Trafficking justice: how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis Register // Gemischte Register |
| Beschreibung: | Based on author's thesis (doctoral - University of Wisconsin...Madison, 2011) issued under title: Trafficking (in)justice : law enforcement's response to human trafficking in Russia. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-266) and index |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | TRAFFICKING JUSTICE
/ MCCARTHY, LAUREN A. [AUTHOR.] 1979-
: 2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS / INHALTSVERZEICHNIS
HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN RUSSIA : HISTORY AND TRENDS
THE HUMAN TRAFFICKING LAWS
LAW ENFORCEMENT S INSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY AND THE CRIMINAL PROCESS
FINDING AND IDENTIFYING TRAFFICKING CASES
INVESTIGATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES
INDICTMENT, TRIAL AND SENTENCING
DIESES SCHRIFTSTUECK WURDE MASCHINELL ERZEUGT.
Legal Sources (by Date)
RUSSIAN LAW SOURCES
Codes
Grazhdanskii kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii, chast vtoraia of January 26, 1996, no. 14-FZ.
SZ RF 1996, no. 5, item 410 [Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part 2].
Ugolovnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii of June 13, 1996, no. 63-FZ. SZ RF 1996, no. 25,
item 2954 [Criminal Code of the Russian Federation].
Ugolovno-protsessuaVnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii of December 18, 2001, no. 174-FZ.
SZ RF 2001, no 52 (Part 1), item 4921 [Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian
Federation].
Kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniiakh of December 30,
2001, no. 195-FZ. SZ RF 2002, no. 1, item 1 [Code of Administrative Violations
of the Russian Federation].
Trudovoi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii of December 30, 2001, no. 197-FZ. SZ RF 2002,
no. 1 (part 1), item 3 [Labor Code of the Russian Federation].
Laws and Presidential Orders
Federal Law no. 2202-1,“0 prokurature Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of January 17, 1992. SZ
RF 1995, no. 47, item 4472 [On the Procuracy of the Russian Federation].
Federal Law no. 144-FZ, “Ob operativno-rozysknoi deiatel’nosti,” of August 12, 1995.
SZ RF 1995, no. 33, item 3349 [On operational-investigative activities].
Federal Law no. 92-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii i dopolnenii v Ugolovnyi kodeks
Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of June 25, 1998. SZ RF 1998, no. 26, item 3012 [On
additions and changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation].
Presidential Order no. 308, “O merakh po sovershenstvovaniiu gosudarstvennogo
upravleniia v oblasti bezopasnosti Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of March 11, 2003,
SZ RF 2003, no. 12, item 1101 [On measures to improve the state organs for
security of the Russian Federation].
Draft Law. “Proekt Federalnyi zakon cO protivodeistvii torgovle liud’mi’” of March 18,
2003. http://www.sartraccc.ru/Traffic/i.php?oper=read_file8cfilename=law_
project/0001 .htm.
Federal Law no. 162-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii i dopolnenii v Ugolovnyi kodeks
Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of December 8, 2003. SZ RF 2003, no. 50, item 4848 [On
the introduction of changes and additions to the Criminal Code of the Russian
Federation].
Presidential Order no. 314, “O sisteme i strukture federal nykh organov ispolnitel noi
vlasti,” of March 9, 2004. SZ RF 2004, no. 11, item 945 [On the system and
structure of the federal organs of executive power].
Federal Law no. 26-FZ, “O ratifikatsii Konventsii Organizatsii Ob edinennykh Natsii
protiv transnatsional’noi organizovannoi prestupnosti i dopolniaiushchikh ee
Protokola protiv nezakonnogo woza migrantov po sushe, moriu i vozdukhu
i Protokol o preduprezhdenii i presechenii torgovli liud’mi, osobenno
241
242
LEGAL SOURCES
zhenshchinami i def mi, i nakazanii za nee,” of April 26, 2004. SZ RF 2004,
no. 18, item 1684 [On the ratification of the United Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime and the additional Protocol against the Illegal
Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air and the Protocol to Prevent,
Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children].
Federal Law no. 119-FZ, “O gosudarstvennoi zashchite poterpevshikh, sviditelei i
inykh uchastnikov ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva,” of August 20,2004. SZ RF
2004, no. 34, item 3534 [On state protection for victims, witnesses, and other
participants in the criminal justice process].
Federal Law no. 187-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi
Federatsii, Ugolovno-protsessual nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Kodeks
Rossiiskoi Federatsii ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniiakh,” of
December 28, 2004. SZ RF 2005, no. 1 (part 1), item 13 [On the introduction
of changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the Criminal
Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, and the Code of Administrative
Violations of the Russian Federation].
Federal Law no. 87-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovno-protsessual nyi kodeks
Rossiiskoi Federatsii i fO prokurature Rossiiskoi Federatsii,’” of June 5,2007.
SZ RF 2007, no. 24, item 2830 [On the introduction of changes to the Criminal
Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and On the Procuracy of the Russian
Federation].
Presidential Order no. 1316, “O nekotorykh voprosakh Ministerstva vnutrennikh del
Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of September 6, 2008. SZ RF 2008, no. 37, item 4182 [On
several questions concerning the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian
Federation].
Federal Law no. 218-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v stat iu 127.1 Ugolovnogo kodeksa
Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of November 25,2008. SZ RF 2008, no. 48, item 5513 [On
the introduction of changes to article 127.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian
Federation].
Federal Law no. 262-FZ, “Ob obespechenii dostupa k informatsii o deiatel nosti sudov
v Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of December 22, 2008. SZ RF 2008, no. 51 (part 1), item
6217 [On the right of access to information about court activities in the Russian
Federation].
Federal Law no. 404-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v otdel nye zakonodatel’nye akty
Rossiiskoi Federatsii v sviazi s sovershenstvovaniem deiatel nosti organov
predvariteFnogo sledstviia,” of December 28,2010. SZ RF 2011, no. 1, item 16
[On the introduction of changes to several legal acts of the Russian Federation
connected with improving the activities of investigative agencies].
Presidential Order no. 38, “Voprosy deiatel nosti Sledstvennogo komiteta Rossiiskoi
Federatsii,” of January 14, 2011. SZ RF 2011, no. 4, item 572 [On questions
about the activities of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation].
Presidential Order no. 90, “Ob obshchei shtatnoi chislennosti organov prokuratury
Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of January 25,2011. SZ RF 2011, no. 5, item 710 [On
general staffing of the organs of the Procuracy in the Russian Federation].
Federal Law no. 3-FZ, “O politsii,” of February 7,2011. SZ RF 2011, no. 7, item 900
[On the Police].
Federal Law no. 420-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi
Federatsii i otdel nye zakonodatel nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii,” of December 7,
2011. SZ RF 2011, no. 50, item 7362 [On changes to the Criminal Code of the
Russian Federation and several legal acts of the Russian Federation].
Federal Law no. 14-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovnyi kodeks Rossiiskoi
Federatsii i otdel nye zakonodatel nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii v tseliakh
LEGAL SOURCES
243
usileniia otvetstvennosti za prestupleniia seksual nogo kharaktera,
sovershennye v otnoshenii nesovershennoletnikh,” of February 29, 2012. SZ
RF 2012, no. 10, item 1162 [On changes to the Criminal Code of the Russian
Federation and several legal acts of the Russian Federation with the goal of
strengthening punishment for crimes of a sexual nature committed against
minors].
