Ecology:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers
[2018]
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| Ausgabe: | Fourth edition, International fourth edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index. "This version of the text has been adapted and customized. Not for sale in the U.S.A. or Canada"--Cover |
| Beschreibung: | XXV, 594, AN-37, G-14, C-4, LC-27, I-35 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781605357973 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Bowman, William D. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1051328241 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ecology |c William D. Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University) |
| 250 | |a Fourth edition, International fourth edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. |b Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers |c [2018] | |
| 264 | 4 | |c © 2018 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 594, AN-37, G-14, C-4, LC-27, I-35 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index. | ||
| 500 | |a "This version of the text has been adapted and customized. Not for sale in the U.S.A. or Canada"--Cover | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
CHAPTER 1 ■ TheWebofLife 2
Deformity and Decline in Amphibian Populations:
A Case Study 2
Introduction 3
CONCEPT 1.1 Events in the natural world are
interconnected. 3
Connections in Nature 3
CONCEPT 1.2 Ecology is the scientific study of
interactions between organisms and their
environment. 8
What Is Ecology? 8
CONCEPT 1.3 Ecologists evaluate competing hypotheses
about natural systems with observations, experiments,
and models. 13
Answering Ecological Questions 13
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Approaches Used To Study Global Warming 14
I ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 1.1
Designing Ecological Experiments 15
i ANALYZING DATA 1.1
Are Introduced Predators a Cause of Amphibian
Decline? 17
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Deformity and Decline in
Amphibian Populations 18
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Mission Impossible? 18
Unitl
Organisms and Their Environment 21
CHAPTER 2 ■ The Physical Environment 22
Climate Variation and Salmon Abundance:
A Case Study 22
Introduction 23
CONCEPT 2.1 Climate is the most fundamental
component of the physical environment. 23
Climate 23
CONCEPT 2.2 Winds and ocean currents result
from differences in solar radiation across Earth s
surface. 26
Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation 26
CONCEPT 2.3 Large-scale atmospheric and oceanic
circulation patterns establish global patterns of
temperature and precipitation. 31
Global Climate Patterns 31
CONCEPT 2.4 Regional climates reflect the
influence of oceans and continents, mountains, and
vegetation. 34
Regional Climate Influences 34
* ANALYZING DATA 2.1
How Do Changes in Vegetation Cover Influence
Climate? 37
CONCEPT 2.5 Seasonal and long-term climate variation
are associated with changes in Earth s position relative
to the sun. 38
Climate Variation over Time 38
CONCEPT 2.6 Salinity, acidity, and oxygen
concentrations are major determinants of the chemical
environment. 44
The Chemical Environment 44
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Climate Variation and Salmon
Abundance 46
CONNECTIONS ÍN NATURE
Climate Variation and Ecology 47
CHAPTER 3 ■ The Biosphere 50
The American Serengeti—Twelve Centuries of
Change in the Great Plains: A Case Study 50
Introduction 51
CONCEPT 3.1 Terrestrial biomes are characterized by the
growth forms of the dominant vegetation, 51
Terrestrial Biomes 51
I ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 3.1
Climate Diagrams 54
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Tropical Forests and Greenhouse Gases 57
1 ANALYZING DATA 3.1
How Will Climate Change Affect the Grasslands
Biome? 62
CONCEPT 3.2 Biological zones in freshwater ecosystems
are associated with the velocity, depth, temperature,
clarity, and chemistry of the water. 71
Freshwater Biological Zones 71
CONCEPT 3.3 Marine biological zones are determined by
ocean depth, light availability, and the stability of the
bottom substrate. 73
Marine Biological Zones 73
