The grammar of isiXhosa:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Stellenbosch
Sun Press
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | xii, 392 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9781928357070 1928357075 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The grammar of isiXhosa |c JC Oosthuysen |
| 250 | |a First edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Stellenbosch |b Sun Press |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a xii, 392 Seiten | ||
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| 653 | 0 | |a Xhosa language / Grammar / Textbooks | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Xhosa language / Study and teaching | |
| 653 | 0 | |a Xhosa language / Grammar | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804177407557500928 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
A
Preface................................................................................ i
Introduction........................................................................... v
PART 1: PHONOLOGY AND ORTHOGRAPHY
Phonology and orthography
1.1 Orthography........................................................................ 1
1.2 Phonology........................................................................ 3
1.3 Vowels ......................................................................... 4
1.4 Vowel length .................................................................... 4
1.5 Intonation........................................................................... 8
1.6 Emphasis ............................................................................ 9
1.7 Consonants ..................................................................... 10
1.8 Plosives........................................................................ 10
1.9 Continuants: Nasals ................................................................ 12
1.10 Continuants: Alveolar laterals or liquids........................................... 12
1.11 Continuants; Fricatives........................................................... 12
1.12 Continuants: Affricates........................................................... 13
1.13 Clicks ............................................................................. 14
1.14 Alveolar clicks..................................................................... 15
1.15 Palatal dicks....................................................................... 15
1.16 Lateral dicks ........................................................... 16
1.17 Semi-vowels......................................................................... 17
1.18 Phonetic mutations ............................................................... 17
PART 2: MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX
SECTION 1: SUBSTANTIVES
SUBSECTION 1: NOUNS
The classification of nouns
2.1 Nouns and their prominence.......................................................... 21
2.2 Morphology of nouns ................................................................ 22
2.3 The classification of nouns......................................................... 24
2.4 Nouns of class 1/2 (um- / aba~) .................................................. 25
2.5 Nouns of class 1/6 (um- / ama-) and other ethnic designations .................... 26
2.6 Nouns of class 1a/2a (u- / oo-) .................................................. 27
2.7 Nouns of class 3/4 (um- / ¡mi-) ................................................. 29
2.8 Nouns of class 5/6 (i(li)- / ama-) ............................................... 30
2.9 Nouns of class 7/8 (¡si- / izi-) ................................................. 32
2.10 Nouns of class 9/10 (i(N)-/ i(z)i(N)-).............................................. 33
2.11 Nouns of class 9/6 (iN- / ama-)............................................... 38
2.12 Nouns of class 11/10 (u(lu)- / i(z)i(N)-)........................................... 39
2.13 Nouns of class 14 (ubu-)........................................................................ 41
2.14 Nouns of class 15 (uku-) ....................................................................... 43
2.15 Nouns of classes 16,17 and 18 (pha-, ku- and mu-) .............................................. 43
The derivation of nouns
3.1 Derivation of nouns................................................................... 47
3.2 Onomatopoeia.......................................................................... 47
3.3 De-verbatives....................................................................... 47
3.4 De-nominatives ....................................................................... 49
3.5 De-pronominals........................................................................ 50
3.6 De-adjectives ........................................................................ 50
3.7 De-relatives ......................................................................... 50
3.8 De-adverbatives ...................................................................... 50
3.9 Compound nouns........................................................................ 51
3.10 Diminutives (-ana) ................................................................... 53
3.11 Feminine nouns (-kazi1) and other indications of gender............................... 55
3.12 Feminine diminutives (-azana)......................................................... 57
3.13 Augmentatives (-kazi2)................................................................ 57
3.14 Nouns indicating relationship (-kazi3) ............................................... 57
The forms of nouns
4.1 Full and basic fundamental nouns ............................................................ 59
4.2 Full fundamental nouns ...................................................................... 59
4.3 Basic fundamental nouns...................................................................... 63
4.4 Vocatives.................................................................................. 67
4.5 Identificatives.............................................................................. 69
4.6 Basic identificatives........................................................................ 72
4.7 Locatives ................................................................................... 74
4.8 E/ini-locatives............................................................................ 74
