, 76, 91, 101, 177; and
concealment, 68, 105-107, 239; and
rations, 22, 32-33, 37; and starva-
tion, 93-96,119-120, 233; and labor
utilization, 70, 229
Penalty isolator, 30, 37, 39, 99, 103-104,
189,197, 226. See also punishment
cells
People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs.
See NKVD
People’s Commissariat of Justice, 37, 113,
134, 138, 141-146, 158, 194, 234,
245-246
Perekovka. See rehabilitation and
reeducation
Pliner, I.I., 88, hi, 117,135, 184, 194
Pneumonia. See illnesses
Poland, 24, 68,112,121-122, 176, 198, 228
Police. See security police
Political offenders, 9,191-192, 241; ar-
rests, 52, 58, 122, 244; banditism, 48,
137-142; isolation, 12, 45, 142, 221,
245, 247; releases, 114, 134, 139-140,
144-148,155-156; sentences, 13, 89,
207; special camps, 199—203; traitors,
46-47, 54-56, 127, 137, 145, 196-
197; women, 56; work, 90, 209-210,
227-228. See also counterrevolutionary
offenders
POW camps. See camps
POWs. See prisoners
Primorsky regional camps, 125, 172, 176,
196, 212, 225
Prisoners: de-convoyed and de-zoned,
119; dehumanization, 3, 5, 16-18, 62,
64-66, 178-181; family members, 45,
56, 137, 145,156-157, 236-237, 240,
247; identity, 5,179, 196; inform-
ers, 15, 223; letters, 4, 95? 198, 2.23,
236; living conditions, 82-83, 89-90,
136-137,165-166,175-176, 179-182,
210, 237-238; number of, 13, 15, 20,
52-53, 60-61, 75, 186, 202-203, z46;
of war (POWs), 2, 4, 46, 116, 133, 214,
222, 224. See also criminal offenders;
political offenders; rehabilitation and
reeducation; survival
Prisons, 2, 87, 184; camp, 37, 104; medical
staff, 88; mortality, 153; prisoners
from, 63, 93, 127, 129, 166, 169, 171,
177, 189,194; releases, 140, 171,
177, 196; secrecy, 235-236; status,
175-176; transfers and transit, 156,
196, 217-218; weakened prisoners in,
113,176-177. See also transit camps
Procuracy, 54, 113,134, 138-146, 156,
158, 194, 245
Punishment cells, 10, 103, 123, 211, 224.
See also penalty isolator
Rations, 3, 20-21, 78, 81,145; anti-scurvy,
22, 31-33; calories, 41-43? x47; con-
tents, 22-23; differentiation, 10, 20-24,
185, 206; insufficiency, 20, 22, 41-42,
93, 163, 169, 188, 200, 239; invalid,
Index 307
IO, 22, 31-36, 102-104,115, 122-123,
126; and labor productivity, 21-22,
43, 54» io3 il7-12-c» 209-210, 215;
pellagra, 22; postwar, 13, 28-31, 150;
prewar, 21-24; and punishment, 3, 36-
37, 59,117,154, 226, 232, 234-235;
shortages, 22, 38, 40; starvation, 10,
42-43, 83, 104, 148,189, 234, 239;
theft, 38-39; wartime, 24-28. See also
food; illnesses; starvation
Razgon, Lev, 26, 50, 228
Recovery camps. See convalescent camps
Red Army, 27, 36, 46, 223; conscriptions,
139- 140,146, 149, 158; invasion of
Poland, 24, 68, 122
Rehabilitation and reeducation {perekovka),
3,11-12,19, 2.0, 87,133, 236-237
Releases: ban on, 136-140,144-145,158,
222; exceptions to, 114,134, 139-144,
147- 148, 152, 158; and health offi-
cials, 169-170; and incentives, 20, 133,
144,152; of invalids, 54, 67, 74, 77,
99- 100, 104, 135, 139-151, 169, 243;
and mortality, 1,14, 81, 133, 140-141,
148- 158, 234, 243-244; rates of, 15,
I35 I49~I52 concealment and se-
crecy, 15, 148-152; and self-mutilation,
135,145; after Stalin’s death, 244-247;
wartime, 139-149, 158-159, 221, 234,
236; of weakened prisoners, 15,138,
140- 141, 143-146, 176,183, 229; of
women, 54-56,134,142-144; work,
100- 101,128. See also amnesty; medi-
cal discharge
Rossi, Jacques, 23, 55, 99, 206
Science. See medical research
Scurvy. See illnesses
Secrecy. See deception; exploitation; MVD;
NKVD; special camps
Security police (OGPU-NKVD-MVD), 3,
6» 44, 133» *35» and deaths, 9,
98,154, 170; economy, 12-13, 43» 58;
food, 20, 23, 39; on health, 78, 85,
103,109,170, 214; recordkeeping,
154; labor utilization, 183-184, 208.
