The Oxford guide to the romance languages:
The Oxford guide to the romance languages' is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Ro...
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Oxford University Press
2016
|
| Ausgabe: | First edition |
| Schriftenreihe: | Oxford guides to the world's languages
Oxford linguistics |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | DE-19 DE-355 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | The Oxford guide to the romance languages' is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Romance-speaking areas, including standard, non-standard, dialectal, and regional varieties of the Old and New Worlds. The book also offers a comprehensive comparative account of major topics, issues, and case studies across different areas of the grammar of the Romance languages. The volume is organized into 10 thematic parts: Parts 1 and 2 deal with the making of the Romance languages and their typology and classification, respectively; Part 3 is devoted to individual structural overviews of Romance languages, dialects, and linguistic areas, while Part 4 provides comparative overviews of Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. Chapters in Parts 5-9 examine issues in Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics and discourse, respectively, while the final part contains case studies of topics in the nominal group, verbal group, and the clause. The book will be an essential resource for both Romance specialists and everyone with an interest in Indo-European and comparative linguistics |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource (liv, 1193 Seiten) Karten |
| ISBN: | 9780191808821 |
| DOI: | 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nmm a2200000 c 4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV044236057 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20240613 | ||
| 007 | cr|uuu---uuuuu | ||
| 008 | 170322s2016 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9780191808821 |c online |9 978-0-19-180882-1 | ||
| 024 | 7 | |a 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |2 doi | |
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)979536461 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV044236057 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rda | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-19 |a DE-355 | ||
| 084 | |a IB 1070 |0 (DE-625)54421: |2 rvk | ||
| 084 | |a IB 1100 |0 (DE-625)54429: |2 rvk | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Oxford guide to the romance languages |c edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Romance languages |
| 250 | |a First edition | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Oxford University Press |c 2016 | |
| 300 | |a 1 Online-Ressource (liv, 1193 Seiten) |b Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b c |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b cr |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Oxford guides to the world's languages | |
| 490 | 0 | |a Oxford linguistics | |
| 520 | |a The Oxford guide to the romance languages' is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Romance-speaking areas, including standard, non-standard, dialectal, and regional varieties of the Old and New Worlds. The book also offers a comprehensive comparative account of major topics, issues, and case studies across different areas of the grammar of the Romance languages. The volume is organized into 10 thematic parts: Parts 1 and 2 deal with the making of the Romance languages and their typology and classification, respectively; Part 3 is devoted to individual structural overviews of Romance languages, dialects, and linguistic areas, while Part 4 provides comparative overviews of Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. Chapters in Parts 5-9 examine issues in Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics and discourse, respectively, while the final part contains case studies of topics in the nominal group, verbal group, and the clause. The book will be an essential resource for both Romance specialists and everyone with an interest in Indo-European and comparative linguistics | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Romanische Sprachen |0 (DE-588)4115788-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 655 | 7 | |8 1\p |0 (DE-588)4151278-9 |a Einführung |2 gnd-content | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Romanische Sprachen |0 (DE-588)4115788-6 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ledgeway, Adam |d 1970- |0 (DE-588)1023556715 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Maiden, Martin |d 1957- |0 (DE-588)143144588 |4 edt | |
| 776 | 0 | 8 | |i Erscheint auch als |n Druck-Ausgabe |z 978-0-19-967710-8 |w (DE-604)BV043361054 |
| 856 | 4 | 0 | |u https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |x Verlag |z URL des Erstveröffentlichers |3 Volltext |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029641545&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 883 | 1 | |8 1\p |a cgwrk |d 20201028 |q DE-101 |u https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk | |
| 912 | |a ZDB-28-OSD |a ZDB-28-OAA | ||
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |l DE-19 |p ZDB-28-OSD |q UBM_Einzelkauf |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
| 966 | e | |u https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |l DE-355 |p ZDB-28-OAA |q UBR Einzelkauf 2024 |x Verlag |3 Volltext | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805076894168645632 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Titel: The Oxford guide to the Romance languages
Autor: Ledgeway, Adam
Jahr: 2016
Detailed Contents
Series Preface xli
Abbreviations xliii
The Contributors lii
Introduction liii
Adam Ledgeway and Martin Maiden
PART I: The Making of the Romance Languages
1. Latin as a source for the Romance Languages
James Clackson
1.1 Chronological and spatial scope of Latin
1.2 Classical and vulgar Latin
1.3 Changes in the vowel system from Latin to Romance
1.4 Development of the future tense
1.5 Lexicon
1.6 Sources of the Romance languages 12
2. Latin and Romance in the medieval period: a sociophilological approach 14
Roger Wright
2.1 Latin and Romance in the Middle Ages 14
2.2 Sociophilology 14
2.3 Writing 15
2.4 Writing Romance before written Romance was invented 16
2.5 'Vulgar' Latin 17
2.6 Reading aloud 18
2.7 Written and spoken grammar 19
2.8 Words 20
2.9 The Carolingian reforms 20
2.10 Glossaries and glosses 22
2.11 Sociophilology and politics 22
3. Early evidence and sources 24
Barbara Frank-Job and Maria Selig
3.1 Introduction 24
3.2 Early Romance texts: 'pathways' to vernacular writing traditions 25
3.2.1 In-scripturation: inserting Romance utterances in Latin texts 26
3.2.2 In-scripturalization I: pragmatic texts in professional contexts 28
3.2.3 In-scripturalization II: discourse traditions and cultural memory 28
3.3 Writing without focused norms: scriptae and koines 30
3.4 From medieval manuscripts to linguistic data: pragmatic and sociolinguistic
recontextualization 33
3.5 Final reflections 34
PART II: Typology and Classification
4. A structural comparison of Latin and Romance 37
Nigel Vincent
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Latin and Romance: some phenomenological comparisons 37
4.2.1 Vowels and diphthongs 38
4.2.2 Nominal morphology and case 38
4.2.3 Inflection and periphrasis 40
4.2.4 Conditionals and counterfactuals 43
4.2.5 Causatives 43
4.2.6 Non-finite forms 45
4.2.7 Complementation 46