A CASE STUDY REVISITED The American Serengeti-
Twelve Centuries of Change in the Great Plains 79
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Long-Term Ecological Research 80
CHAPTER 4 ■ Coping with Environmental
Variation: Temperature and Water 84
Frozen Frogs: A Case Study 84
Introduction 85
CONCEPT 4.1 Each species has a range of environmental
tolerances that determines its potential geographic
distribution. 85
Responses to Environmental Variation 85
CONCEPT 4.2 The temperature of an organism is
determined by exchanges of energy with the external
environment. 88
Variation in Temperature 88
1 ANALYZING DATA 4.1
How Does Fur Thickness Influence Metabolic Activity in
Endotherms? 97
CONCEPT 4.3 The water balance of an organism is
determined by exchanges of water and solutes with the
external environment. 98
Variation in Water Availability 98
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Frozen Frogs 105
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Desiccation Tolerance, Body Size, and Rarity 106
CHAPTER 5 ■ Coping with Environmental
Variation: Energy 109
Toolmaking Crows: A Case Study 109
Introduction 110
CONCEPT 5.1 Organisms obtain energy from sunlight,
from inorganic chemical compounds, or through the
consumption of organic compounds. 110
Sources of Energy 110
CONCEPT 5.2 Radiant and chemical energy captured by
autotrophs is converted into stored energy in carbon֊
carbon bonds. 112
Autotrophy 112
i ANALYZING DATA 5.1
How Does Acclimatization Affect Plant Energy
Balance? 116
CONCEPT 5.3 Environmental constraints have resulted
in the evolution of biochemical pathways that improve
the efficiency of photosynthesis. 117
Photosynthetic Pathways 117
CONCEPT 5.4 Heterotrophs have adaptations for
acquiring and assimilating energy efficiently from a
variety of organic sources. 123
Heterotrophy 123
» ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 5.1
Stable Isotopes 124
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Toolmaking Crows 129
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Tool Use: Adaptation or Learned Behavior? 130
Unit 2
Evolutionary Ecology 135
CHAPTER 6 ■ Evolution and Ecology 136
Trophy Hunting and Inadvertent Evolution:
ACase Study 136 ։
Introduction 137
CONCEPT 6.1 Evolution can be viewed as genetic
change over time or as a process of descent with
modification. 137
What Is Evolution? 137
CONCEPT 6.2 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene
flow can cause allele frequencies in a population to
change over time. 140
Mechanisms of Evolution 140
CONCEPT 6.3 Natural selection is the only evolutionary
mechanism that consistently causes adaptive
evolution. 144
Adaptive Evolution 144
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
1 Evolutionary Responses to Climate Change 146
CONCEPT 6.4 Long -term patterns of evolution are
shaped by large-scale processes such as spéciation,
mass extinction, and adaptive radiation. 148
The Evolutionary History of Life 148
CONCEPT 6.5 Ecological interactions and evolution exert
a profound influence on one another. 153
Joint Effects of Ecology and Evolution 153
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Trophy Hunting and
Inadvertent Evolution 155
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
The Human Impact on Evolution 156
i ANALYZING DATA 6.1
Does Predation by Birds Cause Evolution in Moth
Populations? 157
CHAPTER 7 ■ Life History 160
Nemo Grows Up: A Case Study 160
Introduction 161
CONCEPT 7.1 Life history patterns vary within and
among species. 161
Life History Diversity 161
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Climate Change and the Timing of Seasonal
Activities 164
CONCEPT 7.2 Reproductive patterns can be classified
along several continua. 169
Life History Continua 169
CONCEPT 7.3 There are trade-offs between life history
traits. 172
Trade-Offs 172
CONCEPT 7.4 Organisms face different selection
pressures at different life cycle stages. 175
Life Cycle Evolution 175
1 ANALYZING DATA 7.1
Is There a Trade-Off between Current and Delayed
Reproduction in the Collared Flycatcher? 175
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Nemo Grows Up 178
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Territoriality, Competition, and Life History 179
CHAPTER 8 ■ Behavioral Ecology 182
