Holdings: A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco)

A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco):

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Mourigh, Khalid (Author)
Format:	Thesis Book
Language:	English
Published:	Köln Rüdiger Köppe Verlag [2016]
Series:	Berber Studies Volume 45
Subjects:	Ghomara Grammatik Fachhochschul-/Hochschulausbildung Orientalisten / Berberologen, Afrikanisten, Linguisten Arabisch Bedrohte Sprachen Berbersprachen Marokko Sprachkontakt Hochschulschrift
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	xviii, 443 Seiten
ISBN:	9783896459459 3896459457

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adam_text	CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV GLOSSES AND ABBREVIATIONS XVII INTRODUCTION 1 BERBER IN M OROCCO................................................................................................. 1 PREVIOUS STUDIES .................................................................................................... 1 GENERAL D A T A ......................................................................................................... 2 FIELDWORK AND SOCIOLINGUISTICS ............................................................................. 2 DIALECTAL DIFFERENCES.............................................................................................. 3 ARABIC IN FLU EN CE.................................................................................................... 3 CODE-SWITCHING OR BORROWING? ............................................................................. 5 IS GHOMARA BERBER A MIXED LANGUAGE?.................................................................. 7 THE PRESENT G RA M M A R........................................................................................... 8 I PHONOLOGY 9 1 CONSONANTS 11 1.1 LABIAL AND LABIODENTAL CON SO N AN TS ......................................................... 13 1.2 INTERDENTAL AND ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS ...................................................... 16 1.3 POST-ALVEOLAR CONSONANTS.......................................................................... 22 1.4 LATERAL AND RHOTIC CONSONANTS..................................................................25 1.5 VELAR CONSONANTS ..................................................................................... 26 1.6 SEMI-VOWELS.............................................................................................. 31 1.7 BACK-VELAR AND UVULAR CONSONANTS............................................................ 32 1.8 PHARYNGEAL AND LARYNGEAL CONSONANTS ...................................................... 33 1.9 STATUS OF GEMINATE CONSONANTS..................................................................34 1.10 SUMMARY OF STOPS - FRICATIV ES..................................................................35 1.11 SPREAD OF PHARYNGEALISATION .................................................................... 35 2 VOWELS 37 2.1 VOCALIC SYSTEM ........................................................................................ 37 2.2 D IPHTHONGS........................................................................................... 40 2.3 MID CENTRAL UNROUNDED VOWEL E [A] (SCHW A)...........................................40 2.3.1 PHONETIC REALISATION ....................................................................... 40 2.3.2 PHONEMIC STATUS.............................................................................41 3 ASSIMILATIONS 45 3.1 REGRESSIVE VOICE ASSIM ILATION..................................................................45 3.2 ASSIMILATION TO PHARYNGEALISED CONSONANTS..............................................46 3.3 ASSIMILATION OF N AND 1 ............................................................................. 47 3.4 LONG DISTANCE ASSIMILATION AND M ETATHESIS..............................................48 3.5 VOICING OF FIRST PERSON SINGULAR SUFFIX -A X ................................................ 48 3.6 THE ARABIC ARTICLE 1- ................................................................................49 3.7 DROPPING OF FINAL CONSONANTS ................................................................. 50 3.8 VOCALIC SANDHI........................................................................................... 50 4 LABIALISATION 53 4.1 REALISATION OF LABIALISATION ....................................................................... 53 4.2 ANALYSIS OF LABIALISATION.......................................................................... 54 II MORPHOLOGY 57 1 THE BERBER-INFLECTION NOUN 59 1.1 THE CATEGORIES EXPRESSED IN THE BERBER-INFLECTION N O U N ..........................59 1.1.1 GENDER.............................................................................................. 59 1.1.2 N U M B E R........................................................................................... 61 1.1.2.1 SINGULARIATANTUM...................................................................62 1.1.2.2 PLURALIATANTUM ......................................................................62 1.1.3 S TA TE ................................................................................................. 62 1.2 THE P RE FIX ................................................................................................. 63 1.2.1 THE VOYELLE CONSTANTE ....................................................................... 63 1.2.2 MASCULINE SIN G U LA R .......................................................................... 64 1.2.3 MASCULINE P L U R A L ............................................................................. 