4.2.8 Configurationality and analyticity 47
4.3 Which Latin? Which Romance? 47
4.4 Latin, Romance, and the languages of Europe 49
4.5 Final reflections 49
5. Romance: a typological approach 50
Paolo Ramat and Da vide Ricca
5.1 Typologies of Romance languages 50
5.2 Areal typology: Standard Average European and the Romance languages 52
5.3 From Latin to Romance: typologically significant category losses and
innovations 52
5.3.1 Determiners 52
5.3.2 Auxiliaries 53
5.3.3 Word order change 55
5.3.4 Sentence negation 58
5.3.5 The clitic pronoun system and its grammaticalization potential 59
5.3.6 Gender and number categories 60
6. Classifications 63
Georg Bossong
6.1 Introduction: Dante's idioma tripharium 63
6.2 Identifying the Romance languages 63
6.2.1 The beginnings of Romance linguistics 63
6.2.2 The case of Catalan 64
6.2.3 The case of Sardinian 65
6.2.4 The case of 'invented' languages: Francoprovengal and Raeto-Romance 65
6.2.5 Cultural dialects 66
6.3 Problems of internal classification: the case of Italian 67
6.4 Subdivisions of Romance 68
6.4.1 Phonetic reduction and stress type 68
6.4.2 The partitive 69
6.4.3 Verb morphosyntax: aoristic drift 70
6.5 Historical and typological criteria 71
6.5.1 History: the eastern and western Romania 71
6.5.2 Typology: types of vowel system 71
7. Romance linguistic geography and dialectometry 73
Hans Goebl
7.1 Linguistic geography 73
7.1.1 Definition and origin 73
7.1.2 Jules Gillieron and the ALF 73
7.1.3 The second generation of national atlases 74
7.1.3.1 AIS 74
7.1.3.2 AL1 75
7.1.3.3 WLAD and ALR 75
7.1.3.4 Atlas linguistic de Catalunya 75
7.1.3.5 Aries linguistic del domini catala 75
7.1.3.6 Arias lingiiistico de la Peninsula Iberica 75
7.1.4 Gallo-Romance regional atlases 76
7.1.4.1 'Minor' atlases 76
7.1.4.2 NALF and ALFR 76
7.1.4.3 Wallonia 77
7.1.5 Italo-Romance, Sardinian, and Raeto-Romance regional atlases 77
7.1.5.1 Regional Italo-Romance atlases 77
7.1.5.2 Raeto-Romance regional atlases 78
7.1.5.3 Sardinian atlases 78
7.1.6 Iberian atlases 78
7.1.7 Daco-Romance regional atlases 78
7.1.8 Pan-Romance linguistic atlases 79
7.1.9 Some guidelines for reading the maps in a linguistic atlas 79
7.1.10 Conclusion 80
7.2 Dialectometry 80
7.2.1 Theoretical, empirical, and methodological preliminaries 80
7.2.2 Dialectometrization of ALF and AIS 80
7.2.3 From the original (ALF and AIS) data to the data matrix 81
7.2.4 From the data matrix to the similarity and distance matrices 82
7.2.5 Graphic processing of the similarity and distance matrices 82
7.2.6 Similarity maps as a tool of dialectometry 83
7.2.6.1 Presentation and interpretation of Maps 7.13-7.16 83
7.2.7 Isoglottic (or interpunctual) synthesis as a tool of dialectometry 84
7.2.8 Parameter maps as a tool of dialectometry 84
7.2.8.1 Presentation and interpretation of Maps 7.19 and 7.20 85
7.2.9 Dendrographic dialectometry 85
7.2.10 Correlative dialectometry 86
7.2.11 Summary 87
PART III: Individual Structural Overviews
8. Romanian, Istro-Romanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Aromanian 91
Martin Maiden
8.1 Introduction 91
8.2 Phonology 92
8.2.1 Vowels 92
8.2.2 Consonants 92
8.2.3 Prosody and syllable structure 94
8.3 Orthography and writing systems 95
8.4 Forms and functions of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs 95
8.4.1 Inflectional morphology of nouns and verbs 95
8.4.2 Major patterns of allomorphy caused by sound change 96
8.4.3 Nominal inflection 100
8.4.3.1 Case and number marking 100
8.4.3.2 Gender, gender marking, and the 'neuter' 101
8.4.3.3 Vocative 103
8.4.4 Morphology of personal pronouns 103
8.4.4.1 Form and gender of pro-sentential pronouns 104
8.4.4.2 Clitics and their collocation 104
8.4.4.3 Address pronouns and related phenomena 105
8.4.5 Demonstratives and articles: forms and uses 105
8.4.6 Forms and functions of verbs 108
8.4.6.1 Inflection classes 108
8.4.6.2 Tense, mood, person, and number: synthetic and periphrastic forms 108
8.4.6.3 Aspect marking in Istro-Romanian and other sub-Danubian dialects 111
8.4.6.4 The Megleno-Romanian evidential 111
8.4.6.5 Non-finite forms and their functions: past participles, supines,
gerunds, infinitives 112
8.4.6.6. 'Feminization' of the non-finite 113
8.4.7 Derivational morphology 114
8.4.8 Comparative and superlative structures 115
8.5 Syntax 115
8.5.1 Nominal group 115
8.5.1.1 Adjective position 115
8.5.1.2 Possessive constructions and 'possessive' article al 116
8.5.2 Verbal group 117
8.5.2.1 Basic word order in the sentence 117
8.5.2.2 Negation 118
8.5.2.3 Interrogation 119
8.5.2.4 Subordination and complementizers 119
8.5.2.5 Infinitives vs subjunctives in subordinate clauses 121
8.5.2.6 Relative clauses 122
8.5.2.7 Causative 123
8.5.2.8 Object marking and prepositional object marking 123
8.5.2.9 Coordinators 124
8.5.3 Adverb position 125
9. Dalmatian 126
Martin Maiden
9.1 Introduction 126
9.2 Phonology 126
9.3 Inflectional morphology 128
9.4 Nominal group 133
9.5 Verbal group 135
9.6 The sentence 136
10. Friulian 139
Paola Beninca and Laura Vanelli
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 Phonology 140
10.2.1 Vowel System 140
10.2.1.1 Stressed vowels 140
10.2.1.2 Unstressed vowels 141
10.2.2 Consonant system 142
10.3 Morphology 143
10.3.1 Inflectional morphology of nominal categories 143
10.3.1.1 Personal pronouns 145
10.3.2 Inflectional morphology of the verb 146
10.3.2.1 Tense and mood 146
10.3.2.2 Endings 147
10.3.3 Word formation processes 148
10.3.3.1 Derivation 148
10.3.3.2 Word formation processes: composition 149
10.4 Syntax 149
10.4.1 General features 150
10.4.2 Main clauses 150
10.4.3 Main and dependent interrogative clauses 151
10.4.3.1 Other structures with the enclisis of subject clitics 151
10.4.4 Auxiliaries and past participle agreement 152
11. Ladin 154
Giampaolo Salvi
11.1 Introduction 154
11.2 Historical observations 156
11.3 Phonetics and phonology 156
11.3.1 Vowel system 156
11.3.2 Consonant system 157
11.4 Morphology 158
11.4.1 Nominal system 158
11.4.2 Verb 160
11.5 Syntax 161
11.5.1 Noun phrase 161
11.5.2 Verb phrase 162
11.5.3 Sentence structure 163
11.5.4 Subordination 167
12. Romansh (Rumantsch) 169
Stephen R. Anderson
12.1 Introduction 169
12.2 Phonology 171
12.2.1 Vowels 171
12.2.2 Consonants 171
12.2.3 Prosody: syllable structure and stress 171
12.2.4 Alternations 172
12.3 Morphology 174
12.3.1 Inflection: nouns and adjectives 174
12.3.2 Inflection: verbs 175
12.3.3 Derivational morphology 175
12.4 Syntax 176
12.4.1 Nominal phrases 177
12.4.2 Verb phrases 177
12.4.2.1 Clitics 178
12.4.3 Clause structure 179
12.4.3.1 The inversion construction in main clauses 179
12.4.3.2 Inversion in other clause types 180
12.4.3.3 Impersonal subjects and the syntax of ins 181
12.4.3.4 Verb-second in Surmiran 183
13. The dialects of northern Italy 185
Paola BenincA, Mair Parry, and Diego Pescarini
13.1 External and linguistic history 185
13.1.1 Phenomena characterizing northern Italian dialects 187
13.2 Phonology 188
13.2.1 Suprasegmental phonology 188
13.2.2 Segmental phonology 189
13.3 Morphology 191
13.3.1 Nouns and adjectives 191
13.3.2 Verb morphology 193
13.3.2.1 Tenses 193
13.3.2.2 Person endings 193
13.3.2.3 Root alternations 194
13.3.2.4 Past participles 195
13.3.3 Word formation 195
13.3.4 Pronouns 195
13.3.5 Articles 196
13.3.6 Demonstratives 197
13.3.7 Possessives 197
13.3.8 Agreement in the nominal group 198
13.4 Sentence morphosyntax 198
13.4.1 Subject clitic pronouns 198
13.4.2 Wh-movement constructions 199
13.4.3 Negation 200
13.4.3.1 Negators 201
13.4.4 Auxiliaries 203
13.4.4.1 Double compound forms 204