Baby Killers: A Case Study 182
Introduction 183
CONCEPT 8.1 An evolutionary approach to the study of
behavior leads to testable predictions. 183
An Evolutionary Approach to Behavior 183
CONCEPT 8.2 Animals make behavioral choices that
enhance their energy gain and reduce their risk of
becoming prey. 186
Foraging Behavior 186
CONCEPT 8.3 Mating behaviors reflect the costs
and benefits of parental investment and mate
defense. 191
Mating Behavior 191
CONCEPT 8.4 There are advantages and disadvantages to
living in groups. 196
Living in Groups 196
1 ANALYZING DATA 8.1
Does the Dilution Effect Protect Individual Ocean
Skaters from Fish Predators? 197
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Baby Killers 199
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Behavioral Responses to Predators Have Broad
Ecological Effects 200
Unit 3
Populations 203
CHAPTER 9 ■ Population Distribution and
Abundance 204
From Kelp Forest to Urchin Barren:
A Case Study 204
Introduction 205
CONCEPT 9,1 Populations are dynamic entities that vary
in size over time and space. 205
Populations 205
CONCEPT 9,2 The distributions and abundances of
organisms are limited by habitat suitability, historical
factors, and dispersal. 209
Distribution and Abundance 209
« ANALYZING DATA 9.1
Have Introduced Grasses Altered the Occurrence of
Fires in Hawaiian Dry Forests? 211
CONCEPT 9.3 Many species have a patchy distribution of
populations across their geographic range. 213
Geographic Range 213
CONCEPT 9.4 The dispersion of individuals within
a population depends on the location of essential
resources, competition, dispersal, and behavioral
interactions. 215
Dispersion within Populations 215
CONCEPT 9.5 Population abundances and
distributions can be estimated with area-based counts,
distance methods, mark-recapture studies, and niche
models. 216
Estimating Abundances and Distributions 216
§ ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 9.1
Estimating Abundance 218
A CASE STUDY REVISITED From Kelp Forest to Urchin
Barren 221
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
From Urchins to Ecosystems 222
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Effects of Climate Change on the Geographic
Distributions of Species 223
CHAPTER 10 ■ Population Growth and
Regulation 226
Human Population Growth: A Case Study 226
Introduction 227
CONCEPT 10.1 Life tables show how survival and
reproductive rates vary with age, size, or life cycle
stage. 228
Life Tables 228
CONCEPT 10.2 Life table data can be used to project
the future age structure, size, and growth rate of a
population. 231
Age Structure 231
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Effects of Climate Change on Tree Mortality
Rates 234
a ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 10.1
Estimating Population Growth Rates in a Threatened
Species 235
CONCEPT 10.3 Populations can grow exponentially
when conditions are favorable, but exponential growth
cannot continue indefinitely. 236
Exponential Growth 236
i ANALYZING DATA 10.1
How Has the Growth of the Human Population
Changed over Time? 238
CONCEPT 10.4 Population size can be determined
by density-dependent and density-independent
factors. 240
Effects of Density 240
CONCEPT 10.5 The logistic equation incorporates limits
to growth and shows how a population may stabilize at
a maximum size, the carrying capacity. 242
Logistic Growth 242
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Human Population
Growth 244
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Your Ecological Footprint 245
CHAPTER 11 ■ Population Dynamics 249
A Sea in Trouble: A Case Study 249
Introduction 250
CONCEPT 11.1 Population growth patterns include
exponential growth, logistic growth, fluctuations, and
regular cycles. 251
Patterns of Population Growth 251
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Collapsing Population Cycles and Climate
Change 254
CONCEPT 11.2 Delayed density dependence can cause
populations to fluctuate in size. 254
Delayed Density Dependence 254
CONCEPT 11.3 The risk of extinction increases greatly in
small populations. 257
Population Extinction 257
« ANALYZING DATA 11.1
How Does Variation in X Affect Population Growth? 258
CONCEPT 11.4 In metapopulations, sets of spatially
isolated populations are linked by dispersal. 263