4.9 Basic locatives ....................................................................... 78
4.10 Ku-locatives .............................................................................. 79
4.11 Pha-locatives ............................................................................... 80
4.12 Locatives of vicinity (ngase- and ngaku-) ................................................... 81
4.13 Possessives ................................................................................. 81
4.14 Basic possessives............................................................................ 86
4.15 Possessive locatives......................................................................... 86
4.16 Instrumentatives (nga-) ..................................................................... 87
4.17 Basic instrumentatives....................................................................... 91
4.18 Possessive instrumentatives.................................................................. 91
4.19 Comparatives (nganga-) ...................................................................... 91
4.20 Simulatives (njenga-) ..................................................................... 92
4.21 Connectives (na-) ........................................................................... 93
4.22 Basic connectives............................................................................ 95
4.23 Connective identificatives................................................................... 96
4.24 Connective locatives (nase-/naku-/nangase-/nangaku-)......................................... 96
4.25 Ku-locative connectives of comparison (kuna-) ............................................. 97
4.26 Connective instrumentatives (nanga-) ...................................................... 97
4.27 Inclusives (kwa-) ......................................................................... 97
4.28 Nodatives (bu- -rha)......................................................................... 99
SUBSECTION 1.2: PRONOUNS
Definite pronouns
5.1 Pronouns................................................................................ 101
5.2 Definite pronouns................................................................. 101
5.3 Absolute pronouns ...................................................................... 103
5.4 Identificative absolute pronouns...................................................... 107
5.5 Ku-locative absolute pronouns........................................................... 108
5.6 Possessive absolute pronouns........................................................... 108
5.7 Instrumentative absolute pronouns....................................................... 109
5.8 Connective absolute pronouns and inclusive absolute pronouns............................ 110
5.9 Demonstrative pronouns.................................................................. 112
5.10 Pronominal constructions ............................................................... 123
5.11 Emphatic pronominal constructions or emphatic pronouns.................................. 124
5.12 Relative constructions ................................................................. 125
5.13 Poetic relative constructions........................................................... 128
5.14 Possessive pronominal constructions or possessive pronouns ............................. 129
Indefinite pronouns
6.1 Indefinite pronouns................................................................... 133
6.2 Absolute indefinite pronouns ........................................................... 133
6.3 Qualificative interrogative pronouns.................................................... 136
6.4 The interrogative noun ubani na?........................................................ 143
6.5 Interrogative indefinite pronouns....................................................... 145
6.6 Enumerative indefinite pronouns......................................................... 146
Cumulative pronouns
7.1 Cumulative pronouns..................................................................... 151
SUBSECTION 1.3: QUALIFICATIVE NOUNS
Qualificative nouns
8.1 Qualificative nouns..................................................................... 157
8.2 Variable prefix qualificative nouns or adjectives....................................... 157
8.3 Fixed prefix qualificative nouns or relatives........................................... 169
SECTION 2: PREDICATES
SUBSECTION 2.1: VERBS
Verbs and their attributes
9.1 Predicates.............................................................................. 173
9.2 Verbs and their attributes.............................................................. 173
9.3 General attributes of verbs ............................................................ 173
9.4 Restricted general attributes of verbs.................................................. 174
9.5 Unique attributes of verbs ..............................................................174
The concordial links
10.1 Concordial links or concords.......................................................... 175
10.2 Subject concords...................................................................... 175
10.3 Object concords....................................................................... 183
10.4 The reflexive link -zi- .............................................................. 185
The categories of verbs
11.1 The verb system of isiXhosa .......................................................... 187
11.2 Mood ............................................................................... 187
11.3 Tense ................................................................................ 188
11.4 Actuality............................................................................. 193
11.5 Aspect.............................................................................. 194
The indicative mood
12.1 The indicative mood............................................................................. 195
12.2 The short form positive imperfect indicative.................................................... 195
12.3 The long form positive imperfect indicative .................................................... 195
12.4 The negative imperfect indicative............................................................. 195