13.4.6 Clitic areas 205
14. Italian, Tuscan, and Corsican 206
Adam Ledgeway
14.1 Introduction 206
14.2 Phonology 208
14.2.1 Vowels 208
14.2.1.1 Tonic vowels 208
14.2.1.2 Atonic vowels 209
14.2.2 Consonants 209
14.2.2.1 Weakening 211
14.2.3 Syllable structure and phonotactics 213
14.2.4 Stress 213
14.2.5 Raddoppiamento fonosintattico 214
14.3 Morphology 214
14.3.1 Nominal group 214
14.3.1.1 Nouns and adjectives 214
14.3.1.2 Determiners and quantifiers 216
14.3.1.3 Pronouns 216
14.3.2 Verbal group 218
14.3.2.1 Verb roots 218
14.3.2.2 Inflection 220
14.4 Syntax
14.4.1 Nominal group
14.4.1.1 Pronominals
14.4.2 Verbal group
14.4.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood
14.4.2.2 Voice
14.4.3 Clause
14.4.3.1 Sentence organization
14.4.3.2 Agreement
15. The dialects of central Italy
Michele Loporcaro and Tanla Paciaroni
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Area mediana stride sensu
15.2.1 Phonology
15.2.1.1 Vowels
15.2.1.2 Consonants
15.2.2 Morphology
15.2.3 Syntax
15.3 Area perimediana
15.3.1 Phonology
15.3.1.1 Vowels
15.3.1.2 Consonants
15.3.2 Morphology
15.3.3 Syntax
221
221
222
224
224
225
226
226
227
228
228
230
230
230
232
233
237
239
239
239
240
241
243
16. The dialects of southern Italy 246
Adam Ledgeway
16.1 Introduction 248
16.2 Phonology 248
16.2.1 Vowels 248
16.2.1.1 Tonic vowels 248
16.2.1.2 Atonic vowels 250
16.2.2 Consonants 251
16.2.2.1 Obstruents 251
16.2.2.2 Sonorants 252
16.3 Morphology 254
16.3.1 Nominal group 254
16.3.1.1 Nouns and adjectives 254
16.3.1.2 Determiners and quantifiers 256
16.3.1.3 Pronouns 257
16.3.1.4 Possessives 258
16.3.2 Verbal group 258
16.3.2.1 Verb roots 259
16.3.2.2 Inflectional markers for TAM, person, and number 260
16.4 Syntax 263
16.4.1 Nominal group 263
16.4.1.1 Pronominals 264
16.4.2 Verbal group 265
16.4.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 265
16.4.2.2 Voice 266
16.4.3 Clause 267
16.4.3.1 Sentence organization
16.4.3.2 Auxiliary selection and participle
16.4.3.3 Argument marking
16.4.3.4 Inflectional core
16.4.3.5 Left periphery
17. Sardinian
Guido Mensching and Eva-Maria Remberger
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Phonology
17.2.1 Vowel system
17.2.2 Consonant system
17.2.3 Sandhi phenomena
17.2.4 Suprasegmental features
17.3 Morphology
17.3.1 Nominal inflection
17.3.2 Verbal inflection
17.3.3 Word formation
17.4 Syntax
17.4.1 Nominal group
17.4.2 Verbal group
17.4.3 Clause syntax
17.4.3.1 Basic properties of the clause
17.4.3.2 Valency-changing operations
17.4.3.3 Finite subordination
17.4.3.4 Non-finite constructions
17.4.3.5 Information structure
17.4.3.6 Illocutionary force
18. French and northern Gallo-Romance
John Charles Smith
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Geography and demography of French
18.3 External and social history and periodization
18.4 Structure of French
18.4.1 Phonetics and phonology
18.4.1.1 Segmental phonology
18.4.1.2 Prosody
18.4.1.3 Phonotactics
18.4.1.4 Syllable structure
18.4.1.5 Sandhi phenomena
18.4.2 Forms and their functions
18.4.2.1 Inflection
18.4.3 Syntax
18.4.3.1 Ordering of noun and adjective
18.4.3.2 Negation
18.4.3.3 Word order
18.4.4 Second person forms of address
18.5 (Other) oil varieties
18.5.1 Internal divisions
18.5.2 Structure
18.5.2.1 Phonology
267
267
268
268
269
270
270
272
272
274
276
276
277
277
279
281
282
283
284
286
286
286
287
289
290
291
292
292
292
294
295
295
295
300
300
301
301
302
302
309
309
309
310
312
312
313
313
313
18.5.2.2 Forms and their functions 313
18.5.2.3 Syntax 316
18.5.2.4 Second person forms of address 317
18.6 Typological reflections 317
19. Southern Gallo-Romance (Occitan) 319
Michele Olivieri and Patrick Sauzet
19.1 Introduction 319
19.1.1 Geography, history, and dialect areas 319
19.2 Phonology 322
19.2.1 Vowel system 322
19.2.1.1 Stressed vowels 322
19.2.1.2 Unstressed vowels 324
19.2.2 Consonant system 324
19.2.3 Syllabic structure 326
19.2.3.1 Syllable templates 326
19.2.3.2 Word-final position 327
19.2.3.3 Syllable structure and sentence phonetics 327
19.2.4 Stress 328
19.3 Morphology 328
19.3.1 Nominal morphology 328
19.3.1.1 Gender 328
19.3.1.2 Number 329
19.3.1.3 Case 330
19.3.1.4 Adjectives 330
19.3.1.5 Pronouns and determiners 330
19.3.1.6 Derivational morphology of nominals 332
19.3.2 Verb morphology 333
19.3.2.1 Verb classes 333
19.3.2.2 Present tense and person marking 333
19.3.2.3 Verb stems 334
19.4 Syntax 338
19.4.1 Subject clitics 338
19.4.2 Constituent order 340
19.4.2.1 Subject inversion 340
19.4.2.2 Topicalization and localization 341
19.4.3 Enunciatives 342
19.4.4 Subordination and the complementizer que 342
19.4.4.1 Alternative subordination types 344
19.4.5 Object clitics 345
19.4.6 Negation 345
19.4.7 Agreement 347
19.4.7.1 Subject-verb agreement 347
19.4.7.2 Sequences of (moods-)tenses 348
20. Francoprovengal 350
Andres Kristol
20.1 Introduction 350
20.1.1 Linguistic history and geography 3350
20.1.2 The name of the language 352
20.2 Phonetics 352
20.2.1 General 352
20.2.2 The twofold development of Latin stressed a in open syllables
20.2.3 Francoprovengal final unstressed vowels
20.2.4 The development of u
20.2.5 Stress shift
20.2.6 Diphthongization of stressed vowels in open syllables
20.2.7 Nasal vowels
20.2.8 Palatalization of velar consonants
20.3 Morphology and syntax
20.3.1 Nominal group
20.3.1.1 Remnants of a two-case system, maintenance of a functioning
two-case system
20.3.1.2 Noun determiners: maintenance or neutralization of the
masculine/feminine opposition in the plural
20.3.1.3 The partitive article or partitive de
20.3.1.4 Possessives
20.3.2 The pronominal system
20.3.2.1 Stressed personal pronouns
20.3.2.2 Subject clitics
20.3.2.3 Neuter subject and object
20.3.2.4 The neuter demonstrative pronoun
20.4 Elements of verb syntax and morphology
20.4.1 The split of the first conjugation
20.4.2 Present indicative
20.4.3 Imperfect indicative
20.4.4 Periphrastic tenses
20.4.5 Surcompose forms
20.4.6 Future
20.4.7 The subjunctive
21. Catalan
Alex Alsina
21.1 Introduction: external elements
21.1.1 Territory, geographical dialects, and demography
21.1.2 History
21.2 Salient diachronic features
21.2.1 Vowels
21.2.2 Consonants
21.2.3 Morphology
21.3 Phonology
21.3.1 Stressed vowels
21.3.2 Unstressed vowels: vowel reduction and its exceptions
21.3.3 Consonant inventory, dialectal variation, and allophones
21.3.4 Consonant deletion and assimilation
21.3.5 Voicing and devoicing
21.3.6 Syllable structure and stress
21.3.7 Orthography
21.4 Morphology
21.4.1 Nominal inflection
21.4.2 Verb inflection
21.4.3 Articles
21.4.4 Word formation
21.5 Syntax
353
354
354
354
354
355
355
355
355
355
357
358
359
360
360
360
361
361
361
361
361
362
362
362
362
362
363
363
363
363
363
364
365
366
367
367
368
368
369
371
371
372
373
373
374
376
376
377
21.5.1 Verbal clitics 377
21.5.2 Subject and objects 379
22. Spanish, Astur-Leonese, Navarro-Aragonese, Judaeo-Spanish 382
Donald N. Tuten, Enrique Pato, and Ora R. Schwarzwald
22.1 Introduction 382
22.2 Phonology 385
22.2.1 Vowels 385
22.2.2 Consonants 387
22.2.2.1 Stops 387
22.2.2.2 Affricate /is/ 388
22.2.2.3 Fricatives 389
22.2.2.4 Nasals 390
22.2.2.5 Laterals 390
22.2.2.6 Rhotics 391
22.2.2.7 /j/ and initial [w]- 391
22.2.3 Prosody 391
22.2.3.1 Syllable structure 391
22.2.3.2 Stress and rhythm 392
22.2.3.3 Intonation 393
22.2.4 Orthography 393
22.3 Morphology 395
22.3.1 Nominal group 395
22.3.1.1 Nouns and adjectives 395
22.3.1.2 Determiners, possessives, quantifiers, interrogatives 396
22.3.1.3 Pronouns 397
22.3.1.4 Count/non-count referential systems 398