66 1.2.4 FEMININE SINGULAR............................................................................. 66 1.2.5 FEMININE P LU RA L................................................................................67 1.3 THE BASE AND THE SUFFIX............................................................................. 67 1.3.1 THE SUFFIX -T * T FEMININE SINGULAR ..............................................68 1.3.2 THE SUFFIX -ET * T FEMININE SINGULAR ..............................................69 1.3.3 THE SUFFIX -EN MASCULINE PLURAL ...................................................... 69 1.3.4 THE SUFFIX -AN MASCULINE OR FEMININE PLURAL .................................. 70 1.3.5 CHANGE WITHOUT BASE EXTENSIO N ...................................................... 73 1.4 APOPHONIC PLURALS ...................................................................................74 1.5 DIFFERENT MASCULINE AND FEMININE PLURALS.................................................78 1.6 IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMATIONS ....................................................................... 78 1.7 COMPOUNDS.............................................................................................. 79 2 THE ARABIC-INFLECTION NOUN 81 2.1 DEFINITENESS.............................................................................................. 81 2.2 GENDER.......................................................................................................81 2.3 N U M B E R....................................................................................................83 2.3.1 THE D U A L........................................................................................... 83 2.3.2 SINGULARIA TANTRNN............................................................................. 83 2.3.3 PLURALIA TA N TU M ................................................................................ 84 2.3.4 THE EXTERNAL P LU RA L .......................................................................... 84 2.3.4.1 THE PLURAL SUFFIX -A T...............................................................86 2.5.4.2 -S - - IS ...................................................................................87 2.3.5 THE INTERNAL P LU R A L .......................................................................... 89 2.3.5.1 CCACC......................................................................................89 2.3.5.1.1 M- DERIVED N O U N S ...................................................... 89 2.3.5.2 C W A C C ...................................................................................90 2.3.5.S CCAYC.............................................................................. .. . 91 2.3.S.4 CCVC / CCVCV SCHEMES............................................................. 91 2.3.5.4.1 CCAC .......................................................................... 91 2.3.5.4.2 CCUC .......................................................................... 92 2.3.5.4.S C C C ............................................................................92 2.3.5.4.4 CCACA..........................................................................93 2.3.5.4.5 C C A C I.......................................................................... 93 2.3.5.4.6 CCUCA..........................................................................93 2.3.5.S THE SUFFIX T Y P E ..................................................................... 94 2.3.5.5.1 C IC A N .......................................................................... 94 2.3.5.5.2 C U CCAN ....................................................................... 94 2.3.5.5.3 CUCYAN....................................................................... 94 2.3.5.5.4 C IC C A N ....................................................................... 94 2.3.5.OE EXCEPTIONAL TY P ES .................................................................. 95 2.3.5.6.1 C C I .............................................................................95 2.5.5.6.2 CUCAC..........................................................................95 2.3.5.6.3 CUCAC......................................................................... 95 2.3.5.6.4 C U C A ......................................................................... 95 2.3.5.6.5 CUCCA.......................................................................... 95 2.3.5.6.6 C U C A .......................................................................... 95 2.3.5.6.7 CCACC.......................................................................... 96 2.3.S.7 BORROWINGS FROM STANDARD ARABIC.......................................... 96 2.3.5.7.1 ? A C C A C ....................................................................... 96 2.3.5.7.2 C U C A C A ....................................................................... 96 2.3.5 7.3 CA C A C A ...................................................................... 96 2.3.5.7.4 CACA?IC....................................................................... 97 2.3.5.7.5 CUCUC ~ CUCAC............................................................97 2.3.5.7.6 CACACIC....................................................................... 97 2.3.5.7.7 ?ACCICA....................................................................... 97 2.3.5.7.S CUCAC......................................................................... 97 2.3.6 SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 97 3 SIZE DERIVATION 99 3.1 THE DIMINUTIVE: FUNCTION.......................................................................... 99 3.2 THE DIMINUTIVE: M ORPHOLOGY................................................................ 