Federal Law no. 121-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v otdeFnye zakonodatel nye akty
Rossiiskoi Federatsii v chasti regulirovaniia deiatel’nosti nekommercheskikh
organizatsii, vypolniaiushchikh funktsii inostrannogo agenta,” of July 20, 2012.
SZ RF 2012, no. 30, item 4172 [On changes to several legal acts of the Russian
Federation with regard to noncommercial organizations fulfilling the functions
of foreign agents].
Federal Law no. 432-FZ, “O vnesenii izmenenii v otdel nye zakonodatel nye akty
Rossiiskoi Federatsii v tseliakh sovershenstvovaniia prav poterpevshikh v
ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve,” of December 28, 2013. SZ RF 2013, no. 52 (Part
1), item 6997. [On changes to several legal acts of the Russian Federation with
the goal of improving the rights of victims in the criminal justice process].
Supreme Court Decisions
Decision of the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of
April 28, 2005, Case 86-005-5 (Opredelenie Sudebnoi kollegii po ugolovnym
delam Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 28 aprelia 2005 g. no. 85-005-5).
Decision of the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of
July 9, 2012, Case 3-D 12-6 (Opredelenie Sudebnoi kollegii po ugolovnym delam
Verkhovnogo Suda RF ot 9 iulia 2012 g. no. 3-D 12-6).
Transcripts of Legislative Sessions and Conferences
Golitsyno. 2002. Stenogramma Mezhdunarodnaia nauchno-prakticheskaia
conferentsiia: Problemy bor’by s torgovlei liud mi i perspektivy sovremennogo
razvitiia Rossii [Transcript of International Academic-Research Conference:
Problems in Fighting Human Trafficking and Prospects for Current
Development in Russia], Golitsyno, Russia, October 27—29, 2002.
Yaroslavl. 2002. Stenogramma Kruglyi stol: Zakonoproekt o protivodeistvii torgovlei
liud mi: Obshchestvennye slushaniia [Transcripts of Roundtable on the
Law on Countering Human Trafficking: Public Hearings] Yaroslavl, Russia,
December 9-11,2002.
Moscow. 2003a. Stenogramma Soiuz iskusstva i prava v bor be protiv torgovli liud mi
[Transcripts of the Arts and the Law United in the Fight against Human
Trafficking], Moscow, Russia, May 12, 2003.
Moscow. 2003b. Stenogramma parlamentskikh slushanii, provodimykh komitetom
po zakonodatel stvu na temu “O proekte federal’nogo zakona o protivodeistvii
torgovle liud mi” [Transcript of the Parliamentary Hearing in the Legislative
Committee on the Federal Draft Law on Counteracting Human Trafficking].
Moscow, Russia, February 13, 2003.
PoiasniteFnaia zapiska. 2003. PoiasniteFnaia zapiska k proektu federal nogo zakona
“O dopolnenii stat’ei 126.1 [sic] Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii”
[Explanatory note to the Federal Draft Law “On the addition of Article 126.1
[sicVl
State Duma. 2003. Stenogramma zasedaniia Gosudarstvennoi Dume, 21 noiabria 2003 g.
[Transcripts of Hearings of the State Duma on November 21, 2003].
244
LEGAL SOURCES
Federation Council. 2003. Stenogramma sto shestnadtsatogo zasedaniia Soveta
Federatsii, 26 noiabria 2003 g. [Transcript of Hearings of the 116th Federation
Council, November 26,2003].
Poiasnitel naia zapiska. 2008. Poiasnitelnaia zapiska k proektu federal nogo zakona “O
vnesenii izmenenii v stat iu 127.1 Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii,”
Project no. N476214-4 [Explanatory note to the Federal Draft Law “On changes
to Article 127.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation”].
State Duma. 2008a. Stenogramma zasedaniia 19 marta 2008 g. [Transcripts of
Parliamentary Hearings on March 19,2008].
-----. 2008b. Stenogramma zasedaniia 25 oktiabria 2008 g. i 7 noiabria 2008 g. O
proekte federal nogo zakona no 476214-4 “O vnesenii izmenenii v stat iu 127.1
Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii” (v chasti utochneniia poniatiia
“torgovlia liud mi” a takzhe usileniia otvetstvennosti za dannyi vid prestupleniia
[Transcripts of Parliamentary Hearings on October 15, 2008, and November 7,
2008: On the Federal Draft Law 476214-4 “On changes to article 127.1 of the
Criminal Code of the Russian Federation” (with the goal of clarifying the
wording “human trafficking” and strengthening sentencing for this type of
crime], 5th session.
Federation Council. 2008. Stenogramma dvesti tridtsat chetvertogo zasedaniia Soveta
Federatsii, 12 noiabria 2008 g. [Transcripts of Hearings of the 234th Federation
Council, November 12, 2008].
US LAW SOURCES
TVPA. 2000. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Public Law
106—386,106th Cong., 2nd sess. (October 28, 2000).
TVPRA. 2003. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003, Public Law
108- 193, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (December 19, 2003).
-----. 2005. Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005, Public Law
109- 164,109th Cong., 1st sess. (January 10, 2006).
-----. 2008. William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act
of 2008, Public Law 110-457,110th Cong. 2nd sess. (January 5, 2007).
Index
Page numbers followed by letters/and t refer to figures and tables, respectively.