Metapopulations 263
A CASE STUDY REVISITED A Sea in Trouble 265
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
From Bottom to Top, and Back Again 266
Unit 4
Species Interactions 271
CHAPTER 12 I Predation 272
Snowshoe Hare Cycles: A Case Study 272
Introduction 273
CONCEPT 12,1 Most carnivores have broad diets,
whereas a majority of herbivores have relatively narrow
diets. 274
Carnivore and Herbivore Dietary Preferences 274
CONCEPT 12.2 Predation results in a wide range of
capture and avoidance mechanisms. 276
Mechanisms Important to Predation 276
CONCEPT 12.3 Predator populations can cycle with their
prey populations. 281
Predator-Prey Population Cycles 281
■ ANALYZING DATA 12.1
Do Different Herbivore Species Select for Different
Plant Genotypes? 282
CONCEPT 12.4 Predation can affect prey distribution
and abundance, in some cases causing a shift from one
community type to another. 286
Effects of Predation on Communities 286
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Snowshoe Hare Cycles 290
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
From Fear to Hormones to Population
Dynamics 291
CHAPTER 13 ■ Parasitism 294
Enslaver Parasites: A Case Study 294
Introduction 295
CONCEPT 13.1 Parasites typically feed on only one or a
few host species, but host species have multiple parasite
species. 296
Parasite Natural History 296
CONCEPT 13.2 Hosts have mechanisms for defending
themselves against parasites, and parasites have
mechanisms for overcoming host defenses. 298
Defense and Counterdefenses 298
■ ANALYZING DATA 13.1
Will a Defensive Symbiont Increase in Frequency in a
Host Population Subjected to Parasitism? 300
CONCEPT 13.3 Host and parasite populations can
evolve together, each in response to selection pressure
imposed by the other. 302
Parasite-Host Coevolution 302
CONCEPT 13.4 Hosts and parasites can have important
effects on each other s population dynamics. 305
Host-Parasite Population Dynamics 305
CONCEPT 13.5 Parasites can alter the outcomes of
species interactions, thereby causing communities
to change. 309
Parasites Can Change Ecological
Communities 309
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Climate Change and Disease Spread 310
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Enslaver Parasites 313
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
From Chemicals to Evolution and Ecosystems 314
CHAPTER 14 ■ Competition 317
Competition in Plants That Eat Animals: A Case
Study 317
Introduction 318
CONCEPT 14.1 Competition can be direct or indirect,
vary in its intensity, and occur between similar or
dissimilar species. 319
General Features of Competition 319
CONCEPT 14.2 Competing species are more likely to
coexist when they use resources in different ways. 322
Competitive Coexistence 322
CONCEPT 14.3 Competitive interactions can be modeled
using the logistic equation. 325
The Lotka-Volterra Competition Model 325
1 ANALYZING DATA 14.1
Will Competition with a Native Mosquito Species
Prevent the Spread of an Introduced Mosquito? 329
CONCEPT 14.4 The outcome of competition can be
altered by the physical environment, disturbance, and
predation. 329
Altering the Outcome of Competition 329
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Competition in Plants That
Eat Animals 332
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
The Paradox of Diversity 333
CHAPTER 15 ■ Mutualism and
Commensalism 336
The First Farmers: A Case Study 336
Introduction 337
CONCEPT 15.1 In positive interactions, no species is
harmed and the benefits are greater than the costs for
at least one species. 337
Positive Interactions 337
CONCEPT 15.2 Each partner in a mutualistic interaction
acts in ways that serve its own ecological and
evolutionary interests. 343
Characteristics of Mutualism 343
H ANALYZING DATA 15.1
Does a Mycorrhizal Fungus Transfer More Phosphorus
to Plant Roots That Provide More Carbohydrates? 345
CONCEPT 15.3 Positive interactions affect the
abundances and distributions of populations as well
as the structure of ecological communities. 347
Ecological Consequences of Positive
Interactions 347
A CASE STUDY REVISITED The First Farmers 351
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
From Mandibles to Nutrient Cycling 351
Unit 5
Communities 355