12.5 The short form positive perfect indicative ..................................................... 197
12.6 The long form positive perfect indicative....................................................... 198
12.7 The negative perfect indicative............................................................... 200
12.8 The a-past tense indicative .................................................................... 701
12.9 The positive definite future construction indicative ......................................... 702
12.10 The negative definite future construction indicative............................................ 702
12.11 The positive future construction indicative .................................................... 202
12.12 The negative future construction indicative .................................................... 203
12.13 Syntax of the indicative mood ................................................................ 204
The situative mood
13.1 The situative mood.............................................................................. 207
13.2 The positive imperfect situative................................................................ 207
13.3 The negative imperfect situative................................................................ 208
13.4 The short form positive perfect situative ...................................................... 208
13.5 The long form positive perfect situative........................................................ 209
13.6 The negative perfect situative ................................................................. 209
13.7 The future construction situative .............................................................. 210
13.8 Syntax of the situative mood ................................................................. 210
The relative mood
14.1 The relative mood .......................................................................... 213
14.2 The short form positive imperfect relative mood ............................................ 213
14.3 The long form positive imperfect relative mood ............................................. 213
14.4 The short form negative imperfect relative mood............................................. 214
14.5 The long form negative imperfect relative mood ............................................. 214
14.6 The short form positive perfect relative mood............................................... 214
14.7 The long form positive perfect relative mood................................................ 214
14.8 The negative perfect relative mood ......................................................... 215
14.9 The short form a-past tense relative mood ......................................,........ 216
14.10 The long form o-past tense relative mood.................................................. 216
14.11 Future constructions in the relative mood................................................. 216
14.12 Syntax of the relative mood .............................................................. 217
The subjunctive mood
15.1 The subjunctive mood ..................................................................... 221
15.2 The positive imperfect subjunctive ....................................................... 221
15.3 The negative imperfect subjunctive ....................................................... 221
15.4 The positive perfect subjunctive.......................................................... 223
15.5 The negative perfect subjunctive ......................................................... 223
15.6 Syntax of the subjunctive mood ........................................................... 224
The imperative mood
16.1 The imperative mood..................................................................... 229
16.2 The (positive imperfect) imperative singular.............................................. 229
16.3 The (positive imperfect) imperative plural ............................................... 229
16.4 The imperative with an object concord .................................................. 230
16.5 The negative imperative construction singular .......................................... 230
16.6 The negative imperative construction plural ............................................ 230
16.7 Syntax of the imperative mood ........................................................... 231
The infinitive mood
17.1 The infinitive mood ...................................................................... 233
17.2 The positive (imperfect) infinitive..................................................... 233
17.3 The negative (imperfect) infinitive .................................................... 233
17.4 Syntax of the infinitive mood ............................................................ 234
The compound tenses of verbs
18.1 Compound tenses of verbs.................................................................. 237
18.2 Compound tenses in the perfect tense.................................................... 237
18.3 Compound tenses in the a-past tense..................................................... 241
18.4 lenses compounded with future constructions ........................................... 245
18.5 Compound tenses in the imperfect tense ................................................. 246
18.6 Compound tenses in the subjunctive mood ................................................ 246
The classification of verb stems
19.1 Classification of verb stems ............................................................. 247
19.2 Phonological-morphological classification of verb stems................................... 247
19.3 Morphological classification of verb stems................................................ 255
19.4 Semologic-syntactical classification of verb stems........................................ 263
The derivation of verb stems
20.1 Derivation of verb stems ............................................................... 267
20.2 De-verbatives: Verb stems with a passive root extension .................................. 267
20.3 Verb stems with a causative root extension............................................... 272
20.4 Verb stems with an applicative root extension ........................................... 276
20.5 Verb stems with a reciprocal root extension ............................................. 278