acquittals, in trafficking cases, 191-92
Administrative Code, prosecution of
trafficking cases under, 57-58, 134, 135/
adoption, illegal. See child trafficking
advertisements, false: recruitment of
trafficking victims through, 23, 59, 131, 210;
statute on, 57, 57n7
agriculture, slave labor in, 38-39, 38f, 185
Altai Republic, trafficking cases in, 49
Alternativa (civic activist group), 24,40, 220
Amur (region), trafficking cases in, 31, 58-59,
117
Angel Coalition, 23n4, 121, 224
appeal process, 104/ 112-13
Article(s) 115-118 (physical assault),
prosecution under, 134, 135/
Article 120 (organ removal), 69n26
Article 126 (kidnapping): maximum sentences
under, 1791; prosecution under, 56-57,78-79,
134,135/ 180,185. See also kidnapping
Article 127 (false imprisonment): maximum
sentences under, 179t; prosecution under,
56,134,135/180, 185
Article 127.1 (human trafficking), 67, 68-73,
68t, 145; amendments to, 79-81; Article
152 compared to, 67n24, 71, 79; Article
240 compared to, 183-84; cases charged
under, 25, 239t—240f; explanatory notes
for, 68-69; maximum sentences under,
179t; Palermo Protocol compared to,
71-73, 138; roadblocks to implementation
of, 69-73
Article 127.2 (use of slave labor), 67, 73—74,
73f, 81; cases charged under, 25,239t-240ty
conscripted soldiers excluded from, 42-43;
informal criteria for use of, 140; maximum
sentences under, 179f
Article(s) 131-134 (rape), prosecution under,
134,135/
Article(s) 150-151 (recruitment of minors into
antisocial activities or committing crimes),
prosecution under, 134,135/
Article 152 (trafficking in minors): Article 127.1
compared to, 67n24,71, 79; prosecution
under, 54-56, 55i; removal of, 67, 71
Article 154 (illegal adoption), 43n21
Article 182 (false information in advertising),
57, 57n7
Article 210 (organizing/participating in criminal
conspiracy), prosecution under, 186-87
Article 240 (recruitment into prostitution):
amendments to, 75-76, 75i, 81n48, 208/,
Article 127.1 compared to, 183-84;
maximum sentences under, 179f;
prosecution under, 58-60, 133,134,
135/ 167,169,179-84,183/
Article 241 (organizing prostitution):
amendments to, 76t, 77, 81n48; maximum
sentences under, 179i; prosecution under,
58,134, 135/
Article(s) 285-286 (abuse of authority/official
position): maximum sentences under, 179t,
prosecution under, 42-43, 50, 135/
Article 322 (illegal border crossing): maximum
sentences under, 1791; prosecution under,
134,135/
Article 322.1 (organizing illegal migration),
134nl9; maximum sentences under, 1791;
prosecution under, 40, 134,135/ 140
Article 327 (falsifying documents),
prosecution under, 134, 135/
Astrakhan (region): IOM hotline in, 129nl8;
trafficking cases in, 50, 59, 180
Azerbaijan: labor trafficking victims from, 34;
legal cooperation agreement with Russia,
154nl5, 70n27; prosecution of trafficking
in, 203; traffickers from, 185
Bashkortostan, trafficking cases in, 42, 50, 190
Bastrykin, Alexander, 41, 117
begging, as labor trafficking, 381, 41
Belarus: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 170n27; prosecution of trafficking
cases in, 203; victims of trafficking from, 4,30
267
268
INDEX
blackmail: labor trafficking and, 74, 74n37,
185; in recruitment into prostitution statute,
59,75f, 76
Bryansk (region), trafficking cases in, 159
buying/selling (kuplia-prodazha): in child
trafficking cases, 44-46; focus on, 136,
157-58,160,188,196,208; use of term, in
human trafficking law, 69-71, 79-80,145
Central Asia, trafficking of people from,
4,24,56. See also Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan;
Tajikistan; Uzbekistan
Chaika, Yuri, 97,214
charges, in human trafficking cases: changing
of, 166-67,175,186-89; doubling-up on,
177,184,196,198,202
Chechnya: Russian soldiers in, 66,69;
trafficking cases in, 44-45,56,69
Chelyabinsk (region): shelter in, 121n7;
trafficking cases in, 37,38,41, 190
child trafficking, in Russia, 4,43-48,206;
amendments to human trafficking statute
and prosecution of, 79-80, 81,82; discovery
of cases, 47; intent to exploit in, difficulty
proving, 147,158-59; vs. legal adoption,
25n6; number of cases of, 25/; perceived
weakening of law on, 48, 70, 78-79, 82;
prosecution of, 47,48, 54-56,55/, 177,
178; sentencing for, 198-200,199/, 202;
transactions in, 46; types of, 44; undercover
operations exposing, 47,51,158-59,210
China: trafficking of Russian women to, 30,
31, 58-59,157,169; victims of trafficking
from, 4, 34
Chuvash Republic, trafficking cases in, 49,163
civil compensation, for victims of trafficking,
155,200-201,219
civil law systems: legislative and judicial
branches in, division of functions between,
78n40; need for specific laws in, 53; role of
precedent in, 77
Commonwealth of Independent States,
7; prosecution of human trafficking in,
170-71,203
conditional sentences, 193nl4,202; in child
trafficking cases, 199; in labor trafficking
cases, 197; in sex trafficking cases, 194-96
conferences, on human trafficking, 22, 124;
contacts with law enforcement agents
at, 171,225-26,227; and data gathering,
225-28,230
consent, of trafficking victims, 32, 72-73,
137-39,141,157, 190,192
conviction(s): bias toward, in Russian legal
system, 175; in child trafficking cases,
198-200, 199/, 202; in labor trafficking cases,
34/, 196-98,198/ 202; in sex trafficking
cases, 194-96,195/ 197/ 220-21,240/
cooperation agreement (dosudebnoe
soglashenie), defendants and, 109-10,112
corroborating evidence, 147,160-63
corruption, in Russian law enforcement, 6,13,
48-51, 86, 89nl6, 94,99,101-2, 214; higher
sentences and potential for, 178; and human
trafficking, 48-51,102-3,119-20; types of,
101n37
Council of Europe (CoE), on human
trafficking, 5, 149
court(s), in Russia, 111, 1 lln60; data from
Web sites of, 235-36. See also Supreme
Court
courtroom procurator (gosobviniteV), 103,
104/111, llln59,175
Criminal Code, Russian: 2003 changes to, 5,
7, 63-65, 67-68, 82; commentaries on, 68,
133; on sentencing, 193-94; terminology
used in, confusion about, 71. See also specific
statutes under Article
criminal justice process, in Russia, 103-13,
104/ delays in, 105,109; normalization in,
136-37; time limits in, 167-68,169,172,
175. See also investigation; sentencing; trials
Criminal Procedure Code, Russian: on
evidence collection, 88,126nl3,148n6,
156nl7,161n20,163; jurisdiction assigned
by, 85,90,92,94,11 ln60,171n28; new
(2001), 63,91; organizational structure
designed by, 85, 88,90,92,94,103,104/
171n28,215,218; on prosecution of crimes
committed abroad, 170; on registration and
opening of criminal cases, 105,108,120n5;
Soviet-era, 91,166n23; time limits imposed
by, 11,95, 96,107, 107n46,108,109,109n54,
110, 111, 112,167-68,172,175,206;on
victim protection, 126, 148,155,157;
violations of, defense strategies using, 189.
See also plea bargains
Dagestan, trafficking cases in, 40,44,45
data set, of trafficking cases, 24,231-38
debt bondage, 51; in labor trafficking, 37, 39;
in sex trafficking, 1,29,32,170, 182, 205
defense strategies, in human trafficking cases,
186,188-91,192
documents: confiscation of, in trafficking cases,
36, 38,39, 40, 51,681, 73t, 115,119,139,
INDEX
269
140; false, Article 327 on, 134,135/; police
corruption and issuance of, 48, 50, 102
domestic cases of trafficking: labor trafficking,
34t, 35, 35f, 197; sex trafficking, 25, 26-29,
28t, 205
domestic violence: NGO response to, 20, 213;
police attitude toward, 106, 118; victims
reluctance to report to police, 118
Duma, discussions of human trafficking in,
21-22, 52, 62-67, 79-81
education, on human trafficking, 23, 101, 124;
need for, 218
employment agencies: involvement in traf-
ficking, 57, 58; tighter regulation of, calls
for, 62, 63
Europe: identification of trafficking cases in,
142—43; prosecution of human traffick-
ing in, 173,202, 203; trafficking of Russian
women to, 1,30-33,131,170, 181-82
evidence gathering, challenges in, 145—46,
151-52, 158-59,160-63, 167, 172-73,208.
