Verfügbarkeit: The 1929 Sino-Soviet war

The 1929 Sino-Soviet war: the war nobody knew

"The first book-length study of the largely neglected 1929 Sino-Soviet war, a short but bloody one fought over the jointly operated Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) in China's northeast. Although classified as a modern limited war, with comparatively few major engagements, it proved to be th...

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1. Verfasser:	Walker, Michael Madison (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Lawrence, Kansas University Press of Kansas [2017]
Schriftenreihe:	Modern war studies
Schlagworte:	Zhang, Xueliang > 1901-2001 Chinese Eastern Railway > History Soviet Union > Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ > History Soviet Union > Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ > Osobai︠a︡ Krasnoznamennai︠a︡ Dalʹnevostochnai︠a︡ armii︠a︡ > History Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1929 Außenpolitik Geschichte Joint ventures > History > 20th century Limited war > History > 20th century Borderlands > China > History > 20th century Borderlands > Soviet Union > History > 20th century Krieg Sowjetunion China > Foreign relations > Soviet Union Soviet Union > Foreign relations > China Manchuria (China) > History, Military > 20th century China
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register
Zusammenfassung:	"The first book-length study of the largely neglected 1929 Sino-Soviet war, a short but bloody one fought over the jointly operated Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) in China's northeast. Although classified as a modern limited war, with comparatively few major engagements, it proved to be the largest military clash between China and a Western power ever fought on Chinese soil. The conflict was also the first major combat test of the reformed Soviet Red Army"...Provided by publisher
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Beschreibung:	viii, 400 Seiten Karten
ISBN:	9780700623754

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	THE 1929 SINO-SOVIET WAR / WALKER, MICHAEL M.YYC(COLONEL)YYEAUTHOR : 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PART I. CREATING CONFLICT : THE CHINESE EASTERN RAILROAD THE TROUBLED FRONTIER THE NORTHEAST EVOLVING : 1911 REVOLUTION AND THE GREAT WAR TALKS, WARS, AND RAILROADS (1919-1924) WARLORDISM IN DECAY, CER TROUBLES, AND THE NORTHERN EXPEDITION PART II. CRISIS AND WAR THE RISE OF CHANG HSUEH-LIANG AND THE COMING CER CRISIS THE CHINESE AND SOVIET RUSSIAN FORCES THE CER INCIDENT AND WAR RENEWED TALKS, FIGHTING, AND FRUSTRATION THE DECISIVE ODVA OFFENSIVE THE 1929 CONFLICT AND INTERWAR WARFARE A WAR OF CONSEQUENCE APPENDICES MAPS DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT. Bibliography Serials Associated Press Bulletin of International News Chicago Tribune China Monthly Review (Shanghai) Current History: A Monthly Magazine of the New York Times Epoch Times Evening Post (Wellington, New Zealand) Izvestia Kuo Min (Official News Agency of the Republic of China in 1929) Life Magazine Militant (NewT York) New York Times North China Daily News (Shanghai) Rengo News Agency (Japan) Reuters Sydney Morning Herald TASS Telegraph Time Magazine Times Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun Arehival Sources League of Nations. League of Nations Document C.375M.288.1939.VII. United Kingdom Foreign Office. Political Departments Records (Groups FO 371/13891-638, FO 371/13954-632, FO 371/13955» FO 371/14699» FO 137/14700)· United Kingdom War Office. China (General) File no. 1/2 and Peking Military Attache Reports, 1929—1930. United States Marine Corps. Summaries of Intelligence from the Marine De- tachment, American Legation, Peking, 1926—1927. United States Military and Naval Attaché and Office of Naval Intelligence 362 BIBLIOGRAPHY Reports. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Record Groups 38.4.2, 38.4.3, 165.4.1, 165.4.9, 4°7-2-3 and 457-2 Photographs (Web-based) General Ivan Kalmykov’s armored train in Vladivostok: http://digitallibrary .usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p 1579gcoll46/id/59. Red Army yth Fighter Squadron (Eastern Front) Squadron Fokker D.XI Fighter: http://www.bellabs.ru/F0tab/KVGD/IS-5_01 .html. Squadron Pilots, Eastern Front, 1929: http://www.bellabs.ru/F0tab/KVGD/IS-5 _02.html. Prewar photo of pilots, 5th Fighter Squadron, Smolensk, June 1929: http:// www.bellabs.ru/Fotab/KVGD/IS-5_08.htmL Red Army 19th Bomber Squadron (Western Front) Squadron personnel in front of R-i Aircraft: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab / KVGD/AO-19_oo4. h tml. Squadron R-i bomber with crew: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab/KVGD/AO- 19_02.html. Squadron R-i bomber with skis in place of landing gear: http://www.bellabs .ru/Fotab/KVGD/AO-i 9_005.html. Red Army 40th “Lenin ” Bomber Squadron (Eastern Front) Four R-i bombers in formation: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab/KVGD/AS 40_003.html. Two squadron R-i bombers: http://www.bellabs.ru/F0tab/KVGD/AS40_002 .html. Red Army 68th Seaplane Squadron, Amur River Flotilla Squadron MR-i seaplane on the Amur River: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab /KVGD/ORchAO-68_o 1 .html. Seaplane tender Amur (former monitor Whirlwind): http://www.bellabs.ru/Fo tab/KVGD/ORchAO-68_04.html. Personnel and seaplanes with the Amur in the background: http://www.bellabs .ru/Fotab/KVGD/ORchAO-68_i i.html. Squadron commander Edward Martinovich Lucht: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fo tab/KVGD/ORchAO-68_05.html. Crewmembers relax on the Amur: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab/KVGD/OR- chAO-68 08.html. BIBLIOGRAPHY 363 Squadron personnel with MR-i seaplanes: http://www.bellabs.ru/Fotab/KVGD /ORchAO-68__09.html. Battle of Lahasusu Photo of the captured Chinese patrol craft Tsen-I with a Soviet river monitor in the background: http://f-picture.net/fp/6049d4164c4d40c3b35ac5aa2 8i2d55i. Western Front http://sammler.ru/index.php?s=4fo8d9f309682d 1061542868 ic3ooa20 - showtopic=56247 :st=o8c. 1. Russian officers holding the captured battle colors of the 15th Mixed Bri- gade, Northeast Frontier Defense Force, and a smaller military gendarme banner. 2. Chinese cavalry troop (possibly from the 15th Mixed Brigade or 10th Cavalry Regiment at the Manchouli railroad station). 3. Chinese cavalry troop seated with officers walking in the background, probably on the Western Front. Monuments to Fallen Red Army Soldiers Special Far East Army (ODVA) Monument at Vladivostok Naval Cemetery, photo posted on 11 May 2012: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Vladivostok_mishanfu.JPG. 