"Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii: (1948-1951) : documente
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Romanian |
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Iaşi
Editura Universităţii "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iaşi
2016
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| Schriftenreihe: | Documenta
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract Register // Ortsregister |
| ISBN: | 9786067142747 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Cuprins
Introducere......................................................7
Notă asupra ediţiei.............................................23
Listă de documente..............................................25
Documente.......................................................27
Abstract..................................................... 155
Indice de localităţi
9
161
Abstract
Josip Broz Tito and his regime represent a particularly interesting
case to be pursued mainly through the sinuosity of the relation with the
Soviet Union in general and with Joseph Stalin in particular.
Whereas he freed Yugoslavia manu without any significant
contribution from the Red Army, and he was regarded as a hero and
providential leader at home, Tito — along with the „hard core formed
around him - continues to admire Stalin and to use his rhetoric to the
fullest.
Milovan Dilas showed a glimpse of the new features acquired by
the emerging Yugoslav communism, which meant that the Kremlin
assessments of Tito s policy and actions were full of errors.
As a diligent student, Tito continues to share with Stalin the
Bolshevik methods of brutal communization of Yugoslavia, which he
rigorously puts into practice; however, he poses as a self-proclaimed
„regional leader , by appearing alongside the old Comintern member
George Dimitrov and the inexperienced Enver Hoxha.
The idea of a Balkan Communist Federation - grounded on the
theses of internationalist and transnational communism of the late
Comintern - delights him and it seems bring an unexpected advantage to
Tito, given that his own country had become a multinational-designed
federation, based on a paradigm imposed during the partisan war.
Therefore, it was easy for Tito to believe that the idea of a
Federation a priori endorsed by Belgrade can be extended to both
Bulgarians and Albanians. Whereas Tirana was not able to object, Sofia
replied that such a broad-reach project must not undermine the unity of
the Bulgarian nation state. The Federation could exist only as a whole,
with the two countries as political and administrative equals.
The tendency to control the weaker neighbour, Albania, in the
same manner applied by the USSR in Eastern Europe represented a new
warning sign for Moscow regarding Josip Broz Tito’s intempestive action
155
„Război ideologic în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele Securităţii
methods. Like the Soviets in the other satellite states, the Yugoslavian
advisers arrived massively in Albania, to guarantee ministries.
Under the circumstances of the Greek Civil War outbreak in March
1946, Tito did not resist the temptation to get involved — indirectly but
consistently - in the conflict initiated by the Greek Communist Party
(KKE) with pro-Westem government in Athens. A potential victory of
the Communist guerrilla in Greece would have meant both a personal
victory and a proof that Stalin s influence in the Balkans depends
exclusively on the position and attitude of Yugoslavia as a regional
power in South-eastern Europe. Yugoslavia granted, until the summer of
1948, significant military assistance to the anti-govemment forces
ELAS/EAM: weapons, ammunition, food, experts in partisan fight and
permission to use the territory of Yugoslav Macedonia as a recovery area
for the Greek Communist combatants.
Josip Broz Tito started as a notorious Stalinist and ended up
becoming — precisely for these reasons ֊ an opponent of Stalin, though
he actually did not wish it explicitly. In this respect, the ideological
confusion „at the top in Yugoslavia during 1948-1949 is significant.
In their turn, the Yugoslav communists had a hard time dealing
with this dilemma-filled drama. Partisans - from related reasons - of
„Tito the national hero and of „Generalissimo Stalin , they had to
choose between the „truth delivered by Belgrade propaganda, tacitly
supported by the West, and the propaganda „truth poured from
Kremlin, multiplied in tine satellite countries neighbouring Yugoslavia.
Most Yugoslav communists followed, volens nolens, the leader of
Belgrade, just as the opponents had to choose between „conversion and
silence or between home prison and emigration to neighbouring
Communist states, submitted to the Soviet Union.
Regarding the attitude of Communist Romania towards
Yugoslavia, it follows strictly the path set by Moscow for all satellite
Members: from „comradely co-operation between the two Communist
parties - post 1945, to the visceral contempt induced by regime
propaganda in all social media of the country against „Tito the bandit
and his acolytes. Only seven months have passed from the high-level
visit of Josip Broz to Bucharest — November 1947 — to the reading (in the
156
L
Abstract
same city) of the excommunication resolution of Yugoslav Communists,
only seven months went by.