22.3.2 Verbal group 398
22.3.2.1 Conjugations 398
22.3.2.2 Inflection 399
22.3.2.3 Verb roots 400
22.3.3 Derivational morphology 401
22.3.4 Other word-formation processes 403
22.4 Syntax 403
22.4.1 Nominal group 403
22.4.1.1 Pronominals 404
22.4.2 Verbal group 405
22.4.2.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 405
22.4.2.2 Copulas 408
22.4.2.3 Adverbs 408
22.4.2.4 Negation 408
22.4.2.5 Passive and middle voice 409
22.4.3 Clause 409
22.4.3.1 Prepositional accusative 409
22.4.3.2 Relative clauses 409
22.4.3.3 Dequeismo/queismo 409
22.4.3.4 Sentence organization and information structure 410
23. Galician and Portuguese 411
Francisco Dubert and Charlotte Galves
23.1 Introduction 411
23.2 Phonology 415
23.2.1 Vowels 415
23.2.1.1 Stressed oral vowels 415
23.2.1.2 Unstressed oral vowels 415
23.2.1.3 Stressed oral falling diphthongs 416
23.2.1.4 Unstressed oral falling diphthongs 416
23.2.1.5 Stressed nasal vowels 416
23.2.1.6 Unstressed nasal vowels 416
23.2.1.7 Unstressed nasal falling diphthongs 416
23.2.1.8 Sandhi 417
23.2.2 Consonants 417
23.2.2.1 Fricatives, stops, and affricates 417
23.2.2.2 Liquids 417
23.2.2.3 Nasals 41g
23.2.3 Syllable and phonotactics 418
23.2.4 Stress 418
23.2.4.1 Non-verb stress 418
23.2.4.2 Verb stress 419
23.3 Morphology 419
23.3.1 Nouns and adjectives 419
23.3.2 Personal pronouns 420
23.3.3 Determiners 421
23.3.3.1 Articles 421
23.3.3.2 Possessives 421
23.3.3.3 Indefinites 422
23.3.3.4 Demonstratives 422
23.3.4 Relatives, interrogatives, and exclamatives 422
23.3.5 Verbs 422
23.3.5.1 Conjugations 423
23.3.5.2 Roots 424
23.3.5.3 Thematic vowel 424
23.3.5.4 Tense, aspect, mood 425
23.3.5.5 Number and person 425
23.3.5.6 Compound forms and periphrases 426
23.3.6 Adverbs 426
23.3.7 Prepositions 426
23.4 Syntax 427
23.4.1 Order of major constituents 427
23.4.2 Agreement 427
23.4.3 Null arguments 428
23.4.3.1 Null subjects 428
23.4.3.2 Null objects 429
23.4.4 The expression of nominal internal arguments 429
23.4.4.1 Dative marking on direct objects 429
23.4.4.2 Double-object constructions 430
23.4.5 Fronting strategies and the structure of the left periphery 430
23.4.6 Se constructions 432
23.4.7 Pronominal syntax 432
23.4.7.1 Clitic placement with tensed verbs 432
23.4.7.2 Clitic placement with non-finite verbs 433
23.4.7.3 Clitic climbing 434
23.4.7.4 Interpolation 434
23.4.7.5 Clitic doubling 434
23.4.8 Sentential negation
23.4.9 Uses of the single tenses
23.4.10 Finite complementation
23.4.11 Non-finite complementation
23.4.12 Comparative clauses
23.4.13 Interrogative clauses
23.4.14 Relative clauses
23.4.15 Cleft sentences
23.4.16 Tough sentences
23.4.17 Noun phrases: definite determiners and bare nouns
24. Creoles
Annegret Bollee and Philippe Maurer
435
436
437
438
441
442
443
444
445
445
447
447
24.1 Preliminary observation
24.2 Ibero-Romance-based Creoles 447
24.2.1 Introduction 447
24.2.2 Phonology 447
24.2.3 Morphology 450
24.2.4 Morphosyntax 451
24.2.4.1 Noun phrase 451
24.2.4.2 Verb phrase 454
24.2.4.3 The sentence 456
24.3 French-based Creoles 457
24.3.1 Introduction 457
24.3.2 Phonology 459
24.3.3 Morphology 461
24.3.4 Noun phrase 461
24.3.4.1 Plural of nouns 461
24.3.4.2 Determiners 462
24.3.4.3 Adjectives 462
24.3.4.4 Personal pronouns 463
24.3.5 Verb phrase 463
24.3.5.1 Tense, aspect, and mood 463
24.3.5.2 Copula 464
24.3.5.3 Serial verbs 465
24.3.6 Syntax 465
24.3.6.1 Word order in simple sentences 465
24.3.6.2 Valency-changing operations 465
24.3.6.3 Interrogative and focus constructions 466
PART IV: Comparative Overviews
A. Phonology 469
25. Segmental phonology 474
Stephan Schmid
25.1 Vowels 474
25.1.1 Inventories of stressed vowel phonemes 471
25.1.2 Vowel quantity 473
25.1.3 Nasal vowel phonemes and allophonic vowel nasalization 473
25.1.4 Unstressed vowels 475
25.1.5 Metaphony and vowel harmony 475
25.2 Consonants 478
25.2.1 Consonant inventories 478
25.2.2 Retroflex consonants 479
25.2.3 Palatal consonants and palatalization 480
25.2.4 Rhotics and rhotacism 481
25.2.5 Lenition and sortition 482
25.2.6 Assimilation processes 483
26. Prosodic structure 484
Giovanna Marotta
26.1 Quantity 484
26.1.1 Vowel quantity and syllable structure 484
26.1.2 Consonant quantity 485
26.2 Phonological processes and syllable structure 486
26.2.1 Vowels 486
26.2.2 Consonants 486
26.3 Syllable structure 486
26.3.1 Onset 486
26.3.2 s+C clusters 487
26.3.3 Nucleus 488
26.3.3.1 Vowels 488
26.3.3.2 Diphthongs 488
26.3.4 Coda 489
26.3.5 Final remarks on syllable structure 490
26.4 Stress 490
26.5 Rhythm 491
26.6 Intonation 492
26.6.1 Statements 492
26.6.2 Narrow focus 492
26.6.3 Yes/no questions 492
26.6.4 Wh-questions 493
26.6.5 Imperatives 493
B. Morphology 495
27. Inflectional morphology 497
Martin Maiden
27.1 General characteristics 497
27.2 Inflectional morphology of nouns and adjectives 498
27.3 Person and number marking in the verb 498
27.4 Tense (and aspect) marking 501
27.5 Mood: imperative and subjunctive 502
27.5.1 Imperative 502
27.5.2 Subjunctive 504
27.6 Synthetic future and conditional 505
27.7 Non-finite forms 507
27.8 Inflection classes 508
28. Derivational morphology 513
Franz Rainer
28.1 Introduction 513
28.2 Where derivational patterns come from 513
28.3 Where derivational patterns go to 515
28.4 The main semantic categories of Romance affixation 516
28.4.1 Prefixation 516
28.4.2 Excursus on 'parasynthesis' 517
28.4.3 Suffixation 517
28.5 'Non-canonical' types of word formation 520
28.6 The fate of the Latin 'third stem' in Romance derivational morphology 521
28.7 Interfixes 522
29. Compounding 524
Francesca Forza and Sergio Scalise
29.1 Theoretical bases 524
29.1.1 What is considered a compound and what is its head? 524
29.1.2 Classification of Romance compounds in a cross-linguistic framework 525
29.2 Latin and Romance compounds 525
29.3 Overview of compounding in some Romance languages 527
29.3.1 Spanish 527
29.3.2 Catalan 528
29.3.3 French 529
29.3.4. Italian 530
29.3.5 Portuguese 531
29.3.6 Romanian 532
29.3.7 The case of Sardinian 533
29.4 Reduplication in Romance 535
29.4.1 Why reduplication? 535
29.4.2 What reduplication is not: iteration of phonemes and iteration of phrases 535
29.4.3 Morphological processes of iteration 536
29.5 Summary 536
C. Syntax 539
30. The structure of the nominal group 541
Giuliana Giusti
30.1 Nouns 541
30.1.1 Functional features on norms 541
30.1.2 Object-referring nouns 542
30.1.3 Event/result nouns 543
30.1.4 Relational nouns 543
30.1.5 Proper names 544
30.2 Adjectives 545
30.2.1 Functional features on adjectives 545
30.2.2 Relational adjectives 546
30.2.3 Descriptive adjectives 547
30.2.4 Determiner-like adjectives 547
30.2.5 Direct vs indirect modification 548
30.3 Determiners 549
30.3.1 Inflectional properties of determiners 549
30.3.2 Demonstratives 550
30.3.3 Articles 551
30.3.4 Quantifiers 552
30.4 Possessives 552
30.4.1 Possessive adjectives 553
30.4.2 Genitive possessives 553
30.5 The left periphery of the nominal group 554
31. The structure of the clause 556
Silvio Cruschina and Adam Ledgeway
31.1 Overview of clause 556
31.2 Sentential core 556
31.2.1 Lower left periphery 555
31.2.2 Inflectional domain 559
31.2.2.1 Adverb classes and positions 559
31.2.2.2 Verb positions 560
31.2.2.3 Summary and conclusions 562
31.2.3 Restructuring 563
31.3 Higher left periphery 565
31.3.1 Complementizers 565
31.3.2 Illocutionary force, clause types, and sentence particles 568
31.3.2.1 Declaratives 568
31.3.2.2 Interrogatives 568
31.3.2.3 Exclamatives 570
31.3.2.4 Imperatives 570
31.3.3 Verb Second in old and modern Romance 571
31.3.4 Topic and focus in the left periphery 572