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Index 1911 revolution consequences, 41-42, 62-63, 102, 290 eruption, 34-38 in the Northeast, 38-39 victory, 39-40 1913 second revolution, 40-41, 52 Abagaitevskya, 202, 236, 241 Abugatai Siding, 222 Aigun, 21,23, 25, 200 Aigun treaty (1858), 8 aircraft 1929 conflict, early stages, 184, 188, 197, 212, 214-215, 221-223 1929 conflict, October-November offensives, 228, 231, 239-240, 242, 245-249, 274-275, 283, 354n59 Breguet 19, 162, 260 Chinese development, 78, 154—160, 162, 259-260 Curtiss seaplane, 157, 339nl9 de Havilland DH.9, 173 early warplanes in East Asia, 48, 60 Fokker D.XI, 173 Handley-Page, 157 Japanese development, 292, 319n73 Martinsyde F.4, 173 Nieuport, 319n72 Polikarpov R-l Sc MR-1, 260 Russian development, 170-171, 173-175, 260-262, 278, 356nl5 Sopwith, 319n72 Tupolev TB-1, 173 Vickers Avros, 157 Vimy bombers, 157 Aksha, 79, 323nl05 Alekseev, Commander, 222 Alekseyev, Yevgeni I., 21-26, 28, 31 amphibious warfare, 213, 226, 231, 277, 292, 360n42 Amur River 1929 conflict, 180, 182, 190-191, 196, 200- 201,208, 213, 223 Boxer Uprising, 21—26 geography, 8 Siberian intervention, 59-60, 63, 81, 83 Amur River Flotilla 1929 conflict, 168, 174, 179, 184, 188, 275-276 early years, 26-27, 59, 82 See also Special Far East Army (ODVA) Anfu-Chihli War, 71-74, 157 Anfu Clique, 45, 61, 66, 319n74 Anfu Club, 61 Anglo-Russian entente (1909), 32 Ankuochun (Pacify the Country Army), 117, 122-125, 129, 131 Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 95, 165, 327nl00, 344n35 Arcos affair, 147, 338n63 Argun River, 8, 10, 180, 182, 212, 236 armored trains 1929 conflict, 155, 167, 170, 174, 201- 202, 242, 274 Siberian intervention and warlord era, 60-61, 70-71,104, 319n73 arms embargo (1919), 66, 99, 150, 157-159, 285, 320nl0, 339nl3 arsenals Canton, 155, 157, 339nl9 Chengte, 155, 328nl04 Chinese arsenals-general, 155-158, 160 Hanyang (Wuhan), 36, 155 Lunghua/Kiangnan (Shanghai), 96, 155 380 INDEX arsenals, continued Mukden, 13, 131, 154, 155, 157, 205, 339nl4 Soviet facilities, 172—173 Ashahmanov, P. L, 248-250, 277 Austro-Hungary, 47, 55, 58-59, 317n56 bandits activities and numbers, 7, 19, 27, 76, 102, 116, 152-153, 218, 233, 258 Red Beards (hunghutzu), 13,19, 151, 218 Bargut (Barga) Mongols, 10, 79, 134-135, 141 Beloborodov, A. P., 245 Black Dragon River. See Amur River Black Dragon Society, 8 Bladmetev (Soviet official), 208 Blagoveshchensk 1929 conflict, 179-180, 184, 196-197, 200, 208, 218, 220, 223 Boxer Uprising, 21—23 regional importance, 21, 61, 147 Blyukher, Vasili 1929 conflict, 212, 214, 216, 225-226, 232, 235-236, 255-257, 259, 274 decisive offensive, 238, 241, 243-244, 246-247, 251, 253 military career, 80-83, 92, 100, 278, 329n8 murder, 359n24 NRA advisor, 115, 122, 151, 332n52 takes command of ODVA, 195-198, 204 Bogd Khan, 41, 77-79 Bolsheviks Allies’ negative view of, 54—56 in Far East, 48-51, 59, 63, 68, 75, 77, 81 quit World War I, 54-55 rise to power, 47, 83 See also Soviet government Borah, William E., 137-138, 336n27 Borodin, Mikhail M., 92, 103, 120-122, 326n89 Borovikov, D. I., 231 Borzhya, 181, 202 Boxer Uprising (1900) antiforeign activities, 18, 20 Blagoveshchensk massacre, 21-22 Harbin siege, 22-23 indemnity, 25, 39, 60, 94, 312n45 legation siege, 18 Manchuria conflict, 19-21, 24, 311n40 North China conflict, 18-19, 28, 31 origins, 17 protocol, 25, 87, 331n31 training followers, 17, 19 Briand, Aristide, 136, 138—139 Brest-Litovsk treaty (1918), 54-55 Brukhanov, Nikolai, 189, 344n32 Bubnov, Andrei S., 169, 195-196, 340n38, 345n57 Budyonny, Semyon M., 165, 184, 340n41 Bukharin, Nikolai, 141, 147, 211, 235, 238, 287, 294, 342n60 Bulgakov, Division Commander, 245 Buryat Mongols 1929 conflict, 241, 245-246, 248, 253, 273 homeland activities, 42, 51, 79-80, 141, 182, 233 Byrny, S. P., 231 Canton political importance, 46, 54, 74, 105-106, 143, 329nl4 Soviet presence, 92, 103, 329n8 See also arsenals; Kuomintang (KMT) Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 137 Chang Chih-chiang, 329n7 Chang Ching-hui, 73, 74, 78-79, 86, 148 Chang Ching-yao, 52, 72 Changchun, 13-14, 68, 69—70, 190, 199 Chang Chun, General, 230, 35In 16 Chang Hsi-Iuan, 33, 44 Changhsintien, 86-87 Chang Hsueh-liang 1925-1926 fighting, 105, 110, 329nl4 1929 conflict, 148, 151, 178, 184, 187, 205, 209, 216, 219-220, 230-231, 255 INDEX I 381 1929 negotiations, 190, 192—194, 216, 237, 251-252 CER issues, 140, 142, 145, 149 Chiang Kai-shek relationship, 134, 140, 149, 193-194, 251-252, 257, 288, 297 China reunification, 132—133, 135 early career, 71, 74, 76, 86, 97 gains power, 129—132, 135, 150—151, 162 joins KMT, 130 Kuo rebellion, 107—108, 330n25 Northern Expedition, 122, 124—125, 131 relations with Japan, 131—134, 136, 154, 291 Soviet relations, 134—136, 141, 144, 147 Young Marshal moniker, 130 Chang Hsun, 45-46, 51 Chang Huan-hsiang, 107, 135—136, 151 Chang Kuo-chen, 135, 219 Chang Lih-sen, 227 Chang Po-ling, 71, 132 Chang Shu-ko, 208, 223 Chang Tso-hsiang 1929 conflict, 151, 190, 226, 270 military career, 86—87, 108, 131 Chang Tso-lin 1911 revolution, 38—39 1925-1926 fighting, 106-107, 109-110 Anfu-Chihli War, 72-74, 157 assassination and funeral, 129-130, 133, 191 CER troubles, 53, 70-71, 75, 90-91, 95-96, 111-113 early career, 27—28, 33-34, 42, 52-54, 153 First Fengtien—Chihli War, 85—88 Kuo rebellion, 107-109 Manchurian autonomy, 88, 95, 99, 337n41 May Thirtieth Movement, 104—105 Mongolia defense, 58, 78, 80—81 Northern Expedition, 114, 117, 119, 123-125 rise to power, 44, 46, 52, 62—63, 70, 74, 99, 102, 316n30 Second Fengtien—Chihli War, 96-98, 101, 103, 328nl09 Soviet relations, 90, 95, 111—113, 326n81 Chang Tsung-chang (Dog Meat) 1925-1926 fighting, 107-109 assassination, 335n88 early career, 87, 103 Northern Expedition, 117, 119-120, 122-123 ChangYin-huai, 131, 135-136, 208 Chao Erh-hsun, 33, 38, 153 Chao Ti, 86—87 Chao Yoh-wen, 220 Chebotar, Ivan, 240 Chen Chiung-ming, 54, 86, 92, 105 Chengchow, 72-73, 117-119, 121-122, 131 Chen Wei-jen, 91, 186 Cherepanov, Aleksandr I., 194—196, 204, 238-240, 281 Chiang Kai-shek 1929 conflict, 147-149, 184, 201-202, 205,223-224, 257 Chang Hsueh-liang relationship, 133, 140, 150, 161, 193-194, 251-252, 288 early career, 37, 62, 88, 94, 106, 314n7, 330n22 head of nationalist government, 123, 134, 143, 290 moves against CCP, 119-120, 121, 333n72 Northern Expedition, 114—115, 118, 120, 122-124, 195, 332n52 Chiang Teng-hsuan, 106, 108 Chiang Tso-ping, 210, 212 Chiantao (Kando) region, 182 Chichagov, Nikolai M., 24, 26 Chicherin, Georgi V., 79, 84, 89, 103, 113, 179, 326n88 Chihli clique, 53, 71-72, 85, 83 Chi Hsieh-yuan, 96, 103 Chikan, 213 382 INDEX Chinese Army (1900—1926) Imperial Guards, 313n3 1st Imperial Army, 313n3 1st Route Army, 96—97 2nd Imperial Army, 45, 313n3 2nd Route Army, 96 3rd Imperial Army, 313n3 3rd Route Army, 96, 98 1st Division, 313n3, 321n25 1st Frontier Defense Division, 318n65, 320nl0 2nd Division, 313n3 2nd Frontier Defense Division, 318n65, 320nl0 3rd Division, 32, 54, 73, 312n58, 313n3 3rd Frontier Defense Division, 318n65, 320nl0 4th Division, 313n3 4th Frontier Defense Division, 320nl0 5th Division, 313n3 6th Division, 313n3 6th Honan Division, 333n58 7th Division, 332n56 8th Division, 313n2 11th Division, 313n2 13th Division, 314n6 16th Division, 321n25, 322n28 20th Division, 312n58, 313n3 23rd Division, 312n58, 322n30 27th Division, 39 35th Chihli Division, 332n56 1st Frontier Defense Mixed Brigade, 77, 320nl0 2nd Brigade, 312n58, 314n6 2nd Frontier Defense Mixed Brigade, 320nl0 3rd Brigade, 313n3 9th Heilungkiang Brigade, 316n44 11th Brigade, 313n3 15th Brigade, 313n2 16th Brigade, 52, 313n2 21st Brigade, 313n2 23rd Frontier Defense Mixed Brigade, 77, 320nl0 25th Brigade, 314n6 39th Brigade, 313n3 83rd Brigade, 314n7 21st Regiment, 314n7 30th Regiment, 313n2 80th Regiment, 314n7 Ch’ing forces (pre—New Army), 18, 20, 22-25, 27 end, 101 navy, 28, 58, 59, 227 New Army, 33, 35, 37-38, 45, 63, 101, 153, 163, 313n59 Northwest Frontier Defense Army (NWFDA), 66-67, 72, 74, 78, 322n30 Northwest Frontier Defense Bureau, 72 Peiyang Army, 28, 32, 36, 38, 41, 46, 53, 313n3, 322n31 War Participation Army (WPA), 53, 57-58, 66, 74, 78, 156, 318n65, 320nl0 War Participation Bureau, 52 See also Eastern Army (Mukden/Feng- tien) ; warships Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1929 conflict, 186-187, 199-200, 206-207, 238, 267, 289-290 creation and activities, 91, 92, 99, 104, 119-121 Northeast