See also victim testimony
exploitation, of trafficking victims: defini-
tion of term, 68-69; evidence gathering on,
145-46; issue of consent in, 72—73, 137-39;
need to prove intent for, 69-70, 79, 146-47,
158-59; victim testimony as proof of, 147
extradition treaties, 170
extremism: law enforcement response to, 216,
218; statute on, 211
factories, slave labor in, 34, 36, 37, 38f, 40
false imprisonment: investigative jurisdiction
for, 93; statute on, use in prosecution of
trafficking cases, 56-57, 59, 134, 135f 185,
188. See also Article 127
Farrell, Amy, 8nl2, 143
Federal Migration Service (Federal’naia
migratsionnaia sluzhba, FMS), 84, 94;
cooperation with IOM, 129nl8;
cooperation with MVD, 151
Federal Security Service (Federal’naia sluzhba
bezopasnosti, FSB), 3, 84, 93-94; child
trafficking cases and, 47; international
trafficking cases and, 2,49, 59, 169, 210;
relations with MVD, 39, 98,151
fieldwork, challenges of, 223-30
Firestone, Thomas, 65
fishing boats, slave labor on, 38f, 41, 140
FMS. See Federal Migration Service
forced labor: definition of, 74n34; vs. slave
labor, 73-74
“foreign agent” law, 123
forensic accountants, 162
forensic expert analysis, 163
fraud charges, prosecution of trafficking cases
under, 57
FSB. See Federal Security Service
Gavrilov, Boris, 66
General Procuracy (GeneraVnaia prokuratura).
See Procuracy
Germany: prosecution of human trafficking
in, 173; trafficking of Russian women to, 1,
22, 30,31, 181-82
Global Slavery Index, 4,219
Global Survival Network, 22
government, Russian, response to human
trafficking, 7-8, 21-22, 60-67, 78-81
grave crime(s): human trafficking classified
as, 16, 80, 168; institutional machinery and,
106, 178; investigative jurisdiction for, 92;
and witness protection, 154
homeless men, labor trafficking of, 4, 34, 40,
41,192, 205
human trafficking: definitions of, 3, 70, 71-72,
145; future trajectory in Russia, 219-21;
increased awareness of, 20,23, 51;
international convention on, 4,60—61;
police corruption and, 48—51, 102-3,
119-20; as process, 133,142, 172; profits
from, 3; progress in combating, 204; Russian
government s policies on, 7—8, 21—22;
severity of problem in Russia, 4; stages of,
133-34; tactics used in, 51; types in Russia,
3-4, 24—25, 205—6; unified understanding
of, importance of, 166, 180. See also child
trafficking; labor trafficking; sex trafficking
human trafficking cases, in Russia: changes to
charges in, 166-67, 175, 186-89; complex-
ity of, 13-14, 133, 158, 166, 168, 169-70,
180,207; data set of, 24, 231-38; disincen-
tives for prosecution of, 99-100, 103,108,
111, 113, 172-73, 175, 177,178, 193; focus
on transaction in, 157-58; formal criteria
used to identify, 132—36,207; geographic
regularity of, 217; improving prosecution
of, 211-12, 217—19; informal criteria used
to identify, 10, 73, 136-41, 142, 207-8;
information sources on, 115—32,141—42;
investigative jurisdiction over, 90, 93, 166,
215,218; official statistics on, 239t-240i;
path dependencies in, 165; personal impact
on law enforcement agents, 210; pride in
270
INDEX
human trafficking cases, in Russia (continued)
prosecution of, 209; prostitution-related
statutes used in prosecution of, 58-60,
75-77, 82,109,133, 135/, 167,169,178-84,
183/ 187-88,205,208,209; statistical
assessment categories and, 177; trial process
in, 104/ 111-12. See also investigation;
sentencing; trials
human trafficking laws, Russian: absence
of (before 2003), and constraints on law
enforcement, 52-54,81-82; alternative
statutes used in lieu of, 5,15, 75-77,82,133,
134-36, 135/ 166-67,169, 177-86,187-88,
201,208; ambiguity of, 78, 81,116,133,
144, 145, 164-67,188, 207; amendments of
2008, 78-81,147,157,206; cases charged
under, 25,25f, 205,239£ components of,
67-74; divergent interpretations of, 166-67,
193; draft law on, 63-65,67,67n25; early
prosecutions under, 1-2,174,209,227;
evidentiary requirements of, uncertainty
regarding, 145,208; extremism law com-
pared to, 211; financing issues, 64; first
attempt at, 53n4; impact of, 221; implemen-
tation difficulties, 2,5, 69-73,78-79, 80,82,
116,146-47,149-52; importance of using,
15-16; inconsistencies in wording of, 70-71;
institutional machinery and constraints
on implementation of, 2,6,13-16,82,113,
204; lack of political will to enforce, 7-8;
law enforcement practice before, 54-60;
Palermo Protocol and, 71-72; passage of, 2,
5,65-66; Presidential Administration and,
62-63,64-65,68,79,80,81; and pressure
on MVD, 16,100-101; pressure to pass, 4-5,
60-62; prostitution-related statutes after
passage of, 5, 15,74-77,182,183/ 208nl;
Working Group on, 62-63,68. See also
Article 127.1; Article 127.2
human trafficking laws, U.S., 4,61-62
ILO. See International Labor Organization
indictment (obvinitel’noe zakliuchenie),
110—11, 176-77; alternative charging
practices in, 177-86
information sharing, problem of, 164-65
information sources, in trafficking investiga-
tions, 115-32,141-42
Ingushetia, child trafficking in, 47
inquiry (doznanie), process of, 90nlS
institutional machinery, of Russian law
enforcement, 2,8-13,83-84,94-103;
compliance with international obligations,
19; components of, 11-13; and constraints
on implementation of human trafficking
laws, 2,6,13-16, 82,113, 204,206-10;
implications of, 211-13; possibilities for
changes in, 213-17
international cases of human trafficking:
complexity of, 31,51,168,169-72; labor
trafficking, 34f, 35,35f, 197; law enforce-
ment agents’ involvement in, 50; prosecu-
tion under prostitution-related statutes,
181-82; sentencing in, 196,197,197/ sex
trafficking, 1-4,25,30-33,30t, 39,197,205
international cooperation, on human
trafficking: distrust of Russian law
enforcement and, 169; domestic law
enforcement and constraints on, 19,212,
219; Russian law enforcement and, 7-8,93
International Labor Organization (ILO):
estimates of trafficking victims, 3; list of
operational indicators of trafficking, 143
International League for Human Rights, 22
International Organization for Migration
(IOM), 121; cooperation with law enforce-
ment agencies, 120,125-30,131,142,151,
218; and education on human trafficking,
101; funding for anti-trafficking activities
in Russia, 23n4; hotline of, 129nl8; shelter
in Moscow, 125,126nl2,127-29,147,149,
152,213,226; volunteer work at, 226
Interpol, 14, 32,59,169,170
interviews: challenges of, 223-30; types and
number of informants in, 230-31, 23 li
investigation of human trafficking cases:
challenges in, 144-73; changes in charges
during, 166-67; comparative perspective
on, 173; evidence gathering during, 145-46,
158-59,160-63,167,172-73,208; interna-
tional, complexity of, 31-32,169-72; lack
of guidance on, 163-65; lack of ownership
of, 165-67; length of, 2,168-69,168t, 172;
proactive, 130-32,158-59,173; time limits
imposed on, 167-68,169,172,175
Investigative Committee (Sledstvennyi komitet,
SK), 2, 84, 92-93; anti-NGO legislation and,
123; centralization of investigative functions
in, potential for, 215; investigative jurisdic-
tion for human trafficking, 90,93,166,215,
218; relations with Procuracy, 92n24
investigators ($ledovateli)y 85,89-90; disincen-
tives for, 96; education of, 99n35; in MVD,
89-90; relations with operativniki, 88,98,
106,107,109,132,167; relations with proc-
urators, 98,108-9,110-11; role in criminal
INDEX
271
justice process, 103, 104/, 107-10; in
SK, 92; specialization in human trafficking,
recommendations for, 217-18
investigators, operative. See operativniki
IOM. See International Organization for
Migration
Israel: child trafficking to, 55-56,* legal
cooperation agreement with Russia, 170;
trafficking of Russian women to, 23, 30,31
judges: conservative approach to new statutes,
201; interpretation of human trafficking
statutes by, 176, 186, 193, 209; performance
assessment incentives and, 111-12,175;
role in criminal justice system, 111-12, 176;
struggle to apply abstract concepts, 203
jury trials, 112
Kabardino-Balkaria, trafficking cases in, 44, 55
Kalmykia, trafficking cases in, 50
Kaluga (region), trafficking cases in, 46-47,
59, 159
Karachaevo-Cherkessia, trafficking cases in,
153
Karelia: IOM hotline in, 129nl8; NGO coop-
eration with police in, 125; shelter in, 121n7;
trafficking cases in, 188
Kazakhstan: legal cooperation agreement
with Russia, 170n27; trafficking of Russian
women to, 30; victims of labor trafficking
from, 34
Kazan: NGO cooperation with police in, 125;
research in, 225,230; shelter in, 121n7;
victims of trafficking from, 57, 171
Kemerovo (region), trafficking cases in, 192
KGB, 85, 93. See also Federal Security Service
Khabarovsk: research in, 228, 230; TraCCC
center in, 224,228; trafficking cases in, 31,
46,120, 153,156-57,162, 164,169, 180
Kholshchevnikova, Tatiana, 71, 133
kidnapping: investigative jurisdiction
for, 93; and labor trafficking, 36; as proxy
for human trafficking, 53, 54; and sex
trafficking, 27; statute on, use in
prosecution of trafficking cases, 37,
56-57, 78-79, 134, 135/, 171, 180, 184,
185, 196,198, 199. See also Article 126
Kirov (region), trafficking cases in, 157
Komi, trafficking cases in, 188
Komsomol’skaia Pravda (newspaper), 23,115,
237
Kostroma (region), trafficking cases in, 38
Krasheninnikov, Pavel, 79, 81
Krasnodar (region), trafficking cases in, 42, 51
krysha (roof), law enforcement agents and, 48,
51,101n37
Kurgan (region), trafficking cases in, 37, 120,
164
Kursk (region), trafficking cases in, 185
Kyrgyzstan: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 154nl5,185; victims of trafficking
from, 4, 30, 34
Labor Code: definition of forced labor
in, 73—74; violations of, prosecution of
trafficking cases as, 134,135/
labor trafficking, in Russia, 4, 33-43, 205;
compensation to victims of, 200; of
conscripted soldiers and prisoners, 42-43;
consent/agency in, issue of, 138, 141, 192;
forms of subordination in, 36-37; future
trajectory of, 219—20; law enforcement
agents’ involvement in, 50; organization of,
36; public awareness of, 24; recruitment for,
34-35; reporting of, 41-42; types of labor
in, 38-41, 38f, undercover operations in,
160; victims of, 4, 7, 34-35, 36, 205
labor trafficking cases, 33-43; defense
strategies in, 190; informal criteria used
in prosecution of, 140; number of, 25f;
number of victims in, 35—36, 35 f; outcomes
of, 34t, 39,40, 42; sentencing in, 196-98,
198/, 202; statutes used to prosecute, 15,42,
56, 184-86
law enforcement agencies, Russian, 2—3,6,
84—94; absence of human trafficking law
(before 2003) and constraints on, 52-54,
81—82; call for criminalization of human
trafficking, 5, 60; constraints on prosecution
of human trafficking cases by, 2, 5,97-100,
103, 111, 113; corruption in, 6,13,48-51,
86, 89nl6,94,99,119-20, 214; difficulty
researching, 223—30; distrust of, 6, 87, 118,
119; growth in capacity of, 7; hierarchical
subordination in, 12-13,84,94,99, 100,125,
207,213-14; international cooperation on
human trafficking, 7-8,93; mindset and
incentive structure of, need to understand,
212—13; new laws and, 9—11,13,17; NGOs
and, 21,101,116,120-30, 141-42,147,149,
207,213,218; organizational culture of,
12-13, 84,99-100, 207,213-14; organiza-
tional structure of, 12, 84, 97—98,214-15;
performance assessment system used by
(palochnaia sistema), 11-12,13,84,95-97,
100,207,215-17; and policy implementation,
272
INDEX
law enforcement agencies (continued)
18; practice before trafficking law, 54-60;
proactive investigation of human trafficking
cases, 130-32; “race to the bottom” in, 13,
208-9; rivalries among, 98; roles in criminal
justice process, 103-10,104/, Soviet-era
legacies and, 83, 85,90, 99; unified under-
standing of human trafficking, importance
of, 180. See also institutional machinery;
specific agencies
law enforcement agents: behavior of, and state
legitimacy, 18; involvement in trafficking,
48-51,119-20; personal impact of traffick-
ing cases on, 210; risk aversion of, 9,13, 83,
207,211,216; trafficking victims’ fear of,
118-19; types of, 85,88-92
laws, new: barriers to implementation of, 9;
law enforcement agents’ response to, 9-11,
13,17, 164, 174,201,207, 208,211; “nor-
malization” of, 10,136-37. See also human
trafficking laws; specific statutes
Lisichkin, V. A., 53n4
Mamsurov, Taimuraz, 47
marginalized groups, as trafficking victims, 6,
7,14,34-35, 116, 205
Mari El, lnl; research in, 227; trafficking cases
in, 1-2,32-33,49, 164, 165, 187,188, 227
marriage agencies: and human trafficking, 22,
57; tighter regulation of, calls for, 62
media, Russian: advertisements by traffickers in,
23,59,131,210; reports on human traffick-
ing in, 23,24,220; data set based on, 24,225,
231-38; investigations resulting from, 120
medical evidence, 163
Medvedev, Dmitrii, 18n21,89,124
Melnikov, Oleg, 40
men, as victims of labor trafficking, 35, 36
migrants: consent to exploitation, issue of, 138;
extortion from, law enforcement agents and,
102; fear of police, 119; law enforcement