The Yugoslav „Schism led to a completely reviewed attitude of
the P.C.R. (Romanian Communist Party) and of the Romanian State,
implicitly, towards Josip Broz Tito s regime. The new State security
service — Security - took „the Titoist threat seriously, while the
Yugoslav political refugees in Romania were viewed with maximum
circumspection, though they were declared enemies of Tito and of his
ideological line. Therefore, it should not be surprising that, despite their
declared loyalty to Moscow, they were initially treated more like agents
of the Yugoslav government sent on mission in Romania than like a priori
opponents of Belgrade regime.
The thorough investigations conducted by security services and
prosecution also included Romania, as well as the countries bordering
Yugoslavia: Albania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The Bucharest propaganda
unleashed a virulent and most often hysterical media campaign against
the Belgrade regime.
Besides panicking the population, the accusations brought to the
regime of neighbouring Yugoslavia also sought to induce a permanent
state of alert in the country. Propaganda worked insidiously, aiming to
demonstrate the acute need for „revolutionary vigilance , crucial for the
regime only a few months after taking over the power. This is clearly a
case of what Vladimir Tismaneanu called the myth of the „besieged
fortress , present only in newly Communist societies. The myth implies
the existence (or invention) of an ideological enemy not only extra muros
- located at the border —, but also intra muros, among tine members of the
„fortress (in this case, the Romanians of Serbian nationality who lived in
Banat). The urge of an enemy justifies once again the repression against
the population.
The interrogations of the Yugoslav deserters by Security concern a
wide range of matters. They involve a periodic rewriting of the
autobiography by each refugee (to detect possible inconsistencies or
inaccuracies), requesting accurate information about their place of origin
(most of them come from areas bordering Romania: Serbian Banat,
Danube Gorge, Timok Valley, part of Vojvodina). These interrogations
157
„Război ideologic în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele Securităţii
also requested data about the border guarding system on the Yugoslav
sector crossed (land and river), about how they managed to deceive the
vigilance of the Serbian guards, about domestic training, presuming they
were UDB (Yugoslav Security) agents, the emigrants state of mind, data
about the plans and action ways of the UDB and their possible
recruitment as Romanian Security agents to be sent back Yugoslavia for a
spying mission.
The emigrants were sent to special colonies, made far from the
border, in places like Bucharest, Ploieşti, Urziceni, Călăraşi, Braşov, Cluj,
Bacău, Piatra Neamţ and Botoşani, where they were offered a job, the
chance to resume their education — for students —, as well as civic and
cultural integration etc. Of course, their supervision in the field went on
uninterruptedly; the recruited informants provided important data about
their state of mind, their opinions on the Romanian society or about their
political discussions on various occasions. The Yugoslav Embassy was
constantly watched, and the Security agents monitored carefully the
emigrants who had made the decision of contacting the accredited
Yugoslav diplomatic staff in Bucharest.
A special concern during the Security questioning of Serbian
deserters in Romania was to collect detailed information „about
Yugoslavia . The investigation strategy stated the need to detail not only
the situation of each refugee individually, but mostly the State and the
„Titoist society (according to the political jargon), which they agreed to
leave.
The purpose was obvious: the reconstruction of a very detailed
picture of how Josip Broz Tito ran the country. The image created „from
the source was necessary both in order to identify their country s
potential weaknesses (a great unknown factor was considered: the
degree to which the Yugoslav population adhered to Belgrade politics)
and to know in detail all the capacities of the „ideological enemy .
Finally yet importantly, we assume that the detailed synoptic on
Yugoslavia was meant to be made available also to the Romanian agents
infiltrated by Security in the neighbouring country.
The documents we provide are extremely interesting. Whereas
unequal in terms of quantity, the researched documents (covering the
158
Abstract
period 1948-1950) reflect the thorough investigations conducted by the
Security agents in their relations with the Yugoslav deserters. Many of
them are independent or proficient users of the Romanian language, as
they were either Romanians from the area of the Serbian border with
Romania or Serbians who learned the language by living in cities
inhabited mainly by Romanian (the Yugoslav Banat or Danube Gorge /
Clisura Dunãrii). Most of them have small jobs, such as farmers, workers,
dockers, clerks; sometimes they say they are teachers or students.