D. Semantics and pragmatics 575
32. Lexical stability and shared lexicon 577
Steven N. Dworkin
32.1 General issues 577
32.2 Pan-Romance survivals and shared lexicon 580
32.2.1 Nouns in DERom list 580
32.2.2 Adjectives in DERom list 581
32.2.3 Verbs in DERom list 581
32.3 Lexical stability, shared lexicon, and semantic fields 581
32.3.1 Numerals 581
32.3.2 Kinship terminology 582
32.3.3 Colour terms 583
32.3.4 Body parts 583
32.3.5 Calendar terms 584
32.3.6 Domestic and wild animals 585
32.4 Relic words 585
32.5 Latinisms 587
33. Onomasiological differentiation 588
Ingmar Sohrman
33.1 Introduction 588
33.2 Motion and meteorological activity 589
33.2.1 Verbs of motion 590
33.2.2 Verbs and nouns of meteorological activity 591
33.3 Nouns 591
33.3.1 Body parts 591
33.3.2 Designations for human beings 592
33.3.3 Flora and fauna 593
33.3.4 Urbanization 594
33.4 Directional particles/prepositions 594
34. Information and discourse structure
Silvio Cruschina
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Topic, focus, and sentence types
34.3 Sentence-focus structures
34.3.1 Unmarked word order
34.3.2 Verb-subject inversion
34.4 Predicate-focus structures and topicalization constructions
34.4.1 Clitic left-dislocation (ClLD) and hanging topic left-dislocation (HTLD)
34.4.2 Clitic right-dislocation (ClRD)
34.5 Argument-focus structures and focalization constructions
34.5.1 Postverbal focalization and cleft sentences
34.5.2 Contrastive-focus fronting
34.5.3 Information-focus fronting
34.5.4 Mirative fronting, verum-focus fronting, and QP fronting
E. Sociolinguistics
35. Sociolinguistic variation
Mari C.Jones, Mair Parry, and Lynn Williams
35.1 French
35.1.1 Context
35.1.2 Variationist studies
35.1.3 Sociolinguistic models and categories
35.1.4 Regional sociolinguistic variation
35.1.5. Hyperstyle variation
35.1.6 Variation and the banlieue
35.2 Italo-Romance
35.2.1 Sociolinguistic variables
35.2.2 Historical sociolinguistic variation
35.2.3 Recent standardizing and convergence trends
35.3 Spanish
35.3.1 Phonology
35.3.2 Morphosyntax
35.3.3 Forms of address
35.3.4 Standards and norms
35.3.4.1 National norms
35.3.4.2 Regional norms
36. Diglossia
Johannes Kabatek
36.1 Introduction
36.2 The evolution of the concept of diglossia
36.3 Diglossia in the history of the Romance languages
36.3.1 The history of Romance languages and varieties in Europe
36.3.2 The history of Romance languages and varieties beyond Europe
36.4 Current dynamics in Romance variation and diglossia
36.4.1 The impact of globalization: universalism and particularism
36.4.2 Levelling
36.4.3 The revival of languages
596
596
596
597
597
598
599
600
601
602
602
604
605
606
609
611
611
611
611
612
613
614
614
615
616
618
619
619
619
620
621
621
621
622
624
624
624
626
626
629
631
631
631
632
36.4.4 Creating bilingualism 632
36.4.5 Hybrids and their function 633
36.5 The future of research on diglossia in Romance 633
37. Standardization 634
Christopher J. Pountain
37.1 Introduction 634
37.2 The choice of a basis for the standard 635
37.2.1 Identification with a geographical variant 635
37.2.2 Literary standards 637
37.2.3 Eclectic standards 637
37.2.4 Polynomic standards 638
37.2.5 Language names 638
37.3 The nature of codification 639
37.4 Elaboration 639
37.5 Support 640
37.6 Acceptance 641
37.7 The challenge of change and diaspora 642
37.8 Final observations 643
PART V: Issues in Romance Phonology
38. Diphthongization 647
Martin Maiden
38.1 The data 647
38.2 The problem 648
38.3 The diphthongs in Italy 649
38.3.1 Tuscan 649
38.3.2 Northern Italy 652
38.3.3 Central and southern Italy 654
38.4 Opening diphthongs across the Romance languages 655
38.5 Coincidence or historical unity? 657
39. Palatalization 658
Lori Repetti
39.1 Introduction 658
39.2 Latin yod 658
39.2.1 /tj, kj/ 659
39.2.2 /gj.dj.j/ 660
39.2.3 /sj/ 660
39.2.4 /pj, bj, vj/ 661
39.2.5 Sonorant consonant + /j/ 661
39.2.6 Morphological consequences of palatalization by yod 662
39.3 Consonant + front vowel palatalization 662
39.3.1 Velar stop + front vowel 662
39.3.1.1 /gi, ge, ge/ 662
39.3.1.2 /ki, ke, ke/ 663
39.3.1.3 /kw, gw/ + front vowel 664
39.3.1.4 Velar stop + a 664
39.3.2 Non-dorsal consonant + front vowel 665
39.3.3 Morphological consequences of front vowel palatalization 665
39.4 Consonant + consonant palatalization 666
39.4.1 Consonant +/l/ 666
39.4.2 Velar stop + coronal consonant 667
39.4.3 /ll, nn/ 667
40. Sandhi phenomena 669
Rodney Sampson
40.1 Introduction 669
40.2 Phonologically conditioned sandhi 669
40.2.1 Vowel-edge phenomena 669
40.2.1.1 Vowel hiatus 669
40.2.1.2 Vowel-edge sandhi adjacent to pause 670
40.2.2 Consonant-edge phenomena 670
40.2.2.1 Left-edge sandhi 670
40.2.2.2 Right-edge sandhi 77
40.3 Morphosyntactically and lexically conditioned sandhi 675
40.3.1 Raddoppiamento fonosintattico 675
40.3.2 Liaison 676
40.3.2.1 Morphosyntactic 677
40.3.2.2 Phonological 677
40.3.2.3 Lexical 677
40.3.2.4 Sociolinguistic 677
40.3.3 Clitics 677
40.3.3.1 Sandhi in verb phrases 677
40.3.4 Sandhi in (preposition +) noun phrase 678
40.3.4.1 Article + noun 678
40.3.4.2 Preposition + noun phrase 679
40.4 Suprasegmental sandhi 679
41. Writing systems 681
Thomas Finbow
41.1 Introduction 681
41.2 The Latin alphabet 681
41.3 Late Latin and early Romance 681
41.3.1 Two-norm hypotheses 681
41.3.2 The single-norm hypothesis 682
41.3.3 Logographic Latin 684
41.4 Textual zones for developing Romance 684
41.4.1 Selecting representational conventions 685
41.4.2 Romance diacritic conventions 686
41.5 Romance writing in other scripts 686
41.5.1 Judaeo-Spanish/Ladino 686
41.5.2 Aljamia 687
41.5.3 Romanian and Moldovan 688
41.5.4 Romance written in the Greek alphabet 689
41.6 Levels of written representation 689
41.7 Developing written traditions 689
41.8 Stability, reform, and regulation 691
41.8.1 Regulatory bodies 692
41.8.2 Spelling reform 692
PART VI: Issues in Romance Morphology
42. Number 697
Martin Maiden
42.1 Number in Latin and Romance 697
42.2 A rough typology of modern Romance plural marking 697
42.3 The desinences -e and -i 698
42.4 The remnants of Latin neuter plural -a 700
42.4.1 Number and gender 700
42.4.2 Lexically restricted remnants of plural -a 701
42.4.3 Morphosyntactically singular plurals in Romansh 702
42.4.4 The nature and fate of plural -ora 702
42.5 Invariance 703
42.6 Root allomorphy and suppletion 704
42.6.1 Allomorphy from sound change 704
42.6.2 Continuants of imparisyllabic nominatives 704
42.6.3 Suppletion 705
42.7 Mass nouns, set nouns, and 'aberrant' morphology 705
42.8 Borrowing and calquing 707
43. Morphomes 708
Martin Maiden
43.1 Romance morphomes 708
43.2 Four major morphomic patterns 708
43.2.1 The 'past participle' 708
43.2.2 Remnants of perfective morphology 709
43.2.3 The 'L-pattern' ('U-pattern') 712
43.2.4 The 'N-pattern' 712
43.2.5 Morphomes outside the verb 716
43.3 Diachronic persistence of morphomes 716
43.4 Boundaries of morphomic phenomena 717
43.5 The case of the Romance future and conditional 719
43.6 Morphomes outside the inflectional paradigms? 721
44. Tonic pronominal system: morphophonology 722
Chiara Cappellaro
44.1 Introduction 722
44.2 Aspects of person marking from Latin to Romance 722
44.2.1 Third person pronouns': a Romance innovation 722
44.2.1.1 The category 'third person pronoun' 723
44.2.2 Morphological competition in the history of Romance personal pronouns 725
44.2.2.1 Competition due to 'case' loss 725
44.2.2.2 Competition due to loss of semantic contrast between ipse and ille 725
44.3 First and second person marking 726
44.3.1 Romance Type I 728
44.3.2 Romance Type II 729