102 3.2.1 QUADRILITERAL B A S E S .........................................................................102 3.2.1.1 CCICC / C C IC C A .......................................................................103 3.2.2 TRILATERAL B A S E S .............................................................................. 104 3.2.2.1 CCYYC / C C I C A ......................................................................104 5.2.2.2 CCICV .................................................................................... 105 5.2.2.3 CCIWC / C C IW C A ...................................................................105 5.2.2.4 CWICC.................................................................................... 105 3.3 THE DIMINUTIVE P L U R A L ........................................................................... 106 3.3.1 ARABIC-INFLECTION P LU RA LS ................................................................ 106 3.3.2 BERBER-INFLECTIONAL P LU RA LS ............................................................. 107 3.3.2.1 MASCULINE PLURALS................................................................ 107 5.3.2.2 FEMININE P LU RA LS ................................................................ 107 3.4 MIXED BERBER AND ARABIC FO RM S ............................................................. 108 3.5 AUGMENTATIVE..........................................................................................108 3.5.1 BERBER-INFLECTION NOUNS...................................................................109 3.5.2 ARABIC-INFLECTION NOUNS................................................................... 110 4 INTERACTION OF ARABIC AND BERBER SYSTEMS 113 4.1 COLLECTIVE AND UNITY NOUNS......................................................................113 4.2 BERBER SINGULAR * ARABIC PLURAL ............................................................. 115 4.3 DEADJECTIVAL N O U N S ................................................................................. 117 4.4 NISBA TYPE AND TRIBAL AFFILIATION ............................................................. 117 4.5 PRE-NOMINAL ELEMENTS BU-, SHAB, M U L .....................................................118 5 NON-AFFIX NOUNS 121 6 THE VERBAL NOUN 123 6.1 NON-DERIVED N O RM S................................................................................. 123 6.2 DERIVED NOUNS..........................................................................................124 6.3 BERBER VERBAL N O U N S .............................................................................. 125 7 THE VERB 127 7.1 THE BERBER-INFLECTION V E RB ...................................................................... 128 7.2 THE VERBAL AFFIXES.................................................................................... 129 7.3 THE IMPERATIVE AND INJUNCTIVE AFFIXES.....................................................129 7.4 THE RELATIVE FO RM .................................................................................... 130 7.5 THE ASPECTUAL STEMS .............................................................................. 131 7.5.1 THE A ORIST.......................................................................................131 7.5.2 THE PERFECTIVE................................................................................. 132 7.5.2.1 ADDITION OF THE VOWEL A IN THE PERFECTIVE ......................... 133 7.5.2.1.1 CC V E R B S ................................................................... 133 7.5.2.1.2 (W)C VERBS ................................................................ 134 7.5.2.1.3 CU V E R B S ................................................................... 135 7.5.2.1.4 CI V E RB .......................................................................135 7.5.2.2 INITIAL VOWEL C H A N G E .......................................................... 135 7.5.2.S MEDIAL VOWEL CHANGE ........................................................... 136 7.5.2.4 FINAL VOWEL CHANGE ............................................................. 139 7.5.2.5 EXCEPTIONAL CASES................................................................ 141 7.5.2.6 DEFECTIVE V E RB S ................................................................... 141 7.5.3 THE IM PERFECTIVE............................................................................142 7.5.3.1 G EM INATION.........................................................................143 7.5.3.1.1 CCC VERBS WITH GEMINATION OF THE FIRST CONSONANT AND VOWEL INSERTION ............................................... 143 7.5.3.1.2 VERBS WITH GEMINATION OF THE SECOND CONSONANT . . 145 7.5.5.2 TT * T IMPERFECTIVES ............................................................. 146 7.5.3.2.1 VERBS WITH INITIAL V O W E L ......................................... 146 7.5.3.2.2 OTHER VERBS WHICH TAKE TT * T .................................150 7.5.3.S PREFIX TT ~ T, GEMINATION AND SUBSTITUTION OF A LABIAL CON SONANT .................................................................................... 151 7.5.4 IRREGULAR VERBS .............................................................................. 152 7.5.4.1 IRREGULAR VOWELS ................................................................. 152 7.5.4.1.1 INSERTION OF A ...........................................................152 7.5.4.1.2 INSERTION OF I OR Y .....................................................153 7.5.4.1.3 IRREGULAR CONSONANTS ............................................... 153 7.5.4.1.4 IRREGULAR CONSONANTS AND VOWELS .............................. 