See also arrests; MVD; NKVD; OGPU
Self-mutilation, 99-103,135, 145-146,163.
See also malingering and malingerers;
shirking; work refusers
Sentences, 59-60,142-144, 201; additional,
91, 99; completion, 137,140, 144-145,
150-152; length, 13, 15, 46, 50-52,
54, 89, 150, 205-207; and identity, 47,
77, 179» i96» 210; reduced, 210; and
releases, 137-139,149-152. See also
prisoners
Settlements, 2-3, 45, 67,184, 245; invalids,
no, 132, 202, 206, 244; releases to,
146, 150; settlers, 9,101,188
Shalamov, Varlam, 47-48, 86,120, 228; on
death, 208, 227, 230, 244; on doctors,
86,174; on illness, 85, 94, no, 176;
on rations, 25-26, 41; on survival,
41-42,168; on work, 5, 50, 61-62, 67,
71,108, 119-120, 209
Shirking, 49, 57,105, 139. See also criminal
offenders; work refusers
Shortages: armed guards, 78,119, 223-224;
clothing, 58,167; doctors, 13, 86-89,
107,164,171-172,178, 206; food,
6, 8, 21-22, 32-33, 37-40, 58,152,
177, 186, 188, 224; housing, 223;
labor, 58-60, 143, 222, 244; medicine,
97-98, 107, 169, 173; paper, 241-242.
See also food; guards; housing; rations
Siblag camp, 39, 69, in, 115, 130,197,
202, 213, 218
Simulation. See malingering and malingerers
Skin ailments, 65, 94-95, 101, 106-107,
149,168,187, 239. See also illnesses
Solovetsky camps (SLON), 97,197
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 2, 228, 241; on
arrests, 52, 60; on criminals, 48; on
death, 157-158,198, 201, 228; on
doctors, 72, 86,92, 103, 1*8,174-175,
178; on food, 19, 40; on “goners,”
107, 116,132, 146-147, 151, 201; on
Gulag, 7,17, 75, 190,198, 211, 232,
235; on medical examinations, 65-66;
on political offenders, 47-48; on self-
mutilation, 100; on sentences, 205; on
women, 55-57; on work, 4, 227-229
Special camps, 2, 13-14, 18, 46-47, no,
126-127, 153,198-205
SSR (Soviet Socialist Republic). See repub-
lics by name
Stakhanovites, 22, 25, 54, 168, 206, 210
Stalin, Joseph, 4, 10,181, 229; collectiviza-
tion, 11, 45, 49; criminal justice, 48-
52, 57-60, 68, 205; death of, 12-13,
31, 83, 204, 231; Gulag economy, 1, 3,
6-7, 11-13, 21, 24, 58, 84, 210; Gulag
policy, 10, 64,113-114, 133, 197;
308 Index
Stalin, Joseph (continued)
memos to, zi, Z7, 37, 78, 116, 140;
and arrests, 45-47, 52, 57-58, 68, ιοί;
and releases, 136, 140-147, 150; and
war, 40, 140-147, Z14
Starvation: concealment of, 42, 86,
105-108, 149,152-153, 173-174,
237-239; death from, 26, 95-96,
240; disease, 37, 68, 76, 94, 106, 120,
173, 233, 239; experience of, 26, 57,
94-96, 107; as punishment, 10, 189,
210, 233-234, 239-240; systemic,
5, 10, 20, 24, 32, 36, 42-43, 93-98,
228, 232. See also dystrophy; illnesses;
malnutrition; pellagra; rations; vitamin
deficiency
Surgery, 69, 89. See also medical treatment
Survival, 9,15, 41, 50, 89, 92, 227-230. See
also prisoners
Taishet camp (Taishetlag), 116, 180
Theft: of food, 8, 20, 37-39; decrees
against, 49, 51-53. 56, 58, 60,101,
205, 245; sentences for, 44, 50-53,
56-57, 150, 161, 199, 245-246. See
also criminal offenders
Tomsk regional camps, 36, 54, 156
Transit camps, 25, 170, 194, 222, 228;
health in, 66,127, 168-170, 192,
217-218. See also invalid camps
Tuberculosis, 93-97, 116, 176, 179, 196,
217; and deaths, 54, 156, 240; and
food, 33, 34, 36; and labor capability,
67-68, 70, 74, 80,130; and Norilsk,
187-188; rates of, 106-107,191-193;
treatment, 164. See also illnesses
Turkmen republic camps, 38, 165-166, 167,
170, 172, 242
Typhus. See illnesses
Ukazniki. See criminal offenders
Ukraine and Ukrainians, 6, 45-46, 51, 53
Ust-Usa camp, 223
Vitamin deficiency, 73, 86, 93-96, 195, 233;
and mortality, 154; and rations, 34,
36, 38, 42, 163, 171, 187; statistics,
106-107, 239
Vitamin supplements, 120, 187
Voinovich, Vladimir, 14
Vorkuta (Vorkutlag), 30, 33, 95,126,
185-186,198, 200-205, 2*09-210
Vysotsky, Vladimir, 134
Wages, 31, 219-222. See exploitation; labor
utilization
White Sea-Baltic Sea camp (Belbaltlag), 17,
36, 58, 66, 117, 186, 202, 236
Women, 2, 4, 53-57. 192·; arrests, 47;
breastfeeding, 24, 55; criminal of-
fenders, 52, 56-57; illness, 42, 172;
pregnancy, 54-56, 139; releases, 54,
134, 137-139, 142-144; in special
camps, 203; as undesirables, 45. 53.
195; work, 36, 54-55. ii9. 198, 201