44.3.3 Romance Type III 730
44.3.4 Romance Type IV 731
44.3.5 Romance Type V 732
44.3.6 Further issues 732
44.4 Third person marking 733
44.4.1 Non-canonical phenomena in Romance third person markers 734
44.4.1.1 Canonical inflection 734
44.4.2 Type I 735
44.4.3 Type II 736
44.4.4 Type III 737
44.4.5 Type IV (syncretic and suppletive) 740
45. Clitic pronominal systems: morphophonology 742
Diego Pescarini
45.1 Introduction 742
45.2 Morphology 742
45.2.1 Object clitics 742
45.2.2 Subject clitics 745
45.2.3 Possessives 748
45.2.4 Auxiliary clitics 748
45.3 Phonology 749
45.3.1 Stress 749
45.3.2 Vowel drop (elision, apocope, syncope) 750
45.3.3 Vowel insertion (prosthesis/epenthesis) 751
45.3.4 On 1-: aphaeresis, vocalization, and palatalization 751
45.4 Cluster-internal phenomena 752
45.4.1 Order: generalities 752
45.4.2 Order of object clitics 753
45.4.3 Mutual exclusion patterns 754
45.4.4 Synthetic clusters 755
45.4.5 Vowel alternations 756
PART VII: Issues in Romance Syntax
46. Functional categories 761
Adam Ledgeway
46.1 Rise of analyticity 761
46.2 Rise of configurationality 762
46.3 Romance functional categories 764
46.3.1 Nominal group 764
46.3.1.1 Articles 764
46.3.1.2 Other determiners 767
46.3.2 Verbal group 757
46.3.2.1 Romance auxiliaries 767
46.3.2.2 Romance synthetic future(-in-the-past) 768
46.3.2.3 Clitic pronouns 77O
46.3.3 The sentence 770
46.3.3.1 Grammaticalized word orders 771
47. Subject clitics: syntax 772
Cecilia Poletto and Christina Tortora
47.1 Introduction 772
47.2 Overview 772
47.2.1 The object of study 772
47.2.2 What counts as a subject clitic language? 773
47.3 Types of subject clitic 774
47.3.1 Person subject clitics 775
47.3.2 Number subject clitics 776
47.3.3 Deictic subject clitics 777
47.3.4 Invariable subject clitics 777
47.3.5 Summary 778
47.4 Syntactic environments 779
47.4.1 Lack of subject clitics in imperatives 779
47.4.2 Enclisis of subject clitics in interrogatives and other
non-declarative clauses 779
47.4.3 Subject relative clauses 779
47.4.4 Expletive environments 782
47.4.5 Verb class 782
47.5 Subject clitic functions 782
47.5.1 Subject identification 783
47.5.1.1 Position of the subject 783
47.5.1.2 Type of subject 783
47.5.2 Functions unrelated to the identification of a subject 784
47.5.2.1 Place holders 784
47.5.2.2 Left-peripheral functions 785
48. Object clitics 786
Ian Roberts
48.1 Introduction 786
48.2 Basic facts 786
48.2.1 Distribution of object clitics in finite clauses 786
48.2.2 Licensing object-clitic positions 788
48.2.3 Person-case constraints 789
48.2.4 Distribution of object clitics in non-finite clauses 791
48.2.4.1 Infinitives 791
48.2.4.2 Past participles 792
48.2.4.3 Gerunds 794
48.3 Proclisis, enclisis, and mesoclisis 795
48.3.1 European Portuguese and Galician 795
48.3.2 Enclisis patterns in old Romance: the Tobler-Mussafia Law 797
48.3.3 Mesoclisis in old Romance 798
48.4 Clitic climbing 799
48.4.1 Clitic climbing and restructuring 799
48.4.2 Clitic climbing in causatives 800
48.4.3 Clitic climbing and auxiliaries 800
48.5 Clitic doubling 800
49. Auxiliary selection and participial agreement 802
MiCHELE LOPORCARO
49.1 Introduction 802
49.2 Past participial agreement 803
49.2.1 Features involved in Romance past participial agreement 803
49.2.2 Target of past participial agreement 805
49.2.3 Conditions on participial agreement 806
49.2.4 Exceptional cases 811
49.3 Variation in auxiliary selection 812
49.3.1 Relevance of TAM for perfective auxiliation 813
49.3.2 A syntactic gradient for perfective auxiliation 814
49.3.3 Mixed auxiliation systems: unary, binary, or triple
49.3.4 Perfective auxiliation at the syntax-semantics interface
49.3.5 Some exceptional cases
815
817
818
PART VIII: Issues in Romance Syntax and Semantics_
50. Split intransitivity 821
Delia Bentley
50.1 Introduction 821
50.2 The advancement of active/inactive alignment 821
50.3 Split intransitivity and the north/south divide 825
50.4 Further split-intransitivity diagnostics in Romance 827
51. Negation 833
Cecilia Poletto
51.1 Introduction 833
51.2 Form(s) and position(s) of the negative marker 834
51.2.1 Jespersen's Cycle 836
51.2.2 Postverbal negators 837
51.2.2.1 Position of postverbal negators 837
51.2.2.2 Form of postverbal negators 838
51.2.3 New preverbal negative markers 839
51.3 Interaction between negation and verbal forms 840
51.3.1 Negation and modality 840
51.3.2 Negation and aspect 842
51.4 N-words and negative concord 843
51.5 Negation and focus 845
52. Copular and existential constructions 847
Delia Bentley and Francesco Maria Ciconte
52.1 Introduction 847
52.2 Copular constructions: attributive, locative, and possessive 848
52.3 Inverse copular constructions 852
52.4 Existential constructions 854
PART IX: Issues in Romance Pragmatics and Discourse
53. Illocutionary force 863
Ion Giurgea and Eva-Maria Remberger
53.1 Introduction: sentence typing and illocutionary force 863
53.2 Declarative sentential force 863
53.2.1 Gascon declarative particles 863
53.2.2 Marked declarative particles 864
53.3 Interrogative sentential force 865
53.3.1 Polar interrogatives (yes/no questions) 865
53.3.1.1 Intonation 865
53.3.1.2 Inversion 865
53.3.1.3 From inversion to interrogative inflection or interrogative particle 866
53.3.1.4 Marked VS orders 867
53.3.1.5 Special inversion patterns
53.3.1.6 Indirect polar interrogatives
53.3.2 Partial interrogatives (constituent questions)
53.3.2.1 General observations
53.3.2.2 The new syntax of wh-interrogatives in null-subject languages
53.3.2.3 The new syntax of wh-interrogatives in non-null-subject languages
53.3.2.4 Multiple wh-questions
53.3.2.5 Indirect wh-interrogatives
53.3.3 Question particles
53.4 Imperative sentential force
53.4.1 Affirmative imperatives
53.4.2 Negative imperatives
53.4.3 The jussive/hortative subjunctive
53.5 Exclamative sentential force
53.5.1 Total exclamatives
53.5.2 Partial exclamatives
53.5.2.1 Wh-exclamatives
53.5.2.2 Exclamative focus fronting
53.5.2.3 Exclamatives based on relativization
53.6 Optative sentential force
54. Deixis
Adam Ledgeway and John Charles Smith
54.1 Demonstratives
54.1.1 Type Bj(inary) systems
54.1.2 Type Bic(inary) systems
54.1.3 Type Ternary) systems
54.1.4 Type Tz(ernary) systems
54.1.4.1 Type T2A(ernary) systems
54.1.5 Type B2(inary) systems
54.1.5.1 Type B2A(inary) systems
54.1.5.2 Type B2B(inary) systems
54.1.5.3 Type B2C(inary) mixed systems
54.1.6 Type T2B(ernary) systems
54.1.7 Type U(nary) systems
54.1.8 Summary
54.2 Spatio-personal adverbs
54.2.1 Type Binary) systems
54.2.2 Type Ternary) systems
54.2.3 Type B2(inary) systems
54.2.4 Type T2A(ernary) systems
54.2.5 Type T2B(ernary) systems
54.2.6 Type T3(ernary) systems
54.2.7 Type T4(ernaiy) systems
54.2.8 Type Q(uaternary) systems
54.2.9 Summary
54.3 General summary
55. Address systems
Richard Ashdowne
55.1 Introduction
867
868
868
868
869
869
870
870
871
872
872
873
874
874
875
875
875
877
877
877
879
879
879
881
882
884
885
386
886
887
889
889
890
890
890
891
891
892
892
893
894
894
895
896
896
897
897
55.2 Alternations among bound forms of address 897
55.2.1 Social distribution 898
55.2.1.1 Choice of form 898
55.2.1.2 Choice of system 899
55.2.2 Terminology 899
55.2.3 Typology 899
55.2.3.1 Type I 899
55.2.3.2 Type II 900
55.2.3.3 Type III 900
55.2.3.4 Mixing of Types II and III 903
55.2.3.5 Type IV 903
55.3 Free forms of address 904
55.3.1 Syntax and pragmatics 905
55.3.2 Morphological marking 905
55.3.3 Morphophonological patterns 906
55.4 'Inverse address' 906
PART X: Case Studies _
A. The nominal group 909
56. Case 911