153 7.5.4.1.5 O TH E R.........................................................................154 7.5.5 SUPPLETION.......................................................................................154 7.6 THE SS CAUSATIVE DERIVATION ....................................................................154 7.6.1 SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE PREFIX AND THE B A S E .................................155 7.6.2 PERFECTIVE FORM ATIO N ......................................................................155 7.6.2.1 ADDITION OF A BEFORE A S U FFIX ................................................. 156 7.6.2.2 VOWEL CHANGE U A .......................................................... 156 7.6.2.Z VOWEL CHANGE I A .......................................................... 158 7.6.2.4 LABIALISATION ......................................................................159 7.6.2.5 AORIST = PERFECTIVE............................................................. 159 7.6.3 IMPERFECTIVE FORMATION...................................................................160 7.6.3.1 INSERTION OF A .....................................................................160 7.6.5.2 INSERTION OF U ......................................................................162 7.6.3.5 INSERTION OF I ......................................................................162 7.6.5.4 NO CHANGE ........................................................................... 163 8 THE ARABLE-INFLECTION VERB 165 8.1 VERBAL AFFIXES..........................................................................................165 8.2 VERB TY PES............................................................................................... 167 8.2.1 VERB TYPES WITH VOWEL CHANGE ....................................................... 167 8.2.1.1 CC ~ CVC (GEMINATED VERBS).............................................. 167 8.3 DERIVED V E RB S ..........................................................................................170 8.3.1 TT * T DERIVED VERBS.........................................................................171 8.3.2 N-DERIVED VERBS (STEM V II) ............................................................. 173 8.3.3 OTHER DERIVATIONS ........................................................................... 173 9 THE ADJECTIVE 175 9.1 THE RELATIVE FO RM ....................................................................................178 9.2 ARABIC ADJECTIVES.................................................................................... 179 9.2.1 MAJOR TY P E S ....................................................................................179 9.2.1.1 CCIC / CCIC-A / CCIC-IN ......................................................... 179 9.2.1.2 CCC / CCC-A / C U C C ................................................................ 179 9.2.1.3 CCC / CCC-A / C I C C ................................................................ 180 9.2.2 EXCEPTIONAL TY P E S ........................................................................... 180 9.2.2.1 ECU / CCUW-A / CCUW-IN ....................................................... 180 9.2.2.2 CCI / CCIYY-A / CCIYY-IN ....................................................... 180 9.2.2.5 CC / CC-A / C C -IN ................................................................ 180 9.2.2.4 CACIC / CACIC-A / CACIC-IN.....................................................181 9.2.2.5 NISBA ADJECTIVES...................................................................181 9.2.3 SPANISH-TYPE ADJECTIVES................................................................... 181 9.2.4 DIMINUTIVES OF ADJECTIVES ............................................................. 181 9.2.5 THE ELEMENT OTHER .........................................................................182 10 PARTICIPLES 185 10.1 PASSIVE PARTICIPLES .................................................................................. 185 10.1.1 NON-DERIVED PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.....................................................185 10.1.1.1 M C C U C ................................................................................. 185 10.1.1.2 M C C I.................................................................................... 186 10.1.2 PARTICIPLES OF DERIVED FO R M S .......................................................... 187 10.1.2.1 MCCC (STEM II) ...................................................................187 10.1.2.2 MCCI (STEM II DEFECTIVE).....................................................187 10.1.2.3 MCACC (STEM III)...................................................................188 10.1.2.4 MCACI (STEM III DEFECTIV E)..................................................188 10.1.2.5 MCAWC (STEM III HOLLOW ).....................................................188 10.1.2.6 MTCCC (STEM V ) ...................................................................188 10.1.2.7 MTCACC (STEM V I ) ................................................................ 188 10.1.2.8 MCTCC * MCTACC (STEM V III) ............................................... 189 10.1.2.9 MCTAWC (STEM VIII HOLLOW)..................................................189 10.1.2.10 MSTCCC (STEM X )...................................................................189 10.1.3 QUADRILITERAL V E R B S ........................................................................ 189 10.1.3.1 M C C C C ................................................................................. 189 10.1.4 IRREGULAR PARTICIPLES.........................................................................190 10.2 THE ACTIVE P ARTICIPLE............................................................................... 190 10.2.1 CACC ............................................................................................... 