views on, 14,133, 208,210; public sentiment
against, 24,219-20; temporary legal status
for, during trafficking investigation, 150-51;
as trafficking victims, 4,7,24,34-35,116,
205,208,209-10,219
military, slave labor in, 42-43
Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministerstvo vnu-
trennykh del MVD), 2,84, 85-90; continu-
ing education program of, 101; corruption
in, 6,13,48-51, 86,89nl6,94, 99,101-2;
Directorate on Fighting Organized Crime
(UBOP), 62, 89,172; human trafficking laws
and, 62,67n23,100-101; investigative
jurisdiction for human trafficking, 90,93,
166, 215,218; organizational culture of,
99-100; organizational structure of, 87-88,
97, 125; reform efforts in 2000s, 86-87;
relations with FMS, 151; relations with FSB,
39,98, 151; Soviet-era legacies and, 85;
statistical agency of, 224; statistics on
human trafficking cases, 234, 239t
Ministry of Justice, 22,22n3
Ministry of Labor, Department on the Family,
Women, and Children, 22
minors, crimes committed by/against,
investigative jurisdiction over, 92
minors, trafficking in, 25n6; as aggravating
factor, 180,181,191; and civil compensa-
tion, 200; in domestic sex trafficking cases,
27,29, 180,196; in international sex
trafficking cases, 30; prosecution before
2003, 54-56,55f, 59. See also Article 152;
child trafficking
Mizulina, Elena, 52,62-63, 63nl4,64-65,67,
69,219
MEAT. See Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties
Moldova: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 154nl5,170n27; prosecution of
trafficking cases in, 203; victims of
trafficking from, 4,34,132
Mordovia, trafficking cases in, 145-46,185,
187,188
Moscow and Moscow region: child trafficking
in, 44, 45,78; conferences in, 22,122,155,
182; IOM shelter in, 125,126nl2,127-29,
147, 149, 152,213,226; labor trafficking
in, 24, 34,41, 56-57,141,151; MVD con-
tinuing education institute in, 101; NGOs
working on trafficking in, 121,124,125-30,
218,224; research in, 224-26,228,229; sex
trafficking in, 4,29, 31, 132,171-72,196;
tourist firms in, involvement in trafficking,
57-58; as transit stop in trafficking, 32,39,
162; vice squad in, 89
Moskalkova, Tatiana, 54
murder charge, vs. trafficking charge, 192,198
Murmansk (region): shelter in, 121n7;
trafficking cases in, 41,198
Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLAT), 93,
169,170-71
MVD. See Ministry of Internal Affairs
“Natashas,” 3,4n4,20
national security issue, human trafficking
framed as, 22
INDEX
273
Nazarov, Andrei, 80
NGOs: assistance programs for trafficking
victims, 7, 23,155; call for law on human
trafficking, 5, 60; foreign-funded, suspicion
regarding, 21,123,218-19; government
crackdown on, 121,123, 123n8, 207; and
law enforcement, 21, 101, 116,120-30,
141-42, 147, 149,207, 213, 218; shelters run
by, 23, 121, 121n7, 125
Nizhnii Novgorod (city): shelter in, 121n7;
trafficking cases in, 170, 182-83
Nizhnii Tagil, trafficking cases in, 192nl 1
normalization of crimes, 136—37
North Caucasus: child trafficking in, 45—46,
47, 172; slave labor associated with, 21, 51,
66,69,115,220. See also Chechnya; Dages-
tan; Ingushetia; North Ossetia; Stavropol
North Ossetia, trafficking cases in, 42,44,47
Novosibirsk (region), trafficking cases in, 36,
181, 199
Nurgaliev, Rashid, 7nl0
Omsk (region), trafficking cases in, 174
opening, of criminal case, 104/, 107—10;
grounds for declining, 108n50
operative-investigative bureaus (operativno-
rozysknoe biuro), 87
operativniki (operative investigators), 85,88-89;
cooperation with NGOs, 128, 129; disincen-
tives for, 96; evidence gathering by, 145-46,
158-59,160-63, 167; relations with investiga-
tors, 88,98,106, 107, 109, 132,167; role in
criminal justice process, 103,104/, 105-7
Orel (region), trafficking cases in, 35, 39-40,
49,153
Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE), on human trafficking, 4,
22, 25, 142-43, 149
organized crime: international commitment to
combat, 19,212; international convention
on, 60; MVD unit specializing in, 62, 89; and
sex trafficking, 30-31; statute on, prosecu-
tion of trafficking cases under, 186-87
organ trafficking, 25, 251, 168; undercover
operations exposing, 51, 158, 199
Palermo Protocol, 4,60-61; Russia and, 66, 68,
71-72, 165; on victim consent, 138
palochnaia sistema. See performance assess-
ment system
Pamfilova, Ella, 124
Penza (region), trafficking cases in, 56, 115,
210
performance assessment system (palochnaia
sistema)y in Russian law enforcement,
11-12,13, 84, 95-97, 100, 207, 215-17;
attempts to reform, 216; and corruption, 13,
97, 101; impact on prosecution of
trafficking cases, 103, 108, 113, 211-12;
recommendations for improving, 217
Perm (region), trafficking cases in, 36, 46, 149
plea bargains, 109-10, 112, 194
police. See law enforcement; Ministry of
Internal Affairs
politics, and human trafficking, 7—8, 229
Poltavchenko, Georgii, 63
post-traumatic stress disorder, among victims
of trafficking, 147, 148n8
Powell, Colin, 66
precedent: in civil law systems, 77; in common
law systems, 77n38
Presidential Administration, Russian: anticor-
ruption office within, 214; and human traf-
ficking law, 62-63, 64-65, 68, 79, 80, 81
pretrial investigation, 104/ 109, 110
Primorskii (region): law enforcement structure
in, 97; trafficking cases in, 33, 53n3, 57, 188,
191-92, 198. See also Vladivostok
Procuracy (Prokuratura), 2-3, 84, 90-92; anti-
NGO legislation and, 123; relations with
Investigative Committee, 92n24; reorganiza-
tion in 2008, 92,113; role in prosecution
of human trafficking cases, 91, 104/ super-
visory powers of, 88, 90, 91, 104/ 109n53,
111, 216n4
procurators: conservative approach to new
statutes, 201; education of, 99n35; involve-
ment in trafficking, 50; relations with inves-
tigators and operativniki, 96, 98, 108-9,
110-11; role in criminal justice process,
103, 104/ 108, 110, 176-77; specialization
in human trafficking, recommendations for,
217-18. See also courtroom procurator
prostitution, in Russia: after collapse of Soviet
Union, 3,4n4, 20-21, 138; as form of
trafficking, 23, 26, 27; law enforcement’s
response to, 14; police corruption and,
48-50,102; stereotypes about, 58,116, 208,
209-10
prostitution-related statutes: before 2003,
58-60; amendments to, 5, 15, 74-77, 82,
208nl; vs. human trafficking, 133, 183-84;
and sentencing, 179, 196; use in prosecu-
tion of trafficking cases, 58, 82, 109, 133—34,
135/ 178-84, 183/ 187-88, 205, 208,209.