and CER, 91, 111, 136, 186 Red Army, 121 relations with Feng Yu-hsiang, 118 See also United Front (KMT-CCP) Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) Allied control, 48—49, 56, 68, 70, 83 economic importance, 11, 13, 27, 43, 63, 204, 209 financing, 15, 27, 43, 75, 90, 94, 191, 327n94, 334n75 general description, 13—14 increased Chinese control (pre-1929), 50-51, 53, 63, 68, 75-76, 80, 89, 113 joint management, 93, 95, 110—113, 135, 141, 144 loss of revenues, 142, 144, 209 military value, 16, 29—30, 42, 47, 86 INDEX I 383 post-conflict fate, 281-282, 293-294 strategic importance, 13, 17, 28, 34, 99, 113, 208, 292, 295 Washington conference, 84—85 Chinese Eastern Railroad agreements (1924), 93-96, 100, 110-113, 125, 142, 145, 331n37 Chinese Eastern Railroad Defense Corps, 51, 63, 68, 69-70, 320nl3 Chinese Eastern Railroad Zone administrative headquarters, 10, 13, 22, 49, 144, 177 coal mines, 12, 20, 26-27, 198, 201, 204, 220, 239, 245, 281, 312n52 control department, 177 education department, 14, 113, 135 establishment and operation, 10, 15, 26-27, 51, 53, 63, 75-76, 90, 110, 310n22, 331n34 judicial and courts of procuration, 16, 76 land office, 16, 90, 178 medical department, 14, 215, 250 meteorological office, 144 Orthodox Church department, 112 police department, 16, 22, 50, 145-146, 177, 198-199, 217, 220, 251, 268 radio stations, 90, 136, 214—215 Soviet “Dorkom” trade union, 141 telegraph and telephone departments, 14, 49, 69, 131, 136, 142, 177-178, 193, 215, 220 Chinese government (Peking) CER issues, 53, 75, 84, 90, 93, 95, 111-114 constitutions, 40—41, 45, 101, 289 demise, 125 departments, 315nl3 early republic, 40—42, 44, 46 elections, 40, 45, 54, 61 financial challenges, 41, 101 Northeast policies, 70, 129 recognition of Soviet Russia, 82, 88-89, 92, 94 reforms, 101—102 warlord conflicts, 53, 71, 85, 96, 107 warlord rule, 50, 63-64, 66, 69, 71, 74, 77-78, 88, 100, 119 See also Ch’ing Dynasty and Kuomint- ang Ch’ing dynasty 1911 revolution, 35—40, 314n5 Boxer Uprising, 17—20, 24—25 CER issues, 15, 28 collapse, 40 in Manchuria, 8, 20, 26-27, 31-33 Chingkang Mountains, 121, 186, 254, 334n77 Chita 1929 conflict, 179, 196, 204, 225, 250, 257 civil war, 70, 323n41 Chiumenkuo, 97 Chochow, 72—73 Chou En-lai, 105, 111 Chuikov, Vasily I., 196, 238, 243-244, 247, 259, 272, 345n58 Chu Ke-wen, 220 Chung-shan incident, 332n72 Chu Shao-yang, 194 Clausewitz, Carl von, 153, 164, 255—256 collectivization, 141, 182, 189, 234—235, 238 Comintern (Communist International) 1929 conflict, 186, 207, 289 role in East Asia, 91-92, 111, 113, 144-145, 147, 211, 326n88 Cossacks, 8, 23, 51, 58, 78-79, 81, 233 Czechoslovak (Czech) Legion, 49—50, 56-59, 67-70, 82, 318n66, 318n68, 320nl2, 321nl4 Corps Headquarters, 320nl2 1st Division, 320nl2 2nd Division, 320nl2 3rd Division, 320nl2 Dairen, 7, 10, 14, 48, 112, 156, 186-187, 209 Dalainor coal mines, 14, 26-27, 198, 199, 204, 281, 312n52 384 INDEX Dalai nor, continued July-October fighting, 179—180, 185, 201-202, 208, 213, 221-222 November offensive, 241—246, 259, 264—265, 283 post-conflict occupation, 251, 253 sabotage, 198, 220, 225-226 Dalbank, 121, 178, 334n75 Dauria 1929 conflict, 182, 238, 250, 253 border town, 51, 60, 78 Debuchi Kastuji, 211, 236—237 dekulakization, 141, 231, 235 Dirksen, Herbert von, 210-211, 221 Donald, William H„ 147, 208 Double Tenth (10 October 1911) revolution erupts, 34—35, 40 symbolic anniversary events, 41, 61, 74, 93, 115, 134, 224 Duranty, Walter, 141, 189 Dzerzhinsky, Felix E., 113, 171, 342n62 Eastern Army (Mukden/Fengtien) 1st Eastern Army, 86—87, 97, 330n22 2nd Eastern Amy, 86—87, 97 3rd Eastern Army, 97, 107-110, 117 4th Eastern Army, 117 5 th Eastern Army, 97 6th Eastern Army, 97 17th Eastern Army, 131 1st Kirin Mixed Brigade, 70 3rd Kirin Mixed Brigade, 50 3rd Mukden “Guards” Mixed Brigade, 71, 75, 162 26th Kirin Mixed Brigade, 112 Artillery Brigade, 97 1922-1924 reforms, 150-151, 154, 161 beginnings, 327nl00 joins NRA, 134 warlord conflicts, 86—87, 97-98, 104, 107-110, 112, 176, 330n22 Eismont (CER deputy director), 146, 177, 210-212 Elmsley, J. H., 59 Emshanov, Aleksandr I., 113, 177-178, 193, 210, 212, 252, 355n86 Fan Chi-kuang, 177 Far Eastern Republic (FER) creation and policies, 76—77, 81—83 joins Soviet Union, 83 Fedyuninsky, Ivan I., 244, 259, 269, 271 Feldman, Corps Commander, 204 Feng Kuo-chang death, 71 leader of the Chihli clique, 53 military career, 36, 73 presidency, 46, 50, 52-53 Fengtai, 87, 97 Feng Yu-hsiang 1924 coup d’etat, 98, 101, 328nl09 1929 conflict, 205, 223-224, 257, 296 early career, 33, 37, 52, 62, 314n7, 317n45 joins KMT, 116 Kuo’s rebellion, 107-109 Northern Expedition, 115—118, 121-125, 333n62, 334n79 Soviet relations, 103—104, 107, 110, 111, 159, 195, 329nl0, 330n27, 337n54 troubles with Chiang Kai-shek, 143-144, 147 warlord conflicts, 73, 87, 96—97, 102, 109, 328n7 First Fengtien-Chihli War (1922), 85-88, 337n41 Fleischer, Nikolai, 24 Foch, Ferdinand, 50, 55 Foochow, 28, 116, 206 Fossini-Camossi, Gustavo, 59 Four Power loan, 66 France 1929 conflict, 188, 191-192, 194, 345n49 China arms embargo, 155, 157-160, 320nl0 China policies, 8, 39, 66, 84 Kellogg—Briand Pact, 136, 138-139 Siberian intervention, 50, 54-59, 67-68, 318n67 World War I, 47, 49, 55, 57, 64-65, 318n68 INDEX I 385 French Army 3rd Tonkinese Rifle Regiment, 318n67 3rd Zouaves Regiment, 318n67 9th Colonial infantry Regiment, 318n67 16th Colonial Infantry Regiment, 318n67 Frunze, Mikhail V. death, 166 directs reforms, 165-166, 168—169 military career, 68—69, 89 Fuchin, 226, 229-232, 261 Fujino, Counsel, 247 Fushun coalfields, 12, 204, 207 Galen. See Blyukher, Vasili Garutso, Lieutenant Colonel, 176 Germany 1929 conflict, 200, 208, 210-212, 216—217, 220-221, 236 Luftwaffe, 171 military advisors in China, 209, 274, 334n79 military influence, 153, 155 Soviet cooperation, 113, 170—173, 195 World War I, 42-43, 45, 47, 50, 54-56, 59, 62, 162-163, 317n56 Gerngross, Aleksandr A., 19, 22, 24 Glantz, David, 166, 276-277, 282 Graisnov, Corps Commander, 196, 204 Graves, William S., 56, 59, 67 Gribsky, Konstantin N., 21, 23, 25 Grinevsky, Colonel, 176 Grodekov, Nikolai I., 20, 23—26, 256 Gromov, Mikhail M., 260 Hailar 1929 conflict, 185, 198, 208, 225, 241- 243, 248-251, 253, 258-260, 277, 283 railway center, 14, 23, 42, 180 Hailar incident (1920), 70-71, 99 Hamaguchi Osachi, 191 Hangchow, 37, 116, 119 Hankow 1911 revolution, 34-36, 39, 313n2, 314n5 Northern Expedition, 115, 122, 333n63 Han Kuang-ti, 185 Hanson, George H., 178, 192, 204, 223 Hanyang, 34, 36-37, 39, 115, 155 Hara Kei, 157 Hara Soichi, 158 Harbin 1929 conflict, 177-178, 190, 192,198- 199, 214, 226, 231-232, 237, 253, 270 1929 student activities, 219-220, 260, 267, 288-289 Boxer Uprising, 21—24, 26 CCP activities, 90, 186-187 civil and economic importance, 10, 13-14, 16, 86, 112, 135, 142, 163, 209, 334n75 New Town, 22, 144, 198-199 Old Harbin (old town), 22, 144, 198 Pristan, 22, 24, 50, 177, 189-199 Siberian intervention, 49—50, 53, 68, 75, 82 Soviet consulate raid, 144—147, 208, 210, 230, 252, 268 special administrative area, 10, 76, 151 Hayashi Hissyiro, 132—133 Hayashi Kensuke, 133 Hong Kong, 56, 206 Horvat (Khorvat), Dmitri L., 42, 48, 51, 53, 75, 134 Hsiao-Chan, 322n31 Hsienliho, 198 Hsilinho, 213 Hsinganling region, 180 Hsing Shih-lien, 105, 329nl4 Hsuchow, 107, 118, 122, 330n22 Hsu Shih-chang (Big Hsu) early career, 32—34 forced resignation, 88 presidency, 61, 62, 71, 72, 82 Hsu Shu-cheng (Little Hsu) military career, 53, 57, 61, 72, 74, 96 Mongolia defense, 77—78 Hu Ching-i, 98, 104, 329n7 386 \| INDEX Hu Yu-kun, 131, 208, 248, 255, 