191 10.2.2 CACI (DEFECTIVE VERBS) ...................................................................191 10.2.3 C C C -A N ............................................................................................ 192 10.2.4 C C A C ............................................................................................... 192 11 PRONOUNS 193 11.1 INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS........................................................................... 193 11.2 CLITIC PRO N O U N S.......................................................................................193 11.2.1 DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS...................................................................194 11.2.1.1 POSTVERBAL DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS ...................................... 194 11.2.1.2 PREVERBAL DIRECT OBJECT P RO N O U N S.......................................196 11.2.2 INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS...............................................................198 11.3 PREPOSITIONAL SUFFIXES............................................................................. 199 11.4 ADNOMINAL SUFFIXES................................................................................. 200 11.5 BORROWED PRONOUNS.................................................................................200 11.5.1 OTHER ELEMENTS THAT TAKE SUFFIX PRONOUNS............ .......................... 202 11.5.2 SUFFIX PRONOUNS -AHU, -AHI, -AHEM A H U M .....................................203 11.6 RECIPROCAL AND REFLEXIVE P RO N O U N S ....................................................... 203 11.7 POSTNOMINAL DEICTIC CLITIC S......................................................................204 11.8 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ........................................................................ 204 11.9 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.......................................................................... .. . 206 12 NUMERALS 209 12.1 CARDINAL NUMBERS....................................................................................209 12.1.1 THE NUMERAL ONE* ........................................................................... 211 12.1.2 NOUNS WITH SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY.....................................................212 12.1.3 MONEY U N ITS ....................................................................................213 12.1.4 TIME RE FE RE N C E .............................................................................. 214 12.2 ORDINAL N U M B E RS....................................................................................214 12.3 COLLECTIVE NUMERALS.................................................................................214 13 PREPOSITIONS 217 13.1 TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS.............................................................................. 217 13.1.1 SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................ 217 13.1.2 SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS WITHOUT PRONOMINAL F O R M S ........................... 218 13.1.3 PREPOSITIONAL COM PLEXES................................................................ 218 13.1.4 ARABIC PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................ 219 13.2 SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS................................................................................. 219 13.2.1 COMITATIVE PREPOSITION I ~ ID AT / WITH ........................................219 13.2.2 INSTRUMENTAL PREPOSITION S WITH ..................................................219 13.2.3 ALLATIVE PREPOSITION DAR ~ DA TO ..................................................220 13.2.4 PREPOSITION DAY ~ DAYER CHEZ .....................................................221 13.2.5 LOCATIVE PREPOSITION G / GA- IN .....................................................221 13.2.6 ABLATIVE PREPOSITION ZEG / ZGA- FROM ............................................ 222 13.2.7 LOCATIVE PREPOSITION X ~ ~ XF ~ F / XF- ~ FX- ON ........................ 222 13.2.8 GENITIVE PREPOSITION N O F ............................................................. 223 13.2.9 POSSESSIVE / LOCATIVE PREPOSITION YER ~ Y / YER- AT* ..................... 223 13.2.10 PREPOSITION ZDU UNDER ................................................................... 224 13.2.11 PREPOSITION SEIMIG ABOVE ............................................................. 224 13.3 SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS WITHOUT PRONOMINAL F O R M S ....................................225 13.3.1 DATIVE PREPOSITION I ~ ID TO / FOR ..................................................225 13.3.2 PREPOSITION AM LIKE, THE SAME AS ..................................................226 13.3.3 PREPOSITION HETTAR UNTIL ................................................................ 226 13.3.4 PREPOSITION BLA WITHOUT ................................................................ 226 13.3.5 PREPOSITION QBEL BEFORE (TEMPORAL) ............................................... 227 13.4 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEXES.........................................................................227 13.4.1 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX GUM N IN FRONT OF / BESIDE ........................ 227 13.4.2 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX AF N ~ AFEL ON TOP OF .............................. 228 13.4.3 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX AMMAS N IN THE MIDDLE O F ........................ 228 13.4.4 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX AGWEMMAT (N) / I OPPOSITE SIDE ................ 