See also Article 240; Article 241
274
INDEX
prostitution rings: domestic, 27-28;
international, 31; law enforcement agents’
participation in, 48—50
protection rackets, law enforcement agents
and, 48-50,51,101,214
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish
Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women
and Children. See Palermo Protocol
psychologists, role in criminal justice process,
127,128
Pushkarev, Sergei, 53n3, 57-58
Putin, Vladimir: consolidation of power by, 87;
and Federal Security Service, 93; and human
trafficking law, 62, 63, 65, 66
rape: NGO work with victims of, 20; police
attitude toward, 139; statutes on, prosecu-
tion of trafficking cases under, 134, 135/
recruitment (verbovka): identification of
human trafficking at stage of, 131-32; of
labor trafficking victims, 34-35; media
advertisements and, 23, 59, 131, 210; of sex
trafficking victims, 26-27, 32, 50, 117, 139,
151; use of term in legal system, 71
recruitment into prostitution charge. See
Article 240
Red Cross (Russian), shelter for trafficking
victims, 121, 150
registration, of criminal cases, 104/ 105—7,
234—35, 239nl; human trafficking, 5, 16, 80,
113, 132, 166, 220, 228,234,239t
registration system (propiska), in Russia, 150,
150nl1
residence permits, for trafficking victims:
absence as barrier to investigation, 149,
150-51; in European countries, 173
risk aversion, of law enforcement agents, 9,13,
83, 207,211,216
Rostov (region): shelter in, 121,129; traffick-
ing cases in, 56, 160, 210
safety, during field research, 228-29
Sakhalin (region), trafficking cases in, 41,189
Samara (region), trafficking cases in, 49,196
Saratov (region); police involvement in pros-
titution ring in, 50; research in, 224, 227;
TraCCC center in, 224,227; trafficking cases
in, 164, 181-82, 227
sentences, categories of, 193-94,194nl5
sentencing, in human trafficking cases, 80, 178,
179f, 193, 202,240h in child trafficking cases,
198-200, 199/ comparative perspective on,
202-3; conditional, 193nl4, 195-96,197,
199,202; in domestic sex trafficking cases,
194-96, 195/ in international sex trafficking
cases, 1,2, 196,197/ in labor trafficking
cases, 196-98, 198/
Sestry (women’s organization), 22
sex trafficking: dissolution of Soviet Union
and, 3, 4n4, 21, 22—23; domestic operations
of, 26-29, 28t, 205; increased awareness
about, 23; international efforts to stem in
Russia, 22-23; international operations of,
1-4,25, 30-33, 30i, 39,197,205; profits
from, 3; recruitment for, 26-27, 32, 50,
58-59, 117,131,139
sex trafficking cases: defense strategies in,
188-90; number in 1990s, 52-53, 52nl;
number in 2000s, 25f, 26; outcomes of,
26i; sentencing in, 194-96,195/ 197/ 202;
statutes used to prosecute, 5,15,26, 56, 58,
75-77, 82, 109, 133, 135/ 167, 169, 178-84,
183/
sex trafficking victims: civil compensation
for, 200; consent/agency of, issue of, 2, 32,
73,137—39, 190; emotional attachment
to traffickers, 117-18; exploitation of, 27,
32-33; fear of police, 119—20; pressure to
accept/continue in prostitution, 1-2, 29, 50;
recruitment of, 23, 26-27, 32, 50, 58, 117,
139, 151; reluctance to give statements, 117
Shelley, Louise, 61,224
shelters, for victims of trafficking, 23,
121, 121n7, 125, 126nl2, 127-29, 147,
149-50, 219, 226; absence of, as barrier
to investigation of trafficking cases, 149,
151-52, 173
SIDA. See Swedish International Development
Agency
slave labor, statute on, 73-74, 731; absence
before 2003, 56—57. See also Article 127.2
sledovateli. See investigators
Sledstvennyi komitet (SK). See Investigative
Committee
soldiers: labor trafficking of, 42-43; prisoners
in Caucasus, 66, 69
Soviet Union: dissolution of, women in
aftermath of, 3,4n4, 20—21; law
enforcement legacies of, 83,85, 90, 99
Spain: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 171; trafficking of Russian women
to, 1,30,33, 131,170, 181
statistics, law enforcement: falsification of,
97, 97n31; on human trafficking cases,
INDEX
275
239f-240t See also performance assessment
system
Stavropol (region): research in, 224, 225;
trafficking cases in, 44, 45
stereotypes, about victims of trafficking, 7, 10,
14-15,23, 116, 136-41, 143, 156-57, 186,
190,201,208,209-10
St. Petersburg: IOM hotline in, 129nl8; shelter
for trafficking victims in, 121, 121n7,150,
219; trafficking cases in, 4, 59, 181—82, 196
Strykanov, Dmitrii, 31, 50
Supreme Arbitrazh Court (Russia), 77, 77n39
Supreme Court (Russia), 77, 77n39, 78; and
guidance on trafficking law, absence of, 167
Sverdlovsk (region), trafficking cases in, 70n30,
192nll
Swedish International Development Agency
(SIDA), 23n4
Tajikistan: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 170n27; victims of trafficking from,
4, 30, 34, 50
Tan kova, Yaroslava, 23
Tatar Republic. See Kazan
Taylor, Brian, 98, 99, 101n37
terrorism: consolidation of power in response
to, 87nl 1; human trafficking as funding
source for, 7, 7nl0
testimony. See victim testimony
Thailand, trafficking of Russian women to, 59
Tiumen (region), trafficking cases in, 188
Tiurukanova, Elena, 4, 35, 53
tourist agencies: involvement in trafficking,
57-58, 165; tighter regulation of, calls for, 62
traffickers: sex trafficking victims5 emotional
attachment to, 117—18; women as, 27—28,
32,44,45, 170
transactions. See buying/selling (kuplia-
prodazha)
Transnational Crime and Corruption Center
(TraCCC), 125, 224, 228
Transnational Organized Crime (TOC)
convention, 4, 60, 66, 149. See also
Palermo Protocol
trash dumps, slave labor in, 40-41
Tretii otdel (Third Division of Operative-
Investigative Bureau no. 2), 87
trials, human trafficking, 104/, 111-12,
186-93; acquittals in, 191-92; charging
questions in, 186-89; outcomes of, 193-202;
procedural questions in, 189; witness
credibility in, questioning of, 189-93
Tula (region), trafficking cases in, 171
Turkey, trafficking of Russian women to, 30,
117-18,171
Tveritnikov, Sergei, 129
UBOP (Upravlenie po bor be s organizovannoi
prestupnost’iu), 62, 89,172
Udmurtia, trafficking cases in, 187, 209
Ukraine: legal cooperation agreement with
Russia, 170n27; prosecution of trafficking
cases in, 203; victims of trafficking from, 30,
34,41, 140
Ulyanovsk (region): attempted bribery in, 49;
trafficking cases in, 29,44,47,196
undercover operations, 29, 51, 158-59, 160,
199,210
United Arab Emirates: legal cooperation
agreement with Russia, 170; trafficking of
Russian women to, 30, 31, 59
United Nations: definition of human
trafficking, 3; Transnational Organized
Crime (TOC) convention, 4, 60, 66, 149.