257-258 hunghutzu (Red Beards). See bandits Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) 1st Army, 30 2nd Army, 30 3rd Army, 30 7th Division, 318n66 9th Division, 324n60 11th Division, 324n60 12th Division, 318n66 40th Mixed Brigade, 318n66 14th Infantry Regiment, 318n68 1929 conflict, 179, 188, 192, 215, 282 activities and operations, 7, 29, 154, 157-158, 160, 272, 293 defense policy, 284, 285-286, 290-291, 292 “double diplomacy,” 158 military academy, 37, 151 Siberian intervention, 53, 60, 76, 82, 90, 270, 324n57 Tsinan incident (1928), 124 See also Kwantung Army; Russo- Japanese War (1904-1905); Sinojapanese War (1894-1895); Sinojapanese War (1937-1945) Inner Mongolia, 8, 111, 134, 233, 320nl0 Inter-Allied Railway Committee (IARC) disbandment, 83 formation and operations, 68, 70, 75, 80, 82, 321nl5 “Internationalist” soldiers, 59-60, 318n68 Irkutsk, 56, 69, 174, 179, 320nl2 Ishihara Kenji, 192, 291 Italian Army 85th Infantry Regiment, 319n69 Carabinieri detachment, 319n69 Italy arms sales to China, 156-158, 320nl0 international relations, 57, 65, 139, 285-286 Ivanov, Aleksandr N., 110, 112-113 Ivanov, V. P., 302 Japan 1929 conflict, 188, 191-192, 209, 211, 225, 236-237, 247, 268, 280 China arms embargo, 156-160, 320nl0 China-Manchuria reunification, 129, 131-134, 140, 147 Eastern Regions conferences, 157, 290 governmental policies, 8, 16, 26, 42, 63, 84, 108, 110, 120, 139, 285-286, 292, 320n5 Manchurian economy, 7, 12-13, 112 Siberian intervention, 49-50, 53, 56-57, 68, 76, 82 Twenty-One Demands, 44, 57 World War I, 42-43 See aho Russo-Japanese War (1904- 1905) Japanese Army. See Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) Joffe, Adolf A., 88-90, 92 Kaifeng Advisory Group (RKKA), 104, 331n27 Kalgan, 78, 103, 110, 223 Kalgan Advisory Group (RKKA), 104, 122 Kalmykov, Ivan Pavlovich, 58, 319nl07 Kamenev, Lev B., 93, 327n89, 340n38 Kamenev, Sergey S., 169 Kamera, Ivan P., 236, 352n30 Kanda Masatane, 179, 215, 272 Karakhan, Lev M. 1929 conflict, 178-179, 203, 212 alliance with Feng Yu-hsiang, 103-104 CER issues, 93-95, 111-114 execution, 353n45 Karakhan manifestos, 75, 89, 190, 293 Karklin, E. P., 239 Kawamata, Captain, 203, 242, 258, 272, 281,283 Kellogg, Frank B., 136, 138-139, 159 Kellogg-Briand Pact 1929 conflict, 190-191, 203, 237 creation, 136-140 postwar consequences, 287, 291, 296 INDEX 387 Khabarovsk 1929 conflict, 147, 180, 204, 228, 232, 269-270, 281 Boxer Uprising, 19-20, 22, 24 civil war, 59, 83 Khetagurov, Gregory I., 236, 241, 246, 253, 352n30 Khingan Mountains Greater, 8, 180 Lesser, 180 Kiangsu—Chekiang War (1924), 96, 103 Kinney, Henry W., 280-283 Kirin (city), 53, 162, 186 Kobdo, 77, 323n45 Kolchak, Aleksandr V. defeat and death, 69, 74-75, 81 White civil war leader, 53, 67—68, 317n48 Komoto Daisaku, 129—130, 291, 335n5 Koo, Wellington government official, 80, 83—84, 90, 94, 158,359n27 Versailles conference, 64—65 Korea Japanese control, 7, 8, 11, 21, 50, 182, 295 Russo-Japanese War (1904—1905), 26, 29-30, 32 Korneev, Ivan, 103, 329n8 Koshan coalfields, 12, 201 Krayny, 239 Kuancheng station incident, 69—70, 86, 99 Kuibyshev, Nikolai V., 151, 179, 195-196, 204, 223, 350n66 Kuibyshev, Valeryan V., 195 Kulaks, 167 Kulik, Grigory I., 165, 341n41 Kunitzsky, I. F., 239-240 Kuominchun (National People’s Army) 1st Kuominchun Army, 104, 107, 109-110, 330n22, 332n57 2nd Kuominchun Army, 104, 109, 332n56 3rd Kuominchun Army, 104, 109, 332n56 4th Kuominchun Army, 108 5th Kuominchun Army, 328n7 6th Kuominchun Army, 328n7 7th Mixed Brigade, 328n7 8th Mixed Brigade, 328n7 1925-1926 fighting, 107-110, 114, 116, 330n27 1929 conflict, 205, 224 formation, 101, 103-104, 159 Northern Expedition, 115, 117—118, 119, 123, 134 Kuomintang (KMT) 1929 conflict, 148, 184, 187, 206, 230, 268 in Canton, 74, 114, 143 Central Executive Committee (CEC), 114-115,123-124, 149, 195 control of Kwangtung, 105—106 formation, 40—41 KMT-Left, 118-122 KMT reunification, 122 relations with the Young Marshal, 130, 132, 134 as ruling party, 125, 132-133, 134, 288 State Council, 134 Soviet relations, 92, 103, 120—122, 142, 159 Western Hills Group, 120 See also United Front (KMT-CCP) Kuo rebellion, 107-109, 112, 131, 330n25 Kuo Sung-ling execution, 109, 135 military career, 71, 102, 151, 154 Second Fengtien-Chihli War, 97 See also Kuo rebellion Kuo Tsung-hsi, 53, 70 Kuropatkin, Alexei N., 26, 30-32 Kuzman, G. F., 264, 282, 283 Kwangsi Rebellion. See National Revolu- tionary Army (NRA) Kwangtung Army actions in Manchuria, 42, 63, 83, 108, 160, 225, 237 assassination of Chang Tso-lin, 129-130, 132 Mukden Incident (1931), 192, 291 388 \| INDEX Kwangtung Army, continued See also Hailar incident (1920); Imperial Japanese Army (IJA); Kuancheng station incident Kwantung Peninsula (Leasehold), 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 23, 91, 140, 156, 186, 360n49 Kyakhta, 77, 80, 174 Lake Gusinoe, 80 Lake Khanka, 8, 182, 188, 208, 213, 294 Lamb, L. H., 177 Lampson, Miles W., 147, 209, 212, 252, 288,293 Lan Tien-wei, 37 Lapchinsky, Aleksandr N., 171, 342n60 Lapin, Albert I. 1929 conflict, 195-196, 226, 238, 240 early career, 80, 103-104, 122, 329n8 execution, 353n45 Lazo, Sergei G., 51-52, 60, 81 League of Militant Atheists, 218, 234 League of Nations 1929 conflict, 212, 284-287, 296 actions, 137-138, 147, 280 Lenin, Vladimir I. civil war, 68, 76—77, 89 communist leader, 47, 56, 62, 92, 3I6n33, 326n89 death, 93 influence on Red Army, 164, 167, 189 peace with Central Powers, 49, 54—55, 317n54 Leszczynsky, Company Commander, 222 Levinson, Salmon O. “Sol,” 136-137, 139, 191 Liang Chi-chao, 293 Liang Chung-chia, 185, 188, 191, 203, 208, 243, 245-247, 255, 268 Liao River, 7, 11, 91, 109, 112 Liaotung Peninsula, 7, 11, 16, 21, 30, 32 Lienyungkiang-Sian (Lunghai) Railway, 73,115,122 Lieth-Thomsen, Hermann von der, 171 Li Ching-lin, 102, 108 Li Li-san, 105, 186, 238, 329nl4 Li-Lobanov treaty (1896), 15 Lipesk, 171 Li Ta-chao, 91, 121 Li Tsung-jen, 123, 142 Litunovskim, V. N., 194 Litvinov, Maxim, 139, 179, 210-212, 225, 235, 252, 257 Liu Chen-hua, 116 Liu Shao-chi, 187, 199 Li Yuan-hung 1911 revolution, 35-37, 40, 313nn2—3 acting president, 45, 46 presidency, 88, 93 vice president, 40, 74 Lopeh, 201 Lou Tseng-Tsiang, 64 Loyang, 87-88, 155, 325n68 Lu Yung-hsiang, 96, 105 Lu Yung-huan, 112, 142, 148 Lyons, Eugene, 251, 279 Mach eng, 86—87, 109, 325n71 Machino Tekema, 38, 42, 328nl09 MacMurray, John Van Antwerp, 120—121, 132, 159, 192 Magruder, John, 123, 188, 263, 334n82 Maimaicheng, 77, 79, 323n45 Makino Nobuaki, 65 Mallet, R., 58, 318n67 Manchouli 1929 conflict, 179-180, 185, 261 July—August fighting, 191, 200, 202, 208,212, 259-260 negotiations, 192-194, 210 November offensive, 241—243, 245-247, 257-259 Outer Mongolia War, 80, 81 post-conflict occupation, 248—249, 251, 253, 355n79 railway center, 13—14, 21, 23, 42, 198, 355n76 sabotage, 198 September-October fighting, 213, 221-222 Siberian intervention, 49, 50—53, 58 INDEX I 389 Manchuria economy, 10-14, 43-44, 63, 163, 231, 290 geography, 7-10, 163, 180-182 Russojapanese spheres of interest, 53, 56-57, 60, 63, 99, 192, 225, 351n3 size and population, 7, 10—11, 14, 19, 182, 309n3 Manchuria Station. S^Manchouli Man tell, John J-, 209 Mao Tse-tung, 119, 121, 186, 238, 254, 290 March 1917 Russian Revolution, 47 Maring, 92, 326n88 May Fourth Movement, 65—66, 69, 91, 99 May Thirtieth Movement, 104—106, 131 Melnikov, Boris N. 1929 conflict, 190, 192-193, 196 execution, 346n66 Soviet Harbin consul, 142, 145—146 Meng En-yuan, 46, 50—51, 53, 70 Menzhinsky, Vlacheslav I., 167, 342n62 Miaoling, 240 Mishan 1929 conflict, 182, 198, 200-201, 