229 13.4.5 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX I TTERF N SIDE OF, BESIDE .............................. 229 13.4.6 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX NEST N AS BIG AS / AS OLD AS ..................... 229 13.4.7 PREPOSITIONAL COMPLEX FSI N ~ SFI N / FSIR- BEHIND ........................ 230 13.5 ARABIC PREPOSITIONS...................................................... 230 14 ADVERBS 233 III SYNTAX 237 1 THE NOUN PHRASE 239 1.1 THE NOUN ............................................................................................... 239 1.1.1 THE ARTICLE.......................................................................................241 1.1.2 GENITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS................................................................... 243 1.2 ADJECTIVES............................................................................................... 244 1.2.1 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES .....................................................245 1.3 INDEPENDENT AND DEMONSTRATIVE P RONO U N S ............................................ 246 1.4 NUMERALS ............................................................................................... 246 1.4.1 THE DISTRIBUTIVE .............................................................................. 247 2 NON-VERBAL PREDICATES 249 2.1 THE NOMINAL PREDICATE............................................................................249 2.2 THE ADJECTIVAL P RED ICATE.........................................................................250 2.3 THE PREPOSITIONAL P RE D IC ATE ................................................................... 250 2.4 THE ADVERBIAL P RE D IC A TE .........................................................................252 2.5 THE EXISTENTIAL PREDICATE.........................................................................252 2.6 THE PRONOUNS HAW / HAY / H A M ............................................................. 253 2.7 EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESERVATIVE HA AND EEND- LOOK OUT ........................... 254 2.8 NEGATION OF NON-VERBAL PREDICATES .......................................................... 254 2.8.1 THE NOMINAL P REDICATE ................................................................... 254 2.8.2 THE ADJECTIVAL P RE D IC A TE .................................................................255 2.8.3 THE PREPOSITIONAL P RE D IC A TE ...........................................................255 2.8.4 THE ADVERBIAL P RE D IC A TE .................................................................257 2.8.5 THE EXISTENTIAL PREDICATE.................................................................257 3 THE VERBAL PREDICATE 259 3.1 THE VERB AND ITS ARG U M EN TS...................................................................259 3.1.1 CORE ARGUM ENTS.............................................................................. 259 3.1.1.1 SUBJECT..................................................................................259 3.1.1.2 DIRECT OBJECT ...................................................................... 262 3.1.2 OBLIQUES ......................................................................................... 263 3.1.2.1 INDIRECT OBJECT ...................................................................... 263 3.1.2.2 PREPOSITIONAL ARGUMENT ..................................................... 265 3.1.2.3 SECONDARY PREDICATES........................................................... 266 3.2 VERBAL VALENCY AND DERIVATION................................................................. 269 3.2.1 VALENCY INCREASING OPERATIONS ....................................................... 270 3.2.1.1 SS ~ S PREFIX......................................................................... 270 3.2.1.2 CCC CAUSATIVE......................................................................270 3.2.2 VALENCY DECREASING OPERATION - THE PASSIVE ................................... 272 3.2.3 LABILE V E RB S ....................................................................................273 3.3 CLITIC POSITION..........................................................................................274 3.3.1 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS .......................................................... 275 3.3.2 RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS...................................................................276 3.3.3 PREVERBAL ELEM ENTS ........................................................................ 276 3.3.4 COMBINATION OF THE C LITIC S ............................................................. 277 3.3.5 THE DEICTIC D / ID HITHER ................................................................278 3.3.5.1 POSTVERBAL POSITION............................................................. 279 5.3.5.2 PREVERBAL POSITION ............................................................. 281 3.4 VERBAL NEGATION.......................................................................................281 4 COORDINATIVE AND SUBORDIN ATE CONJUNCTIONS 287 4.1 C OORDINATION..........................................................................................287 4.1.1 CONJUNCTIVE COORDINATORS................................................................288 4.1.1.1 NOMINAL / PREPOSITIONAL COORDINATOR I * I D ...................... 288 4.1.1.2 CLAUSAL COORDINATOR U ........................................................... 289 4.1.2 DISJUNCTIVE COORDINATION................................................................289 4.1.3 ADVERSATIVE COORDINATION................................................................ 