20.6 Verb stems with a neutro-passive root extension........................................... 279
20.7 Verb stems with an inversive root extension..................................*......... 280
20.8 Verb stems with a double or triple root extension.......................................... 281
20.9 Reduplicated verb stems ................................................................... 281
20.10 Verb stems that are loan words......................................................... 282
20.11 Desubstantive verb stems .............................................................. 282
20.12 De-ideophonic verb stems .................................................................. 283
20.13 De-interjective verb stems ................................................................ 284
20.14 Contracted verb stems...................................................................... 284
Auxiliary verbs
21.1 Auxiliary verbs ....................................................................... 285
21.2 Auxiliary verbs with an indicative as complement........................................... 285
21.3 Auxiliary verbs with a situative as complement ............................................ 288
21.4 Auxiliary verbs with a situative or an infinitive as complement............................ 292
21.5 Auxiliary verbs with a situative or a subjunctive as complement ........................... 293
21.6 Auxiliary verbs with a subjunctive as complement........................................... 293
21.7 Auxiliary verbs with either an infinitive or a subjunctive as complement ................ 303
21.8 Auxiliary verbs with a basic infinitive as complement...................................... 305
21.9 Auxiliary verbs with an infinitive as complement .......................................... 309
2110 Verbs with monosyllabic stems used as deficient auxiliary verbs............................ 313
21.11 Variant final vowels exhibited by some deficient auxiliary verbs........................... 313
Verbal aspect
22.1 Verbal aspect.......................................................................... 315
22.2 Persisting aspect ..................................................................... 315
22.3 Exclusive aspect .......................................................................... 316
22.4 Potential aspect........................................................................... 316
22.5 Inclusive aspect....................................................................... 318
22.6 Imperfect aspect....................................................................... 319
22.7 The derogative imperfect aspect and the persisting derogative imperfect aspect ............ 319
22.8 Compound aspect verbs ..................................................................... 320
SUBSECTION 2.2: COPULATIVES
The attributes of copulatives
23.1 Copulatives and their attributes ........................................................ 323
23.2 General attributes of copulatives........................................................ 323
23.3 Restricted general attributes of copulatives ............................................ 325
23.4 Unique attributes of copulatives......................................................... 326
Simple copulatives
24.1 Simple copulatives...................................................................... 329
24.2 Positive (imperfect) indicative (simple) copulatives..................................... 329
24.3 Negative (imperfect) indicative (simple) copulatives..................................... 330
24.4 Positive (imperfect) situative (simple) copulatives...................................... 331
24.5 Negative (imperfect) situative (simple) copulatives...................................... 334
24.6 Positive (imperfect) relative mood (simple) copulatives and relative constructions ...... 335
24.7 Negative (imperfect) relative mood (simple) copulatives and relative constructions.. 336
24.8 Aspectual simple copulatives ..................................................... 337
24.9 Demonstrative copulatives .......................................................... 338
Compound copulatives
25.1 Compound copulatives.............................................................. 341
25.2 Compound copulatives of the perfect tense and a- past tense in the indicative mood
and relative mood and in relative constructions..................................... 341
25.3 Processive compound copulatives in the subjunctive, imperative and infinitive moods. 343
25.4 Compound copulatives in the future construction..................................... 346
25.5 Processive compound copulatives in the indicative, situative and relative moods... 347
25.6 Aspectual compound copulatives...................................................... 349
25.7 Compound copulatives with -kho (there).............................................. 350
SECTION 3: IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS
Ideophones
26.1 Ideophones.......................................................................... 353
Interjections
27.1 Interjections....................................................................... 357
SECTION 4: WORD GROUPS
Adverbs
28.1 Word groups......................................................................... 361
28.2 Adverbs........................................................................... 361
Conjunctions
29.1 Conjunctions........................................................................ 365
Respectful avoidance words
30.1 Respectful avoidance words.......................................................... 367
Numerals
31.1 Numerals............................................................................ 369
Select Bibliography........................................................................ 375
Index ............................................................................... 377
Oosthuysen s research is ground-breaking in the sense that he has reinvented
isiXhosa grammar from an Africanist perspective, taking into account isiXhosa as a
language in its own right rather than influenced by Western missionary perspectives
and categories. It has been such a great pleasure to work with a man of such wisdom
and great knowledge, in-depth mother-tongue knowledge that has come from a
lifetime of service to a language and its peoples.