213 economic value, 12, 14 operation, 238-240, 261, 274, 277 See also Muleng Mogonho, 227 Mok Yui-ming, 229 Molchanov, Viktorin M., 83, 324n59 Molotov, Vyacheslav, 179, 211, 252, 294 Mongolia (Outer) control struggle, 41—42, 44, 58 Soviet domination, 80—81, 89, 94, 100, 197, 223, 248 See also Inner Mongolia; Outer Mongolia War (1920-1921) Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army (MPRA), 80, 197, 248, 256, 346n62 Moscow, 16, 55, 61, 184, 268, 334n79 Motaishih, 240 Mukden 1911 revolution, 37—38 1929 conflict, 140, 142, 144, 147, 177-178, 187, 206, 217, 219, 251 1929 negotiations, 190, 193—194, 210, 212, 230, 237, 252, 255, 294, 295 Boxer Uprising, 21, 23, 25 CCP activities, 91, 136, 186-187, 199 center of the Northeast, 8, 12, 30, 112, 125 KMT relations, 130, 132-134 Northeast government, 74, 75, 95, 106, 107-108, 113, 130, 135 provisional constitution, 130, 133 Mukden incident (18 September 1931), 291, 344n31 Mukden military academy, 71, 151, 153-154, 223 Muleng 1929 conflict, 182, 201, 220, 238, 240 coalfields, 12, 14, 146 Muraoka, Chotaro, 129 Musatov, Aleksandr, 232 Myers, Myrl S., 236-237 Nanchang Chinese Red Army uprising, 121, 187 Northern Expedition, 116, 118, 120 Nanking 1911 revolution, 37, 39 1929 conflict, 206, 224 KMT capital, 125, 335n89 Northern Expedition, 118—119, 121, 122, ЗЗЗпбЗ Nanking incident (1927), 119-120, 124, 333n70 Nationalist government. See Kuomintang (KMT) National People’s Army, See Kuominchun (National People’s Army) National Revolutionary Army (NRA) 1st Army Group, 123-124, 143, 224 2nd Army Group, 123 3rd Army Group, 123 4th Army Group, 123, 142 40th Army, 335n85 1st Corps (Army), 106, 115-116, 118, 332n53, 334n81 2nd Corps (Army), 332n53, 345n55 3rd Corps (Army), 332n53 390 INDEX National Revolutionary Army (NRA), continued 4th “Ironsides” Corps (Army), 106, 121, 332n53 5th Corps (Army), 106, 332n53 6th Corps (Army), 119, 332n53 7th “Flying” Corps (Army), 116, 332n53 8th Corps (Army), 332nn52-53 9th Corps, 332n53 10th Corps, 332n53 1st Division, 332n53 1st Independent Division, 332n53 2nd Division, 332n53 10th Division, 332n52 12th Division, 332n52 14th Division, 332n53 20th Division, 332n53 22nd Division, 334n81 Artillery Regiment, 332n53 Communications Battalion, 263 1929 conflict, 148, 205, 223-224, 230, 296 absorbs Eastern Army (NEFDF), 134 eastern expeditions, 106, 329nl4 formation and growth, 92—93, 101, 105-106, 118, 123, 150-152, 263, 288-289 Kwangsi rebellion (1929), 142-143, 205 Northern Expedition, 114—116, 117-118, 119-125, 332nn52-53, 334n81, 334-335nn83—84 Nicholas II, Tsar abdication, 47 Asia policy, 14, 15—16 Boxer Uprising and aftermath, 20, 27 Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), 29-31 Nikitin, I. L, 229 Nikolaevsk Massacre, 81—82, 99 Nikolsk-Ussuriysk. See Ussuriysk Nomonhan, 134, 272, 295, 309n2 Nonni River, 180, 249 Northeastern provinces. See Manchuria Northeast Frontier Defense Force (NEFDF) 1st Fengtien Army, 207, 214, 219 2nd Fengtien Army, 208, 241, 248-249, 257- 258 1st Cavalry Division, 208, 239, 274 1st Mukden Mixed Brigade, 239 1st Independent Cavalry Brigade, 239-240 3rd Fengtien Mixed Brigade, 208, 223 7th Kirin Mixed Brigade, 231 9th Kirin Mixed Brigade, 227 15th Heilungkiang Mixed Brigade, 185, 213, 222-223, 242, 245-247, 258- 259 17th Heilungkiang Mixed Brigade, 185, 208, 236, 241-243, 245, 247, 258 21st Kirin Mixed Brigade, 185, 214-215 3rd Infantry Regiment, 227 3rd Cavalry Regiment, 242, 245 6th Infantry Regiment, 242, 245 13th Infantry Regiment, 242 14th Infantry Regiment, 242-243, 245 35th Infantry Regiment, 227 38th Infantry Regiment, 185, 201-202, 204, 208, 222, 241-243, 246 42nd Infantry Regiment, 239-240 43rd Cavalry Regiment, 231 43rd Infantry Regiment, 185 51st Infantry Regiment, 185, 202, 230, 243-244, 246 55th Infantry Regiment, 248, 258 1st Heavy Artillery Regiment, 162 1929 mobilization, 185, 205, 255 1929 strategy, 148-149, 254-256 August-September fighting, 200-205, 212-216 Dalainor—Manchouli-Hailar opera- tion, 241-249 equipment, 155-161, 162, 263, 264 foreign advisors, 154, 192, 208 leadership, 150-151, 260-261, 262, 271, 273-274 November offensive approval, 238 October-November fighting, 221-224, 236 INDEX 391 post-conflict occupation, 248—251 recruitment, training, and doctrine, 152-154 size and organization, 161—163, 259, 271 Sungari River operation, 226—232 supreme headquarters, 185, 205 tactics, 153-154, 260-261, 262, 271, 273-274 See also Eastern Army (Mukden/ Fengtien); Mishan; Sungari River Flotilla Northern Expedition (1926—1928). See National Revolutionary Army (NRA) Nos, 245 Novonikolaevsk (Novsibirsk), 81, 174 October 1917 Russian Revolution, 47, 53, 62, 91, 164, 270 Oi Shigemoto, 59, 70, 82, 318n68 Olochinskaya, 236 Onufriev, I. A., 230 Opium, 13, 218 Orlov, Nikolai, 23—24 Outer Mongolia War (1920-1921), 58, 77-81, 100, 320nl0 Ozarnin, E. K., 82, 90 Pai Chung-hsi, 118, 143 Paikes, Aleksandr K., 88—89 Pantahsai, 239 Pao Kuei-ching, 46, 60, 70, 110 Paoting military academy, 151, 153, 185, 338nl military value, 72, 123—124 Paris Pact. See Kellogg—Briand Pact Paris Peace Conference. See Versailles treaty (1919) Parkhomenko, F. A., 240 Peiping. See Peking Peking Boxer Uprising, 17—19, 24—25 Northern Expedition, 117—118, 121, 123-124 renamed Peiping, 125, 335n89 Soviet embassy raid (1927), 121 warlord conflicts, 45, 58, 65, 72—74, 86, 97-98, 103, 109-110 Peking—Hankow Railway (Pinghan) military importance, 35, 72—73, 86, 110, 115 Northern Expedition, 118, 124, 131 People’s Revolutionary Army (FER PRA), 77, 80-83, 323n51 Permanent Court of International Justice at The Hague, 137, 285, 287 Persia, 93, 285, 286 Petrograd. See St. Petersburg Pilipenko, F. I., 242 Pogranichnaya, 14, 23—24 Pohai, Bay of, 11, 18-19, 162 Poketu, 198, 249, 283 Poland, 59, 195, 256, 295, 355n90 Polkovyh, N. E, 264 Poltavka, 201 Port Arthur beginnings, 10, 16, 28 Boxer Uprising, 21, 23-24, 28 Russo Japanese War, 30, 32 Portsmouth treaty, 30, 32, 324n61 Powell, John B., 10, 226, 234 Pratt, John, 293 Pristan. See Harbin propaganda 1929 conflict, 177, 184-185, 187, 199, 203, 206-207, 217-218, 249 Chinese, 119, 146, 148, 186 significance, 94-95, 267-271, 327n96 Soviet, 113-114, 135, 142, 144 provisional government, Russia, 47-48, 51, 59-60, 67, 75, 82, 317n48, 321n15 Pumpiansky, Propaganda Chief, 199, 268 Putna, Vitovt K., 103, 329n8 radio 1929 conflict, 161, 197, 214-215, 220, 262-264, 267, 269-270 rising importance, 85, 90, 94, 98, 136, 146 392 \| INDEX Red Army of Workers and Peasants. See Soviet Red Army (RKKA) Rennenkampf, Paul (Pavel) von, 23-24, 312n56 Righteous and Harmonious Fists. See Boxer Uprising RKKA. See Soviet Red Army (RKKA) Rogachev, V. P., 345n55 Rokossovsky, Konstantin JL· 1929 conflict, 236, 241-242, 244-246, 248, 259,278 military career, 80, 352n30, 355n90 Romania, 49-50, 55, 58, 295, 318n68, 320nl3 Rozengolts, Arkady P., 171, 342n60 Rudi, I. V., 252 Russian border guards in East Asia, 19, 21 Trans-Amur District Border Guards Special Corps, 26, 32, 50-51 See also State Political Directorate (GPU) Russian civil war (1917-1922) in European Russia, 47, 54—56, 67—69, 317n48, 339nl3, 340n41 in the Far East, 50-53, 56-61, 68, 70, 75-77, 81-83, 318n68, 323n41, 329n8 Russian government (Tsarist) Boxer Uprising, 17—19 collapse, 47 Far East policies, 8, 16, 28, 32 Manchuria policy, 14, 15-16, 25-28, 31,42 Mongolia policy, 41-42, 44 Russojapanese War, 29, 32 Russian Railway Service Corps (RRSC), 48-49, 68, 208, 316n37 Russian Tsarist Army, 17, 25—29 2nd Siberian Rifle Corps, 30 1st East Siberian Rifle Brigade, 21 2nd East Siberian Rifle Brigade, 21 3rd East