Adina Dragomirescu and Alexandru Nicolae
56.1 Introduction 911
56.2 Nominal and pronominal inflection 911
56.2.1 Inflection of nouns (and adjectives) 911
56.2.1.1 Latin case forms inherited in Romance 911
56.2.1.2 'Extended' accusative 913
56.2.1.3 Case systems in Romance 913
56.2.1.4 Case forms without case marking 914
56.2.2 Case inflection of pronouns (and determiners) 914
56.3 Substitutes for case inflection 916
56.3.1 Determiners and case 916
56.3.2 Use of prepositions and other dedicated case markers 916
56.3.2.1 Analytic genitives 917
56.3.2.2 Partitives and pseudopartitives 918
56.3.2.3 Analytic datives 918
56.3.2.4 Prepositional accusatives: differential object marking 920
56.3.3 Cliticization and clitic doubling 921
56.3.3.1 Cliticization of the core arguments 921
56.3.3.2 Clitic doubling 922
57. Gender 924
Michele Loporcaro
57.1 Introduction 924
57.2 Gender assignment 925
57.2.1 Semantic rules 925
57.2.2 Formal rules 922
57.3 Gender systems 927
57.3.1 A closer look at two-gender systems 927
57.3.2 Romanian and other three-gender systems 928
57.3.3 Four-gender systems 932
57.4 Mass/count and gender 933
57.5 Some exceptional cases 934
B. The verbal group 937
58. Tense and aspect 939
Pier Marco Bertinetto and Mario Squartini
58.1 Introduction 939
58.2 Temporal and aspectual values in present and past 'simple' tenses 939
58.2.1 The Present: temporal and aspectual flexibility 939
58.2.2 Perfective and imperfective pasts 940
58.2.3 The Simple Past and its analytic competitors 942
58.3 Compound forms: resultatives, perfects, and perfectives 943
58.3.1 Resultative constructions 944
58.3.2 The 'aoristic drift' 944
58.3.3 Specialized perfects 945
58.3.3.1 Inclusive only 945
58.3.3.2 Experiential only? 946
58.3.4 Competing Pluperfects and doubly compound forms 946
58.4 Aspectual and phasal periphrases 947
58.4.1 Progressive periphrases: state-pROG 947
58.4.2 Progressive periphrasis: motion-PROG 949
58.4.3 Habitual and phasal periphrases 950
58.5 Futures: tense interacting with modality 951
58.5.1 A rich variety of forms 951
58.5.2 Future situations: modal uncertainty and prospectivity 952
58.5.3 Futures-in-the-past 952
59. Mood 954
Josep Quer
59.1 Introduction 954
59.2 The exponence of mood 954
59.3 Indicative vs subjunctive contexts 956
59.3.1 Independent uses of the subjunctive 956
59.3.2 Mood distribution in embedded domains 957
59.3.2.1 Subjunctive types 957
59.3.2.2 Argument clauses 959
59.3.2.3 Relative clauses 962
59.3.2.4 Adverbial clauses 964
59.4 Subjunctive-triggered phenomena 966
59.4.1 Long-distance anaphora 966
59.4.2 Complementizer deletion 966
60. Voice 967
Michela Cennamo
60.1 Introduction 967
60.2 Voice and transitivity 967
60.3 Voice and argument linking in the transition to Romance 967
60.3.1 Voice distinctions in late Latin 967
60.3.2 Marking and linking of core arguments 969
60.3.3 Passive auxiliaries in the transition to Romance 969
60 4 Voice systems in Romance: synchronic and diachronic issues 970
60.4.1 Reflexive constructions 970
60.4.1.1 Reflexives and middles/anticausatives 970
60.4.1.2 Passive and impersonal/indefinite reflexives 971
60.4.1.3 Grammatical domains 973
60.4.1.4 Nature of the subject 973
60.4.1.5 Temporal-aspectual constraints 974
60.4.1.6 Interpretation of impersonal se 974
60.5 Passive and impersonal periphrases 974
60.5.1 Constraints and variation 974
60.5.2 Other passive-like/impersonal constructions 976
60.5.3 Impersonal passives 977
60.5.4 Impersonal actives 978
60.6 Other impersonal constructions 978
60.7 Indefinite markers 979
61. Complex predicates 981
Michelle Sheehan
61.1 Romance complex predicates 981
61.2 Perception verbs 982
61.3 Causative constructions 983
61.3.1 Laxare causatives 984
61.3.2 Mandare causatives 984
61.3.3 Facere causatives 985
61.3.3.1 Faire-par causative 985
61.3.3.2 Faire-infinitif causative 986
C. The clause 995
62. Word order 997
Glampaolo Salvi
62.1 Phrasal word order 997
62.1.1 Noun phrases 997
62.1.2 Adjectival and adverbial phrases 999
62.1.3 Prepositional phrases 999
62.2 The sentence 999
62.3 Subject positions 1002
62.4 Marked orders 1003
62.4.1 Topicalization 1004
62.4.2 localization 1004
62.4.3 Marginalization 1005
62.5 Medieval Romance Verb Second (V2) 1005
62.5.1 Modern Romance continuations 1009
62.5.2 Residues 1010
62.6 Extractions 1010
62.6.1 Extraction of complements 1010
62.6.2 Extraction of modifiers 1011
62.7 Scrambling 1011
63. Clausal complementation 1013
Adam Ledgeway
63.1 Preliminary assumptions 1013
63.2 The general Romance complementation pattern 1015
63.2.1 Full clausal complements 1015
63.2.1.1 Inflected and personal infinitives 1016
63.2.1.2 Dual-complementizer systems 1018
63.2.1.3 Recomplementation 1019
63.2.1.4 C(omplementizer)-drop 1021
63.2.2 Reduced and VP clausal complements 1022
63.2.3 From Latin to Romance: an overview 1022
63.3 Balkan-style complementation 1023
63.4 Paratactic complementation 1027
64. Relative clauses 1029
Eusabeth Stark
64.1 Introduction 1029
64.2 The paradigm of relativizers in Romance 1029
64.2.1 General remarks 1029
64.2.2 Overview of (standard) Romance relativizers 1031
64.3 Development of relativizers in Romance 1035
64.4 The 'gap' and the 'resumptive pronoun' strategy 1038
References 1041
Index 1169 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author2 | Ledgeway, Adam 1970- Maiden, Martin 1957- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | a l al m m mm |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1023556715 (DE-588)143144588 |
| author_facet | Ledgeway, Adam 1970- Maiden, Martin 1957- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044236057 |
| classification_rvk | IB 1070 IB 1100 |
| collection | ZDB-28-OSD ZDB-28-OAA |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)979536461 (DE-599)BVBBV044236057 |
| discipline | Romanistik |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 |
| edition | First edition |
| format | Electronic eBook |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>00000nmm a2200000 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV044236057</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20240613</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr|uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">170322s2016 |||| o||u| ||||||eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780191808821</subfield><subfield code="c">online</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-19-180882-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)979536461</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV044236057</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rda</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IB 1070</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)54421:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">IB 1100</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)54429:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">The Oxford guide to the romance languages</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="246" ind1="1" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Romance languages</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="250" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">First edition</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Oxford</subfield><subfield code="b">Oxford University Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2016</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">1 Online-Ressource (liv, 1193 Seiten)</subfield><subfield code="b">Karten</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Oxford guides to the