Professor Russel Kaschula
NRF SARChl Chair in the Intellectualisation of African Languages,
Multilingualism and Education at Rhodes University
Written by a life-long language practitioner who has spoken isiXhosa since childhood,
this grammar represents a significant advance in understanding the structure of
isiXhosa. the language of more than 8 million South Africans.
In this ground-breaking book isiXhosa is described in its own right, freeing it from
preconceived grammatical ideas derived from European languages. All the features
of the language are portrayed in this revisionist grammar that reinvents isiXhosa as
a language with its own genius.
All students of isiXhosa urgently need this book. Both mother-tongue speakers and
those studying isiXhosa as a second or third language have to take cognisance
of this new approach to escape the restrictions imposed by a Eurocentric bias. It
is essential to authors of textbooks and those who prescribe syllabi. It is also of
significance for those attempting to gain insight in the structure of related African
languages.
■ JC (Koos) Oosthuysen received his primary education in
an isiXhosa-medium school in Pondoland. He studied at
Stellenbosch and Yale universities and spent thirteen years
as the pastor of an isiXhosa-speaking congregation and
teaching isiXhosa to staff serving in isiXhosa-speaking
communities. He served as secretary of the committee
of the Bible Society of South Africa that transcribed the
1942 version of the isiXhosa Bible into the Standard
Orthography and then spent 21 years coordinating the
production of the 1996 isiXhosa Bible. He also represented
the Bible Society on the isiXhosa Language Committee
of the Department of Education. He was awarded an
Andrew Murray-Desmond Tutu prize for his work in
Bible translation. In 2013 he received a PhD degree in African Languages at Rhodes
University for his dissertation on the grammar of the isiXhosa Bible of 1942.
ISBN 978-1-928357-07-0
SUN PRESS
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| id | DE-604.BV044244082 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-10T07:47:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781928357070 1928357075 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029649337 |
| oclc_num | 972887695 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-11 |
| physical | xii, 392 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Sun Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Oosthuysen, J. C. Verfasser aut The grammar of isiXhosa JC Oosthuysen First edition Stellenbosch Sun Press 2016 xii, 392 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Grammatik Xhosa-Sprache (DE-588)4120400-1 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Xhosa language / Grammar / Textbooks Xhosa language / Study and teaching Xhosa language / Grammar Textbooks Xhosa-Sprache (DE-588)4120400-1 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe 978-1-928357-08-7 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029649337&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029649337&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Oosthuysen, J. C. The grammar of isiXhosa Grammatik Xhosa-Sprache (DE-588)4120400-1 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120400-1 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | The grammar of isiXhosa |
| title_auth | The grammar of isiXhosa |
| title_exact_search | The grammar of isiXhosa |
| title_full | The grammar of isiXhosa JC Oosthuysen |
| title_fullStr | The grammar of isiXhosa JC Oosthuysen |
| title_full_unstemmed | The grammar of isiXhosa JC Oosthuysen |
| title_short | The grammar of isiXhosa |
| title_sort | the grammar of isixhosa |
| topic | Grammatik Xhosa-Sprache (DE-588)4120400-1 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Grammatik Xhosa-Sprache |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029649337&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029649337&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT oosthuysenjc thegrammarofisixhosa |