See also Palermo Protocol
United States: funding for anti-trafficking
activities in Russia, 23n4, 62, 63; human
trafficking law in, 4, 61-62; identification
of trafficking cases in, 142,143; pressure
on Russia to pass trafficking law, 60, 61, 62,
65; prosecution of trafficking cases in, 173,
202, 203; ranking of countries on efforts
to combat human trafficking, 4, 60, 61—62,
220,229; Russian children adopted in, 43;
trafficking of Russian women in, 22
US Agency for International Development
(USAID), 123, 224, 225
Uzbekistan: prosecution of trafficking cases
in, 170,170n27; victims of child trafficking
from, 46-47; victims of labor trafficking
from, 4, 34, 39-40, 49, 50; victims of sex
trafficking from, 30, 33,132,190
Verzhbitskaya, Liudmila, 46, 78—79
victim assistance organizations: relations with
law enforcement agents, 121—25, 128-30,
207,218; in Russia, 120-30, 141-42; in U.S.,
142; and witness protection program, 154.
See also NGOs
victims of trafficking: ability to escape, issue
of, 139-41, 191, 192-93; blaming of, 23,
118,137-39, 210; civil compensation for,
155, 200-201, 219; consent/agency of, 32,
72-73,137-39, 141, 157, 190, 192; escapes
276
INDEX
victims of trafficking (continued)
by, 29,41; estimates of number of, 3, 22; fear
of police, 118—20; as information source for
law enforcement, 116-20; labor trafficking,
4, 7, 34—35, 36,205; legal representation for,
155- 56; migrants as, 4, 7,24, 34-35, 116,
205,208, 209—10, 219; payment received by,
issue of, 139; post-traumatic stress disorder
among, 147, 148n8; prosecution of, 134;
questioning by police, 127-28, 152; recruit-
ment of, 26-27,32, 34-35, 50, 117,139;
reluctance to give statements, 117,118,157;
residence permits for, absence as barrier to
criminal investigation, 149,150-51, 173;
self-identification as, 116-17,138; shame
and embarrassment of, 117; shelters for,
23, 121, 121n7, 125,127-29, 147, 149-50;
shelters for, absence as barrier to criminal
investigation, 149,151—52, 173; stereotypes
regarding, 7, 10, 14-15,23, 116, 136-41, 143,
156- 57, 186, 190,201, 208,209-10. See also
sex trafficking victims; victim testimony
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Prevention
Act (TVPA), U.S., 61-62
Victims’ Rights Law (Russia), 148n5, 154nl4,
155,219
victim testimony: audio/video recordings of,
126, 126nl3, 148; challenges in obtaining,
147-49, 152, 172—73; concerns about
reliability of, 156-57,160; examination
during trial, 138, 189-93; incentives for,
153—56; resistance to providing, 117,118, 157
video recordings: of transactions in trafficking
operations, 157—60; of victim testimonies,
126,126nl3, 148
Vietnam, victims of trafficking from, 4, 34,41
violence: as aggravating factor, 68i, 73f, 75f,
76—77, 76h in labor trafficking, 36—37,39,
41; in sex trafficking, 29, 36, 58-59,205.
See also domestic violence
Vladimir (region), trafficking cases in, 59, 210
Vladivostok: law enforcement structure in, 97;
research in, 225, 227, 228; shelter in, 121,
129; TraCCC center in, 125, 224, 228;
trafficking cases in, 33, 41, 132, 167, 188,
190, 191-92, 198
Volgograd (region), trafficking cases in,
37,185
Volkov, Vadim, 216
Voronezh (region), trafficking cases in, 172
whistleblowing, lack of protection for, 100,
100n36
wiretaps, use of, 161—62
witnesses, in human trafficking cases, 154,
162—63; questioning credibility of, 189-93.
See also victim testimony
witness protection program, 149, 153—55;
legislation establishing, 67
women, Russian: after collapse of Soviet
Union, 3,4n4, 20-21; in law enforcement,
84nl; traffickers, 27-28, 32,44,45, 170; as
victims of domestic or sexual violence, 118;
as victims of labor trafficking, 36. See also
sex trafficking victims
Yoshkar Ola, Ini; trafficking cases in, 1—2,
33, 227
Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 53n4, 79n41
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | McCarthy, Lauren A. 1979- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)110073399X |
| author_facet | McCarthy, Lauren A. 1979- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | McCarthy, Lauren A. 1979- |
| author_variant | l a m la lam |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV044194801 |
| callnumber-first | H - Social Science |
| callnumber-label | HD4875 |
| callnumber-raw | HD4875.R9 |
| callnumber-search | HD4875.R9 |
| callnumber-sort | HD 44875 R9 |
| callnumber-subject | HD - Industries, Land Use, Labor |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)992455016 (DE-599)BVBBV044194801 |
| dewey-full | 364.15 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 364 - Criminology |
| dewey-raw | 364.15 |
| dewey-search | 364.15 |
| dewey-sort | 3364.15 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| era | Geschichte 2003-2013 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 2003-2013 |
| format | Book |
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| spelling | McCarthy, Lauren A. 1979- (DE-588)110073399X aut Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom Lauren A. McCarthy Ithaca Cornell University Press 2015 xxv, 276 Seiten Diagramme txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Based on author's thesis (doctoral - University of Wisconsin...Madison, 2011) issued under title: Trafficking (in)justice : law enforcement's response to human trafficking in Russia. - Includes bibliographical references (pages 245-266) and index Geschichte 2003-2013 gnd rswk-swf Recht Human trafficking Russia (Federation) Law enforcement Russia (Federation) Human trafficking Law and legislation Russia (Federation) Criminal provisions Strafverfolgung (DE-588)4057803-3 gnd rswk-swf Menschenhandel (DE-588)4125897-6 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Menschenhandel (DE-588)4125897-6 s Strafverfolgung (DE-588)4057803-3 s Geschichte 2003-2013 z DE-604 LoC Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029601466&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029601466&sequence=000005&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Literaturverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029601466&sequence=000006&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Register // Gemischte Register |
| spellingShingle | McCarthy, Lauren A. 1979- Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom Recht Human trafficking Russia (Federation) Law enforcement Russia (Federation) Human trafficking Law and legislation Russia (Federation) Criminal provisions Strafverfolgung (DE-588)4057803-3 gnd Menschenhandel (DE-588)4125897-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4057803-3 (DE-588)4125897-6 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom |
| title_auth | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom |
| title_exact_search | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom |
| title_full | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom Lauren A. McCarthy |
| title_fullStr | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom Lauren A. McCarthy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trafficking justice how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom Lauren A. McCarthy |
| title_short | Trafficking justice |
| title_sort | trafficking justice how russian police enforce new laws from crime to courtroom |
| title_sub | how Russian police enforce new laws, from crime to courtroom |
| topic | Recht Human trafficking Russia (Federation) Law enforcement Russia (Federation) Human trafficking Law and legislation Russia (Federation) Criminal provisions Strafverfolgung (DE-588)4057803-3 gnd Menschenhandel (DE-588)4125897-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Recht Human trafficking Russia (Federation) Law enforcement Russia (Federation) Human trafficking Law and legislation Russia (Federation) Criminal provisions Strafverfolgung Menschenhandel Russland Hochschulschrift |
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