Work. See exploitation; labor utilization;
workday credits; work refusers
Workday credits, 136, 144, 210, 219. See
exploitation; labor utilization
Work refusers, 10, 17, 37, 103, 220-222,
225-226, 230. See malingering and
malingerers; self-mutilation; shirking
World War II, 4, 76,161, 182, 214; rations,
21, 24-28; releases, 140-149, 158-159,
starvation, 239
Yagoda, G.G., 21, 36, 40, 43, 90, 116, 188
Yakut republic camps, 97, 166, 173-174,
181 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Alexopoulos, Golfo |
| author_facet | Alexopoulos, Golfo |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Alexopoulos, Golfo |
| author_variant | g a ga |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044285864 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)982981828 (DE-599)HBZHT019237907 |
| era | Geschichte 1930-1953 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1930-1953 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV044285864 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-14T00:54:14Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780300179415 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029690123 |
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| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-29 |
| physical | xi, 308 Seiten 1 Karte |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publishDateSearch | 2017 |
| publishDateSort | 2017 |
| publisher | Yale University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | The Yale-Hoover series on authoritarian regimes |
| spelling | Alexopoulos, Golfo Verfasser aut Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag Golfo Alexopoulos New Haven ; London Yale University Press [2017] © 2017 xi, 308 Seiten 1 Karte txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier The Yale-Hoover series on authoritarian regimes Geschichte 1930-1953 gnd rswk-swf Ausbeutung (DE-588)4003677-7 gnd rswk-swf Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd rswk-swf Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd rswk-swf Unmenschlichkeit (DE-588)4186937-0 gnd rswk-swf Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Forced labor Soviet Union Politics and government Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 s Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 s Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 s Unmenschlichkeit (DE-588)4186937-0 s Ausbeutung (DE-588)4003677-7 s Geschichte 1930-1953 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029690123&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029690123&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | Alexopoulos, Golfo Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag Ausbeutung (DE-588)4003677-7 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Unmenschlichkeit (DE-588)4186937-0 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4003677-7 (DE-588)4032844-2 (DE-588)4038270-9 (DE-588)4186937-0 (DE-588)4002716-8 (DE-588)4077548-3 |
| title | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag |
| title_auth | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag |
| title_exact_search | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag |
| title_full | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag Golfo Alexopoulos |
| title_fullStr | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag Golfo Alexopoulos |
| title_full_unstemmed | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag Golfo Alexopoulos |
| title_short | Illness and inhumanity in Stalin's gulag |
| title_sort | illness and inhumanity in stalin s gulag |
| topic | Ausbeutung (DE-588)4003677-7 gnd Krankheit (DE-588)4032844-2 gnd Medizinische Versorgung (DE-588)4038270-9 gnd Unmenschlichkeit (DE-588)4186937-0 gnd Arbeitslager (DE-588)4002716-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ausbeutung Krankheit Medizinische Versorgung Unmenschlichkeit Arbeitslager Sowjetunion |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029690123&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029690123&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alexopoulosgolfo illnessandinhumanityinstalinsgulag |