290 4.1.4 CAUSAL COORDINATION LIYANNA, ELAHEQQ, ELAQIBAL, ELAXATER BECAUSE 291 4.2 SUBORDINATION..........................................................................................292 4.2.1 AMK A WHEN ................................................................................. 293 4.2.2 NYA ~ YYA WHEN ........................................................................... 294 4.2.3 HYPOTHETICAL MKI I F ......................................................................295 4.2.4 COUNTERFACTUAL KA I F ......................................................................296 4.2.5 QEBL A BEFORE ................................................................................. 297 4.2.6 HETTA UNTIL .................................................................................... 298 4.2.7 ZEGYA SINCE, FROM THE TIME .......................................................... 298 4.2.8 WAXXA EVEN THOUGH ......................................................................298 4.2.9 HAS SO THAT .................................................................................... 299 4.2.10 CONSTRUCTIONS WITH M A ....................................................................299 4.3 COMPLEMENTISERS ILIA AND BILLA ................................................................. 300 5 RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 301 5.1 SUBJECT RELATIVES ....................................................................................302 5.2 DIRECT OBJECT RE LA TIV E S ........................................................................... 304 5.3 INDIRECT OBJECT RE LA TIV E S .........................................................................305 5.4 BENEFACTIVE / MALEFACTIVE AND GENITIVE RELATIVES....................................306 5.5 PREPOSITIONAL RELATIV ES ........................................................................... 307 5.6 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS FUNCTIONING AS HEADS...............................................308 5.7 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND THE RELATIVISER A ...................................... 309 5.8 THE ELEMENT A AS HEAD .........................................................................310 5.9 THE NON-REAL ALLOMORPH A R ......................................................................311 5.10 NEGATION OF RELATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS .......................................................... 311 5.11 ADJOINED RELATIVE CLAUSES.........................................................................313 6 INTERROGATIVES 315 6.1 YES-NO QUESTIONS....................................................................................315 6.2 CONTENT QUESTIONS....................................................................................316 6.2.1 SENNI ~ SENNU ~ SNU / SU - MA / SN- + PRONOUN WHAT ................ 317 6.2.2 SKU(N) (+ PRONOUN) / SK WHO .....................................................319 6.2.3 SHAL HOW MUCH/MANY ...................................................................319 6.2.4 LEYYAS ~ LEYYA WHY ......................................................................320 6.2.5 AMMEK / AMK HOW ......................................................................320 6.2.6 FAYWEX * FAX WHEN ......................................................................321 6.2.7 ANA WHERE ....................................................................................321 6.2.8 SMANA WHENCE .............................................................................. 322 6.2.9 LAYN WHITHER ................................................................................. 322 6.2.10 THE USE OF KIFAS ~ KIF ~ K IHOW COME ......................................... 322 6.3 FREE RELATIVE CLAUSES USING INTERROGATIVES............................................... 323 6.4 PREPOSITIONAL INTERROGATIVES...................................................................324 6.5 FREE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS FOR WHICH ............................................... 326 6.6 ASKAYQULULU WHATCHAMACALLIT ................................................................ 326 6.7 SMEN THINGY .................................................................................. .. . 327 6.8 THE ELEMENT MA -EVER ........................................................................... 327 7 INFORMATION STRUCTURE 329 7.1 TOPICALISATION ................ 329 7.1.1 VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS......................................................................329 7.1.1.1 SUBJECT TOPICALISATION ........................................................... 329 7.1.1.2 DIRECT OBJECT .......................................................................330 7.1.1.3 INDIRECT OBJECT.......................................................................330 7.1.1.4 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES ........................................................... 330 7.1.1.5 TOPICALISATION USING I ........................................................ 331 7.1.1.6 ADVERBIAL PHRASES................................................................. 331 7.1.2 P OST-TOPIC.......................................................................................332 7.1.3 NON-VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS................................................................ 333 7.2 LOCALISATION: CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS ............................................................. 