Siberian Rifle Brigade, 21 618th “Tomsk” Rifle Regiment, 316n41 See also Boxer Uprising; Russojapanese War (1904-1905); World War I RussoAsiatic Bank, 76, 90, 331 n34 Russo-Chinese Bank, 15, 27, 76 Russojapanese War (1904-1905) aftermath, 32-34 fighting, 30-32 road to war, 26, 29—30 sabotage execution, 198-199, 213, 215, 220 impact, 199, 207, 220, 255, 266 plans, 198, 225, 233, 266 Santaotungtze, 188 Savkin, Y. E., 265, 278 Schurman, Jacob G., 102, 110 Second Fengtien-Chihli War (1924— 1925), 97-99, 101 Semenov, Grigory execution, 324n59 military career, 51—53, 58-61, 68, 70, 75-76, 78-79, 83, 217 Shanghai 1911 revolution, 37—39 1929 conflict, 187, 206, 267 CCP activities, 91—92 Northern Expedition, 118—120, 333n70, 334n81 warlord era, 45, 65, 96, 103, 107, 155, 333n63 See also May Thirtieth Movement Shanghai peace conference (1919), 66, 72, 99, 156 Shanhaikuan, 73, 96—98, 107, 157 Shantung Boxer Uprising, 17—19, 28 control of, 42, 65-66, 84, 103, 143, 286, 320n5 Northern Expedition, 118, 123-124, 129 Shantung treaty (1922), 66-67, 84, 85 Shchadenko, A. E., 165, 340n40 Shchyogolev, L., 201 Shen Chia-chen, 177 Shen Hung-lieh, 59, 163 Shidehara Kijuro, 120, 192, 221, 268 Shuang Ho-sheng, 209 Sian, 109, 116, 332n56 INDEX 393 Siberian intervention (1918—1922) background and planning, 47—50, 53-58, 316n37 conduct, 58-61, 63, 67, 70-71, 75, 81-82, 270, 318n67, 319n73, 320nl2, 324n57 withdrawal, 67—68, 76, 83, 90, 320nl3 Siding No. 86, 58, 179, 193-194, 198, 202, 210, 222, 243, 247, 253 Simanovsky, A., 252 Sinojapanese War (1894—1895), 15, 28, 31-32, 43, 227, 320n5 SinoJapanese War (1937—1945), 289 Sklyansky, Ephraim M., 165 Smidovitch, Sofia, 189, 344n32 Smirnov, Aleksandr P., 189, 344n32 South Manchuria Railway (SMR) anti-CCP activities, 91 economic value, 7, 11—12, 14, 43, 48, 112 importance, 10, 13, 30, 108, 110, 112, 129, 140, 291, 360n49 Siberian intervention, 68-69 Soviet government 1929 conflict, 184, 190-192, 194, 196, 203, 208, 210-212, 220-221, 225, 232, 252 CER policy (pre-conflict), 75, 77, 84, 89-90 July CER ultimatum, 178—179, 185, 189, 193,210-211, 216, 221, 251, 254, 293 organizations in the Northeast, 177-178 Politburo, 146, 164, 189, 194, 238, 294, 340n41 relations with China (pre-conflict), 90, 92-93, 121-122,134-135, 140-142, 326n88 relations with Feng Yu-hsiang, 103-104, 107, 110, 111, 159, 195, 329nl0, 330n27, 337n54 relations with Japan (pre-conflict), 56-57, 76, 82-83, 110, 175 relations with Mongolia, 77, 79—81, 89, 134, 256, 327n95 rupture with KMT, 121—122 See also Bolsheviks; Chinese Eastern Railroad agreements (1924); Far Eastern Republic (FER); Harbin: Soviet consulate raid Soviet Red Army (RKKA) 5th Red Army, 324n51, 328n8 12th Territorial Rifle Corps, 174, 196, 223 18th Rifle Corps, 174, 179, 196, 245, 248 19th Rifle Corps, 174, 179, 196, 204 20th Mechanized Corps, 356n9 86th Rifle Corps, 258 21st Territorial Rifle Corps, 174, 196 1st “Pacific” Rifle Division, 174, 196, 200-201, 204, 214, 239, 342n67 1st “Proletariat” Rifle Division, 342n67, 354n59 2nd “Amur” Rifle Division, 174, 196, 226-227, 230, 275 2nd “Moscow” Rifle Division, 342n67 9th Armored Train Division, 174 12th Territorial Rifle Division, 174, 179, 196, 222, 242, 248, 277 21st Territorial Rifle Division, 174, 179, 196 26th Territorial Rifle Division, 174, 196,208 35th Rifle Division, 174, 179, 182, 203, 241-242, 244-245, 248 36th Rifle Division, 174, 197, 203, 222, 241-243, 248, 250, 253 39th Rifle Division, 342n67 66th Rifle Division, 342n67 94th Rifle Division, 356n9 210th Rifle Division, 356n9 Buryat-Mongol Territorial Cavalry Division, 196, 241, 245-246, 248, 253, 273 5th Cavalry Brigade, 174, 213, 236, 241,253 9th Cavalry Brigade, 174, 180, 239—240 1st Rifle Regiment, 239, 274 1st Tank Regiment, 172, 345n60, 354n59 394 INDEX Soviet Red Army (RKKA), continued 2nd Rifle Regiment, 201, 239 2nd Tank Regiment, 172 3rd Rifle Regiment, 239 3rd Tank Regiment, 172, 354n59 4th Rifle Regiment, 174, 226 5th Rifle Regiment, 196, 226-227, 231-232 6th Rifle Regiment, 226-227 61st Rifle Regiment, 222 63rd Rifle Regiment, 242 73rd Cavalry Regiment, 236, 241, 248 75th Cavalry Regiment, 242 87th Cavalry Regiment, 240 104th Rifle Regiment, 80, 174, 245 106th Rifle Regiment, 80, 174, 197, 241- 243, 248, 265 107th Rifle Regiment, 241-242, 246 108th Rifle Regiment, 182, 202, 222, 242, 245 1st Moscow Transport Unit, 197 4th Separate Radio Battalion, 197, 262 Headquarters Signals Battalion, 197, 262 1st Tank Company, 196-197, 231, 242- 243, 345n60 9th Air Group, 197, 248-249, 261 2nd “Lenin” Reconnaissance Squadron, 197, 214, 261 5th Fighter Squadron, 239 6th Fighter Squadron, 197 7th Air Squadron, 214 13th Air Squadron, 214 17th Air Squadron, 197 19th Fighter Squadron, 197, 239-240 25th Bomber Squadron, 197 26th Bomber Squadron, 197 40th Bomber Squadron, 306 41st Bomber Squadron, 306 42nd Bomber Squadron, 306 43rd Bomber Squadron, 306 68th Seaplane Squadron, 174—175, 230, 231, 261 Armored Train No. 65, 202 Armored Train No. 66, 202 Armored Train No. 67, 202 1929 mobilization, 174, 179-180, 182 advisors in China, 92, 103—104, 115, 122, 125, 162 civil war, 52, 56, 60-61, 67-69, 75-77, 318n68, 323n41, 329n8 creation, 55, 164 defensive mission, 165—166, 189 doctrine and tactics, 169—171, 26CL262, 264-265, 266, 271-272, 274-275 equipment, 171—173, 262, 265 German military cooperation, 170-173 in Far East, 90, 100, 134, 146, 195-196 in general, 113, 150, 279, 289, 292, 295-296, 350n66, 360n49 influence of Lenin, 164—165 influence of Stalin, 164—167, 256 influence of Trotsky, 164-165 Leningrad (Petrograd) Military Dis- trict, 83, 172 military reforms, 165—166, 168 in Mongolia, 77, 79-81, 89, 94, 134 Moscow Military District, 165, 172, 244, 345n60 operational art (RKKA), 169, 171, 265, 276-278, 296 Pacific (Maritime) Military District, 174, 179 Political Administration (PUR), 165, 168, 195—196 recruitment and training, 166—169 saber rattling over the CER, 90, 93, 95, 108 Siberian Military District, 179 size and organization, 173—175, 262, 272-273 Trans-Baikal Military District, 174, 179 Ukraine Military District, 195. See also State Political Directorate (GPU); Special Far East Army (ODVA) Soviet State Political Directorate (GPU) 17th GPU Brigade, 230 9th GPU Rail Guard Regiment, 197 49th GPU Regiment, 230 51st GPU Regiment, 230 INDEX 395 “Brantia” force, 233 1929 conflict, 184-185, 188, 197, 199, 201, 202, 208, 218, 230, 253, 282-283 background, 113, 141, 167-168, 172, 175, 341 n47 post-conflict occupation, 251, 281, 294, 355n79 sabotage, 198, 220, 233, 266-267 See also October 1917 Russian Revolu- tion Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), 265, 275, 318n68 sparrow migrant workers, 7, 19 Special Far East Army (ODVA) 1929 war strategy, 197—198, 225, 256-257 Alert paper, 253, 268 casualties, 201, 203, 222, 230, 244, 247, 250 Dalainor—Manchouli—Hailar opera- tion, 241-249, 262, 264, 277-278, 282 established, 195 July and August fighting, 188, 191, 200-205, 208, 212-213, 259-260 leadership, 195-196, 236, 238, 244-243, 274, 278 November offensive, 225—226 OKDVA, 253, 291, 355n91 post-conflict occupation, 248—251, 253 September, October, and early-Novem- ber fighting, 221—224, 236 Sungari River operation, 226—232, 258, 261, 275, 283 Trans-Baikal Group, 196—197, 236, 238, 241, 243-244, 246-248, 253, 278 See also Mishan; Soviet Red Army (RKKA); Suifenho Stalin, Josef 1929 foreign policy actions, 122, 179, 189, 211, 223, 225, 237, 252, 294 1929 military leadership, 189, 213, 219, 221, 223, 225, 232, 238, 253, 256-257, 295 1929 political leadership, 189, 211— 212, 235, 284, 290, 293, 294-295, 360n49 