CHAPTER 16 ■ The Nature of
Communities 356
Killer Algae! : A Case Study 356
Introduction 357
CONCEPT 16.1 Communities are groups of interacting
species that occur together at the same place and
time. 357
What Are Communities? 357
CONCEPT 16.2 Species diversity and species composition
are important descriptors of community structure. 360
Community Structure 360
i ANALYZING DATA 16.1
What Are the Effects of Invasive Species on Species
Diversity? 363
CONCEPT 16.3 Communities can be characterized by
complex networks of direct and indirect interactions
that vary in strength and direction. 365
Interactions of Multiple Species 365
# ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 16.1
Measurements of Interaction Strength 369
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Context Dependence of Ocean Acidification 372
A CASE STUDY REVISITED “Killer Algae!” 373
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Stopping Invasions Requires Commitment 374
CHAPTER 17 I Change in
Communities 377
A Natural Experiment of Mountainous Proportions:
A Case Study 377
Introduction 378
CONCEPT 17.1 Agents of change act on communities
across all temporal and spatial scales. 379
Agents of Change 379
CONCEPT 17.2 Succession is the process of change in
species composition over time as a result of abiotic
and biotic agents of change. 381
The Basics of Succession 381
CONCEPT 17.3 Experimental work on succession
shows its mechanisms to be diverse and context-
dependent. 384
Mechanisms of Succession 384
I ANALYZING DATA 17.1
What Kinds of Species Interactions Drive Succession
in Mountain Forests? 391
CONCEPT 17.4 Communities can follow different
successional paths and display alternative states. 392
Alternative Stable States 392
A CASE STUDY REVISITED A Natural Experiment of
Mountainous Proportions 394
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Primary Succession and Mutualism 396
CHAPTER 18 ■ Biogeography 399
The Largest Ecological Experiment on Earth:
A Case Study 399
Introduction 400
CONCEPT 18.1 Patterns of species diversity and
distribution vary at global, regional, and local spatial
scales. 401
Biogeography and Spatial Scale 401
CONCEPT 18.2 Global patterns of species diversity and
composition are influenced by geographic area and
isolation, evolutionary history, and global climate. 406
Global Biogeography 406
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Latitudinal Gradients in Diversity under Climate
Change 414
CONCEPT 18,3 Regional differences in species
diversity are influenced by area and distance, which
determine the balance between immigration and
extinction rates. 415
Regional Biogeography 415
! ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 18.1
Species-Area Curves 416
I ANALYZING DATA 18.1
Do Species Invasions Influence Species-Area
Curves? 417
A CASE STUDY REVISITED The Largest Ecological
Experiment on Earth 420
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Tropical Rainforest Diversity Benefits Humans 422
CHAPTER 19 ■ Species Diversity in
Communities 424
Can Species Diversity Suppress Human Diseases?
A Case Study 424
Introduction 425
CONCEPT 19.1 Species diversity differs among
communities as a consequence of regional species
pools, abiotic conditions, and species interactions. 425
Community Membership 425
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
How Are Species Invasions Enhanced by Climate
Change? 428
CONCEPT 19.2 Resource partitioning is theorized to
reduce competition and increase species diversity. 429
Resource Partitioning 429
CONCEPT 19.3 Processes such as disturbance, stress,
predation, and positive interactions can mediate
resource availability, thus promoting species
diversity. 432
Resource Mediation and Species Diversity 432
i ANALYZING DATA 19.1
How Do Predation and Dispersal Interact to Influence
Species Richness? 438
CONCEPT 19.4 Many experiments show that species
diversity affects community function. 440
The Consequences of Diversity 440
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Can Species Diversity
Suppress Human Diseases? 442
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Managing Pathogens by Managing Biodiversity 443
Unit 6
Ecosystems 447
CHAPTER 20 ■ Production 448
Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How Can It Be?