We cannot know, just from reading the documents, how the
information was collected. Was intimidation used? Was physical or
mental coercion used? Did Security want for the persons interrogated to
confirm the „ideological canon assumed in Bucharest? We ask these
obviously rhetorical questions because — in terms of the importance of
gathering information — the truth delivered about Tito s Yugoslavia by
turncoats was far more interesting, in order to discover the country s
profile, than reconfirming a „truth assumed in Bucharest through
Kremlin.
This was, in fact, the role of the interrogations: to leam, right from
the source, the „portrait and the potential of the opponent and mostly
its domestic weaknesses.
Furthermore, the fact that turncoats are asked „to write , „to tell
without interruptions caused by questions directed by the investigator,
suggests that Security wanted first-hand knowledge of what it was like
„on the other side . Information stating that „Titoist Yugoslavia
sanctioned listening to Radio Moscow, Radio Bucharest, Radio Budapest,
Radio Sofia but allowed listening to Radio Free Europe, Voice of America
and BBC, that cinemas run especially Hollywood movies („Made in the
USA ) followed by French and British ones, that bookshops „exiled the
works of Stalin and his acolytes (and not those of Lenin) certainly stirred
- besides serious „migraines - the increasing curiosity of the Romanian
Security staff.
159
Indice de localităţi
A
Alibuhar, 83
Atena, 11
B
Bacau, 19
Banatsko Veliko Selo, 104
Banja Luka, 44, 45,138
Bela Crkva [Biserica Alba], 80
Belgrad, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19,
20, 21, 26, 31, 42, 46, 48, 51, 54, 56,
62, 64, 72, 87, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98,
100, 105, 106, 107, 129, 135, 136,
139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146,
152
Berecseul Mic, 69
Blažuja, 44
Bor, 129
Bosanski Novi, 42, 46
Bosanski Petrovac, 8
Botosani, 19
Brasov, 19
Brčko, 43
Bucuresti, 7, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 25,
26, 27, 36, 46, 53, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65,
69, 75, 76, 79, 80, 82, 84, 90, 91, 92,
93, 95, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 113,
120, 139, 143,147
Budapesta, 14, 40, 41, 99,113
Busenje, 50
Butmir, 42
C
Călăraşi, 19
Cetinje, 97
Cluj, 19
Coştei, 21, 26, 79, 115, 118
Cuvin [Kovin], 47
č
V J
Cadjavic, 46
D
Dejan, 18
Denta, 18
Donja-Lendava, 40, 41
Dubočac, 45
F
Fojnica, 129
G
Ghimbav, 19
Glogonj, 84, 122,123
Golnik, 93
Gorica [Gorizzia], 127
H
Humac, 44
I
Ilidža, 42
Istanbul, 143
J
Jabuka, 122
Jajce, 45
Jaša Tomič, 50, 69, 93, 97, 110
161
„Război ideologic în Balcani: imaginea Iugosîaznei titoiste în anchetele Securităţii
K
Karadjordjevo, 100
Kikinda, 46, 57, 58, 59,100,103,104
Kladovo, 21,148, 149
Konjac, 85
Korbova, 148, 149, 150
Koštunjak, 28
Kragujevac, 144
Kraljevo, 140
Kozarcij, 46,104
Kuičanin, 62, 63, 94, 95, 110,111, 112
L
Lazarevac, 140
Lesko vac, 140
Ljubljana, 40, 72, 97, 140
Ljubuška, 44
Lona, 153
Lopara, 43
M
Mailat, 18
Marsilia, 152
Märghita, 85
Moscova, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16,
17, 84, 85, 96, 99,113
Mladenovac, 140
Mramorac [Mramurak], 48
Mužlja, 108
N
Nakovo, 104
Negotin, 150
Neuzina, 50, 51
New York, 99
Nova Pazova, 135
Novi Sad, 56, 72, 73, 93, 94, 95, 97,
106, 107, 129,140,144
Novi Kneževac, 93
Niš, 83, 97, 140,144
O
Ofča, 122, 123
Orlovac, 62
P
Pančevo, 46, 65, 84
Paris, 14
Perlez, 62, 94, 109, 110
Ploieşti, 19
Piatra Neamţ, 19
Požarevac, 83
Praga, 14, 99
Prahovo, 150
Prijedor, 135
Priština, 144
R
Rajkovac, 42
Râtcova [Rtkovo], 21, 26, 148, 150
Rešita, 16
Rijeka [Fiume], 127
Rusko Selo, 103, 104
S
Sarajevo, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 93, 97,
138, 140
Sânmartin, 88
Sečanj, 50, 69, 106, 107
Sefkerinve, 122
Senta, 97, 106
Skopje, 97, 140