334 7.2.1 PENALISATION IN VERBAL SENTENCES.....................................................334 7.2.2 LOCALISATION IN NON-VERBAL SEN TEN CES ............................................ 335 7.2.2.1 CLEFT SENTENCES WITH I-GA-N: SUBJECT FOCUS OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES .............................................................................. 335 7.2.2.2 CLEFT SENTENCES WITH 11 TO BE ............................................ 336 8 MOOD AND ASPECT 339 8.1 BERBER-INFLECTION V E RB S............................................................................339 8.1.1 THE BARE A O RIST............................................................................. 339 8.1.1.1 THE CONSECUTIVE A ORIST........................................................339 8.1.1.2 OTHER USES OF THE BARE A O R IS T ............................................ 343 8.1.1.3 THE AORIST WITH NON-REAL M A R K E R .......................................343 8.1.1.3.1 SAND A ......................................................................343 8.1.1.3.2 M AS............................................................................344 8.1.1.3.3 A R .............................................................................. 345 8.1.1.3.4 D .............................................................................. 345 8.1.2 THE PERFECTIVE................................................................................. 346 8.1.3 THE IM PERFECTIVE............................................................................348 8.1.3.1 THE SEQUENTIAL IMPERFECTIVE............................................... 349 8.2 ARABIC-INFLECTION V E RB S............................................................................351 8.2.1 THE P E RF E C T.................................................................................... 351 8.2.2 THE IMPERFECT WITH K A - .................................................................... 352 8.2.3 THE BARE IM PERFECT.........................................................................353 8.2.4 THE PREVERBS S, MAS, YA, D, A R .........................................................354 8.3 THE ACTIVE PARTICIP LE .............................................................................. 356 8.4 THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ............................................................................358 8.5 S U M M ARY ................................................................................................358 9 THE VERB 11 BE 361 9.1 THE PAST MARKER AG ~ AK + 11 ................................................................ 361 9.2 RELATIVE CLAUSES....................................................................................... 362 9.3 THE IM PERFECTIVE.................................................................................... 363 9.4 A + AORIST ............................................................................................... 363 9.5 NEGATION OF 11 TO BE .............................................................................. 364 A TEXTS 365 A.1 TEXT 1 TA N TYATT / STORY ABOUT THE GO AT................................................... 365 A.2 TEXT 2 SSEBTA - C E U TA ............................................................................... 369 A.3 TEXT 3 DESCRIPTION OF LIVING IN IE RA B E N ....................................................371 B WORDLIST 375
any_adam_object	1
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format	Thesis Book
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institution	BVB
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isbn	9783896459459 3896459457
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spelling	Mourigh, Khalid Verfasser aut A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco) Khalid Mourigh Köln Rüdiger Köppe Verlag [2016] © 2016 xviii, 443 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Berber Studies Volume 45 Dissertation Leiden University Centre of Linguistics revised version Ghomara (DE-588)1127257749 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Fachhochschul-/Hochschulausbildung Orientalisten / Berberologen, Afrikanisten, Linguisten Arabisch Bedrohte Sprachen Berbersprachen Grammatik Marokko Sprachkontakt (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Ghomara (DE-588)1127257749 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Rüdiger Köppe Verlag (DE-588)1065421893 pbl Berber Studies Volume 45 (DE-604)BV014237759 45 DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029401828&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Mourigh, Khalid A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco) Berber Studies Ghomara (DE-588)1127257749 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)1127257749 (DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco)
title_auth	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco)
title_exact_search	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco)
title_full	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco) Khalid Mourigh
title_fullStr	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco) Khalid Mourigh
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco) Khalid Mourigh
title_short	A grammar of Ghomara Berber (North-West Morocco)
title_sort	a grammar of ghomara berber north west morocco
topic	Ghomara (DE-588)1127257749 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd
topic_facet	Ghomara Grammatik Hochschulschrift
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=029401828&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV014237759
work_keys_str_mv	AT mourighkhalid agrammarofghomaraberbernorthwestmorocco AT rudigerkoppeverlag agrammarofghomaraberbernorthwestmorocco

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