CCP relations, 121, 267 civil war, 68, 340n41 control of RKKA, 165-167 Koba nickname, 257, 356n7 pre-1929 GER policy, 93, 111, 113 rise to power, 55, 62, 122, 140—141, 144, 163-164, 317n54 Starovery (Old Orthodox Believers), 10, 233-235, 281, 294 Stevens, John F., 49, 63, 68, 76, 90, 209, 32ІПІ4 Stimson, Henry L., 132, 147, 190—191, 211, 236-237, 251, 280 St. Petersburg, 15, 47-48, 53, 55, 324n60 Stresemann, Gustav, 201 student movements (1929 conflict), 187, 206, 219-220, 232, 257, 267, 288, 289 Suifenho 1929 conflict, 146, 184-185, 187, 198, 200, 208, 220, 240 battle of, 213-216, 262, 266 geographic importance, 13—14, 49—50, 58,182, 218 Sukhbaatar, Damdin (Sukhe Bator), 80 Sun Chuan-fang assassination, 335n88 Northern Expedition, 114—119, 122-124 rise to power, 96, 103, 107, 330n22 Sungari River 1929 conflict, 182, 184, 188, 196, 198, 225-232, 238 Boxer Uprising, 22—24, 27 geographic importance, 10-11, 13 Sungari River Bridge, 198, 220 Sungari River Flotilla 1929 conflict, 175, 177, 226-232 origins, 59—60, 63, 162-163 Sun Tzu, 153, 255 Sun Yat-sen 1911 revolution, 35, 37, 39—40 CCP alliance, 92 396 INDEX Sun Yat-sen, continued death, 103 KMT leader, 40, 64, 92, 267, 289 presidency, 40-41, 85, 314nl2 Soviet relations, 92—93, 103, 326n88 warlord relations, 46, 52, 54, 66, 74, 85-88, 93, 102, 118-119, 317n49, 332n52 Sun b, 98 Sutton, Francis A., 154, 155, 339nl4 Suzuki Kisaburo, 225 Svechin, Aleksandr A., 169, 276 Svetets, Erno, 319 Sze, Alfred Sao-ke, 64, 83, 140 Taichungkiang, 188 Taipinchien, 239-240 Talbot, Roy, 188 Tanaka, Giichi, 57, 130, 132-133, 191 Tangpichien, 188 Tang Shen-chih, 114-115, 118-119, 121-122, 148, 205, 332n52 tanks 1929 conflict, 175, 196-197, 213, 242-243, 264, 345n60, 354n59 British Carden֊Lloyd tankette (T-27), 173 British Mark A Whippet, 173 British Mark V, 173 British Vickers (T-26), 172 Chinese development, 154, 155, 162, 264, 339nl87 emerging weapon, 60, 254, 275, 292, 357n20 French Renault FT-17, 155, 162, 172, 264, 339nl3 Soviet BT-1 (Christie), 172 Soviet development, 160, 167, 169- 173, 258, 265, 278, 296, 341n56, 342n63 Soviet MS-1 (T-18), 172-173, 196-197, 264 Soviet T-34, 172 Tan Yen-kai, 52 Tao Hsiang-kieu, 50—51, 70 Tatekawa Yoshistugu, 188, 344n31 Taube, Aleksandr A., 59, 318n68 Teheiho 1929 conflict, 180, 184, 188, 200, 208, 213, 223, 237, 266 geographic importance, 21, 23, 25, 60 Teng Hsiao-ping (Deng Xioaping), 333n62, 334n79 The Hague Court of Arbitration, 137, 287 Three Northeastern provinces. See Man- churia Three Rivers District. S^Trekhreche Tibet, 39, 41-42, 314nl2 Tiehling, 22-23 Tientsin 1929 conflict, 148, 205, 206 Boxer Uprising, 18-19, 21, 24—25 Northern Expedition, 117—118, 123-124, 333n70 warlord conflicts, 73—74, 86—88, 98, 107-109, 157 Tientsin conferences, 52, 80, 85, 101, 117 Tientsin-Pukow (Tsinpu) railway military value, 72—73, 86, 330n22 Northern Expedition, 118, 120, 122-124 Tineho, 233 Ting Chao, 185, 214 Todorsky, Aleksandr I., 166, 341 n45 Tozov, I. G., 243-244 Trans-Amur District, 26, 32, 60, 63 Trans-Baikal District 1929 conflict, 174, 179 Boxer Uprising, 20, 23 civil war, 51-52, 58-60, 70, 75, 78, 80, 82, 323n41 Trans-Siberian Railroad (TSRR) 1929 conflict, 180, 182 importance, 13, 16 Siberian intervention, 56, 58, 316n37, 322n36 See also Ussuri branch line (of TSRR) Traynin, A. L, 229 Treaty for the Renunciation of War. See Kellogg-Briand Pact Trekhreche, 233 Trenchard, Hugh, 261 INDEX \| 397 Triandafillov, Vladimir K., 169, 19T-195, 197, 276, 278 Triapitsyn, Yakiv, 81—82 Triple Intervention (1895), 16, 29, 32, 310n22, 320n5 Troitsovsavsk, 77, 79—80 Trotsky, Leon CER policy, 93, 113 RKKA commander, 61, 68, 164-165, 167 Soviet leader, 54, 294, 340n38, 340n41 Troyanovsky, Aleksandr A., 221, 268, 350n57 Tsai Yun-sheng, 140, 190, 192-194, 216, 252 Tsagan, 242, 248 Tsangkir, 233 Tsao Run Anfu-Chihli War, 72-74 early career, 52, 54, 61, 66-67, 321n25 First Fengtien-Chihli War, 86—88, 89 leader of Chihli clique, 72, 85 presidency, 93—94 resignation, 98 Second Fengtien-Chihli War, 96, 98 Tseng-chi, 20, 26, 32—33 Tsinan, 72, 118, 123—124 Tsin-hai revolution. See 1911 revolution Tsitsihar 1929 conflict, 184, 249 Boxer Uprising, 22—24 geographic importance, 10, 12, 14, 49, 112 Tuan Chi-jui Anfu-Chihli War (1920), 71-74, 157, 321n25 civil war with south, 52—54, 61, 66—67, 74, 159, 317n45 early career, 36, 45 later career and chief executive, 96, 101-102, 107, 110 premier, 45-46, 57-58, 74, 78, 156, 319n74 tuchun. See warlords Tukhachevsky, Mikhail N., 69, 169, 196, 276-277 Tumen River, 8, 182 Tungchiang importance, 162, 182, 200 Sungari River operation, 226—228, 258, 275 Tungkuan Pass, 116—117, 332n57 Tungning, 182, 188, 200-201, 208, 212-214 Turi Rog, 188, 239 Ude, 77, 79 unconventional warfare, 198, 233, 254, 266-271, 357n22 Ungern-Sternberg, Roman F. von (Mad Baron) execution, 81 renegade leader, 78—80, 174, 236, 329n8 United Front (KMT-CCP) alliance, 92-93, 99, 104, 114 split, 118-119, 121, 125, 186, 333n72 United Kingdom 16th Canadian Infantry Brigade, 318n68 Hampshire Regiment, 318n67 Middlesex Regiment, 58 1929 conflict, 147, 188, 190-191, 252 China arms embargo, 157—158 Kellogg—Briand Pact, 139 League of Nations, 138, 286 Northern Expedition, 143, 223 Royal Air Force, 261 Siberian intervention, 55—58, 68 Soviet relations, 147 World War I, 47 United States 8th Division, 318n67 15th Infantry 333n70 27th Infantry, 58, 318n67 31st Infantry, 318n67, 324n57 3rd Marine Brigade, 333n70 4th Marine Regiment, 333n70 1929 conflict, 147—148, 190—191, 236-237,251 China arms embargo, 157—159 China policies, 25, 33, 84, 333n63 398 I INDEX United States, continued Japan relations, 30, 50, 292, 296 Marine Corps, 292 Nanking incident (1926), 120, 333n70 Siberian intervention, 47—50, 56, 59, 75 See also Kellogg—Briand Pact; Washing- ton Conference (1921-1922) Urga, 77-80, 99, 232n46 Ussuri branch line (of TSRR), 14, 48, 58, 59, 112, 320nl3 Ussuri River 1929 conflict, 180, 182, 184, 188, 294 geographic importance, 8, 23, 27, 60 Ussuriysk, 240, 252 Vaynerh, D. A., 239, 261 Verkhneudinsk, 77, 322n36, 329nl0 Versailles treaty (1919), 64-66, 75, 99, 285, 287, 320n5 Vishniakova-Akimova, Vera, 113, 329n8 Vladivostok 1929 conflict, 209, 232 CER importance, 14, 16, 112 Siberian intervention, 50, 54—56, 58-59, 68, 83, 320nl2 World War I war materials, 48—49, 55, 158, 339n13 Voroshilov, Kliment Y. 1929 conflict, 195-196, 225, 232, 243, 244, 256, 282 early career, 113, 146-147, 165-166, 340n41 Vostretsov, Stepan S., 196, 204, 236, 242, 244, 247, 259 Vulahov, Fedor, 229 Wan Fu-lin, 151, 249 Wang Cheng-ting (C. T.) 1929 conflict, 148, 187, 211-212, 216 KMT official, 39, 64-65, 93-94, 140 Wang Chen-hsiang, 207 Wang Ching-chun (C. C.), Ill, 331n36 Wang Ching-wei, 35, 118, 121-122, 223, 313nl Wang Shu-chang, 207 Wang Yung-chiang, 44, 63 warlordism decline, 106-107, 114, 121, 125 method of rule, 61, 70—71, 74, 99, 102-103, 105, 109, 117 residual warlordism, 143, 225, 296 rise and spread, 45-46, 52-53, 72, 160 self-reform, 101—102 warships Amur (Russia), 175, 261, 305 Asahi (Japan), 54 Blizzard (Russia), 175, 324n57 Brooklyn (United States), 56 Buryat (Russia), 191, 305 Ch4n-han, 300 Chung-shan (China), 333n72 East В (China), 227, 229, 300 Emerald (Britain), 333n70 Hat Yung (China), 58 Hurricane (Russia), 175, 324n57 Isabel (United States), 263 Iwami (Japan), 54 Kiang-an (China), 229, 300 Kiang-heng (China), 163, 227, 229, 231, 261, 299 Kiang-nan, 300 Kiangping (China), 229, 299 Kiang-tai (China), 229, 299 Kiang-tung, 300 Konye (Russia), 305 Lenin (Russia), 175, 231, 305 Leopard (Russia), 305 Li-chieh (China), 59, 163, 299 Liebnecht (Russia), 175 Li~shui (China), 59, 163, 229-230, 299 Lu֊chi (China), 163, 229, 299 Monitor (United States), 175 Noa (United States), 333n70 Otter (Germany), 59 Peak (Russia), 305 Peasants (Russia), 191, 305 Preston (United States), 333n70 Proletariat (Russia), 305 Red East (Russia), 175, 229, 231, 305 INDEX I 399 Red Star (Russia), 231, 305 Soryu (Japan), 292 Squall (Russia), 175, 324n57 Storm (Russia), 175, 324n57 Strong (Russia), 175, 305 Suffolk (UK), 54, 61 Sun Yat-sen (Russia), 175, 229, 231, 305 Sverdlov (Russia), 175, 228-229, 231, 305 T-3-1 (Russia), 228, 232, 305 T3-2 (Russia), 228, 305 Tornado (Russia), 175, 324n57 Thunder (Russia), 324n57 Trotsky (Russia), 175 Tsen-I (China), 229, 300, 351nl4 Typhoon (Russia), 175, 324n57 Vaterland (Germany), 59 Whirlwind (Russia), 175, 324n57 Yamato (Japan), 292 Washington Conference (1921—1922), 83-85, 88-90, 99, 158, 285 Wei Chang-lin, 185, 245 Whampoa Military Academy impact of graduates, 105, 106, 123 in Nanking, 150, 184 opening and training, 92, 111, 150-152, 194, 263, 289, 333n72 White Russians 1929 conflict, 188, 193, 212, 216-219, 281 civil war, 50-55, 58, 69, 76-77, 81, 158, 339n13 defeat, 83 mercenaries, 61, 154 See also October 1917 Russian Rev- olution; Outer Mongolia War (1920—1921); provisional govern- ment, Russia Willoughby, Westei W., 64, 84 Wilson, Woodrow, 47-48, 56, 58, 65 Witte, Sergei, 15-16, 19-20, 26-27 World War I 1929 conflict influence, 136, 150, 160, 162, 171, 210, 262, 265, 272 Allied weakness, 47—48, 54 armistices, 49, 50, 62 Central Powers, 49—50, 54—56, 59 China’s entry, 42-43, 45-46 World War II, 262, 263, 266, 272, 292, 295, 356n9, 357n22 Wuchang, 34-36, 115-116 Wu Chao-shu (С. C.) 1929 conflict, 147, 212, 237, 286 diplomat, 64, 85, 317n49 Wu Pei-fu Anfu-Chihli War, 72-73, 321n25 decline and retirement, 101, 106, 121, 334n76 First Fengtien—Chihli War, 84—87, 158 Northern Expedition, 114—117 rise to power, 54, 88, 91, 97 Second Fengtien-Chihli War, 95-98, 103, 107, 109-110 Wu Ting֊fang, 37, 39, 64, 317n49 Wuhan 1911 revolution, 34—37 Northern Expedition, 115, 118—119 See also Hankow; Hanyang (Wuhan); Wuchang Yalu River, 8, 30, 187 Yangtsun, 74, 109, 330n27 Yangtze River, 34, 98, 117, 122 Valley, 52-53, 72, 101, 107, 118 Yang Yu-ting fall and execution, 131, 135—136, 151 Kuo rebellion, 108—109 military career, 105, 107 Yellow River, 117, 123-124, 325n68 Yen, Hawkling L., 84—85 Yen Hsi-shan early career, 37, 98, 155 Northern Expedition, 122—125 Yi Kiang-tsu, 227 Yingkow, 21, 27, 162 Yoshizawa Kenkichi, 212, 268 Young C. Guangson, 184 Yu Yu-ssu (Yuyosui), 58-59, 67, 318n67 400 \| INDEX Yuan Shih-kai 1911 revolution, 36—39 death, 45—46 early career, 18, 28, 31—33, 153, 339n8 emperor scheme, 44—45 presidency, 40—41, 44 Yugovich, A. I., 19, 22, 26 Yurin, Ignatius L., 82, 88 Zaparina, K. D., 222 Zharbulinsky, M., 220 Zilbert, 1-, 345n55 Zinoviev, Grigory I., 93, 327n90, 340n38 ·- Bayerische StaatsbibHothek München j
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spelling	Walker, Michael Madison (DE-588)1050223683 aut The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew Michael M. Walker the Nineteen hundred twenty-nine Sino-Soviet War Lawrence, Kansas University Press of Kansas [2017] © 2017 viii, 400 Seiten Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Modern war studies Includes bibliographical references and index "The first book-length study of the largely neglected 1929 Sino-Soviet war, a short but bloody one fought over the jointly operated Chinese Eastern Railroad (CER) in China's northeast. Although classified as a modern limited war, with comparatively few major engagements, it proved to be the largest military clash between China and a Western power ever fought on Chinese soil. The conflict was also the first major combat test of the reformed Soviet Red Army"...Provided by publisher Zhang, Xueliang 1901-2001 Chinese Eastern Railway History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ Osobai︠a︡ Krasnoznamennai︠a︡ Dalʹnevostochnai︠a︡ armii︠a︡ History Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si (DE-588)141357-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1929 gnd rswk-swf Außenpolitik Geschichte Joint ventures History 20th century Limited war History 20th century Borderlands China History 20th century Borderlands Soviet Union History 20th century Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion China Foreign relations Soviet Union Soviet Union Foreign relations China Manchuria (China) History, Military 20th century China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 gnd rswk-swf Sowjetunion (DE-588)4077548-3 g China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si (DE-588)141357-0 b Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 s Geschichte 1929 z DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 9780700623761 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register
spellingShingle	Walker, Michael Madison The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew Zhang, Xueliang 1901-2001 Chinese Eastern Railway History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ Osobai︠a︡ Krasnoznamennai︠a︡ Dalʹnevostochnai︠a︡ armii︠a︡ History Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si (DE-588)141357-0 gnd Außenpolitik Geschichte Joint ventures History 20th century Limited war History 20th century Borderlands China History 20th century Borderlands Soviet Union History 20th century Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)141357-0 (DE-588)4033114-3 (DE-588)4009937-4 (DE-588)4077548-3
title	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew
title_alt	the Nineteen hundred twenty-nine Sino-Soviet War
title_auth	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew
title_exact_search	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew
title_full	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew Michael M. Walker
title_fullStr	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew Michael M. Walker
title_full_unstemmed	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war the war nobody knew Michael M. Walker
title_short	The 1929 Sino-Soviet war
title_sort	the 1929 sino soviet war the war nobody knew
title_sub	the war nobody knew
topic	Zhang, Xueliang 1901-2001 Chinese Eastern Railway History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ Osobai︠a︡ Krasnoznamennai︠a︡ Dalʹnevostochnai︠a︡ armii︠a︡ History Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si (DE-588)141357-0 gnd Außenpolitik Geschichte Joint ventures History 20th century Limited war History 20th century Borderlands China History 20th century Borderlands Soviet Union History 20th century Krieg (DE-588)4033114-3 gnd
topic_facet	Zhang, Xueliang 1901-2001 Chinese Eastern Railway History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ History Soviet Union Raboche-Krestʹi︠a︡nskai︠a︡ Krasnai︠a︡ Armii︠a︡ Osobai︠a︡ Krasnoznamennai︠a︡ Dalʹnevostochnai︠a︡ armii︠a︡ History Zhongguo dong sheng tie lu gong si Außenpolitik Geschichte Joint ventures History 20th century Limited war History 20th century Borderlands China History 20th century Borderlands Soviet Union History 20th century Krieg Sowjetunion China Foreign relations Soviet Union Soviet Union Foreign relations China Manchuria (China) History, Military 20th century China
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029657137&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT walkermichaelmadison the1929sinosovietwarthewarnobodyknew AT walkermichaelmadison thenineteenhundredtwentyninesinosovietwar

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