A Case Study 448
Introduction 449
CONCEPT 20.1 Energy in ecosystems originates with
primary production by autotrophs. 450
Primary Production 450
ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 20.1
Remote Sensing 454
1 ANALYZING DATA 20.1
Does Deforestation Influence Atmospheric
C02 Concentrations? 456
CONCEPT 20.2 Net primary production is constrained
by both physical and biotic environmental factors. 457
Environmental Controls on NPP 457
CONCEPT 20.3 Global patterns of net primary
production reflect climate constraints and biome
types. 462
Global Patterns of NPP 462
CONCEPT 20.4 Secondary production is generated
through the consumption of organic matter by
heterotrophs. 463
Secondary Production 463
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Life in the Deep Blue Sea, How
Can It Be? 465
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE 466
Energy-Driven Succession and Evolution in
Hydrothermal Vent Communities 466
CHAPTER 21 ■ Energy Flow and
Food Webs 470____________________________________
Toxins in Remote Places; A Case Study 470
Introduction 471
CONCEPT 21.1 Trophic levels describe the feeding
positions of groups of organisms in ecosystems. 471
Feeding Relationships 471
CONCEPT 21.2 The amount of energy transferred from
one trophic level to the next depends on food quality
and on consumer abundance and physiology. 473
Energy Flow between Trophic Levels 473
CONCEPT 21.3 Changes in the abundances of organisms
at one trophic level can influence energy flow at
multiple trophic levels. 478
Trophic Cascades 478
В ANALYZING DATA 21.1
Does the Identity of Organisms Influence
Energy Flow between Trophic Levels? 482
CONCEPT 21.4 Food webs are conceptual models of the
trophic interactions of organisms in an ecosystem. 482
Food Webs 482
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Toxins in Remote Places 488
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Biological Transport of Pollutants 489
CHAPTER 22 ■ Nutrient Supply
and Cycling 493
A Fragile Crust: A Case Study 493
Introduction 494
CONCEPT 22.1 Nutrients enter ecosystems through the
chemical breakdown of minerals in rocks or through
fixation of atmospheric gases. 495
Nutrient Requirements and Sources 495
CONCEPT 22.2 Chemical and biological transformations
in ecosystems alter the chemical form and supply of
nutrients. 499
Nutrient Transformations 499
■ ANALYZING DATA 22.1
Does Lignin Always Inhibit Decomposition? 501
CONCEPT 22.3 Nutrients cycle repeatedly through the
components of ecosystems. 502
Nutrient Cycles and Losses 502
1 ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 22.1
Instrumenting Catchments 506
CONCEPT 22.4 Freshwater and marine nutrient cycles
occur in a moving medium and are linked to terrestrial
ecosystems. 508
Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems 508
A CASE STUDY REVISITED A Fragile Crust 512
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Nutrients, Disturbance, and Invasive Species 513
Unit 7
Applied and Large-Scale Ecology 517
CHAPTER 23 ■ Conservation Biology 518
Can Birds and Bombs Coexist? A Case Study 518
Introduction 519
t
CONCEPT 23,1 Conservation biology is an integrative
discipline that applies the principles of ecology to the
protection of biodiversity. 519
Conservation Biology 519
CONCEPT 23.2 Biodiversity is declining globally. 522
Declining Biodiversity 522
CONCEPT 23.3 Primary threats to biodiversity include
habitat loss, invasive species, overexploitation,
pollution, disease, and climate change. 526
Threats to Biodiversity 526
i ANALYZING DATA 23.1
Do Nitric Oxide Emissions Differ Statistically between
Plots with and without Kudzu? 529
CLIMATE CHANGE CONNECTION
Impacts on Biodiversity 532
CONCEPT 23.4 Conservation biologists use many tools
and work at multiple scales to manage declining
populations. 533
Approaches to Conservation 533
1 ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 23.1
Forensics in Conservation Biology 535
CONCEPT 23.5 Prioritizing species helps maximize
the biodiversity that can be protected with limited
resources. 538
Ranking Species for Protection 538
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Can Birds and Bombs
Coexist? 540
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Some Burning Questions 541
CHAPTER 24 ■ Landscape Ecology and
Ecosystem Management 544
Wolves in the Yellowstone Landscape:
A Case Study 544
Introduction 545
a ECOLOGICAL TOOLKIT 24.1
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 546
CONCEPT 24.1 Landscape ecology examines spatial
patterns and their relationship to ecological
processes. 547
Landscape Ecology 547
CONCEPT 24.2 Habitat loss and fragmentation decrease
habitat area, isolate populations, and alter conditions at
habitat edges. 552
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation 552
■ ANALYZING DATA 24.1
How Far Do Edge Effects Penetrate into Forest
Fragments? 556
CONCEPT 24.3 Biodiversity can best be sustained by
large reserves connected across the landscape and
buffered from areas of intense human use. 557
Designing Nature Reserves 557
CONCEPT 24.4 Ecosystem management is a collaborative
process with the maintenance of long-term ecological
integrity as its core value. 561
Ecosystem Management 561
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Wolves in the Yellowstone
Landscape 563
CONNECTIONS IN NATURE
Future Changes in the Yellowstone Landscape 564
CHAPTER25 ■ Global Ecology 568
Dust Storms of Epic Proportions: A Case Study 568
Introduction 569
CONCEPT 25.1 Elements move among geologic,
atmospheric, oceanic, and biological pools at a global
scale. 569
Global Biogeochemical Cycles 569
I ANALYZING DATA 25.1
How Much Will Ocean pH Drop in the Twenty-First
Century? 572
CONCEPT 25.2 Earth is warming because of
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. 577
Global Climate Change 577
CONCEPT 25.3 Anthropogenic emissions of sulfur and
nitrogen cause acid deposition, alter soil chemistry, and
affect the health of ecosystems. 583
Acid and Nitrogen Deposition 583
:PT25.4
increases in ozone i
Atmospheric Ozone 588
A CASE STUDY REVISITED Dust Stonns of Epic
Proportions 590
Appendix; Some Metric Measurements Used in
Ecology AP-1
Answers AN·!