Seleuş, 26, 83
Smederevo, 143
Soča, 18
Sofia, 10, 14, 99
Sombor, 97
Sremska Mitroviča, 83
Srpska Cmija, 127
Subotica, 140, 144
Surjanj, 50, 85
162
Indice
s
Sabac, 143
T
Teheran, 7, 8
Timişoara, 16
Tirana, 10, 16
Titel, 109
Torak, 21, 26, 121
Trieste, 16, 127, 136
Tropoja, 122
U
Urziceni, 19
Uzice, 140
V
Vares, 129
Varşovia, 14, 99
Vãiuga, 150
Vârbita Mare, 148, 150
Vârset [Vršac], 79, 83, 85, 97, 106
Velika Greda, 106, 107
Velika Kikinda, 97
Veliko Selo, 46
Vinga, 18
Voivodinti, 21, 26, 124
Z
Zagreb, 37, 40, 42, 56, 62, 94, 97, 98,
140,143, 153
Zemun, 142
Zenica, 129
Zrenjanin, 51, 62, 72, 73, 93, 94, 95,
97, 100, 106, 107,108, 109, 110,
111,135, 136
163
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| genre | (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle 1948-1951 gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Quelle 1948-1951 |
| geographic | Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Jugoslawien |
| id | DE-604.BV044263623 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:48:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9786067142747 |
| language | Romanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029668480 |
| oclc_num | 992490877 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Editura Universităţii "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iaşi |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Documenta |
| spelling | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente editor Lazăr Dan Iaşi Editura Universităţii "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" Iaşi 2016 txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Documenta Tito, Josip Broz 1892-1980 (DE-588)118622935 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Ministerul de Interne (DE-588)2120896-7 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 gnd rswk-swf Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4135952-5 Quelle 1948-1951 gnd-content Tito, Josip Broz 1892-1980 (DE-588)118622935 p Jugoslawien (DE-588)4028966-7 g Rumänien Ministerul de Interne (DE-588)2120896-7 b Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 s Geschichte z DE-604 Lazăr, Dan 1967- (DE-588)140602615 edt Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Ortsregister |
| spellingShingle | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente Tito, Josip Broz 1892-1980 (DE-588)118622935 gnd Rumänien Ministerul de Interne (DE-588)2120896-7 gnd Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)118622935 (DE-588)2120896-7 (DE-588)4139988-2 (DE-588)4028966-7 (DE-588)4135952-5 |
| title | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente |
| title_auth | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente |
| title_exact_search | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente |
| title_full | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente editor Lazăr Dan |
| title_fullStr | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente editor Lazăr Dan |
| title_full_unstemmed | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii (1948-1951) : documente editor Lazăr Dan |
| title_short | "Război ideologic" în Balcani: imaginea Iugoslaviei titoiste în anchetele securităţii |
| title_sort | razboi ideologic in balcani imaginea iugoslaviei titoiste in anchetele securitatii 1948 1951 documente |
| title_sub | (1948-1951) : documente |
| topic | Tito, Josip Broz 1892-1980 (DE-588)118622935 gnd Rumänien Ministerul de Interne (DE-588)2120896-7 gnd Dokument (DE-588)4139988-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Tito, Josip Broz 1892-1980 Rumänien Ministerul de Interne Dokument Jugoslawien Quelle 1948-1951 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029668480&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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