world's languages</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Oxford linguistics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">The Oxford guide to the romance languages' is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Romance-speaking areas, including standard, non-standard, dialectal, and regional varieties of the Old and New Worlds. The book also offers a comprehensive comparative account of major topics, issues, and case studies across different areas of the grammar of the Romance languages. The volume is organized into 10 thematic parts: Parts 1 and 2 deal with the making of the Romance languages and their typology and classification, respectively; Part 3 is devoted to individual structural overviews of Romance languages, dialects, and linguistic areas, while Part 4 provides comparative overviews of Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. Chapters in Parts 5-9 examine issues in Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics and discourse, respectively, while the final part contains case studies of topics in the nominal group, verbal group, and the clause. The book will be an essential resource for both Romance specialists and everyone with an interest in Indo-European and comparative linguistics</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Romanische Sprachen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4115788-6</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4151278-9</subfield><subfield code="a">Einführung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Romanische Sprachen</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4115788-6</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Ledgeway, Adam</subfield><subfield code="d">1970-</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1023556715</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Maiden, Martin</subfield><subfield code="d">1957-</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)143144588</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="776" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Erscheint auch als</subfield><subfield code="n">Druck-Ausgabe</subfield><subfield code="z">978-0-19-967710-8</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV043361054</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="z">URL des Erstveröffentlichers</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">HBZ Datenaustausch</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029641545&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="883" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="8">1\p</subfield><subfield code="a">cgwrk</subfield><subfield code="d">20201028</subfield><subfield code="q">DE-101</subfield><subfield code="u">https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZDB-28-OSD</subfield><subfield code="a">ZDB-28-OAA</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-28-OSD</subfield><subfield code="q">UBM_Einzelkauf</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="966" ind1="e" ind2=" "><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001</subfield><subfield code="l">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="p">ZDB-28-OAA</subfield><subfield code="q">UBR Einzelkauf 2024</subfield><subfield code="x">Verlag</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Einführung |
| id | DE-604.BV044236057 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:04:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780191808821 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-029641545 |
| oclc_num | 979536461 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource (liv, 1193 Seiten) Karten |
| psigel | ZDB-28-OSD ZDB-28-OAA ZDB-28-OSD UBM_Einzelkauf ZDB-28-OAA UBR Einzelkauf 2024 |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publishDateSearch | 2016 |
| publishDateSort | 2016 |
| publisher | Oxford University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Oxford guides to the world's languages Oxford linguistics |
| spelling | The Oxford guide to the romance languages edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden Romance languages First edition Oxford Oxford University Press 2016 1 Online-Ressource (liv, 1193 Seiten) Karten txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Oxford guides to the world's languages Oxford linguistics The Oxford guide to the romance languages' is the most exhaustive treatment of the Romance languages available today. Leading international scholars adopt a variety of theoretical frameworks and approaches to offer a detailed structural examination of all the individual Romance varieties and Romance-speaking areas, including standard, non-standard, dialectal, and regional varieties of the Old and New Worlds. The book also offers a comprehensive comparative account of major topics, issues, and case studies across different areas of the grammar of the Romance languages. The volume is organized into 10 thematic parts: Parts 1 and 2 deal with the making of the Romance languages and their typology and classification, respectively; Part 3 is devoted to individual structural overviews of Romance languages, dialects, and linguistic areas, while Part 4 provides comparative overviews of Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics, and sociolinguistics. Chapters in Parts 5-9 examine issues in Romance phonology, morphology, syntax, syntax and semantics, and pragmatics and discourse, respectively, while the final part contains case studies of topics in the nominal group, verbal group, and the clause. The book will be an essential resource for both Romance specialists and everyone with an interest in Indo-European and comparative linguistics Romanische Sprachen (DE-588)4115788-6 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Romanische Sprachen (DE-588)4115788-6 s DE-604 Ledgeway, Adam 1970- (DE-588)1023556715 edt Maiden, Martin 1957- (DE-588)143144588 edt Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 978-0-19-967710-8 (DE-604)BV043361054 https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 Verlag URL des Erstveröffentlichers Volltext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029641545&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | The Oxford guide to the romance languages Romanische Sprachen (DE-588)4115788-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115788-6 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
| title | The Oxford guide to the romance languages |
| title_alt | Romance languages |
| title_auth | The Oxford guide to the romance languages |
| title_exact_search | The Oxford guide to the romance languages |
| title_full | The Oxford guide to the romance languages edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden |
| title_fullStr | The Oxford guide to the romance languages edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Oxford guide to the romance languages edited by Adam Ledgeway & Martin Maiden |
| title_short | The Oxford guide to the romance languages |
| title_sort | the oxford guide to the romance languages |
| topic | Romanische Sprachen (DE-588)4115788-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Romanische Sprachen Einführung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677108.001.0001 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029641545&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ledgewayadam theoxfordguidetotheromancelanguages AT maidenmartin theoxfordguidetotheromancelanguages AT ledgewayadam romancelanguages AT maidenmartin romancelanguages |