Glossary G-l
Illustration and Photo Credits C-l
Literature Cited LC-l
Index 1-1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Bowman, William D. Hacker, Sally D. 1962- Cain, Michael L. 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1051328241 (DE-588)1014097061 (DE-588)143956434 |
| author_facet | Bowman, William D. Hacker, Sally D. 1962- Cain, Michael L. 1956- |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Bowman, William D. |
| author_variant | w d b wd wdb s d h sd sdh m l c ml mlc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044280581 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH541 |
| callnumber-raw | QH541 |
| callnumber-search | QH541 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3541 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WI 1000 RB 10525 |
| classification_tum | BIO 130f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)983834497 (DE-599)BVBBV044280581 |
| dewey-full | 577 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 577 - Ecology |
| dewey-raw | 577 |
| dewey-search | 577 |
| dewey-sort | 3577 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Geographie |
| edition | Fourth edition, International fourth edition |
| format | Book |
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Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University)</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fourth edition, International fourth edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A.</subfield><subfield code="b">Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers</subfield><subfield code="c">[2018]</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="c">© 2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XXV, 594, AN-37, G-14, C-4, LC-27, I-35 Seiten</subfield><subfield code="b">Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references and index.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">"This version of the text has been adapted and customized. Not for sale in the U.S.A. or Canada"--Cover</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Ökologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043207-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="653" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ecology / Textbooks</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123623-3</subfield><subfield code="a">Lehrbuch</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Ökologie</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4043207-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hacker, Sally D.</subfield><subfield code="d">1962-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1014097061</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cain, Michael L.</subfield><subfield code="d">1956-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)143956434</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684959&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029684959</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV044280581 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:48:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781605357973 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029684959 |
| oclc_num | 983834497 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 DE-703 DE-29 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-739 DE-11 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 DE-703 DE-29 DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-739 DE-11 DE-20 |
| physical | XXV, 594, AN-37, G-14, C-4, LC-27, I-35 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publishDateSearch | 2018 |
| publishDateSort | 2018 |
| publisher | Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bowman, William D. Verfasser (DE-588)1051328241 aut Ecology William D. Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University) Fourth edition, International fourth edition Sunderland, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers [2018] © 2018 XXV, 594, AN-37, G-14, C-4, LC-27, I-35 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index. "This version of the text has been adapted and customized. Not for sale in the U.S.A. or Canada"--Cover Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Ecology / Textbooks (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Hacker, Sally D. 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)1014097061 aut Cain, Michael L. 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)143956434 aut Digitalisierung UB Augsburg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684959&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bowman, William D. Hacker, Sally D. 1962- Cain, Michael L. 1956- Ecology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Ecology |
| title_auth | Ecology |
| title_exact_search | Ecology |
| title_full | Ecology William D. Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University) |
| title_fullStr | Ecology William D. Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecology William D. Bowman (University of Colorado), Sally D. Hacker (Oregon State University), Michael L. Cain (New Mexico State University) |
| title_short | Ecology |
| title_sort | ecology |
| topic | Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ökologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029684959&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bowmanwilliamd ecology AT hackersallyd ecology AT cainmichaell ecology |